06. 정동사와 준동사

※ 네모 안에서 둘 중 어법상 올바른 것을 고르시오.

1. For Westerners, Asia is an object of curiosity, with film makers often [turning / turned] to the Orient for inspiration.

turning : with+목적어+분사 구조에서 목적어와 분사의 관계가 능동의 관계인 경우 현재분사가 적절

2. At last, the little girl arrived at her grandmother's, opened the door, and saw someone in her grandmother's bed [wearing/to wear] her grandmother's clothes.

wearing : 분사와 to부정사 모두 명사를 수식할 수 있으나 수식받는 명사가 의미상의 주어가 되지 못한다면, 무조건 to부정사이다. (피수식어가 의미상의 주어-분사)

You should have the will to carry out the plan to the last.

People living in town don't know the pleasure of country life.

3. Until I sit down and actually commit pen to paper, ideas tend to travel around in my brain without any particular [organizing/organized] pattern.

organized : pattern이 동작의 대상이므로 수동형인 organized가 적절

4. Bob offers tips to people when they discover a [wounded/wounding] wild animal.

wounded : 상처를 당한 수동의 의미가 되어야 하므로 wounded가 적절

5. I said "I have to say you don't look discouraged." "Discouraged?" the boy asked with a [puzzling/puzzled] look on his face.

puzzled : 얼굴에 당황한 모습을 띠고 그 소년은 물었다는 의미이므로 수동의미의 puzzled가 적절

6. For humans who live in a world controlled by visual stimuli, [live/living] in such conditions would be impossible.

living 또는 to live : 정동사 would be가 있으므로 live 동사를 또 쓸 수 없으므로 준동사인 living이나 to live가 적절

7. If the products are almost the same, what makes customers [to buy/buy] one brand instead of another?

buy : makes가 사역동사이므로 목적보어는 동사원형이 적절

8. [Seeing/Seen] his strong interest in this game of 22 men chasing after a ball, I decided to sit down and concentrate on the game.

Seeing : see 동작의 주체가 I이고 목적어가 있으므로 능동의미의 현재분사 Seeing이 적절

9. Nassar didn't want to take it, [knew/knowing] that the man must need it for food.

knowing : 의미상의 주어가 사람(Nassar)으로 know이하에 목적어가 있으므로 능동형의 현재분사가 적절

10. When a Japanese friend of mine first visited Britain and first saw a Britain map, he was very [surprised/surprising] by what he found.

surprised : 사람이 주어인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사로 표현

11. I have been [interested/interesting] in ancient history ever since I was in junior high school.

interested : 사람이 주어인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사로 표현

12. It is a well-known fact that [talk/talking] to babies increases their language ability.

talking : increase라는 정동사가 있으므로 정동사이 talking이 필요하다.

13. The moon is close enough so that astronauts [travel/traveling] in spaceships have visited it.

traveling : 뒤에 have visited라는 정동사가 있으므로 현재분사 traveling이 적절 (astronauts가 의미상의 주어역할을 함)

14. Unfortunately, cramming does not produce the [desired/desiring] results.

desired : results는 desire(동작)의 대상의 되므로 수동의미의 desired가 적절

15. Many language learners hate making errors. They feel [embarrassing / embarrassed] and often think they will never learn to use the language correctly. Good learners, however, are not discouraged by making errors but rather make errors [work/to work] for them.

embarrassed, work : 사람이 주어인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사를 사용하므로 embarrassed가 적절 / 사역동사가 쓰인 경우 목적보어는 동사원형을 사용

16. Those who are good at music are good at languages as well. That should not be [surprised/surprising], since the study of music and the study of language have a lot in common.

surprising : 앞에서 말한 내용 즉, 사물이 주어인 경우 현재분사 사용

17. According to a study [done/doing] in Germany, you use the same part of the brain for both subjects.

done : a study는 동작(do)의 대상이므로 수동형의 done이 적절

18. [Keep/Keeping] these hints in mind when you set out to watch birds.

