CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1	품사와 문장성분	3

CHAPTER 2	문장의 형식	17

CHAPTER 3	시제	35

CHAPTER 4	TO 부정사와 동명사	59

CHAPTER 5	분사와 분사 구문	81

CHAPTER 6	관계사	95

CHAPTER 7	태	123

CHAPTER 8	가정법	141

품사와 문장성분

1. 8 품사

- 명사 대명사 형용사 부사 동사

감탄사 접속사 전치사

2. 문장성분

- 주어 동사 목적어 보어 수식어

3. 구와 절

Parts of speech

CHAPTER

1

Chapter 1

품사와 문장성분

Grammar Points

☪ 8 품사

품사란 문장을 이루고 있는 단어들을 그 쓰임에 따라 분류한 것으로 영어에는 8품사가 있다.

품 사	개 념	문장에서의 쓰임
1 명사	사람 ․ 사물 ․ 장소 ․ 활동 혹은 추상적 개념 등을 나타내는말	주어 ․ 보어 ․ 목적어 ․ 전치사의 목적어
2 대명사	명사를 대신하는 말
3 동사	동작이나 상태를 나타내는 말	술어동사
4 형용사	모양 ․ 색깔 ․ 크기 등의 성질이나 상태를 나타내는 말	보어, 명사수식
5 부사	시간 ․ 장소 ․ 원인 ․ 방법 ․ 정도 등을 나타내는 말	동사 ․ 형용사 ․ 부사 및 구 ․ 절 문장 수식
6 전치사	(대)명사 ․ 동명서 앞에 와서 장소 ․ 시간 또는 방법 등을 나타내는 말
7 접속사	단어 ․ 구 ․ 절 등을 연결하여 이들 사이의 관계를 만들어 주는 말	연결여로 쓰임
8 감탄사	감탄하는 기분을 나타내는 말	감탄문을 이끔

※  명사 상당어구 :	명사, 대명사, to 부정사 (명사적 용법), 동명사,

명사절 (that 절, 의문사절, 선행사 포함한 관계대명사 what 절 등)

형용사 상당어구 :  형용사, to 부정사 (형용사적 용법), 현재분사, 과거분사, 형용사절, 전치사구

부사 상당어구 :	부사, to 부정사 (부사적 용법), 분사구문, 부사절, 전치사구

※ [전치사] + [명사/명사 상당어구]는 하나의 구를 이루어 형용사나 부사처럼 쓰인다.

1 명사    My friend likes fish and chips. (주어/목적어)

This is his bag. (보어)

Ann walked to school this morning. (전치사의 목적어)

2 대명사	This is made in China. (주어)

The PDA isn't mine. (보어)

Do you love her? (목적어)

He was talking about it. (전치사의 목적어)

※ 명사상당어구   I know that he is her boyfriend. (명사절)

I hate being scolded by my parents. (동명사)

I love to study English. (to 부정사의 명사적 용법)

You can do what you want to. (선행사 포함 관계대명사 what )

I don't care whatever you do here. (복합관계대명사 whatever)

Who you are isn't matter. (의문사절)

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Grammar Points
3 동사 Phil left Seoul last night. (술어) 4 형용사 This hamburger tastes good. (보어) The cute baby is my nephew. (명사 수식) ※ 형용사상당어구 I want something to drink. (to부정사의 형용사적 용법) I was walking on fallen leaves. (분사) I know that girl who is dancing on the stage now. (관계사절) Who is the boy in the room? (전치사구) 5 부사 He smiled happily. (동사 수식) The food is very greasy. (형용사 수식) Mr. Kim speaks very fast. (부사 수식) ※ 부사상당어구 I get up early in the morning to study. (to부정사의 부사적 용법) Picking up the bill, I said I would pay for the meal. (분사구문) If I see him, I will call you. (부사절) However hard you are, never give up! (복합관계부사절) I got up early in the morning. (전치사구) 6 전치사 The doll on the bed is what my boyfriend gave me. (형용사구) Mary is at the playground now. (부사구) 7 접속사 She likes swimming, but he doesn't. (연결어) 8 감탄사 Hurrah! You passed the exam. (감탄문 이끔) ✔ 하나의 단어가 하나의 품사로만 쓰이는 것은 아니다. Do you like Chinese food? (동사) He ran like the wind. (전치사) Rocks are hard. (형용사) It rained so hard yesterday. (부사)

Chapter 1

품사와 문장성분

Grammar Points

☪ 문장성분

✔ 주부와 술부

문장은 일반적으로 그 주제가 되는 주부와 그 주부에 대하여 설명하는 술부로 이루어진다.

가장 간단한 문장은 주부와 술부가 각각 한 개의 낱말로 이루어지지만, 일반적으로 수식어가

덧붙어서 복잡해진다.

Birds / sing.

The boy in the room / is very diligent.

They / study English hard.

Who will be the next president / is most important.

That girl who is dancing on the stage / is my cousin, Jean.

I / don't know what to do.

주성분	주어		명사 및 그 상당어구
	동사		동사
	보어	주격보어	명사 및, 그 상당어구, 형용사 및 그 상당어구
		목적격보어
	목적어	직접목적어	명사 및 그 상당어구
		간접목적어
부속성분	수식어구		형용사 및 그 상당어구
			부사 및 그 상당어구
	연결어구		전치사 / 접속사

✔ 문장의 4요소 : 주어 ․ 동사 ․ 목적어 ․ 보어

1 주어 (主語, Subject): 주부 가운데 가장 중심이 되는 문장의 주체가 되는 말.

명사 ․ 대명사 ․ 명사에 상당하는 어구 ․ 명사절 등이 주어의 역할을 한다.

My grandfather is very old. (명사)

He is sleeping. (대명사)

That the world is round is a fact. (명사절)

Studying at the library is fun; that's where I see all my friends (동명사구)

To ride a horse may be dangerous. (to 부정사구)

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Grammar Points
2 동사 (動詞, Verb): 주어의 행동이나 상태를 나타내는 말. 술부에서 가장 중심이 되는 말로 다양한 시제를 가지며, 긍정 ․ 부정 ․ 의문을 나타내주고 경우에 따라 각종 조동사까지도 포함한다. I am a student. She already went to bed. Tom can play tennis. I don't' know how to drive. The plane will leave for New York at 2:30. The two girls are writing letters now. They were listening to her song very carefully. I should have finished that work early. 3 목적어 (目的語, Object): 동사가 나타내는 동작의 대상이 되는 말이다. 목적어는 명사 ․ 대명사 ․ 명사상당어구 ․ 명사절 등이 된다. 목적어는 우리말로 ｢～을(를)｣, ｢～에게｣로 번역된다. I like yellow. I love her. I want to sleep. I think that he is honest. ※ 4형식에 쓰이는 수여동사는 목적어를 두 개 갖는다. ✔ 직접목적어 (Direct Object, D.O) :｢～을(를)｣에 해당하는 목적어로, 주로 사물 ✔ 간접목적어 (Indirect Object, I.O) :｢～에게｣에 해당하는 목적어로, 주로 사람이나 동물 He showed me an album. (me=간접목적어, album=직접목적어) My mom bought me a new cellular phone. ※ 수식어(형용사 ․ 부사 등)은 주요소(주어 ․ 동사 ․ 목적어 ․ 보어)를 수식하는 말이므로, 문장의 4요소에 포함되지 않는다. (형용사는 명사를 수식하고, 부사는 동사 ․ 형용사 ․ 다른 부사를 수식한다.) I know the girl who is dancing over there. He works hard on the farm every day.

Chapter 1

품사와 문장성분

Grammar Points

4 보어 (補語, Complement): 동사만으로써는 뜻이 불충분하기 때문에 그 뜻의 모자람을 보충하여,

주어 또는 목적어를 설명하여 주는 말이다.

명사 ․ 형용사 또는 그 상당어구가 보어로 쓰인다.

	명 사	형 용 사	기 타
주격보어	주어의 다른 표현 They are artists. (They = artists)	주어의 상태, 성질 표현 Balls are round. (Balls 의 상태 : round)	to 부정사 동명사 명사절
목적격보어	목적어와 다른 표현 Call me Ann. (me = Ann)	목적어의 상태, 성질 표현 He always made her happy. (her 의 상태 : happy)	to 부정사 원형부정사 과거분사 현재분사

✔ 주격보어 : 주어를 설명하여 주는 보어이다.

You are a student.   [You = student]

You looks happy.

The leaves turned red.

My father is strict.

This soup tastes salt.

✔ 목적격보어 : 목적어를 설명하여 주는 보어이다.

They think me a liar.  [me = liar]

I made my brother clean my room.

I ordered him to leave.

I saw her dancing.

※ 보어가 없으면 동사가 불완전하여 제 기능을 잃게 된다.

(문법적으로 문장이 성립되지 않거나 전혀 다른 뜻이 된다)

Balls are round. → 보어가 없으면: Balls are. (문법적으로 문장이 성립되지 않는다)

Call me Ann. → 보어가 없으면: Call me. (전혀 다른 뜻이 된다)

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Grammar Points
☪ 구와 절 구 : ✔ 2개 이상의 단어가 하나의 무리를 이루어 명사, 형용사, 부사 등의 품사 역할을 하되 주어와 동사가 들어있지 않은 어군. ✔ 구는 하나의 사고 단위 (thought unit) 를 형성한다. 1 명사구: (명사처럼) 주어, 보어, 목적어, 전치사의 목적어로 쓰인다. Being on time is very important. (주어) His only wish is to meet his son again. (보어) I like to go to the zoo. (목적어) Many people are afraid of falling in love. (전치사의 목적어) 2 형용사구: 보어로 쓰이거나, 명사를 꾸민다. This computer is out of order. (주격보어) I need money to buy the ticket. (명사 수식) Look at the mosquito flying in the room. (명사 수식) We enjoyed the view of snowy mountains. (명사 수식) 3 부사구: 동사, 부사(구), 문장 등을 꾸민다. I went to the restaurant to eat nang-miun. (동사수식) Sitting in class, I fell asleep. (분사구문) Unprepared for the test, I didn‘t do well. (분사구문) She works in a shoe shop. (동사수식) 4 동사구 : 동사와 부사, 혹은 전치사와의 조합 등이다. Look at the map! He finally gave up the task. She always looks down on other people. I must have fallen asleep then.

Chapter 1

품사와 문장성분

Grammar Points

☪ 구와 절

절 :  ✔ 2개 이상의 단어가 하나의 무리를 이루어 쓰이되, 주어와 동사가 있는 어군을 절이라 함

독립절	독립적으로 사용될 수 있는 절 (주절과 같은 개념)
종속절	문장 안에서 명사, 형용사, 부사, 중 한 가지 품사의 역할을 하는 절

✔ 절의 종류 및 쓰임

✔ 독립절

I am a nice and brave boy.

Last night I went to bed at 11:40.

✔ 종속절 의 종류

1 명사절 : (명사처럼) 주어, 보어, 목적어, 전치사의 목적어로 쓰인다.

What he said was interesting. (주어)

The question is whether to go or stay. (보어)

Would you happen to know what time it is? (목적어)

I'm worried about where she is. (전치사의 목적어)

Do you know if he will come? (목적어)

Tell me when you met him first. (목적어)

2 형용사절 : (형용사처럼) 명사를 수식한다.

He who laughs last laughs best.

I'll never forget the day when I met you.

Could you show me the computer that you bought yesterday?

3 부사절 : (부사처럼) 문장을 수식하면서, 이유, 원인, 비교, 양보, 조건, 목적 등을 표현

He went home early because he was tired. (이유)

She is so beautiful that I cannot believe my eyes. (결과)

Thought a fox is small, is's a very clever animal. (양보: 비록 ~ 하지만)

We go for a walk after we have lunch. (*시간, 순서)

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 문장들의 각 단어의 품사를 밝히시오. 1. I went to the grocery store then. 2. Steve is the tallest man in the office. 3. We painted the wall in sky blue. 4. They did their best but they lost the game. 5. Nancy was late for school because she missed the bus. 6. Let's have a break when we finish this. 7. She walked down the steps very quietly. 8. I like her beautiful brown eyes. 9. He is so kind and handdome. 10. I feel blue when it rains. ✎ 밑줄 친 구가 어떤 품사의 역할을 하는지 밝히시오. 1. Austin is in Texas. 2. To learn a foreign language is difficult but interesting. 3. He came to America at the age of 11. 4. I like listening to classical music. 5. The man in black is my business partner. 6. Playing computer games is a lot of fun. 7. The meeting is to begin at 4 p.m. 8. I have something to tell you. 9. He didn't know what to do. 10. She is learning French to study in France.

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Progressive Test
✎ 밑줄 친 절이 어떤 품사의 역할을 하는지 밝히시오. 1. She started ballet dancing when she was seven years old. 2. Whether he will come or not is not certain. 3. I hope that it will snow on Christmas Eve. 4. He is the man who directed the movie 'Fancy Dance.' 5. As it became dark, we climbed down the mountain. 6. This is what I wanted to have. 7. Though she is an American, she speaks Korean very well. 8. 1970 is the year when I was born. 9. I want to know if it will be fine tomorrow. 10. She did as her mother had told her. ✎ 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 곳을 고르시오. 1. The greatness years of Hollywood were from 1918 to 1948. 2. In every cultural, people eat certain kinds of food on special holidays. 3. We can use road maps very easy. 4. Las Vegas is the most famously city for gambling in the United States. 5. The Statue of Liberty was a give from the people of France to the United States. 6. Almost everyone in the world wants to live peace. 7. Despite it has changed since 1970, the New York City Marathon is always exciting. 8. While his lifetime, Pasteur studied how the germs cause diseases in animals and people. 9. Most of the nutrients in a potato resides just below the skin layer. 10. Overxposure to the Sun it can happen in just a few hours. 11. The Sun a medium-sized star known as a yellow dwarf. 12. Over the past ten years, scientists worldwide they have recorded decreasing levels of ozone in the atmosphere.

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Progressive Test
✎ 각 문장 성분에 밑줄을 긋고 어떤 성분인지 표시하세요. 1. There is a tower on top of the mountain. 2. It is raining outside. 3. He gave me a pretty yellow flower. 4. What are you going to do this Christmas? 5. The food smells good. 6. I met the boy during my tip to London. 7. Who made this cream soup? 8. It is important to keep one's promise. 9. The computer enables us to do many things easily. 10. This is what I wanted. ✎ 알맞은 낱말이나 어구에 동그라미를 치세요. 1. A lot of Japanese students (go, going) to school by bicycle. 2. My brother gave (me, mine) this CD. 3. The TV show was very (interest, interesting). 4. (Take, Taking) a trip is my favorite hobby. 5. The woman is (a kind, a kindness) lady. ✎ 빠진 성분을 보충하세요. 1. There ( ) no school on Saturday and Sunday. 2. He is so kind that I like ( ). 3. What beautiful scenery this ( )! 4. Did you ( ) your homework? 5. My only wish ( ) to meet him.

Chapter 1	품사와 문장성분	Progressive Test
✎ 주어에 밑줄을 긋고, 주어가 빠진 문장에는 알맞은 주어를 첨가하시오. 1. The sun rises in the east. 2. This is the desk which I bought last year. 3. A man of ability and good character is my ideal man. 4. It is a good idea to learn how to drive. 5. What I heard is true. 6. Watching baseball games is one of my hobbies. 7. Though she is young, is wise enough. 8. To be loved by someone is my number one desire. 9. Sitting at the beach, was looking at the sea. 10. How many times do you see each other in a week? ✎ 동사에 밑줄을 긋고, 동사가 불완전한 문장은 알맞게 고치시오. 1. Not all birds fly. 2. The movie lasts for three hours. 3. My sisters playing in the park. 4. Boys, be ambitious. 5. Linda headed for the shop at that time. 6. The customer paid for his meal. 7. The door can be opened only with his key. 8. Students were given the topic by the professor. 9. It snowed since I came to this city. 10. The book I borrowed was written by Ernest Hemingway. ✎ 주어와 동사에 각각 밑줄을 그으시오. 1. What he had said made me happy. 2. Most of the students were given free tickets. 3. The woman who gave a speech is my teacher. 4. Some of the boys in my class went to the concert. 5. Tim and Sam looked very excited. 6. What made you so angry? 7. Losing weight is not an easy thing. 8. Do they study for their exam every day. 9. It is important to keep one's body healthy. 10. The door of this room was opened by the thieves.

