Reading     Lesson 1   Icons of England

Icons of England

P. 14

What comes to mind when do you think/when you think of England? Decades ago, some people should/might have thought of England as a fairytale land ruled/ruling over by kings and queens, with traditional village life at the heart of its/their culture. But for people who/whose come to know the real England, this image is replacing/replaced by a new reality: modern England is a vibrant/vibrantly country full of multicultural cities, exciting festivals, and world-class sportsmanship. It may still be a traditional country at heart, but England has succeeded in blending/blend many/much of its most popular traditions with modern trends to create/be created an enticing and unique/ordinary mix of old and new.

P. 15

1. The Tube

There are many wonderful sights in London for visitors enjoy/to enjoy, but one of the city’s most popular attractions/affection is out of sight and below the streets. The longest underground railway system in the world, officially called/calling the London Underground, is/are more commonly known as/by its nickname, the “Tube.” It connects/contacts the entire city, as well as outlying neighborhoods, making/made it a great way to get around.

Among/Between 1801 and 1851, London’s population more than doubled from one million to 2.6 million. The streets were so/very crowded that/which taking/take a bus across the city took/takes hours. In 1845, an innovative solution suggested/was suggested: making people to travel/travel underground. On the Tube’s opening day in 1863, 40,000 passengers traveled along the three miles of the world’s first underground railway. By 1891, 15,000 passengers were used/using the newly constructed/destructed Northern Line every day. When the Central Line was building/built in 1900, passengers were so pleased that/with its clean white tunnels and affordable/comfortable two-penny fare that/what they fondly/fond nicknamed it the “Two-penny Tube.”

P. 16

2. Fish and Chips

Fish and chips (usually written “fish ‘n’ chips”) first appeared/was appeared during/for the 1800s, when steam-powered fishing boats were/was introduced. Fried fish shops started opening along/among the south coast and gradually made their way north. Around the same time, a trend for sliced fried potatoes, or “chips,” was arriving in/arriving England from Scotland. Eventually/However the two trends met/meets in London, which/where the first fish and chip shops were opening/opened.

Early fish and chip shops were somewhat/somehow unsanitary/sanitary, and had a reputation for be/being places that/where only the poorest people would eat. This reputation/revolution changed for/during the Second World War when England experienced/experimented food short/shortages. Fish and chips remained/demanded widely available/affordable throughout the war and thus/even if began to enjoy widespread/spread popularity.

Foreign cuisine may be common/uncommon in England these days, but it’s still easy/easily to find a classic fish and chip shop pretty much anywhere/nowhere you go. The nation’s favorite fast food dish since/for the late Victorian era/area would certainly be missed/missed if it were/was to suddenly disappear.

P. 17

3. Cricket

Despite/spite being/to be one of England’s most beloved/loving games, no one is sure exactly when was cricket invented/when cricket was invented. However/Therefore, King Edward I is known as/to have enjoyed/enjoyed playing/to play it back in the 1300s. People think it probably originated in the sheep-raising countryside, where the short grass allowed one player  roll/to roll a ball of wool at a target. The target would be defended/offended by another player holding/held a shepherd’s stick. Over the centuries, the stick was replaced with a wider wooden bat, and the ball was no longer rolled but bowl/bowled through the air. Eventually, the game began to resemble/resemble with modern cricket.

Cricket is played/plays between two teams of eleven players on an oval-shaped pitch*. The teams bat in successive/successful turns known/knowing as “innings” and attempt to score “runs.” After each team has batted an equal number of innings, the team with the most runs wins. When does it come to/When it comes to the rules of cricket, the English are very serious indeed. Players pride themselves/them on fairness and honesty, and respect for fellow players. In fact, when the English encounter/endanger an example of cheating in everyday life, they are likely/alike to exclaim, “That’s just not cricket!”

*pitch (크리켓·하키 등의) 경기장

P. 18

4. Notting Hill Carnival

A symbol of England’s new multicultural identity/identify, Notting Hill Carnival is modeled/molded on the street festivals of Trinidad* which/whose originated in the early 19th century to celebrate independence/dependence from the British Empire. During the 1950s, West Indian immigrants brought their traditions with them to England. The celebration found/founded a home in Notting Hill in 1964, and has now matured/nurtured into a street festival of diverse/deserve cultural and musical genres. It is held in West London every/on August bank holiday weekend. It is now the largest street festival in Europe, attracting/distracting around 2 million visitors each year.

During the carnival, music from calypso* singers, reggae bands and hip-hop artists fills/are filled the air. The highlight is the parade, that/which make/makes its way along three miles of crowded streets. The parade consists of/consists hundreds of floats and thousands of energetic dancers in colorful, dazzling/dazzled costumes. Each float carries/carry a heavy sound system to provide/prevent music for the dancers around it. If you were in the parade, you probably wouldn’t be able to stop moving/to move your body to the beat. Hungry visitors can try plenty of exotic/toxic snacks. When evening comes and the parade is over, people fill the local bars and restaurants to celebrate late into the night.

*Trinidad 서인도 제도 최남단에 있는 섬

*calypso 트리니다드 섬의 민요풍 재즈