Keep : 정동사가 필요한 명령문이므로 Keep이 적절

19. Suddenly he felt someone [to grab/grab] his arm.

grab : feel이 사역동사이므로 동사원형 grab이 적절

20. Culture shock is normal for people who suddenly get into a new culture. You may feel [depressed/depressing] and isolated, once the first excitement of arrival has worn off.

depressed : 사람이 주어인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사를 사용

21. Dunant asked the people in the town [help/to help] the wounded men. Later, he wrote a book [called/calling] A Memory of Solferino.

to help, called : ask는 to 부정사를 목적보어로 필요로 하므로 to help가 적절 / call a book A Memory of Solferino를 수동형으로 하면 a book is called A Memory of Solferino가 되는데 여기에서 which is가 생략된 구조이므로 called가 적절

22. Planning is important, but it is action that gets things [do/done].

done : get 목적어 과거분사: 목적어와 과거분사의관계가 수동의미

23. There was the old wizard, [sat/sitting] in a chair by the open window.

sitting : wizard가 능동의 의미로 쓰이므로 현재분사 sitting 필요

24. Some visitors to the United States are [surprising/surprised] to find that many public places are "non-smoking" areas and that some Americans are almost hostile to smokers.

surprised : 주어가 사람인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사로 표현

25. Research indicates that girls [enter/entering] junior high school feel less self-confident than they did in elementary school, and they become less self-confident with each successive year of school.

entering : 정동사 feel이 있으므로 girls를 꾸며주는 현재분사가 적절

26. The other is that their body temperatures had to be higher than the air [to hatch/hatch] eggs.

to hatch : 앞에 정동사 had to be가 있으므로 to hatch가 적절

27. The results of the experiment are truly [shocking/shocked] and I hope this documentary will cause people to be aware of the problem of obesity.

shocking : 주어가 the results 사물이므로 shocking 현재분사가 적절

28. Keep the windows [closing/closed] and use air conditioners when possible. Air conditioning will decrease indoor pollen counts because it recirculates indoor air instead of outside air that carries pollen. Have someone [kill/killed] weeds by cutting them or using weed killers.

closed, kill : window가 동작의 대상이 되므로 과거분사 closed가 적절 / 사역동사 목적어 동사원형의 구조이므로 kill이 적절

29. The message is that [succeeding/to succeed] in business you have to be different.

to succeed : ‘사업에 성공하기 위해서’라는 부사구를 이루기 위해서는 to 부정사가 적절

30. Beagles are one of the most ancient breeds of dog [to know/known].

known : 개가 동작(know)의 대상이므로 수동의미의 known이 적절

31. When I was six, I asked my father, a minister in San Diego, [arranging/to arrange] a meeting with my idol.

to arrange : ask 목적어 to 부정사이므로 to arrange가 적절

32. Now the Chinese government has created a number of “panda reserves” [protect/to protect] pandas.

to protect : 앞에 정동사 has created가 있으므로 준동사인 to protect가 적절

33. If the information we get [is/to be] very complicated or we have heard it second-hand, we sometimes want to reconfirm that the information we have is correct.

is : 주어가 information이므로 동사 is가 적절

34. Repeating and connecting what we've heard leads to a [clearly understand/clear understanding] of information.

clear understanding : lead to 동명사 -에 이르게 하다

35. The significance of each individual choice may not seem that great. When [added/adding] together, however, all the choices put you where you are.

added : choices가 add의 대상이므로 과거분사가 적절

36. The testing [did/done] primarily focused on the dogs' responses to colors.

done : testing은 동작의 대상이므로 수동의미의 done이 적절

37. British laboratory tests confirmed the virus [detected/detecting] in wild birds was the H5N1 strain, identical to that discovered in Turkey a week ago.

detected : virus는 detect의 대상이므로 수동형의 detected가 필요

38. He lost his interest in studies and became more and more [attracted/attracting] to rock-n-roll.

attracted : 주어가 사람(He)이므로 수동의미의 attracted가 적절

39. [Send/Sending] an acknowledgment to the management of the organization that provided the service is a means of communication that consumers can use more often.