➟

➟

문장의 형식

1. 1 형식

2, 2 형식

3. 3 형식

4. 4 형식

5. 5 형식

6. 4 형식과 5 형식의 구별

Sentence Structure

CHAPTER

2

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Grammar Points
☪ 1 형식 S + V □… 이(는) ~ 한다□ 완전자동사 : 목적어나 보어가 필요 없이 주어에 대한 설명이 가능한 동사. 이 때 부사, 부사구, 부사절 등은 문형의 변화에 영향을 주지 않는다. ex 1) Fire burns. 2) The sun rises in the east. 3) There is a beautiful river in that village. 4) There are many people in front of the railroad station. 5) Ten dollars will do. 6) This medicine really works. ✔ 1형식에 쓰였을 때 뜻이 달라지는 동사들 This business pays. ( = be profitable ) This will do. ( = be enough, be satisfactory ) This solution counts[matter]. ( = be of moment, of account ) She made toward Pusan. ( = go, move ) God is. ( = exist ) The machine works. ( = be effective ) ✔ 중요 완전 자동사 ( 전치사 + 명사 ) He apologize to me for being late. The teacher accounts for the effect of the tide. She agreed to the plan without hesitation. His father complained of his coming late. He graduated from a high school in 1975. She objected to being treated like that. The doctor must operate on the patient at once. She replays to the question with open mind. The heavy fog resulted in the accident. He sympathized with the poor scholar.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장의 문장형식을 말하고 해석하시오. 1. You did the right thing. 2. This medicine will do. 3. It matters little to me. 4. Nothing is the matter with me. 5. Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. 6. I count it folly to do so. 7. Every minute counts. 8. He paid me the rent. 9. It pays to be courteous. 10. He worked his employees hard. 11. My watch doesn't work. 12. First impressions do count, so look your best at the interview. 13. The game lasts for two hours. 14. Ten dollars will do. 15. I think, therefore I am. ❉ 다음 두 문장의 뜻을 비교하시오. 1. God is God is love. 2. They made for the land. They made a lot of mistakes. 3. There are many people in the room. Many people there love flowers. 4. She appeared beautiful. She appeared suddenly.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Grammar Points
☪ 2 형식 S + V + C □…은 ～이다(된다)□ 불완전자동사 : 동사만으로 주어에 대한 설명이 불가능하므로 주어를 설명해 주는 보어가 필요한 동사. ✔부사는 보어가 되지 못한다. ex 1) He is an engineer. (주격보어=명사) 2) He is gloomy. (주격보어=형용사) 3) The book is of no use to me.(주격보어=형용사구) 4) The best thing is to send her some money.(부정사구) 5) My hobby is collecting stamps. (동명사구) ✔ become, grow, turn, get, go, come, run 등의 동사는 “~이 되다”의 뜻으로 쓰여서 불완전자동사가 된다. 6) She became a nurse. He became tired. Her new dress becomes her well. (3형식 : ~에 어울리다) 7) He has grown old and weak. 8) He got angry with me. 9) He turned pale. The leave of trees turned red and yellow. He turned his back to me. (3형식 : ~을 돌리다) 10) It is getting dark. 11) I must go to the library.(1형식) Eggs soon go bad in hot weather. (상하다) He went mad. (미치다) 12) Your dream will come true some day.(=be realized) 13) The well has run dry. 14) He looks very healthy. ✔ feel, sound, taste, smell 등의 동사다음에 형용사가 쓰이면 2형식 문장이 된다. 15) This paper feels smooth. (smoothly: ✘) Sugar tastes sweet. (sweetly:×) The story sounds strange. (strangely: ✘) The rose smells sweet. (sweetly: ✘) ✔ be동사가 ｢있다｣(존재)로 해석되면 완전자동사이고, ｢～이다｣로 해석되면 불완전자동사이다. 16) They are in the room. [S + V = 제 1형식] 17) They are good soccer players. [S + V + C = 제 2형식]

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장이 몇 형식인지 쓰고, 문장을 해석하시오. 1. He seems upset. 2. She remained silent all day. 3. There are some letters for you. 4. The children are growing tired. 5. My computer doesn't work today. 6. A castle stands on the hill. 7. He remained poor all his life. 8. The milk went bad. 9. The dish were broken to pieces. 10. That story sounds strange. 11. She appears to have many friends. 12. Obesity is becoming a greater problem in the U.S.A. 13. My plan is to finish this work today. 14. The question is whether it will be fine tomorrow or not. 15. Mary fell asleep soon. ❉ 다음 괄호 안에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. The flowers smell ( well, good ) 2. My parents lived ( happy, happily ) 3. The food tastes ( delicious, deliciously ). 4. She looks ( pretty, prettily ) in her new dress. 5. The girl named Jennifer looks ( love, lovely ). 6. Some people ( go, become ) blind from the disease. 7. Soon it ( got, become ) dark and it was time to go home.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Grammar Points
☪ 3 형식 S + V + O □…이 ～을 한다□ ... 완전타동사 완전타동사 : 목적어를 갖으며 목적격 보어의 도움 또한 필요 없다 ex 1) He wrote this book. 2) I have finished writing my composition. 3) I like to go there. 4) The doctor says that he is in danger. 5) I overate myself. (overeat) 6) He laughed at me. 7) A school bus ran over the boy. 8) You must take care of the baby. 9) They looked up to him. ✔ enter, marry, reach, resemble, discuss, approach, attend, address, inhabit, mention 동사는 타동사이다. 즉, 전치사의 도움이 필요 없다. ex 1) Harry wants to marry Sally. Harry wants to marry with Sally. ✘ Helen married John. = John was married to Helen. ❍ 2) We reached New York yesterday. We reached to New York yesterday. ✘ 3) Mary resembles her mother. Mary resembles with her mother. ✘ * resemble= look after= be similar to 4) We discussed our picnic. We discussed about our picnic. ✘ 5) She approached the camp on tiptoe. She approached to the camp on tiptoe. ✘ 6) She attended the garden party. She attended to the feature. She attended on the guests. 7) He enter the room. He entered into the room business.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장이 몇 형식인지 쓰고, 문장을 해석하시오. 1. I like Tom very much. 2. She hated him in all respects. 3. She thought that she would go to the party. 4. He wanted to clean the room. 5. Tom and Mary enjoyed playing the piano. 6. She attended the garden party. 7. She attended to the feature. 8. She attended on the guests. 9. He entered the room. 10. He entered into the room business. 11. She informed me of the news of his success. 12. History furnishes many lessons to mankind. 13. He robbed her of her purse. 14. The heavy rain prevented me from attending the class. 15. He stole her purse from her. ❉ 다음 문장에서 어색한 곳을 찾아 고치시오. 1. He resembles with his father. 2. She approached to the camp on tiptoe. 3. She explains me the situation. 4. Paul is having difficulty answering to the math question. 5. My teacher suggested me the solution. 6. My sister was stolen her watch on her way home. 7. Bears will not usually attack to a man unless provoked.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Grammar Points
☪ 4 형식 S + V + I.O + D.O □…가 …에게 …을 ~해 준다□ ... 수여동사 수여동사 : 목적어를 두 개 갖으며 역시 목적격 보어는 필요치 않다. ex 1) He gave me this book. 2) I bought my boyfriend a new car. 3) Her mother made him Gimbab. 4) She sent me this letter. 5) I sold them my old car. 6) Can I ask you a question? 7) They paid me 100 dollars at once. ※ 4형식 문형은 전치사를 이용하여 3형식 문장으로 전환할 수 있다. He gave me this book. → He gave this book to me. ✔ to 를 쓰는 경우 : give, send, bring, hand, sell, pay, throw, write, offer. He sent me this letter. (4형식) → He sent this letter to me. (3형식) ✔ for 를 쓰는 경우 : buy, build, make, get, order, cook I bought him a watch. (4형식) → I bought a watch for him. (3형식) ✔ of 를 쓰는 경우 : ask, beg He asked me a question. (4형식) → He asked a question of me. (3형식) ※ 직접목적어가 대명사일 경우 4형식을 쓸 수 없고 3형식만 가능하다. I gave the boy it. ✘ → I gave it to the boy. ❍ ※ envy, save, forgive, pardon, cost 3형식 전환 불가 I envy him his patience. ❍ I envy his patience of him. ✘ This machine will save you a lot of trouble. ❍ This machine will save a lot of trouble for you. ✘ God will forgive you your sin. ❍ God will forgive your sin for you. ✘ ※ explain, admit, suggest, propose, confess, introduce, announce, describe I will explain to you what this mean. (3형식) He admitted to her that she was right. He suggested to us that we should meet her. He confessed to me (that) he had stolen a car.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Grammar Points
☪ 5 형식 S + V + O + O ․ C □…이 …을 …로(라고) 한다□ ... 불완전타동사 목적격 보어: 명사, 대명사, 형용사, 부정사, 현재분사, 과거분사 ex 1) He consider her (to be) a teacher. 2) I made him happy. (O=O․C) 3) I ordered him to go there. 4) I got the man to repair my car. = I had the man repair my car. = I had my car repaired by the man. 5) She felt someone touch her face. She felt her face touched (by someone). ✔ 지각동사의 목적보어 : 원형부정사는 see, behold, observe, hear, watch, feel, notice, listen to, look at 등의 지각동사 뒤에서 목적보어로 쓰인다. 1) I saw them swim in the river. (동작의 사실 또는 완료 - 수영한 것) I saw them swimming in the river.(동작의 계속 - 수영하고 있는 것) 2) Did you hear him sing a song? 3) You must watch the sheep sleep and eat. 4) I felt my house shake for a second last night. ✔ 사역동사의 목적보어 : 원형부정사는 let, have, make, help, bid 등의 사역동사 뒤에서 목적보어로 쓰인다. 1) Let me know what he said. 2) I had my brother write a letter. 3) He made me clean the room. 4) He helped me do the work. [미국식] He helped me to do the work. [영국식] ✔수동태가 되면 to를 다시 써 준다. ex 1) I saw him go out of the house. → He was seen to go out of the house by me. 2) He made me do it at once. → I was made to do it at once by him. ☪ 4형식과 5형식의 구별 4형식은 I.O ≠ D.O의 관계이지만, 5형식은 O=C의 관계가 있다. 1) Mother made me a new dress. (4형식: me ≠ new dress) = Mother made a new dress for me. (3형식) 2) He made me a doctor. (5형식: me = doctor)

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Check Ups
❉ 다음 지문의 문장형식을 말하고 해석하시오. 1. She gave him a flower. 2. She gave a flower to him. 3. I will buy you a watch. 4. I will buy a watch for you. 5. May I ask you a favor? 6. May I ask a favor of you. 7. I showed her my album. 8. I showed my album to her. 9. He sent the patient flowers. 10. He sent flowers to the patient. ❉ 다음 문장에서 틀린 곳이 있으면 고치시오. 1. I envy his patience of him. 2. This machine will save a lot of trouble for you. 3. God will forgive your sin for you. 4. I will explain you what this means. 5. He resembles with his father. 6. Death awaits for all men. 7. He admitted her that she was right. 8. She is going to marry with the man. 9. This dictionary is belonging to me. 10. He suggested us that we should meet her. 11. We discussed about political problems. 12. Jane sent beautiful flowers her sick boyfriend. 13. This book cost five hundred dollars from me. 14. He told us it. 15. Mother made him it.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장이 몇 형식인지 쓰고, 문장을 해석하시오. 1. He thinks her innocent. 2. They elected Mr. Smith chairman of the meeting 3. I found him a good boy. 4. This method allows him to solve the problems. 5. My father believed Mary to be a good student. 6. We regard the dove as the symbol of peace. 7. The teacher persuaded his students to study hard. 8. She didn't watch him leave the room. 9. I saw the room cleaned by the servant. 10. He had his servant clean the ground. 11. Don't let the paper be touched. 12. They call Chaucer the Father of English poetry. 13. The dog made for me. 14. God made man. 15. She made her son a good dinner. 16. She made her son a lawyer. ❉ 다음 괄호 안의 단어를 어법에 적절하게 고치시오. 1. I had my watch ( steal ). 2. I must get my hair ( cut ). 3. We had our photograph ( take ). 4. I must get these shoes ( repair ). 5. I had my house ( build ) last year. 6. Where did you have your cards ( print )? 7. They did not understand what I meant. = I could not make myself ( understand ). 8. He had his portrait ( paint ) last year. 9. He had his pocket ( pick ) in a crowded bus. 10. We never saw him ( smile ).

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 문장들의 각 단어의 문장성분을 밝히시오. 1. There is a tower on top of the mountain. 2. It is raining outside. 3. He gave me a pretty yellow flower. 4. What are you going to do this Christmas? 5. The food smells good. 6. I met the boy during my trip to London. 7. Who made this cream soup? 8. It is important to keep one's promise. 9. The computer enables us to do many things easily. 10. This is what I wanted. ✎ 다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고치시오. 1. This rose smells sweetly. 2. You will pay your insolent behavior. 3. She married with a handsome man. 4. We discussed about what to wear to the party. 5. He resembles with his mother very much. 6. A burglar robbed the traveler from his money. 7. I owe my success of my friend. 8. We provided the sufferers for food and clothes. 9. I had my purse stole. 10. That school was found in 1935. ✎ 다음 괄호 안에서 적절한 것을 고르시오. 1. The prisoner was ( hung, hanged ) to the gallows. 2. The kite ( rises, raises ) in the air. 3. I must get this radio ( to repair, repair, repaired ). 4. ( Make, Have, Do ) sure to turn off the radio before you go out. 5. He ( laid, lay ) a pencil on the table. 6. We ( effected, affected ) a change of production techniques last year. 7. She can't stand it when people ( have, make ) a noise during a concert. 8. He fired and ( hit, hitted ) the deer. 9. The insects have ( ate, eaten ) into the wood. 10. Tissue paper ( teared, tore ) easily.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 것을 고르시오. 1. I never feel very safely when I walk about the street. 2. As economic recovery was so slow financial institutions remain pessimism. 3. The point you mention about now has already been conformed by our company. 4. Just as I finished eating my brother explained me a question. 5. Jack saw a horse swim the river and to disappear beyond a mountain. 6. Every precaution must be done to keep all dangerous substances out of a child's reach. 7. Pollution effects much more people living in today's society than it did those in previous years. 8. In some English villages in the Middle Ages, the entire population catched plague and died. 9. Pharmacists know little about the drug's effects since to have been on the market for one year. ✎ 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. If there further questions, then let's wrap it up there. a) are no b) is not c) is no d) was not 2. Because of ill health he had to his job. a) quit b) quit from c) to quit d) quitting 3. New company policy that you can smoke only in designated area. a) tells b) says c) speaks d) refers 4. What makes for you to tell it to her? a) it is difficult b) it difficult c) difficult d) difficult that 5. I'll let you as soon as anything comes in. a) to know b) know c) knowing d) known

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오. 1. Alice rain till she was quite tired and out of breath, and till the dog's bark sounded quite faintly in the distance. 2. When the Queen heard that he won the victory, she rose him above all the others, gave him great treasures, and made him the first in the kingdom. 3. The lizard use their tails to keep safely. Sometimes another animal holds a lizard by the tail. The tail just falls off, and the lizard runs away. Later, it grows a new tail. 4. Those who live in the clean air ( is / are ) often free from sickness and live longer than others. That's why we should ( remain / keep ) our environment clean. 5. When you ( enter / enter into ) the classroom, you will notice that American students are quick to criticize something and quick to defend themselves. The teacher encourages the students to ( discuss / discuss about ) many topics. 6. What ( lies / lays ) under the street of a city? Under New York City, for example, ( is / are ) more than 230 miles of subway tunnels and 11, 000 miles of gas and water pipes. 7. Emotion is what makes us hate or ( like / liking ) certain things. We fight with each other or kiss each other ( why / because ) we have emotion. Love is the most beautiful thing a person has. ( It is / They are ) what makes him different from other animals. It makes him understand other people. 8. In cold weather, wild animals must find other ways to survive. Some leave a warmer climate, while others crawl into a cave and sleep until spring arrives. Many other animals grow heavier coat of fur.

