02. 시제와 가정법

※ 네모 안에서 둘 중 어법상 올바른 것을 고르시오.

1. Yesterday I took a bus to the shopping mall downtown. I [spend/spent] all day looking around in the bookstores, record stores, and gift shops.

spent : 기준 시점이 어제(yesterday)이므로 과거시제인 spent가 적절

2. On April 6, 1976, I [had born/was born] with no arms and no legs.

was born : 특정한 과거 시점(On April 6, 1976)이므로 단순과거 시제인 was born이 적절

3. Later that night he came by to tell Nassar that a policeman [has/had] given him a meal.

had : 과거(came by)보다 더 먼저 발생한 일을 전하는 것이므로 대과거인 과거완료(had given)가 적절

4. [Ago/Before] this invention, people had to light their homes after dark with candles or gas lighting.

Before : ago는 '지금부터 과거의 어느 때' 즉 ago는 이미 끝난 행동에 대해 쓰므로 과거시제와 함께 쓴다. 완료시제와 같이 쓸 수 없다. 반면에 before는 '과거의 어느 때 이후로 얼마동안'이라는 의미다. 따라서 완료시제와 함께 쓰인다. / before: 시간보다 특정 사건을 기준으로 할 때 사용

<ago / before 비교>

ago	과거 시제 문장 <현재기준>: (지금부터) ~이전에 완료시제 문장에서 사용 불가 - ago는 단독으로 사용 불가
before	과거 완료 시제 문장 <과거기준>: (그때보다) ~전에 단독으로 쓰일 때는 현재완료, 과거 시제 문장에 사용가능

He lived in Seoul ten years ago. <과거> 그는 10년 전 서울에서 살았다.

cf. He has lived in Seoul ten years ago. (x)

I met him two years ago.

I had known it before. <과거완료> 나는 이미 그것을 알고 있었다.

His wife had been killed many years before.

5. If there were more bug-eating frogs, China [won't/wouldn't] have to use as much insect spray.

wouldn't : 가정법 과거이므로 will not의 축약형인 won't가 아니라 wouldn't가 적절

6. Students with high grades organize their time, planning when they [complete/will complete] their assignments.

will complete : 명사절에서는 미래시제를 그대로 써주면 시간, 조건의 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 대신함 - 성적이 좋은 학생들은 그들의 시간을 조직하며 그들이 그들의 과제를 언제 완성할지를 계획한다.

7. The Mirai Seiko, which [has been selling/was selling] beetles in vending machines since 1999, says that it wants to help people own these rare insects.

has been selling : 기준시점이 since 1999이므로 현재완료시제가 적절

8. The first day that I went grocery shopping, the cashier looked at the check I [was/had] given her and cheerfully exclaimed, “Oh, you're that new teacher's wife!”

had : looked at(과거시제) 보다 더 과거의 일이므로 대과거인 had given이 적절

9. When they were coming out of the church, the mother asked her daughter which amount she [was/had] given.

had : asked(과거시제) 보다 더 과거의 일이므로 had given(과거완료)이 적절

10. After graduating from university, he has joined the Toei Animation Company in 1963.

joined : in 1963은 과거의 어느 한 시점을 가리키는 말이므로 단순과거시제인 joined가 적절

11. He recommends that every student in his class [talk/talks] to one another in groups.

talk : 주명요제결충 동사 that S (should) 동사원형

12. On the far right wall, a broken clock shows that the time is four-thirty. You wonder how long [it has been broken/it was broken].

it has been broken : how long과 어울리는 시제는 기간을 나타내므로 현재완료시제가 적절

13. Unfortunately, you may not know that you are at the danger point until it [is/will be] too late.

is : 시간, 조건의 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 대신하므로 is가 적절

14. Managers hope that when customers [will slow/slow] down, they will buy a few extra items.

slow : 시간, 조건의 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 대신하므로 slow가 적절

15. Until photography was invented, most Americans [had/have] never seen a “true likeness” of their President.

had : 기준시점이 과거 (Until photography was invented,)이므로 had never seen이 적절

16. Medical reformer Dr. Benjamin Rush insisted that doctors [listen/listened] closely to their patients and take careful notes on their complaints.

listen : 주명요제결충 that S should 동사원형

17. At last he asked that the sheep [be/was] brought into the courtroom.

be : 주명요제결충 that S should 동사원형

18. The judge then instructed the defendant to do the same as the plaintiff [does/did].

did : instructed를 대신 대동사이므로 did가 적절

19. Eyeglasses were invented as long [ago/before] as the 1300s.

ago : ago는 '지금부터 과거의 어느 때' 즉 ago는 이미 끝난 행동에 대해 쓰므로 과거시제와 함께 쓴다.

20. He looked as if he [didn't eat/hadn't eaten] for ten days.

hadn't eaten : for ten days라는 기간 부사구가 있으므로 완료시제인 hadn't eaten이 적절

21. If we don't have the time or money to travel for a month, we wait until we [do/will ].

do : 시간, 조건의 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 대신하므로 do가 적절

22. After he died, Plato [traveled/ had traveled] for a few years when he returned to establish a school in Athens called the Academy.

had traveled : 기준시점이 for a few years이므로 완료시제인 had traveled가 적절

23. A survey conducted last year found that almost 70 percent of the respondents said they will be happier if their families had twice as much household income.

would be happier : 주절의 시제가 said 과거이므로 종속절의 시제도 과거가 되어야 하므로 would가 적절

02. 시제와 가정법