Sending : 정동사 is가 있으므로 주어가 될 수 있는 동명사가 적절

40. Typically, when the subject of homelessness comes up, most people conjure an image of the single man on the street corner [asking for/asked for] spare change.

asking for : 의미상의 주어가 man이고 목적어가 있으므로 asking for가 적절

41. This small city, [located/locating] in the center of Hale County, was the result of an interesting compromise between two rival villages, Hale City and Epworth.

located : city가 locate 타동사의 목적어이므로 동작의 대상이 되는 located가 적절

42. But even more important than their role as stress relievers, tears help us [get/getting] support and sympathy from other people.

get : help는 사역동사이기 때문에 목적보어로 동사원형이 적절

43. In A Farewell to Arms, [published/publishing] in 1929, he recounted his adventures as an ambulance driver in Italy during the war.

published : A Farewell to Arms가 동작(publish)의 대상이므로 수동형의 과거분사가 적절

44. [By using/Used with] this oil paint, painters were able to express the light glowing on furniture or on people’s skins.

By using : by -ing: -함으로써 (의미상의 주어가 painters이며 목적어 this oil paint가 있으므로 능동형의 using이 적절)

45. There are some important things to remember when [giving/given] a  presentation. One of the key elements is the contact with the audience. This can be achieved through a variety of techniques. For example [keep/keeping] eye contact as much as possible is a very important factor.

giving, Keeping : 첫 문제에서 목적어 presentation이 있으므로 giving이 적절하고 둘째 문제에서 정동사가 is이므로 주어가 될 수 있는 동명사 keeping이 적절

46. The corporate world expects its executives and employees [presented/to present] an excellent appearance—one that is neat, tidy, and clean.

to present : expect는 목적보어로 to 부정사를 취하므로 to present가 적절

47. This is done by sending a loud trumpet-like sound, which makes the earth [shake/shaking].

shake : make 사역동사가 있으므로 목적보어로 동사원형이 적절

48. Supermarket managers have all kinds of tricks to encourage people [spend/to spend] more money.

to spend : encourage의 목적보어로 to 부정사가 적절

49. This is often a [pleasing/pleased] experience for me because I enjoy meeting people.

pleasing : 감정동사가 사물을 수식하는 경우 현재분사를 사용

50. While he was used to making all the decisions and having them carried out promptly, he found that the British film-making style allowed everyone [to have/have] an opinion.

to have : allow 목적어 to 부정사 (allow는 목적보어로 to 부정사를 취함)

51. I arrived home completely [exhausted/exhausting] and noticed our car was not in the driveway.

exhausted : 사람의 주어인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사로 표현

52. And the new products will be inexpensive [compared/comparing] to those made on earth.

compared : new products가 동작(compare)의 대상이 되므로 수동형의 과거분사가 적절

53. The editor at once sent the journalist a telegram [instructing/instructed] him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.

instructing : instruct 목적어 to 부정사: -가 -하도록 지시하다 (능동의미의 현재분사 필요)

54. He often drew large amounts of blood from patients already [weakened/weakening] by disease.

weakened : patients가 동작(weaken)의 대상이며 주체가 아니므로 수동의미의 과거분사 필요

55. When the case went to court the judge was [puzzling/ puzzled], not knowing how to decide the matter.

puzzled : 사람이 주어인 경우 감정동사는 과거분사가 적절

56. We were never TV addicts, but it was amazed how much television affected our lives.

amazing : 사물이 주어인 경우 현재분사가 적절

57. One of the most common myths about college professors is that they lead easy lives of quiet contemplation while [teach/teaching] one or two classes every week.

teaching : 의미상의 주어가 they (college professors)이므로 능동의미의 현재분사가 적절

58. The average professor spends between six and fifteen hours in the classroom weekly, [compared/comparing] to the thirty hours or more a high school teacher spends.

compared : 비교의 대상이 시간이므로 수동의미의 compared가 적절

59. It helps me enter my house, feeling much more [relaxed/relaxing].

relaxed : 의미상의 주어가 me(사람)이므로 감정동사의 과거분사가 적절

60. The idea [of/that] using machines to do automated tasks and calculations is not a new one.

of : 명사 of 동명사 동격관계를 형성하며 that절이 오는 경우 주어+동사가 필요

06. 정동사와 준동사