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Progressive Test
✎ 다음문장에서 문맥에 맞는 어휘를 골라, 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. My husband and I (A) [ rise / raise ] animals on our small farm. Deciding to sell some goats, I placed a "GOATS FOR SALE" sign with our phone number on the fence sign (B) [ beside / besides ] a busy country road. We were surprised when no one called the next day. Later my husband came home smiling, telling me to take a look at the sign. It seemed that one of our goats had eaten the letter G, leaving "OATS FOR SALE." After a laugh, I took it down, (C) [ wandering / wondering ] what price I can put on a goat who reads! (A) (B) (C) 1) rise ………….. beside ………….. wandering 2) raise ………… besides ………… wondering 3) raise ………… beside …………. wandering 4) raise ………… beside …………. wondering 5) rise ………….. besides ………… wandering ✎ 다음 문장에서 문맥에 맞는 어휘를 골라, 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Lizards living in deserts usually come out of their burrows early in the morning. Most of them (A) [ lie / lay ] in the sun to get warm before starting their daily activities. In mid-morning, they hunt for food. If it becomes too hot, lizards can (B) [ rise / raise ] their tails and bodies off the ground to help cool off. At mid-day, they crawl under rocks for several hours. (C) [ Late / Lately ] in the day, they come out again to get heat before the cold desert night falls. * burrow : 굴, 은신처 (A) (B) (C) 1) lie ………… rise ………… Late 2) lie ………… rise ………… Lately 3) lie ………… raise ………… Late 4) lay ………… raise ………… Lately 5) lay ………… rise ………… Late

Chapter 2	문장의 형식	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 문장에서 문맥에 맞는 어휘를 골라, 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. I first saw Africa's great Congo from a plane, flying from Libreville to Kinshasa in the Congo. It was a great sight from the air. A few days (A) [ later / latter ] we set out to see the Congo very close. From the Stanley Falls it flows westwards (B) [ cross / across ] northern Zaire. We went to Malebo Pool along the .ive. and could (C) [ hard / hardly ] see a ripple because it was very calm. We had to look close to see the direction of the river's flow. 1) later ………… cross ………… hardly 2) later ………… across ………… hard 3) later ………… across ………… hardly 4) latter ………… cross ………… hardly 5) latter ………… cross ………… hard ✎ 다음 문장에서 문맥에 맞는 어휘를 골라, 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. The 120 engineering students in my classroom at the University of Ottawa were unusually (A) [ quite / quiet ] as I entered. Then I spotted an old man, half (B) [ laying / lying ], half sitting, a bottle wrapped in a brown bag sticking out of the pocket of his long coat. I could feel the students' eyes focused on me. "Sir, this is a classroom," I explained. "I'll have to ask you to (C) [ live / leave ]." No reaction. "If you don't, I'll have to call security," I continued. Still no movement. Then I had an idea. "Sir, we're having an exam this morning. If you stay, you'll have to write it." He left. (A) (B) (C) 1) quite ………… laying ………… live 2) quite ………… lying ………… live 3) quiet ………… laying ………… leave 4) quiet ………… lying ………… leave 5) quiet ………… laying ………… live

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시제

1. Form of Verb

2, Simple Present & Progressive

3. Nonprogressive Verbs

4. Simple Past & Progressive

5. Future

6. Present Perfect

7. Past Perfect & Future Perfect

8. Tense - agreement

9. Progressive Test

Tense

어떤 동작이 과거, 현재, 미래 중에서 언제 일어 나는지를 나타내는 것

CHAPTER

3

Chapter 3	시제- 1	Grammar Points
☪ 동사의 형태 (Form of Verb) 원형 - 과거 - 과거분사 1. 규칙동사: 원형에 -(e)d를 붙여 과거. 과거분사를 만든다. ① 원형의 어미에 -ed를 붙인다. play - played - played work - worked - worked want - wanted - wanted ② -e로 끝나는 동사는 -d를 붙인다. live - lived - lived like - liked - liked prepare - prepared - prepared ③ [자음+y]로 끝나는 동사는 y를 i로 고쳐 -ed를 붙인다. study - studied - studied try - tried - tried dry - dried - dried ④ 1음절어로서 어미가 ｢단모음+단자음｣으로 끝나는 동사는 자음을 겹쳐 쓰고 -ed를 붙인다. stop - stopped - stopped beg - begged - begged plan - planned - planned 단, ｢단모음+2개의 자음 또는 장모음(또는 2개의 모음자) + 단자음｣일 때는 끝의 자음자를 더 쓰지 않고 그대로 -ed만을 붙인다. help - helped, seat - seated. ⑤ 2음절 동사에서 끝의 음절에 accent가 올 땐 자음자를 하나 더 쓴 뒤에 -ed를 붙인다. (현재분사형도 같은 원리임) admit - admitted - admitted - admitting omit - omitted - omitted - omitting 단, 2음절 동사에서 앞의 음절에 accent가 오면 그대로 -ed만을 붙인다. vísit - visited - visited - visiting límit - limited - limited - limiting 2. 불규칙 동사 ① A-A-A형 : put - put - put hit - hit - hit ② A-B-B형 : find - found - found say - said - said ③ A-B-C형 : see - saw - seen do - did - done ④ A-B-A형 : run - ran - run come - came - come 3. 현재분사(동명사)만드는 법 ① 동사의 원형에 -ing을 붙인다. study - studying work - working ② -e로 끝나는 동사는 e를 빼고 -ing을 붙인다. live - living write - writing cf. see-seeing ③ -ie로 끝나는 동사는 ie를 y로 고쳐서 -ing을 붙인다. die - dying lie - lying. ④ 1음절어로서 ｢단모음+단자음｣으로 끝나는 1음절의 말은 자음을 겹쳐 쓴 다음 -ing 를 붙임 swim - swimming run - running ⑤ 2음절 이상의 말로서 ｢단모음 + 단자음｣으로 끝나고 마지막 음절에 강세가 있으면 자음을 겹쳐 쓰고 -ing을 붙인다. begín - beginning 그러나 첫 음절에 강세가 있으면 자음을 겹쳐 쓰지 않는다. vísit - visiting límit - limiting.

Chapter 3

시제

Check Ups

❉ 불규칙 동사

A. A-A-A형

burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, read, set, shed, shut, split, spread, thrust 등.

현재	과거	과거완료	현재	과거	과거완료
bring			speed
buy			lead
fight			spend
sell			hear
bleed			sleep
feed			weep
build			hold
lay			leave
pay			lose
keep			mean
catch			shine
teach			win
wind

B. A-B-B형

C. A-B-C형

현재	과거	과거완료	현재	과거	과거완료
begin			strive
drink			freeze
rise			weave
write			hide
choose			tear
bite			fly
blow			shake
shave			sow
show			swell
swim			tread
sing			wear
drive

D. A-B-A형

come -          -                            run -          -

Chapter 3

시제- 2

Grammar Points

☪ 현재 시제 (Simple Present)

1. 일

Mike goes to Beijing twice a moth.

My parents live in Ilsan near Seoul.

2.

Seoul is the capital of Korea.

The sun provides the Earth with warmth and light.

3.

The next train leaves at 5:00 p.m tomorrow.

The summer semester starts next week.

4. when, before, after, until 등이 이끄는           이나 if, unless 등의

Will you wait her until the plane takes off?

If it's hot tomorrow, we'll go swimming.

cf) 명사절, 형용사절

I don't know when she will be back from France.

Remember the day when you will submit the paper.

☪ 현재 진행 (Present Progressive)

1.

Jack, what are you doing here?

Look! It's raining.

2. 비교적 긴 시간 (this week, this month, this year) 에 걸쳐 진행중인      이나

Jack is taking two courses this month.

Eunhi is trying to improve her English this year.

The weather is becoming warmer and warmer.

3.

"What are you doing tomorrow evening?" "I am meeting Billy at 7:30."

"Are you playing tennis tomorrow?" "Yes, I am. I'm playing with Jack."

Chapter 3	시제	Check Ups
❉ 다음은 면접 내용이다. 괄호 안의 단어들을 사용하여 대화를 완성하시오. (A - interviewer, B - interviewee) 1. A: Good morning, how are you? B: I'm very well, How are you? A: I'm fine, thank you. How's the weather today? (how, the weather, be, today)? B: ____________________________________. ( it, a beautiful day, be, today ). A: ____________________________________. ( your hobbies, what, be)? B: I _______ (like) mountains. My hobbies ________ ( be ) hiking and rock climbing. A: Hmm, You _____ (be) a very active person. ______________ ( how, often, you. go ) to the mountains? B: I _______________________________ (usually, once, a week, go to the mountains.) ❉ 괄호 안의 동사의 시제를 현재 또는 현재 진행형으로 바꾸어 대화를 완성하시오. Jeff : Hello, may I speak to Rachel, please? Rachel: This is Rachel. Who's calling (call), please? Jeff : Hi, Rachel. It's me. Jeff. Don't you remember my voice? Rachel: Oh, Jeff. How are you? Your voice (sound) strange to me. What happen? Jeff : I (have) a bad cold. Anyway, what (you, do) right now? Rachel: I (do ). what (you, do)? Jeff : Me too. I (write) an essay now. After you (finish) your home work, what (you, do) this evening? Rachel: I (go) to the movies together when you (finish) your homework? Jeff : That (sound) great! Is it okay with your sister? Rachel: Of course. My sister (like) you. Jeff : What time (the movie, start)? Rachel: It (start) at 7:30. Jeff : Okay. I'll pick you up at your house. Rachel: Fantastic! I can't wait. ❉ 다음 둘 중에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. Water (boil, is boiling) at 100 degrees Celsius. 2. I (am going, go) to the mountains about twice a month. 3. When I (will see, see) him, I'll give him your message. 4. Hurry up! We (wait, are waiting) for you! 5. Rebecca (writes, is writing) another book this year. 6. In spring the climate (gets, is getting) warmer. 7. What ( do you do, are you doing) tomorrow afternoon?

Chapter 3	시제- 3	Grammar Points
☪ 진행형으로 쓰지 않는 동사 (Nonprogressive Verbs) 1. 상태동사 (state verbs) : believe, doubt, forget, know, recognize, remember, think : belong, have, own, possess : appreciate, dislike, envy, fear, hate, like, love, mind, prefer : hear, feel, see, smell, taste : appear, be, consist, exist, resemble, seem, weigh My parents understand me. (not : are understanding ....) They have a beautiful garden. Lucy envies her sister. My baby weighs 10kg. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. cf) The house is belonging to me. ( ) The house belongs to me. ( ) 2. 상태동사가 진행형으로 쓰일 경우, Jeff looks happy. He's looking at the woman. I felt tired. I'm feeling the bump on my head. Susan has two cars. She's having dinner. Kevin weighs 70kg. He's weighing the box. A: I really like school. (= I always like school.) B: Me too. A: This party is very cool. B: Yes, it is I'm liking this party. 3. Be동사가 진행형으로 쓰일 때, A : Do you like Jennifer? B : No. I don't like her. She is selfish. (=She's always selfish.) A : Are you wearing my dress? Take off the dress right now! B : You're being selfish today. (= Now she's doing something selfish ). 4. 현재 진행에 쓰인 always는 I'm always happy to be with you. We always have picnics on Saturday. You're always throwing your clothes everywhere. My roommate is always playing the guitar loudly.

Chapter 3	시제	Check Ups
❉ 다음 괄호에서 둘 중에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. These flowers ( are smelling, smell ) good. 2. My mom ( is smelling, smells ) the flowers right now. 3. I (am thinking, think) that Vera is a nice woman. 4. Be quiet, please! Jack (is thinking, thinks) about something serious. 5. You (are looking, look) unhappy. What's the matter? 6. He (is looking, looks) at us. Who is he? 7. I (envy, am envying) your happiness. 8. Water (is consisting, consists) of oxygen and hydrogen. 9. They (are believing, believe) in Flying saucers. 10. I (am knowing, know) what you said. 11. I (am hearing, hear) a bird every morning. 12. Please be quiet. We (are listening, listen) to the lecture right now. 13. This table (is weighing, weighs) a lot. I can't lift it. 14. The clerk (is weighing, weighs) the fruit right now. 15 .My mother (is liking, likes) coffee. 16. Who is that man? I (am forgetting, forget) his name. 17. Nancy (is having, has) a lot of friends. 18. Nancy (is having, has) dinner with her children right now. 19. This pizza (is tasting, tastes) yummy. 20. The chef (is tasting, tastes) the soup right now. ❉ 다음 빈칸에 always를 알맞은 형태로 써 넣으시오. 1. David (always, eat) oranges for dessert, but this evening he's eating apples. 2. My dog (always, chase) my neighbor's cat, but right now the cat is chasing the dog. 3. My husband (always, lose) his umbrellas when he goes to work. 4. Please clean up your room. You (always, leave) your toys everywhere. ❉ 다음 둘 중에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. Kevin (knows, is knowing) Mr. Dickson very well. 2. Jessica (has, is having) two younger brothers. 3. I (think, am thinking) that English is important. 4. Be quiet, please. I (think, am thinking) about a topic for the report. 5. Mark (is never, never is) late for school. 6. Susan (usually doesn't, doesn't usually) eat breakfast. 7. Do (you sometimes, sometimes you) visit your teacher?

Chapter 3	시제- 4	Grammar Points
☪ 과거 시제 (Simple Past) 1. 과거의 특정시간을 나타내는 부사 (yesterday, last week, in 1969, in the 1950s등)과 함께 쓰임 I spent my childhood in America. Jane first met her husband in 1998. 2. The Korean War broke out in 1950. Beethoven was born in 1770 in Germany. 3. would 와 used to He would sometimes sit up at midnight. She used to go to the museum regularly on sundays. He gave up smoking two years ago. But he used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day. She is not a girl that she used to be. ☪ 과거 진행(Past Progressive) 1. Tom was eating dinner when somebody knocked on the door. I was reading a magazine when the lights went out. 2. Beethoven was losing his hearing in his twenties. In the 20th century, the world was changing rapidly. 3. 과거와 과거진행이 함께 쓰일 경우: - 과거 진행시제: 과거 시제: ✐ When I was driving down the hill, I saw a strange thing. I was driving down the hill, (longer action) I saw a strange thing. (shorter action) ✐ As he was waiting for his son, it began to rain. He was waiting for his son. (earlier action) It began to rain. (later action)

Chapter 3	시제	Check Ups
❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부분을 어법에 맞게 고치시오. 1. I meet Vicky almost every day last year. 2. The teacher told me that the Korean War had broken out in 1950. 3. When you called me last night, I am reading a cartoon book. 4. He uses to play the piano when he was young, but now he doesn't. 5. I used to making so many spelling mistakes, but now I don't anymore. 6. There used to an elementary school nearby. 7. I'm not used to wear glasses. It seems very strange. ❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 곳을 고르시오. 1. I know that my grandfather been seventy on his last birthday. A B C D 2. We tried to keep quiet because the baby is sleeping. A B C D 3. There are not a lot of foreigners working in korea before the 1950s. A B C D 4. I had only a few books when I was young, but now I am having a lot of books. A B C D 5. There is a report in today's newspaper that there is a big fire near Busan last night. A B C D 6. She used to practicing public speaking when she was a secondary school student. A B C D 7. When summer vacation starts next week, I go to Seattle with my sister to visit my grandparents. A B C D 8. Every student knows that water is boiling at 100 Celsius. A B C D 9. In most countries, doctors must pass an examination to be licensed when they A B C will finish medical school. D 10. Last year Americans spent six times as much money for pet food as they did for baby food. A B C D

Chapter 3	시제- 5	Grammar Points
☪ 미래 시제 (Future Tenses) 1. I think I will enjoy the trip to Africa. I will be eighteen years old next week. 2. A: The telephone is ringing. B: I will get it. A: I'm lost. What should I do? B: I'll give you some directions. 3. A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I'm going to paint my room this afternoon. A: When are they going to get married? B: They're going to get married next week. cf) We were going to take the train, but then we decided to go by car. 4. Shall - 의문문의 형태로 1인칭에 사용되는 경우 - Shall I set the table for you? What time shall we meet? A: Shall we dance? B: Yes, let's cf) You will die. / You shall die. 5. 주의해야 할 구문 - be about to R: - be to R: - be supposed to R: - It will not be long before ~: It will not be long before we know the truth. Please be quiet! the movie is about to begin. We were about to leave when you called me. Queen Elizabeth is to visit Korea next year. We are to get a 10 percent wage increase in January. You are supposed to be here at eight every day.

Chapter 3	시제	Check Ups
❉ 다음 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. It (is going, will) to rain this afternoon 2. "Are you going to meet Dr, Wilson this afternoon?" "Yes, I (am, will)." 3. "I don't know the answer." "Ask the teacher and she (is going to, will) help you." 4. "Why did you buy apples?" "I (am going to, will) make apple jam this afternoon. 5. (will, Shall) I open the window? 6. What time (shall, will) you come here? 7. She (shall, will) be here in a minute. ❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부분을 어법에 맞게 고치시오. 1. Shhhh! The play is about begin. 2. When I'm about to go to bed last night, somebody called me. 3. "Is Mike about to take a picture of us?" "Yes, I will." 4. The President will be to visit China next week. 5. I'm to visit Nepal next month. ❉ 다음 중 틀린 곳을 찾아 알맞게 고치시오.(고칠 필요 없는 곳은 ✘) 1. My brother goes back to the States next year. 2. I'm sure you'll have a good time in Los Angeles. 3. There's somebody at the door. I open it. 4. I have something to do tonight. I'm going to see a doctor. 5. Shall we go on a date tonight? 6. They will has a meeting this afternoon. ❉ 다음 빈칸에 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 1. I you, but completely forgot. (A) am going to call (B) was going to call (C) will call (D) would call 2. The spring vacation next week. (A) start (B) starts (C) being start (D) will be start 4. I didn't have much time to talk to you because I leave for the hospital. (A) am about to (B) was about to (C) will be about to (D) would be about to

Chapter 3	시제- 6	Grammar Points
☪ 현재완료 (Present Perfect) - 과거와 현재가 연결되고 있는 시제 1. 완료: - already, just, yet, today, this year동과 같이 쓰임. I have already finished writing the paper. They have just arrived at the station. cf) just 와 just now의 비교 He has just come back home. / He came back just now. 2. 계속: - for, since 등과 같이 쓰임. I started to study English ten years ago, I still study it. → I've studied English for 10 years. Mike has worked here since he finished university. 3. 경험: - ever, never, before, once, twice, many times등과 자주 쓰임. Have you ever seen an elephant? - Yes, I have. I have seen a lion twice. / I have never visited London. 4. 결과: He has gone to America. = He went to America, so he is not here now. cf) have gone to 와 have been to Beth is on vacation. She to Italy. Tom is back from his vacation. He to Italy. 5. 현재완료는 ✔ ago, yesterday, then, when, last 등. 그러나 before는 쓸 수 있다. When has she gone downtown? ( ) When did she go downtown? ( ) I saw him a moment ago. ( ) I have seen him a month ago. ( ) 6. 현재완료와 과거의 차이 현재완료: 과 거: He has been ill since last year. He bought a book yesterday.

Chapter 3	시제	Check Ups
❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부분을 어법에 맞게 고치시오. 1. I live in Vancouver since 2001. 2. It didn't have rained for a long time. 3. How long do you have known Jane? 4. He's studied English since many years. 5. They're lived in Seattle for 1997. 6. I've lived in the same house since I am an elementary school student. 7. When have you met Jane? ❉ 다음 둘 중에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. I (visited, have visited) Hong Kong twice in 2001. 2. Mark (was, has been) in the hospital for two months.(He isn't in the hospital now.) 3. Rachel (was, has been) in the waiting room for two hours. (She's still there.) 4. My father (worked, has worked) hard all his life. (He is dead.) 5. Vicky (worked, has worked) hard all her life. (She is alive.) 6. I (am waiting, has been waiting) for him for an hour. 7. Mike (has had, has been having) his car for 10 years. ❉ 다음 빈칸에 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 1. The Smiths moved here . (A) last year (B) next year (C) for two years ago (D) since last year 2. Alfred has been out of work three weeks. (A) by (B) since (C) in (D) for 3. Irene New York in 1986 and in Tokyo since then. (A) left-worked (B) left-has worked (C) has left-worked (D) has left-has worked 4. There a serious shortage of clean water since a few years ago. (A) was (B) were (C) has been (D) had been 5. The meeting going on since 8 o'clock in the morning. (A) is (B) was (C) will be (D) has been 6. We each other for twelve years. (A) know (B) are knowing (C) have known (D) have been knowing

Chapter 3	시제- 7	Grammar Points
☪ 과거완료 (Past Perfect) - had p.p. - 과거의 어느 시간을 기준으로 하여 그때까지의 완료,경험, 계속, 결과를 나타낸다. The train had already left when I got to the station. (완료) I knew him well, for I had often seen him before . (경험) He had lived there for ten years when his mother died. (계속) I found that she had gone to America. (결과) 1. 과거완료를 써야할 자리에 과거시제를 쓰는 경우 : I ate my lunch after my wife came(had come) back from her shopping. 2. 소망동사의 과거완료 - hope, expect, intend, want, wish등이 쓰이면 I had hoped that I would win the game. = I had hoped to win the game. = I hoped to have won the game. = I hoped to win the game, but I couldn't. 3. "~하자마자 ...했다"구문 No sooner + had + 주어(s) + p.p. ~ than + 과거동사 Scarcely(hardly) + had + 주어(s) + p.p. ~ when(before) + 과거동사 As soon as + 주어 + 과거동사 ~, 주어 + 과거동사 On ~ing ~~, 주어 + 과거동사 ☪ 대과거 : 일어난 순서대로 나열할 때는 두 사건 다 를 써도 좋다. I bought a watch and sold it the next day. 먼저 일어난 일 나중에 일어난 일 (과거-순서대로 나열되었으므로) I sold the watch which I had bought the previous day. 나중에 일어난 일 먼저 일어난 일 (대과거) I bought a book, but I lost it the next day. = I lost the book which I had bought the day before. ☪ 미래완료(Future Perfect) will(shall) + have + p.p. They will have arrived in France by this time tomorrow. (완료) I shall have read this novel three times if I read it again. (경험) He will have been ill for two weeks by tomorrow. (상태의 계속) I shall have been reading this book for an hour by noon. (동작의 계속)

Chapter 3	시제	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 바르게 고치시오. 1. I burned the letter which I write the night before. 2. When I got there, he leave already. 3. The road was muddy, as it rained the previous day. 4. I lost the watch he gave me. 5. Jack was ill for a week when he was sent to hospital. ❉ 다음 문장 괄호 안에서 알맞은 말을 고르시오. 1. I lost my cell phone I (have, had, will have) bought the day before. 2. The lake (has, had, will have) frozen by tomorrow morning. 3. Things (have, had, will have) changed for the better by the time you come back. 4. I knew the place well, for I (have, had, will have) once been there before. 5. We all felt comfortable because the living room (has, had, will have) been cleaned. ❉ 밑줄 친 ⓐ부분을 As soon as 로 시작하는 문장으로 고쳐 쓰시오. ⓐ I had hardly reached the station when the sky became threatening. I thought I should have brought an umbrella with me, but it was too late to repent it. Soon big drops of rain began to fall. ❉ 다음 문장을 영작하시오. 1. 나는 그 시합에 이기길 희망했는데 이기지 못했다. I that I would win the game. = I had hoped the game. = I hoped the game. = I to win the game, but I couldn't. 2. 그 여자를 보자마자, 그는 도망치기 시작했다. He no sooner her than he to run away. = No sooner he her than he to run away. = Scarcely(hardly) he her (before) he to run away. = he saw her, he began to run away. = On seeing her, he to run away.

Chapter 3

시제- 8

Grammar Points

☪ 시제일치와 예외 (Agreement)

1. 시제 일치

The teacher thinks that she is smart.

The teacher thought that she was smart.

* 기본 원칙: 종속절이 시제에 관한 제한을 받음.

주절의 시제	종속절의 시제
현재, 현재완료, 미래 과거, 과거완료	12시제 무엇이든 올 수 있음. 과거, 과거완료

I think he is studying.

⇒ I thought he was studying.

Annie says that she has been to the station to see her mother off.

⇒ Annie said that she had been to the station to see her mother off.

2. 시제 일치의 예외

① 일반적인 진리나 격언을 나타내는 경우:

Galileo maintained that the Earth moves around the sun.

② 현재의 사실이나 습관을 나타내는 경우:

I said that we live in the suburbs.

Johe said that he gets up at seven.

③ 역사적인 사실을 나타내는 경우:

We know that World War II broke out in 1939.

④ 가정법: 가정법의 시제는 주절의 시제에 영향을 받지 않음

He says that he would write to her if he knew her address.

He said that he would write to her if he knew her address.

⑤ 비교구문: 비교하는 내용에 따라 현재나 과거시제

She was happier five years ago than she is now.

Chapter 3

시제

Check Ups

❉ 다음 괄호 안의 단어를 문맥에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.

1. We thought we (will) win the game.

2. We learned that the sun (rise) in the east.

3. The building is older than it (is) before.

4. He said that his father (get) up at 7:30 every morning.

5. He says that Napoleon (die) in 1821.

6. I fully realized that time (fly) like an arrow.

7. When I got home, I found that I (lose) my purse.

8. He hoped he (can) get there on time.

9. Tom says, "I wish I know Sue's telephone number."

→ Tom said he wished he (know) Sue's telephone number.

10. We were taught at school that the square of 10 (be) 100.

11. He came sooner than I (expect).

12. She wonders why he didn't say anything.

→ She wondered why he (not, say) anything.

❉ 다음 괄호 안의 말 중 어법에 맞는 것을 고르시오.

1. In old days people believed that the earth (is, was) flat.

2. I was looking for a man who (will, would) help me with my moving.

3. Tom expressed his wish that I (would, might) live long.

4. He told us that World War II (had ended, ended) in 1945.

5. The stranger spoke clearly so that he (might, may) not be misunderstood.

❉ 다음 괄호 안에 동사의 알맞은 형태를 넣으시오.

1. He says that he will study abroad.

→ He said that he (       ) (       ) abroad.

2. She says that her mother has been ill for a month.

→ She said that her mother (        ) (       ) ill for a month.

❉ 다음 중 틀린 문장을 골라 옳게 고치시오.

1. Mr. Baker said that he will go to the United States next year.

2. He said that the Earth was round.

3. I believed he had left Korea.

4. The teacher told us that light traveled fastest in the universe.

5. She said that is would rain that night.

Chapter 3

시제

Progressive Test

✎ 괄호 안에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

1. I will go home for vacation when I (finish, will finish) my exams.

2. I had scarcely locked the door when the key (broke, had broken).

3. Mr. Brown is not here in Seoul; he has (gone, been) to Busan.

4. There (are, have been) five accidents on this corner in the last ten months.

5. Unless economic conditions in the U.S. improve next year, there (is, will be)

widespread unrest around the world.

6. All experienced hunters know that wild animals (became, become) particularly restless

before the onset of a storm.

7. The concert pianist (had, has) left the auditorium before we arrived.

8. Before he died, the old gentleman who (lives, lived) in the apartment on the corner

used to take his dog for a walk every day.

✎ 밑줄 친 부분을 바르게 고치시오.

1. Little boy, why do you cry? I'll take you to the police station.

2. The plane has not arrived yet, and I wonder when it comes.

3. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

4. Do you remember the incident that has taken place at our first meeting?

5. By 2020, scientists surely have discovered a cure for the common cold.

6. Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for those who had never learned one

before.

7. A short time before her operation last month, she dreams of her daughter who lives

overseas.

8. The jobs that most companies are doing with information today would be impossible

several years ago.

9. The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to

write the other proposal.

Chapter 3	시제	Progressive Test
✎ 시제가 잘못된 문장을 골라 옳게 고치시오. 1. Last night I get a phone call from my elder sister. 2. After she finished her homework, she went to bed. 3. George has had his mission finished for a few days. 4. She wrote the questions on the blackboard so everyone can see them. 5. Many people are killed in the earthquake in 1997. 6. While Tom was eating, the doorbell rings. 7. Since the 1960s, rock and roll music was popular with young people. 8. When she was a child, she always goes to the circus. 9. He had lived in Seattle for five years when he moved to Denver. 10. We moved to this city in 1999. ✎ 다음 괄호 안에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. You had better stay home till the rain (stop, will stop, stops). 2. I (was leaving, an leaving, left) for America tomorrow. 3. Who knows what Korea (become, became, will become) in ten years? 4. We (have, had, have had) a nice time last evening. 5. He told us that the earth (go, went, goes) around the sun. ✎ 다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고치시오. 1. If she will come tomorrow, we will take her for a walk. 2. This is the book which I buy yesterday. 3. She is resembling her mother. 4. I did not go a mile before it began to rain. 5. He had been sick since last week. 6. The concert already began when I got to the hall. 7. No sooner has she seen me than she ran away. 8. It will not be long before spring will come. ✎ 다음 문장이 같은 뜻이 되도록 괄호 안에 알맞은 말을 넣으시오. 1. Hardly had he seen me before he ran away. = ( ) ( ) had he seen me than he ran away. 2. Ten years have passed since he died. = It ( ) ten years since he ( ). 3. I had hoped to win the game. = I ( ) ( ) the game. = I hoped ( ) the game, but I ( ).

Chapter 3	시제	Progressive Test
✎ 아래 빈칸에 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. The legislature will adjourn as soon as they on the budget proposal. (A) will vote (B) vote (C) voted (D) are voting 2. A: "Is he studying for a midterm examination?" B: "Yes, he's it next week." (A) doing (B) to take (C) making (D) to give 3. A: "I've known George Smith for several years." B: "How long since you saw him last?" (A) has it been (B) it has been (C) is it being (D) was it 4. By their next anniversary, they married 10 years. (A) will have been (B) have been (C) will be (D) would have 5. I have car trouble on a busy highway yesterday. A B C D 6. I have been studying in Korea for at least ten years before I came here. A B C D 7. The detective told us that every human being had a distinctive set of fingerprints. A B C D 8. Some therapists may have be able to maintain their internal body temperature. A B C D 9. The first clothes are probably made just to protect people from the cold. A B C D 10. Most villages and towns in ancient Egypt to be situated near the Nile, because A B it was the only source of water. C D 11. Walt Broyles has creating paintings 100 or 200 feet wide on billboards - large A B C outdoor signs. D 12. 4,000 years ago, the earliest people of Athens have walled in the Acropolis for protection. A B C D 13. Since ancient times, people were describing living things and giving them names. A B C D

Chapter 3	시제	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은? Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, ① who promotes Habitat for Humanity, has toured various countries ② since 1994. In the summer of 2001, he ③ has visited Asan, Korea, to participate in a house-building project. It was part of Habitat for Humanity International's campaign ④ to build houses for homeless people. He worked along with volunteers for the program, which is ⑤ named after him-the Jimmy Carter Work Project 2001. ✎ 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은? In 1803, Napoleon ① had made the United States an amazing offer. He ② was ready to sell the huge area of southwestern North America ③ owned by France for $15 million because he was desperate for money to pay for his wars in Europe. The U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson, accepted the offer at once, However, the U.S. lacked money. The solution was ④ to borrow money from Britain. The British were anxious to see Louisiana occupied by a weak United States rather than Napoleon's powerful army, so they offered ⑤ the large sum of money to the U.S. at six percent interest. ✎ 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은? ① Since the earliest times people ② gazed at the night sky and tried to understand the stars. Until 300 years ago they could see only tiny points of light visible to the naked eye. When the telescope ③ was invented in 1609, it enabled Galileo Galilei and other astronomers to ④ take a closer look at the heavens. They saw for the first time ⑤ thousands of faint stars and the surface of the planets closest to the earth.

Chapter 3	시제	Progressive Test
✎ 괄호 (A),(B),(C) 에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? In the last Ice Age, the weather (A)[was/had been] so cold that polar ice sheets grew to cover a third of the earth in ice over 240m thick. We now live in an interglacial following the end of the last Ice Age, some 10000 years ago. Since then, there (B)[are/have been] many minor changes in the weather. Now, a lot of people (C)[believe/are believing] humans are changing the atmosphere so much that the world is steadily warming up. (A) (B) (C) ① was have been are believing ② had been are believe ③ had been have been are believing ④ was have been believe ⑤ was are are believing ✎ 괄호 (A),(B),(C) 에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? I (A) [went/have gone] to a pop concert with my classmates last Saturday. The band played so well that at the final we all stood up excitedly. When we got out of the hall, I found that I (B)[had left/left] my purse on the seat. Immediately, I went back into the hall and looked for it from seat to seat, but I couldn't find it. It was already (C)[going/gone] away. (A) (B) (C) ① went had left going ② went left going ③ went had left gone ④ had gone left gone ⑤ had gone had left gone ✎ 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은? Since man ① first appeared on earth, he ② achieved a great deal. He has used animals, steam, electricity and oil ③ to move himself more quickly from place to place. He overcome rivers and sea ④ with canoes, boats, and ships ⑤ of endless variety. He mastered darkness, too, first with dim lights, and later with brighter lamps.

➟

➟

CHAPTER

4

To 부정사와 동명사

To 부정사와 V-ing 는 동사의 변신입니다.

무엇으로 변신했냐구요?

당연히 명사, 형용사 그리고 부사입니다.

그럼, 차례로 하나씩 알아볼까요?

동사의 변신은 유죄?

To-infinitive & V-ing

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Grammar Points
☪ 명사로 써먹기 to-V / V-ing : “~하기, ~하는 것”의 의미를 지니며 명사로 변한 것이기 때문에 문장 안에서는 주어, 보어, 목적어로 쓰이게 됩니다. ✔ 주어역할 To get close to you is very hard for me. To find the hidden documents in one hour seems almost impossible. Getting enough sleep and rest is essential for good health. Skipping breakfast is not helpful for your learning. ✔ 주격보어역할 My only and one wish is to meet her just one more time. The worst thing of all is to give up your dreams without making every effort. One of your strong points is making people feel at home. The most urgent thing was to carry him to the hospital immediately. ✔ 목적격보어역할 I want you to trust me. Women is urging the government to improve female rights. ✔ 목적어역할 She had expected to visit us last summer. The committee planned to have a public hearing on the issue of abortion. I forgot picking up my daughter from school at 2 p.m. Businesses denied bribing the officials concerned with the construction contract. Be sure to avoid dozing off while driving. ✔ 의문사 + to-V How to spend your time wisely is one of the most important things in your life. My biggest concern now is what to do to help the poor around my neighborhood. She didn't know what to say when he made a proposal to go to the concert. What is more important is how to master your English in a shortest period of time. Not knowing which bus to take, I stood still at the bus stop for a while.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부정사의 문장성분(주어, 보어, 목적어)을 쓰세요. 보어는 주격보어와 목적격 보어를 구분하시오. 1. Generally speaking, to learn a foreign language must begin with speaking it. 2. Your duty is to keep the bank from being robbed at night. 3. One of the most important things is to use your studying time properly and efficiently. 4. Finally, she promised him to marry and be with him all through her life. 5. In some Asian countries, it is prohibited by law to reveal a woman's face in public. 6. I'd like you to explain our situation to other employees. 7. It seemed that her first concern was to find a place to live in and to get a job. 8. How to spend your money is more important than how to earn it. 9. She didn't know where to go and whom to meet and ask for help in the lonely city. 10. It was a great luck for her to happen to meet Jack at the subway station. 11. I expected you to help me with the heavy boxes. 12. What I wanted most was to be your friend. 13. Jane persuaded Tarzan to stay with her in London, but it didn't work. ❉ 밑줄 친 동명사의 문장성분(주어, 보어, 목적어)를 쓰세요. 14. Tom always postpones doing his chores assigned to him by Aunt Polly. 15. Fulfilling your life's dreams and wishes may be difficult without trial and error. 16. I'm sure of winning the first prize in the writing contest. 17. You must stop calling me by that nickname. I'm really sick of it. 18. Pretending to be insane saved his life from his enemies. 19. His being late for the appointment caused a great trouble to both companies. 20. Please excuse me for being too much late.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Grammar Points
☪ 가주어 ‘it’ 문장의 주어가 “to-V / V-ing / 명사절”인 경우 가주어를 이용해서 아래와 같이 바꿔 씁니다. It + 동사 + (의미상주어) + 진주어 (to-V / V-ing / 명사절) To know what you are good at and feel interested in is necessary = Knowing what you are good at and feeling interested in is necessary. = It is necessary to know what you are good at and feel interested in. When you left the house and met her at the fitness club matters a lot to me. = It matters a lot to me when you left the house and met her at the fitness club. ☪ 가목적어 ‘it’ 5형식(주+동+목+목적보어)에서 목적어가 “to-V / V-ing / 명사절”일 경우 가목적어를 이용해서 아래와 같이 바꿔 씁니다. ⇒ 주어 + 동사 + it + 목적보어 + 진목적어 I think to know oneself important. (비문) = I think it important to know important. I believe where to stay an critical matter. (비문) = I believe it an critical matter where to stay. He thought it useless to try to persuade her to marry him. I thought it most foolish to ask her such an easy question. She kept it a secret that he stole the money. I know it a must that you should make every effort to realize your dreams. I considered it necessary for her to attend the conference in your place.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Check Ups
❉ 진주어에 밑줄 치고 우리말로 옮기시오. 1. It seems important to have the ability to speak a couple of foreign languages in the near future. 2. It will be good for you to work out on a regular basis. 3. In ancient times, it was common for the early people to turn to their gods and godesses for their well-being and safety. 4. Is it really impossible for him to submit the science report on Friday? 5. It is no good for you to bribe the police officer. ❉ 진목적어에 밑줄 치고 우리말로 옮기시오. 6. I thought it quite unfair that he treated her like a slave. 7. We believe it really important for us to serve our country as a soldier. 8. He thinks it such a great experience to go abroad and meet many people there. 9. We found it urgent that we should get back home in no time to clean the living room. 10. I firmly believe it a waste of time to try to solve the problems we are facing now without taking the present situation and our financial limits into consideration. 11. Tom believed it really unfair and out of sense for Mary to treat him like one of her servants. ❉ 우리말에 맞게 빈칸을 채우시오. 12. I don't regard ___ as a serious problem ______ he made mistakes in doing the task. 나는 그가 그 일을 하면서 실수를 한 것이 문제라고 생각하지 않는다. 13. didn't matter at all to me ________ he was rich or not. 그가 부자냐 아니냐 하는 것은 내게 전혀 중요하지 않았다. ❉ Correct the errors. 14. I found difficult to make friends with the new guy in my class. 15. Are you necessary to decide not to go to the medical school? 16. I believe that desirable for him to try to please his parents. 17. Don't blame yourself. It was beyond your ability to persuade him doing the task.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Grammar Points
☪ 의미상의 주어 I ✔ 목적어 (의미상의 주어) + to-V (목적보어:의미상의 서술어) I expect that she will come back to me before long. ⇒ I expect her to come back to me before long. I firmly believe that they have cheated me several times. ⇒ I firmly believe them to have cheated me several times. 밑줄 친 ‘her’와 ‘them’은 생김새는 목적격이고 문장의 목적어이지만 원래는 위의 문장에서 종속절의 주어였는데 문장의 구조가 바뀌면서 (복문->단문) 목적격으로 변했습니다. 즉, 목적어와 목적격보어의 관계로 바꿨지만, 의미상으로는 “주어 + 동사”의 관계입니다. 실제 해석을 할 때는 ‘그녀가,’‘그들이’라고 해석됩니다. 즉, 의미상으로는 주어입니다. ✔ 목적어 +to-V 의 형태를 취하는 동사 tell, ask, want, wish, hope allow, prompt, encourage, urge + 목적어 + to-V : 목적어가 to-V 하도록 ~~하다 enable, persuade, order, advise ✔ 목적어 + V 의 형태를 취하는 동사 (사역동사) make, have, let + 목적어 + V : 목적어가 V 하도록 시키다 / 허락하다 ✔ 목적어 + V / V-ing 형태를 취하는 동사 (지각동사) see, hear, feel perceive, watch + 목적어 + V / V-ing : 목적어가 V 하는 것을 ~~하다 look at, listen to ✐ 사역동사/지각동사가 수동태 문장을 만들면 to-V 를 쓴다. He made me wash his car. ⇒ I was made to wash his car by him. She heard him speak well of me. ⇒ He was heard to speak well of me by her. ✐ 목적어 +from V-ing 의 형태를 취하는 동사 : (목적어)가 V-ing 하지 못하도록 ......하다 prevent, stop, keep prohibit, hinder + 목적어 + from V-ing dissuade, discourage The heavy rain kept us from going to the ballpark. = Because of the heavy rain, we couldn't go to the ballpark. His daddy's sudden death discouraged him from starting a new business. = Because his father died suddenly, he couldn't start a new business.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장들을 단문으로 바꿔 쓰시오. 1. I believe that you will help me stand on my own feet. ⇒ 2. I advised that he stop smoking heavily and drinking too often. ⇒ 3. It may be necessary that he should visit her in the hospital. ⇒ 4. It is desirable that you and I should cooperate with each other to achieve the goal. ⇒ 5. Tom, it's time that you should wash up and go to bed. ⇒ 6. He told her the truth so that she could cope with the situation. ⇒ 7. It is thought that the wounded soldiers were abandoned somewhere in the desert. ⇒ 8. I remember that I promised to sing you a song. ⇒ 9. He made every effort lest that he should miss the chance to be promoted. ⇒ 10. It seemed that she was in a hurry to get somewhere. ⇒ 11. It is definitely urgent that she should go back to the hospital to get proper treatment. ⇒ ❉ 다음 단문을 복문으로 바꿔 쓰시오. 12. She seemed to love him dearly. ⇒ 13. The device is believed to have been invented by the craftsman. ⇒ 14. Mozart's string quartets is thought to have a calming effect on the pedestrian traffic. ⇒ 15. She is said to have had a great influence to improve women's rights. ⇒ 16. Is there any possibility of her son's winning the race? ⇒ 17. He believes me to have been in the wrong. ⇒

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Grammar Points
☪ 의미상의 주어 II ✔ for / of + 목적격 + to-V It is necessary that all of them attend the meeting. = It is necessary for all of them to attend the meeting. I stepped aside so that the pretty girl could pass by. = I stepped aside for the pretty girl to pass by. There are many chores for them to do around the house. ✔ 사람의 성격이나 성향 등을 나타내는 형용사가 서술어로 오는 경우에는 “of 목적격”을 쓴다. nice, kind, good, It + 동사 + polite, rude generous + of 목적격 + to-V wise, silly, foolish, cruel It is very nice that you help me carry the heavy box. = It is very nice of you to help me carry the heavy box. = You are very nice to help me carry the heavy box. It was so foolish that she fell in love with such a moron like him = It was so foolish of her to fall in love with such a moron like him. = She was so foolish to fall in love with such a moron like him. ✔ (전치사) + 소유격 / 목적격 + V-ing I am sure that he will come back for the magic ring. = I am sure of his coming back for the magic ring. She insists that Tom should stop picking on Jerry. = She insists on Tom('s) stopping picking on Jerry. I am not ashamed at all that I took the disgrace of being a murderer for the sake of my country's independence. = I am not ashamed at all of having taken the disgrace of being a murderer for the sake of my country's independence. ✐ 의미상의 주어가 주절의 주어와 동일할 경우 생략한다. I expect that I will get through the tests. ⇒ I expect (me) to get through the tests. I am proud that I am Korean. ⇒ I am proud of (my) being Korean.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장을 의미상의 주어를 포함하는 문장으로 바꿔 쓰시오. 1. It is natural that she is angry with you. ⇒ 2. We have many books that children can read with fun. ⇒ 3. These are the goals that you should accomplish in order to meet the standards. ⇒ 4. It was quite a wise behavior that you avoided quarreling with those boys. ⇒ 5. I'm proud that my students do their best in every circumstance. ⇒ 6. It was so rude and even cruel that he drove out the elderly woman. ⇒ 7. We have no doubt that he is sick in bed. ⇒ 8. Though he was very learned, he lacked a sense of humor. ⇒ 9. She still insisted that he had done nothing wrong. ⇒ 10. She felt proud that her son hepled her with the chores. ⇒ 11. As soon as her car arrived, the crowd started cheering. ⇒ ❉ 다음 각 문장을 복문으로 바꿔 쓰시오. 12. On hearing the news, she began to hop around the room. ⇒ 13. Despite being late for school, he didn't hurry up. ⇒ 14. There might be no chance of his coming back him in time. ⇒ 15. It is desirable for him to ask her for help. ⇒ 16. It would be silly for you to try to avoid challenges in your life. ⇒ 17. It may be difficult for him alone to climb the mountain. ⇒

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사 + to-V : ~해야 할 것을 유감스러워하다, 잊다, 기억하다 + V-ing : ~했던 것을 후회하다, 잊다, 기억하다	Grammar Points
☪ 목적어로서의 to-V 와 V-ing ✔ to-V 를 목적어로 취하지 않는 동사 enjoy, mind, avoid, escape finish, stop, quit, give up + V-ing practice, risk, postpone, put off, delay (동명사가 목적어로 쓰이는 경우, 하기 싫은 일, 그래서 그만두고 미루는 일 등을 표시한다.) ✔ V-ing 를 목적어로 취하지 않는 동사 want, wish, long, pretend care, choose, mean, intend + to-V expect, hope, mean plan, decide, determine (부정사가 목적어로 쓰이는 경우, 하고 싶은 일, 결정하고 계획하고 기대하는 일 등을 표시한다.) ✔ 뜻이 달라지는 동사 regret forget remember I forgot to tell her the truth, so she doesn't know it now. I forgot telling her the truth last Saturday, so I told her the truth again yesterday. I regret to tell her the sad news that he was injured by the car accident. = I'm sorry that I will tell get the truth that he was injured by the car accident. I regret making several serious mistakes in the job interview. = I regret that I made several serious mistakes in the job interview. try + V-ing : 하려고 시도하다, 시험 삼아 ~해보다 try, seek, endeavor strive, work + to-V : ~하려고 노력하다, 애쓰다 struggle, labor ✔ 기타 다른 동사들은 to-V 와 V-ing 둘 다를 목적어로 취한다. He likes to sing/singing before people. She hated to be introduced/being introduced to the classmates. (단, to-V일 경우 개별적인 상황, V-ing일 경우는 일반적인 상황을 나타낸다.)

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 두 문장의 의미를 차이를 설명하시오. 1. (a) I tried to open the heavy door pushing and pulling, only to fail. (b) I tried opening the heavy door with another strange key, but it didn't work. 2. (a) I regret to leave you alone in this remote place, but I can't help it. (b) I regret leaving you alone in that remote place at that time. 3. (a) She tried not to laugh. (b) she doesn't try to laugh. 4. (a) We postponed the weekly meeting to have an encouragement party. (b) We postponed having an encouragement party because of the weekly meeting. ❉ Correct the errors, if any. 5. I don't mind you to use my cellphone this afternoon. 6. I'm sorry that she doesn't remember to be a great singer when she was young. 7. I practiced to sing the song more than hundred times for the contest and at last I got the first prize. 8. In that case, I choose going to Africa instead of Europe. ❉ Fill each blank with a suitable form of the given words. 9. Don't give up ____________ the race. It's almost the finish line. (finish) 10. I forgot _________ the dinner for my family, so we had to go out for dinner. (prepare) 11. He stopped _____________ the video games to answer the phone. (play) 12. I remember ___________ her in the medical conference two months ago. (talk to) 13. I strived a)____________ b)__________ into trouble with our competitors in business. ( a) avoid, b) get ) 14. I didn't mean ____________ my parents by joining the B-boy club. (upset) 15. She pretended not __________ me. (know) 16. She is practicing ________ the violin regularly to take part in the music festival. (play) 17. Don't be afraid of ________ the Haunted House in the amusement park. It's not that scary. (enter) 18. Why don't we put off ___________ hiking? A Hurricane is coming. (go)

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Grammar Points
☪ 명사를 꾸며주는 to-V ✔ 명사 + to-V : ~할, ~해야 할, ~하는, ~한 명사 (명사 뒤에서 명사 수식) Korea has many beautiful things to show to the world. I have nothing to tell you to do but there are some people for you to meet today. There was no pen to write with in the bank. She had no friends to talk to in the village. ☪ 부사로 쓰이는 to-V ✔ ~하기 위해서 in order to-V / so as to-V = in order that S + may/can/will + V so that S + may/can/will + V ⇔ ~하지 않도록 lest that S + (should) + V : ✔ 하고보니, ~해서, ~하니까 I was surprised to hear the news. She was sorry to know that he was bankrupt. ✔ ~한 결과 ~하게 되다 She fled from her abusing husband and didn't come back to him. = She fled from her abusing husband, never to come back to him. I tried not to doze off at the wheel but failed to be awake. = I tried not doze off at the wheel, only to fail to be awake. He woke up next morning and found himself lying alone in the jungle. = He woke up next morning to find himself lying alone in the jungle. ✔ 아주/너무 ~해서 ~하다/할 수 없다 (1) 형용사/부사 + enough to-V : 아주 ~해서 ....하다 = so 형용사/부사 that S + (can) + V He was kind enough to show me the way to the station. = He was so kind that he showed me the way to the station. (2) too 형용사/부사 + to-V : 너무 ~해서 ...할 수 없다/하지 않다 = so 형용사/부사 that S + can't + V He was too busy to find time to meet her. = He was so busy that he couldn't find time to meet her. (3) such (a/an) 형용사 + 명사 that S + V ~ : 아주 ~한 (명사)여서 V하다.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장을 지시한 대로 바꿔 쓰시오. 1. I am too exhausted to take another step forward. (so ~ that ~ 으로) = 2. She is too pretty for me to talk to. (so ~ that ~ 으로) = 3. He was polite enough to yield me his seat. (so ~ that ~ 으로) = 4. He left for Korea in order to find his lost parents during the Korean War. (so that을 이용해서) = 5. They seemed smart enough to prove the mathemathical hypothesis. (so ~ that ~ 으로) = 6. The box is so big that I can't lift it on the cart on my own. (단문으로) = 7. The child is so tall that he can pick the apples on the tree. (단문으로) = 8. She was so busy preparing the party that she didn't finish her music report. (단문으로) = 9. He opened the gate and found the house deserted for a long time. (단문으로) = 10. The news of the unification of their country was so exciting that all the people rushed into the streets to celebrate it. (단문으로) = 11. Such was his disappointment that he skipped dinner. (He로 시작하는 문장으로) = 12. He is such a skillful engineer that he is in charge of the team. (The engineer로 시작하는 문장으로) =

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 괄호 안에서 알맞은 말을 고르시오. 1. He cannot (writes, write, wrote, has written) a letter in English. 2. I saw him (enters, entered, enter, to enter) the room. 3. She had Tom (do, did, to do, done) the work. 4. You had better (to give up, give up, gave up) the plan. ✎ 틀린 부분이 있으면 고치시오. 5. She was seen hide something behind the curtain. 6. She heard his calling her. 7. I had my picture take. ✎ 다음 문장의 빈 칸을 완성하시오. 8. ⓐ I expect that I will succeed. = I expect succeed. ⓑ I expect that she will succeed. = I expect to succeed. 9. ⓐ It is natural that he should say so. = It is natural him to say so. ⓑ You are kind to show me the way. = It is kind you to show me the way. 10. If we tell the truth, I don't like him. = the truth, I don't like him. 11. He seems to be ill. = It seems that he ill. 12. He seemed to be ill. = It seemed that he ill. 13. He intended to see the show, but couldn't. = He intended . = He to see the show. 14. It seems that he was ill. = He seems ill. 15. It seemed that he had been ill. = He seemed ill.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 두 문장의 뜻이 같도록 빈 칸을 채우시오. 1. I need a chair which I can sit on. = I need a chair . 2. To become famous is difficult. = is difficult to become famous. 3. He believes that she is right. = He believes right. 4. She was so excited that she could not speak. = She was excited speak. 5. Tom is so old that he can take care of himself. = Tom is old take care of himself. 6. I want you to see a doctor. = You see a doctor. 7. I want to see the baseball game. = I to see the baseball game. 8. They did the work in five days. = It took five days to do the work. = It took five days to do the work. 9. This book is too difficult for me to read. = This book is difficult that I read . 10. I don't know when we should start. = I don't know start. ✎ 다음 문장의 빈 칸에 알맞은 말을 써넣으시오. 11. Sang-ho was very glad see Yun-hee again. 12. It is very important you to study hard. 13. It was wise him not to go there. 14. I found easy to go abroad. ✎ 다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치시오. 15. A friend of mine was seen enter the classroom. 16. I advised him not smoke too much. 17. I made him to open the window. 18. How did you become to know her?

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 두 문장의 뜻이 같도록 ( )에 알맞은 단어를 써넣으시오. 1. She was so happy that she couldn't say a word. = She was happy say a word. 2. He seems to be hungry. = It seems he hungry. 3. I don't know what to buy for my wife. = I don't know what for my wife. 4. The lady saw a mouse run across the floor. = A mouse was seen across the floor the lady. ✎ ( )에 주어진 말을 문맥에 맞게 쓰시오. 5. You had better (start) at once. 6. I heard someone (ring) the bell late at night. 7. I had him (check) the baggage. 8. His wife got him (quit) smoking. 9. He is thought (leave) home a few days ago. 10. We believed him (be) innocent. 11. He asked us (not make) any noise. 12. Remember (put) out the light when you go out. ✎ 두 문장의 뜻이 같도록 빈 칸에 알맞은 말을 쓰시오. 13. They believed that he was rich. = He was believed rich. 14. They hid themselves so that we couldn't see them. = They hid themselves see them. 15. He was so angry that he couldn't speak. = He was angry speak. 16. It is natural that children should make trouble. = It is natural children trouble. 17. He expected to complete the work in a few days, but he couldn't. = He expected to the work in a few days.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 두 문장의 뜻이 같도록 빈 칸에 알맞은 말을 쓰시오. 1. Nobody could be seen in the room. = Nobody was in the room. 2. It is necessary that it should be done carefully. = It needs carefully. 3. You are very stupid to make such a mistake. = It is very stupid make such a mistake. 4. I awoke and found myself alone in the room. = I awoke myself alone in the room. 5. He was at a loss for an answer. = He did not know . 6. If you heard him speak, you would think him an American. = him speak, you would take him an American. ✎ 다음 문장의 밑줄 친 부분을 우리말로 옮기시오. 7. He was so tired that he did nothing but go to bed. 8. All you have to do is to press the button. 9. We intended to have finished the work before the dark. 10. The good old days are gone never to return. 11. You are to apologize to her. ✎ ( )안의 지시에 맞게 문장을 전환하시오. 12. It is dangerous to swim in this river. (This river를 주어로) ⇒ 13. You are difficult to solve this problem. (옳은 문장으로) ⇒ 14. He had the kindness to help me. (so～that～구문으로) ⇒ 15. I tried <the matter, my best, to explain, to> my teacher. (문맥에 맞게) ⇒

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 빈 칸에 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. I want your hand. ⓐ holding ⓑ to hold ⓒ to holds ⓓ to held 2. Can you make the car faster ? ⓐ to go ⓑ to going ⓒ goes ⓓ go 3. It was most generous you to forgive me. ⓐ of ⓑ to ⓒ with ⓓ for 4. It is difficult for him the problem. ⓐ to solve ⓑ to solving ⓒ solve ⓓ to solved 5. No man was on the street. ⓐ seeing ⓑ to be seen ⓒ being seen ⓓ saw ✎ 다음 중 틀린 문장을 고르시오. 6. ⓐ I am willing to help you. ⓑ I know to swim. ⓒ It is likely to rain. ⓓ We are bound to succeed. 7. ⓐ The dog came to live with us. ⓑ I happened to meet him. ⓒ He failed to keep his word. ⓓ This problem is to difficult for me too solve. ✎ 밑줄에 알맞은 단어를 넣으시오. 8. There is no chair for us to sit ____ in the room. 9. She has no one to talk ___ in the city. 10. We have no tools to repair the car _________. 11. I had nothing to write ________, so I asked the man sitting next to me for a pen.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 문장에서 부정사의 역할을 쓰시오. 1. To get up early is good for the health. 2. She decided not to invite him. 3. His hobby is to collect stamps. 4. She taught me how to swim. 5. I am about to start now. 6. He is not a man to do such a thing. 7. Please give me a chair to sit on. 8. I made a promise to help him with the work. 9. We are to meet at five. 10. I wanted you to come into the library for a moment. 11. To see is to believe. 12. It is important for you to keep your promise. 13. I have many books to read. 14. I got up early this morning to go running. 15. The little girl grew up to be a fine lady. 16. I was very excited to see the bullfight. 17. This river is good to swim in. 18. To tell the truth, he is not honest. 19. He seems to be rich.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test
✎ 빈 칸에 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 1. You had better home now. ⓐ go ⓑ to go ⓒ gone ⓓ going 2. He intended the show. ⓐ see ⓑ to see ⓒ seen ⓓ seeing 3. I cannot but at the sight. ⓐ laugh ⓑ to laugh ⓒ laughed ⓓ laughing 4. Don't fail me know when you will return. ⓐ getting ⓑ to get ⓒ letting ⓓ to let ✎ 빈 칸에 들어갈 수 없는 것은 ? 5. It is of you to say so. ⓐ kind ⓑ important ⓒ wise ⓓ foolish ✎ 다음 문장 중에서 올바른 것은? 6. ⓐ Strange to say, she did not come. ⓑ Strangely to say, she did not come. ⓒ Strangely saying, she did not come. ⓓ Strange saying, she did not come. ✎ 주어진 문장의 밑줄 친 부분의 용법과 같은 것을 고르시오. 7. My plan is to go to America. ⓐ He has no friend to help him. ⓑ I am surprised to see you here. ⓒ He was never to return again. ⓓ Do you have any pens to write with? ⓔ I don't know what to do. ✎ 주어진 부정사의 용법이 같은 것을 고르시오. 8. You must be a fool to say such a thing. ⓐ Please give me something to eat. ⓑ He can't be a millionaire to wear such clothes. ⓒ It is not easy to swim across the river. ⓓ I want you to buy a new hat.

Chapter 4	To 부정사와 동명사	Progressive Test 외워버리자!!!!!
❀ 독립부정사 strange to say = odd to say sad to say so to speak that is to say = that is = in other words to make matters worse = what is worse to be short = to sum up to be frank with you to be sure needless to say to say nothing of ~ = not to speak of ~ = not to mention ~ to begin with to cut a long story short ❀ 동명사의 관용적 용법 It is no use (good) V-ing can't help V-ing = can't but V be worth ~ing = be worthy of ~ing on ~ing Far from V-ing 부정어 V + without V-ing of 소유격 own V-ing feel like ~ing There is no V-ing It goes without saying that S + V = It is needless to say that S + V on the point of V-ing make a point of V-ing come near V-ing = almost/ nearly + V ❀ to + V-ing be used to V-ing/명사 = be accustomed to V-ing/명사 look forward to V-ing/명사 = anticipate V-ing/명사/that 절 object to V-ing/명사 = be opposed to V-ing/명사 contribute to V-ing/명사 fall to V-ing/명사 be devoted to V-ing/명사 = be dedicated to V-ing/명사 be limited to V-ing/명사 with a view to V-ing/명사

➟

분사와 분사구문

분사: 동사의 성질을 가지고

형용사 역할을 함.

분사구문: 분사를 이용하여

부사절을 축약하여

간결히 나타내는 구문

Participle

CHAPTER

5

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Grammar Points
☪ 분사의 개념 분사에는 현재분사와 과거분사가 있지만, 이른바 시제로서의 현재 ․ 과거와는 관계가 없으며, 문장에서 형용사의 역할을 함. ✔ 현재분사는 “진행, 능동”을, 과거분사는 “완료, 수동”을 나타냄 a crying baby (=a baby who is crying) an exciting show (=a show which is exciting audience) his departed mother (= his mother who has departed) an excited audience (=an audience who is excited (by the show)) ✔ 동명사: vs. 현재분사: a sleeping bag a sleeping baby a waiting room a dancing girl ☪ 명사 수식 ✔ 전치 수식: 분사 + 명사 ⇒ 분사가 단독으로 수식할 경우 Please be careful not to awake the sleeping baby. Colored kites stand out against the blue sky. ✔ 후치 수식: 명사 + 분사 ⇒ 분사가 다른 어구를 동반할 경우 The language spoken in Australia is English. a job (which is) done quickly ☪ 보어 역할 He stood gazing at the pond. His father sat surrounded by his children. I heard him playing the piano. I heard my name called. ☪ 감정동사의 분사 excite : bore : satisfy : amuse : interest : irritate : surprise : disappoint : exhaust : astonish : confuse ; frighten : I was (boring / bored) with listening to his (boring / bored) address. His address was very (boring / bored).

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 속에 주어진 말을 문맥에 맞게 고치시오. 1. The spectators grew more and more (excite). 2. It was the most (embarrass) thing that ever happened to me. 3. The lights of the village made them feel (relieve) and happy. 4. Parents are always pleased to hear their children (praise). 5. Look at the (cry) baby. 6. I had my hair (cut) at the barber shop. 7. (Consider) his ability, he can do the job alone. 8. (Say) hello to me, Julia smiled brightly. 9. The man (stand) by the window is my English teacher. 10. This is a song (write) by my favorite singer Sweetpea. ❉ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 속에 주어진 표현 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 11. Ted seemed (frightening / frightened) to hear the news. 12. Nancy has a (charming / charmed) manner in speaking to her guests. 13. The experiment must be done under (controlling / controlled) conditions. 14. It was (disappointing / disappointed) that so few people showed up. 15. She was standing with her hair (waving / waved) in the wind. 16. He looked so (pleasing / pleased) when he got his birthday present. 17. The king had a lovely little daughter (calling / called) "White Pearl." 18. (Exciting / Excited) to his young ears, the music influenced him a lot. 19. (Wounding / Wounded) in the leg, Henry could hardly walk. ❉ 다음 각 문장의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말을 고르시오. 20. The news of destruction of the famous bridge was us. ① surprised at ② surprised to ③ surprising to ④ being surprised at ⑤ surprising at 21. There were two parcels on the doorstep. ① left ② leaving ③ were left ④ were leaving ⑤ that left

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Grammar Points
☪ 개념 [접속사+(주어)+동사] 형태의 표현을 분사를 이용하여 간결히 나타내는 구문 분사구문은 보통 부사구의 역할 As she felt ill, she declined the invitation. = Feeling ill, she declined the invitation. Though I live next door, I don't know her. = Living next door, I don't know her As I was surrounded by so many people, I felt a little nervous. = Surrounded by so many people, I felt a little nervous. ☪ 의미 분사구문은 “시간, 이유, 조건, 양보, 동시동작, 연속동작”을 나타냄 시간 Seeing the policeman, he ran away. (= When he saw~) 원인 ․ 이유 Having much to do, he felt depressed. (= As he had~) 조건 Turning to the right, you'll see the bank. (= If you turn~) 양보 Getting good grades, David still complained. (Though he got ~) 부대상황 A young man came, asking her to dance. (= and asked~) ☪ 분사구문 만드는 법 1. 접속사 생략 (단, 그 의미를 분명히 하고자 할 때는 분사 앞에 접속사를 쓰기도 함) 2. 주어 ⇒ 주절 = 종속절: 생략 주절 ≠ 종속절: 의미상의 주어 표시 (독립분사구문) 3. 동사 ⇒ 능동형: 현재분사 사용 수동형: 과거분사 사용 4. 시제 ⇒ 주절 = 종속절: 단순분사 (동사원형 + ~ing) 주절 ≠ 종속절: 완료분사 (Having + p.p) As he was poor, he couldn't go to school. = , he couldn't go to school. As it was written in easy English, this book is good for beginners. = , this book is good for beginners. ✔ 주의: 1. 종속절이 수동태 이거나 진행형일 경우: , 은 생략 가능. 2. 분사구문의 부정: not, never를 분사(구문) 에 둠.

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장의 이탤릭체 부분을 절은 분사구문으로, 분사구문은 절로 고치시오. 1. Hearing the news, he turned pale. ⇒ , he turned pale. 2. Looking to your right, you will see a beautiful river. ⇒ , you will see a beautiful river. 3. It being fine, we decided to go swimming in the lake. ⇒ , we decided to go swimming in the lake. 4. Loving him, she hesitated to accept his proposal. ⇒ , she hesitated to accept his proposal. 5. Looking at the sky, you'll see hundreds of stars. ⇒ , you'll see hundreds of stars. 6. As I felt hot, I turned on the fan. ⇒ , I turned on the fan. 7. If you look at the sky, you'll see hundreds of stars. ⇒ , you'll see hundreds of stars. 8. When school was over, all the students went home. ⇒ , all the students went home. 9. He began writing a report at eight and finished it at ten. ⇒ He began writing a report at eight . 10. Because I didn't know what to do, I telephoned the police. ⇒ , I telephoned the police. ❉ 다음 각 문장에서 어법상 맞지 않는 부분을 찾아 고치시오. 11. Knowing not where to go, I stopped to ask for directions. 12. Drinking soda is bad for your health, you should not drink too much. 13. While I listening to music, I studied English. 14. Having not lunch, she was hungry. 15. Arrived in time, he could catch the train. 16. Finishing homework, I went out. 17. Having hearing the rumor, she called her friend. ❉ 다음 각 문장의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말을 고르시오. 18. Sunday, we had no school. ① Being ② Today was ③ Having been ④ Today being ⑤ As today being 19. up, I saw a swan flying right over my head. ① Look ② To look ③ Looking ④ Looked ⑤ I looked

Chapter 5

분사와 분사구문

Grammar Points

☪ 독립분사구문 (주어 + ~ing/pp)

분사구문의 주어가 주절과 달라서 주어를 따로 쓴 분사구문

As there are many umbrellas, you can have one.

⇒ There being many umbrellas, you can have one.

When the film was shown, everybody gave it a hand.

⇒ The film shown, everybody gave it a hand.

★ with + 목적어 + ~ing / pp(분사, 형용사, 부사, 부사구) : 동시적인 동작 강조

She sat there, with her eyes closed.

With night coming on, we started for home.

I worked in the room with the window open.

He was walking with the hands in the pockets.

종 류	시제 관계
단순 분사 (동사원형 + ~ing / pp)	주절 동사 시제와 일치 <현재=현재> <과거=과거>
완료 분사 (having + pp)	주절동사 시제보다 앞선 시제 (시제가 틀림) <현재≠현재완료, 과거> <과거≠과거완료>

☪ 분사구문의 시제 - 주절의 동사의 시제가 기준

Being rich, he is envied by us.

⇒ As he          rich, he is envied by us.

Having been rich, he is envied by us.

⇒ As he            rich, he is envied by us.

⇒ As he                 rich, he is envied by us.

Having been rich, he was envied by us.

⇒ As he                   rich, he was envied by us.

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Check Ups
❉ 우리말과 뜻이 같도록 괄호 안에 주어진 단어들의 순서를 바르게 배열하시오. 1. 아이들은 문을 열어 놓은 채 게임을 했다. The kids played games, (open, the door, with, left) 2. 무릎을 굽힌 채 등을 대고 누우시오. Lie on you back (the knees, bent, with) 3. 그녀는 머리카락을 바람에 휘날리며 뛰고 있었다. She was running (her hair, waving, with, in the wind). ❉ 다음 각 문장의 이탤릭체 부분을 절은 분사구문으로, 분사구문은 절로 고치시오. 4. All her money having been spent on clothes, she was nearly bankrupt. ⇒ , she was nearly bankrupt. 5. As I have eaten lunch just now, I am not hungry. ⇒ , I am not hungry. 6. After he had done with his paper, he threw it into the waste basket. ⇒ , he threw it into the waste basket. 7. As she had not received a reply from him, she wrote again. ⇒ , she wrote again. 8. His father being dead, he had to give up school. ⇒ , he had to give up school. 9. As it rained last night, the game was postponed. ⇒ , the game was postponed. 10. Because there was no bus service, I called my father for a ride. ⇒ , I called my father for a ride. 11. As she lived in France when she was in high school, she speaks French fluently. ⇒ , she speaks French fluently. 12. As I finished everything yesterday, I'm free today. ⇒ , I'm free today. ❉ 다음 각 문장에서 어법상 잘못된 부분을 바르게 고치시오. 13. He came in with his boots covering with mud. 14. Once depriving of oxygen, the brain dies. 15. Hosun was taking a walk with his dog followed him. 16. Having not seen her for a long time, I failed to recognize her. 17. JongGwan sat reading with his baby sleep beside him. 18. Can you walk in a straight line with your eyes close? 19. When telephone from abroad, dial 865, not 0865. 20. If asking, I'm willing to say everything about the accident.

Chapter 5

분사와 분사구문

Grammar Points

☪ 부사절이 수동태일 경우 (P.P. ~)

분사구에서 being, having been 은 생략 가능★

When ice is melted, it becomes water again.

⇒ (Being) Melted, ice becomes water again.

As she was born in America, she is proficient in English.

⇒ (Having been) Born in America, she is proficient in English.

참고:

(Being) An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word.

(Being) Glad of the company, he welcomed her.

☪ 관용적인 표현   분사구문의 의미상 주어가 일반적인 사람인 경우로

의미상 주어를 생략하고 하나의 관용어구처럼 씀.

If we speak strictly, he is not a scientist.

⇒ Speaking strictly, he is not a scientist. (     )

⇒ Strictly speaking, he is not a scientist. (     )

★  암기

구문	뜻	구문	뜻
strictly speaking		generally speaking
frankly speaking		roughly speaking
considering (that)		granting (=admitting)
providing (that)		judging from(by)
assuming (that)		talking of
taking all things into consideration

.

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장의 이탤릭체 부분을 절은 분사구문으로, 분사구문은 절로 고치시오. 1. Wounded in the leg, Henry could hardly walk. ⇒ , Henry could hardly walk. 2. Seen from the place, the islands were very pretty. ⇒ , the islands were very pretty. 3. Having heard it twice, she showed much interest in his story. ⇒ , she showed much interest in his story. 4. As it is written in easy English, the story can be easily understood. ⇒ , the story can be easily understood. 5. When he was left alone, he was absorbed in reading. ⇒ , he was absorbed in reading. ❉ 다음 각 문장에서 어법상 잘못된 부분을 바르게 고치시오. 6. Please help us protect endangering animals. 7. This book, reading carefully, will do you more good than harm. 8. Printing in haste, this text book has a lot of printing errors. 9. He works very hard. It's not surprised that he's always tired. 10. This is an important notice. The people concerning should study it carefully. ❉ 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 표현을 보기에서 찾아 쓰시오. (보기) strictly speaking, considering that, speaking of, judging from, granted that 11. his accent, he must be a New Yorker. 12. My grades are not that bad I didn't study as much as I should. 13. shopping, Hong Kong is the best place. 14. he's not the right person for the job. 15. you are older than I, you still have to listen to me.

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고치시오. 1. Knowing not what to do, I asked for his advice. 2. Speeding down the road, the clock tower came into sight. 3. A drown man will catch at a straw. 4. Being fine, I went out for a walk. 5. Hidden as it did by the curtain, I could not find it. 6. Seeing from a distance, the house seems beautiful. 7. Generally speak, parents love their children. 8. Being a rainy day, we couldn't go swimming. 9. He was sitting with his legs crossing. 10. Writing in English, the book is hard to understand. ✎ 다음 괄호 안에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 11. She was (surprised / surprising) to hear the news. 12. The principal's speech was (bored / boring) 13. We were much (exciting / excited / to excite) over the game. 14. He always leaves things (undoing / undone). 15. Of those (invited / inviting) only two came to the party. ✎ 다음 괄호안의 동사를 알맞은 형태로 고치시오. 16. Here is a letter (write) by my father. 17. He sat (surround) by children. 18. I had my photograph (take) yesterday. 19. The boy is tall (consider) his age. 20. The program was (bore). 21. Gi-min is (interest) in that book. 22. Stay away from the (break) window. 23. I saw Ms. Park (quarrel) with her husband. 24. The dog (run) there is mine. 25. I like the music (record) in this studio. 26. It is really a money - (make) idea.

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 밑줄 친 부분을 분사구문으로 고치시오. 27. As I did not know him, I didn't speak to him. 28. As it was fine, we went out yesterday. 29. As I had finished the work, I had nothing more to do. 30. If we judge from his accent, he seems to be an American. ✎ 다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고치시오. (없는 문장도 있음) 31. The breaking door was repaired. 32. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 33. The letter sending by Susan arrived yesterday. 34. I saw a dog barking in front of the house. 35. He heard his name calling. 36. Seen a policeman, they ran away. 37. Mary seemed shocking at the news. 38. She was inviting to the party. 39. He had his watch stolen yesterday. 40. People living in large, crowded cities can hardly have gardens. 41. In the evening, she usually sat in the boat play the flute. 42. My mother took the old lamp out of my coat hung on the wall. 43. Most things cannot be to enjoy alone, but reading can. 44. They were excited over the game. 45. Have finished washing the dishes, Maggie went to the market. 46. The first star to come out in the evening is calls the Evening Star. 47. The cat makes noises is hers. 48. It was the worst hurricane ever record. 49. Not know what to say, he kept silent. 50. Written in easy style, his books are suitable for beginners. 51. It is interested that dolphins have their own language. 52. This map is very confused. I don't know where I am. 53. Sometimes his voice is very annoyed to me. 54. Painting by a famous artist, it will cost a lot of money. 55. Being only one student, the teacher canceled the class. 56. A barked dog doesn't bite. 57. Generally speak, time is more important than money. 58. He was standing with his arms folding.

Chapter 5	분사와 분사구문	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오. Mache Picchu is the site of an ancient Inca city ①located on a mountain top in Peru. This ancient city is ②hidden between two larger peaks. ③Building between 1460 and 1470, Machu Picchu was remarkably intact when it was discovered in 1911 by an American explorer. This ancient city consists of stone buildings, walls, towers, and terraces. This ancient city was entirely ④self-contained. The people of Machu Picchu did not have to travel outside of the city. The terraces grew enough food to feed the population and had fresh water ⑤flowed from natural springs. ✎ 다음 글의 각 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것을 고르시오. Elephants display (A)[surprising / surprised] intelligence. In the London Zoo elephants were separated from public by two fences. Sometimes peanuts (B)[throwing / thrown] by the onlookers landed between these fences, beyond the reach of both people and the elephants. (C)[Using / Used] a blast of air from their trunks, the elephants simply blew the peanuts back to the crowd so they could be tossed back again! (A) (B) (C) ① surprising throwing Using ② surprised throwing Used ③ surprising thrown Using ④ surprised thrown Used ⑤ surprising thrown Used

➟

➟

CHAPTER

6

관계사

Relatives

“나는 그녀를 안다.”

“그녀는 매우 아름답다”

이 두 문장에는 서로 공통적이고

관계가 있는 부분이 있다.

첫 문장과 두 번째 문장의 “그녀”는

같은 사람이다.

그럼 두 문장을 하나로 묶어보자.

“나는 매우 아름다운 그녀를 안다.” 가 된다.

이와 같이 서로 공통되는 부분을 갖고 있는

두 문장을 하나로 이어주는 역할을 하는 것

그것이 바로 “관계사”이다.

Chapter 6

관계사

Grammar Points

☪ 관계대명사  who / whose / whom

관계대명사란 접속사와 대명사의 역할을 하는 것을 말한다.

즉, 대명사의 역할을 함과 동시에 절을 이끌어 선행하는 명사나 대명사에 연결시키는 접속사의

역할을 한다. 이 때 관계대명사가 이끄는 절의 수식을 받는 명사를 선행사라고 한다.

이들 관계대명사는 앞에 오는 선행사의 성격(사람 또는 사물)에 따라 구별해서 사용하며

격(格)변화를 한다.

<관계대명사의 종류>

주격	소유격	목적격	선행사	절의 종류
who	whose	whom	사람	형용사절
which	whose ․ of which	which	사물 ․ 동물	형용사절
that	-	that	사람 ․ 사물 ․동물	형용사절
what	-	what	사물(선행사포함)	명사절

☪ 관계대명사 who

✔ who (주격)

I know the boy. +  He(The boy) broke the window.

I know the boy who broke the window.

I know the man. + He lives across the street.

I know the man who lives across the street.

✔ whose (소유격)

This is the boy. +  His father is a teacher.

This is the boy whose father is a teacher.

A child is called an orphan.  His parents are dead.

A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.

✔ whom (목적격)

That is the girl. + They are looking for her.

That is the girl whom they are looking for.

That is the girl for whom they are looking.

This is the boy.  I wanted to see him.

This is the boy whom I wanted to see.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 주어진 문장을 관계대명사를 이용해 연결하시오. 1. The author is a woman. She wrote this novel. 2. You invited a man to tea yesterday. I know the man. 3. I have lost the watch. My father bought it for me the other day. 4. I was unable to find out the man's name. He called me yesterday. 5. I have a friend. He lives in New York. 6. The lady was coming toward them. She lived next door. 7. The girl is my sister. She plays with a doll. 8. I have a friend. His father is a doctor. 9. She is the teacher. I never forget her name. 10. This is James. You met his father the other day. 11. She has a son. She loves him very much. 12. The lady is completely blind. I saw her in a bus. 13. They are the boys. He teaches them. 14. A child is called an orphan. His parents are dead. 15. She was a well-known singer. Her voice delighted the whole world. ❉ 다음 주어진 문장을 번역하고 두 문장으로 나누시오. 16. I was operated on by the surgeon who started practice last month. 17. You are clearly one of those men with whom everything goes wrong. 18. I who am for her plan will back her up. 19. That burly man who you see over there is the new champion. 20. He is an old schoolmate with whom I have held a correspondence.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 관계대명사 which which는 주격과 목적격의 형태가 동일하므로 『which + S + V』이면 목적격, 『which + V』이면 주격이다. 전치사와 관계대명사가 함께 쓰일 때, 전치사는 관계사절 끝에 올 수도, 관계대명사 바로 앞에 올 수도 있다. which 앞에 전치사 of가 있을 땐 of which가 소유격이기 때문에 which를 생략할 수 없다. ✔ 주격 / 목적격 which I will take the book. + It (The book) is on the table. I will take the book which is on the table. This is the dictionary. +I bought it (the dictionary) yesterday. This is the dictionary which I bought + (目) + yesterday. That is the house. + I was born in it (the house). That is the house which I was born in + (目). That is the house in which I was born. ✔ 소유격 I have a book. + The cover of it (the book) is black. I have a book the cover of which is black. I have a book of which the cover is black. I have a book whose cover is black. The building is our school. + We see the roof of it (the building). The building the roof of which we see is our school. The building of which the roof we see is our school. The building whose roof we see is our school. This is the word. I don't know the meaning of it. This is the word which I don't know the meaning of. This is the word of which I don't know the meaning. This is the word the meaning of which I don't know. This is the word whose meaning I don't know. ✔ 신분, 지위, 성격을 선행사로 받을 때 선행사가 사람일지라도 신분, 지위, 성격을 나타낼 때에는 which나 that을 사용한다. He is a gentleman, which his brother is not. She is no longer the shy girl which (or that) she was ten years ago.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 두 문장을 관계대명사를 사용해서 연결해 봅시다. 1. I have bought a novel. It is very interesting. 2. This is a store. It opens late at night. 3. Mary keeps a cat. It has a long tail. 4. This is a house. Its roof is green. 5. I keep a cat. The cat's eyes are brown. 6. The mountain is Kilimanjaro. Its top is covered with snow. 7 The bicycle is nice. I bought it yesterday. 8. This is the house. Tom lives in it. 9. This is the letter. My father wrote me the letter. ❉ 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 관계대명사를 넣으시오. 10. He is a gentleman, ____________ his brother is not. (= He is a gentleman, but his brother isn't a gentleman.) 11. She is no longer the shy girl ____________ she was ten years ago. ❉ 밑줄 친 which 의미가 나머지 셋과 다른 것을 고르시오. 12. ① She said nothing, which made him angry. ② He lost his health, which caused his failure. ③ The ghost beckoned Hamlet to approach, which he did. ④ She looked very happy, which she really was not.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 관계대명사 that 주격과 목적격만 있으며, 그 둘의 형태(that)는 같다. 주격은 who, which 대신에, 목적격은 whom, which대신에 쓰일 수 있다. 선행사가 주로 <사람+동물> 또는 <사람+사물>일 때 쓰인다. 계속적 용법에는 쓰일 수 없으며, 앞에 전치사가 올 수 없다. 선행사가 all, anything, everything, nothing 등 그 자체일 때 쓰인다. 선행사가 의문대명사일 때나 선행사가 의문대명사가 있는 의문문에 있는 경우에 쓰인다. ✔ 선행사가 사람이나 동물일 때 A man and his dog that were passing by were injured. Look at the boy and the dog that are coming this way. ✔ 선행사에 최상급 형용사, 서수사, the very, the only, the last, the same, every, all, any, no 등이 포함되어 있을 때 He is the greatest poet that korea has ever produced. This is the best music that I have ever heard. He is the only man that I can trust. Any man that knows English will be employed. This is all the money that I have. She answers every letter that she receives. This is the very film that I have wanted to see. ✔ 선행사에 의문대명사 who, what, which 등이 올 때 Who that has common sense can believe such a thing? (주격) Which is the book that you want to read. (목적격) Who is the man that is talking with the foreigner? The girl that(who) lives opposite to my house works in a bank. Who that has common sense can say such a thing? What is in the box that is on the table?

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 두 문장을 관계대명사를 사용해서 연결해 봅시다. 1. Eliza is the girl. She told me the story. 2. The steak was not good. I ate it yesterday. 3. This is the most beautiful flower. I've ever seen the flower. 4. He was the only man. I could believe him. 5. This is all. I can do it for you. 6. Look at the boy and his dog. They are running. ❉다음에서 옳은 것을 고르시오. 7. ① He is a Mexican, that I know from his accent. ( ) He is a Mexican, which I know from his accent. ( ) ② She opened the box, that was empty. ( ) She opened the box, which was empty. ( ) ③ This is the house in which he lives. ( ) This is the house, in that he lives. ( ) 8. She is the prettiest girl (that, whom) I have ever seen. 9. He was the first poet (that, who) won the prize. 10. She is the only woman (that, whom) I love. 11. I'd like to write about all the cities (that, which) I visited. 12. All (that, which) glitter are not gold. 13. Any one (that, who) comes first shall be given the ticket. 14. He made a speech on the men and customs (that, which) he went through in Kwam. 15. The car ran over a boy and his dog (that, who) were just crossing the road. 16. Who (that, who, which) I know believes such a thing? 17. Which is the book (that, whom, which) you want to read? ❉ 다음 ( )속에 알맞은 관계대명사를 넣으시오. 18. The boys ( ) work is finished may go out and play. 19. He tried every means ( ) occurred to him on that occasions. 20. That will be the only thing ( ) can be said on that subject. 21. Ahead of me I saw a woman ( ) I thought was my aunt. 22. Men and horses ( ) were killed at the battle were innumerable. 23. That was all ( ) he said to me that night. 24. She flung up a window ( ) glass was broken. 25. Who ( ) has common sense will believe such nonsense?

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 관계대명사 what what = 선행사 + 관계대명사 (명사절을 이끈다) ✔ 관계대명사 what I asked him what he had found. He gave me what he had found. What(That which) you say is quite true. What(= that which) is beautiful is not always good. (주어「명사절」) I will do what(= all that) I can. (목적어「명사절」) What I say is always quite true. There is some truth in what he says. I will do what(all that) I can. This is what(the thing which) I want. ✔ 관용적 표현 ✐ what one is : 현재의 인격, 인물, 본성 what one has : 가지고 있는 것, 즉 재산 You should judge a man not by what he has but by what he is. What is important is not what he has but what he is. ✐ what is called = what we (you, they) call : 소위, 말하자면 He is, what we call, a self-made man. ✐ what is better : 더욱 좋은 것은 what is worse : 설상가상으로 She is beautiful, and what is better still, tender-hearted. ✐ what is + 비교급 = 더욱 ~한 것은 what is more important : 더욱 중요한 것은 ✐ what with A and (what with) B : A 때문에 또 B 때문에 (원인 ․ 이유) what by A and (what by) B : A도 하고 B도 해서 (수단 ․ 방법) What with fatigue and (what with) hunger, he fell down as if he were dead. What by threats and (what by) entreaties, he achieved his aim. ✐ A is to B what C is to D = Just as C is to D, so is A to B = What C is to D, A is to B : A가 B에 대한 관계는 C가 D에 대한 관계와 같다. Reading is to the mind what (as) exercise is to the body. = Just as exercise is to the body, so is reading to the mind.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 중 사용할 수 있는 관계대명사를 모두 고르시오. 1. Are these the keys (that, who, which, what, whose) you were looking for? 2. The woman (that, who, which, what, whose) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks. 3. The man (that, who, which, what, whose) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. 4. Everything (that, who, what) they said was true. 5. I gave her all the money (that, who, what) I had. 6. Did you hear (what, who, that) they said? ❉ 다음 주어진 문장을 번역하고 격과 선행사를 써 보시오. 7. What is beautiful is not always good. 8. He saves what he earns. 9. This is what I want. 10. Do you know what I say? ❉ 다음 각 문장을 우리말로 옮기시오. 11. What is one man's meat is another one's poison. 12. The traveler sees only what interests him. 13. Reading is to the mind what food is to the body. 14. She is what we call a talented woman. 15. The true wealth does not consist in what we have, but in what we are. 16. Korea is quite different from what she was thirty years ago. 17. He is handsome, clever, and what is the best of all, rich. 18. Love does to women what the sun does to flowers. 19. As food is to the body, so reading is to the mind. 20. What by policy and what by force, he always accomplished his purpose. 21. What rest is to the body, peace is to the mind. 22. She is charmed by what he is, not by what he has. 23. He lost his way, and what was worse, it began to rain. 24. What with fatigue and (what with) hunger, he fell down as if he were dead. 25. What by good fortune and (what by) exertions, he achieved eminence.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 관계대명사의 생략 문장을 간소화하기 위해 다음과 같은 경우엔 관계대명사를 생략할 수 있다. ✔ 관계대명사가 타동사나 전치사의 목적어일 때 : 목적격 관계대명사는 생략가능 This is the book (which) I want to read. 이것은 내가 읽고 싶은 책이다. The man (whom) we met there is a famous poet. This is the house in which I live. (관계대명사 생략 불가능) This is the house (which) I live in. (관계대명사 생략 가능) This is the boy (whom = that) we saw yesterday. (동사의 목적어 : 생략 가능) This is the house in which he lives. (생략 불가능) This is the house (which) he lives in. (생략 가능) He has no friend (whom) he can depend upon. (전치사의 목적어 : 생략 가능) ✐ 관계대명사를 생략할 때, 관계대명사 앞에 있는 전치사는 뒤에 온다. ✔ 관계대명사가 주격보어, 목적격보어로 쓰일 때 He is not the man (that) he was ten years ago. She is not the girl (that) she was. I am not the fool (that) you think me (to be). It was Henry (that) told me the news. ✔ 관계대명사 앞 또는 뒤에 there is(are), here is, it is 등이 있을 때 This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library. He taught me the difference (that) there is between right and wrong. Here is the book (which) you lent me. ✔ There is, Here is, It is, What is, Who is로 시작되는 구문에서 There is a boy (who) wants to see you. It was he (that) met her yesterday.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장에 쓰인 관계대명사 중 생략할 수 있는 것이 있으면 ○, 없으면 × 를 하시오. 1. The woman who I wanted to see was away. 2. Have you found the keys that you lost? 3. The dress that Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. 4. Is there anything that I can do? 5. Do you know the woman who Tom is talking to? 6. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. 7. Have you found the keys which you lost? 8. The people who we met at the party were very friendly. 9. The people who work in the office are very friendly. 10. The people who I talked to were very friendly. 11. What have you done with the money that I gave you? 12. What happened to the money that was on the table? Did you take it? 13. It was an awful film. It was the worst film that I've ever seen. 14. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing that has ever happened to me 15. The man whom you met yesterday is my cousin. 16. He has no friend whom he can depend upon. 17. We have no pen with which we can write. 18. He is not the man that he was. 19. I am not the fool that you think me (to be). 20. He taught me the difference that there is between right and wrong. 21. There is a lady who wants to see you. 22. It was Wilson that told me this. 23. She really liked the plan which they suggested. 24. He is a foreigner, whom I often see there. 25. It is all that I can do to keep out of debt. 26. That was the last thing that I could think of. 27. This is the man about whom I talked to you. 28. He is not the rude man which he used to be. 29. There is a Mr. Evans who wants to see you. 30. There is a willow which grows aslant a brook.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 관계대명사의 제한적 용법과 계속적 용법 ✔ 관계대명사의 제한적 용법 관계대명사가 이끄는 형용사절이 앞에 있는 선행사를 수식하며 제한, 또는 한정하는 경우. 관계대명사 앞에 ,(comma)가 없고 뒤에서부터 올려서 해석. ✔ 관계대명사의 계속적 용법 관계대명사 앞에 ,(comma)가 있으며 선행사를 수식, 그것에 관해 설명을 하는 경우. 접속사(and, but, for, though) + 대명사의 역할을 함. 앞에서부터 내려 해석하며 관계대명사의 생략이 불가능. that 은 계속적 용법에 쓸 수 없음. He had three sons, who became statesmen. (계속적 용법, who = and they) He had three sons who became statesmen. (제한적 용법) He had four sons who became doctors. He had four sons, who became doctors. I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from my fellowmen. I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellowmen. He lent me a book, which interested me very much. (which = and it) He lent me a book, which I haven't read yet. (which =but it) Everybody likes Tom, who is kind. I met a boy, who told me the news. The farmer, who is poor, is honest. I trust him, who is very honest. That man, who is young, is wise. ☪ 관계대명사와 전치사 관계대명사가 전치사의 목적어가 되는 경우, 전치사가 whom, which 등의 앞 또는 절의 끝에 올 수 있다. 그러나 관계대명사사 that인 경우에는 앞에 놓을 수 없고, 전치사를 절의 끝에 두는 경우가 많다. This is the house. + I spoke of it. This is the house which I spoke of. This is the house (which) I spoke of. This is the house of which I spoke. (전치사 + 관계대명사는 생략 불가) This is the house that I spoke of. (that 앞에서는 전치사를 쓸 수 없음.)

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 두 문장의 뜻의 차이를 말하시오. 1. There were very few passengers on the bus, who escaped without serious injury. There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury. 2. His wife, who lives in Chicago, is 25. His wife who lives in Chicago is 25. ❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부분을 두 단어로 고쳐 보시오. 3. He had a son, who became a famous writer. 4. His novels, which are all very long, are not suitable for textbooks. 5. She spoke very slowly in French, which we could not understand very well. 6. I said nothing, which made him the more angry. 7. They say he is very clever, which I cannot believe. ❉다음 문장의 ( )를 전치사 + 관계대명사로 채우시오. 8. I had a friend of mine, ( )( ) I had served in the army. 9. He lent me two books, neither ( )( ) I have read as yet. 10. This is shorthand writing, by means ( )( ) we can keep up with the talker. 11. This is the dictionary ( )( ) I can't do. 12. You should not easily trust a man ( )( ) past you have no idea. 13. The audience were utterly astonished at the fluency ( )( ) the little boy made his first English speech. 14. Something had happened during his absence, ( )( ) nature he was ignorant.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 관계부사 「접속사+대명사」의 역할을 하는 것을 관계대명사라고 하며, 「접속사+부사」의 역할을 하는 것을 관계부사라고 한다. 관계부사 역시 관계대명사와 마찬가지로 선행사가 있다. ✔ 장소(where), 때(when) This is the place. + He worked in it. ⇒ This is the place which he worked in. ⇒ This is the place in which he worked. ⇒ This is the place where he worked. ⇒ This is the place that he worked. ⇒ This is where he worked. Do you know the time? + He is going to start at that time. ⇒ Do you know the time at which he is going to start? ⇒ Do you know the time when he is going to start? ⇒ Do you know the time that he is going to start? ⇒ Do you know when he is going to start? ✔ 이유(why), 방법(how) Tell me the reason. + You were absent for that reason. ⇒ Tell me the reason for which you were absent. ⇒ Tell me the reason why you were absent. ⇒ Tell me why you were absent. This is the way. + I solved the problem in that way. ⇒ This is the way in which I solved the problem. ❍ ⇒ This is the way how I solved the problem. ✘ ⇒ This is how I solved the problem. ❍ ⇒ This is the way I solved the problem. ❍ ✔ 관계부사의 계속적 용법 제한적(한정적)용법은 A, B 항목에서와 같이 관계부사가 형용사절을 이끄는 것을 말한다. 계속적 용법은 where = and there(그리고 거기에서), when = and then(그리고 그 때에)의 의미이다. 관계부사 앞에는 comma가 있다. I went to London, where I stayed for two weeks. He went into the woods, where he caught a blue bird. I was about to reply, when he cut in. He began to read a book, when the bell rang.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 보기에서 골라 쓰시오. 보기) when where why how that 1. I remember __________ she laughed at his jokes. 2. I can't think the reason __________ he would do such a thing? 3. Do you remember the day __________ we moved the piano upstairs? 4. Mark likes to travel at night, __________ the roads are quiet. 5. We've now reached the point __________ we can make a decision. ❉ 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 써넣으시오. 6. I still haven't figured out __________ the solved all these problems? 7. Peking is the city __________ the Olympic Games will be held in 2008. 8. The reason __________ I didn't know was that no one had told me. 9. It rained all the time, __________ was a great pity. 10. Do you know how to reach the building __________ the meeting will take place in? ❉ 다음 두 문장을 하나로 연결할 때, 빈칸에 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 11. He has one son. + He became a statesman. ⇒ He has one son, _________ became a statesman. ① he ② who ③ that ④ what ⑤ whom ❉ 다음 중 두 문장의 뜻이 같지 않은 것은? ① Mike loved Sally, who didn't love him. = Mike loved Sally, but she didn't love him. ② I don't like the man, who isn't honest. = I don't like the man, for he isn't honest. ③ I visited Mrs. Kim, who gave me some books. = I visited Mrs. Kim, and she gave me some books. ④ I don't know the man, who lives near my house. = I don't know the man, but he lives near my house. ⑤ Everyone loves Mary, who is a kind girl. = Everyone loves Mary, for she is a kind girl.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 유사 관계대명사 as / than 본래 접속사로 쓰이는 as, but, than 등이 관계대명사처럼 쓰이는 경우가 있는데, 이것을 유사(類似) 관계대명사라고 한다. ✔ as가 접속사 또는 전치사로 쓰일 때 Do it as I do it. He came up as I was speaking. As it was getting dark, we soon turned back. Woman as she was, she was brave. He treats me as a child. ✔ as가 유사 관계대명사로 쓰일 때 as 가 유사 관계대명사로 쓰이는 경우는, 선행사 앞에 such, the same, as 등의 어구가 올 때 또는 as가 앞 문장 전체를 선행사로 받는 경우 등이다. Don't trust such friends as praise you to your face. Don't read such books as you cannot understand. This is the same watch as I lost yesterday. This is the same watch that I lost yesterday. As many men as came were caught. I will give you as much money as you need. The train was late, as is often the case. He was an American, as I knew from his accent. ✔ than이 유사 관계대명사로 쓰일 때 선행사에 비교구문이 있을 때 than은 유사 관계대명사로 쓰인다. He spends more money than he earns. Children should not have more money than is needed. Don't use more words than are necessary.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 짝지어진 문장을 서로 비교하여 번역하시오. 1. You chose such friends that they would benefit you. Choose such friends as will benefit you. 2. Such men as heard him were deeply moved. Don't read such books as you cannot understand. 3. It is the same story as I heard in my childhood. It is the same story that I heard in my childhood. ❉ 다음 두 문장의 뜻이 같도록 빈칸을 채우시오. 4. I gave him as many books as he wanted. = I gave him ( )( ) books ( ) he wanted. 5. I'll give you as much money as you need. = I'll give you ( )( ) money ( ) you need. ❉ 다음 주어진 문장을 번역하고 밑줄 친 관계대명사의 용법을 말해보시오. 6. I helped her with her homework, as was usual with me. 7. As was expected, he performed the task with success. 8. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. ❉ 주어진 문장의 as 와 같은 용법으로 쓰인 것을 아래에서 고르시오. 9. He could not resist the temptation, as is often the case with a young man. ① Parks are to the city as lungs are to the body. ② He told us stories as we went along. ③ As was the custom with him, he went out for a walk after supper. ④ Bad as they are, they were worse before. ❉ 다음 주어진 문장을 번역하고 밑줄 친 부분이 관계대명사가 아닌 것을 고르시오. 10. ① He wants more money than is necessary. ② Her illness was more serious than was supposed. ③ Children should not have more money than is needed. ④ There came more people than the hall could seat. ⑤ I don't understand why they divorced at all. He loved Jane more than he loved himself.

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 유사 관계대명사 but ✔ 등위접속사 / 부사로 쓰일 때 He works slowly but accurately. He is young but wise. He worked hard but (he) failed. I was but child then. He left but an hour ago. ✔ 전치사 / 종속접속사로 쓰일 때 All but him were drowned. Everybody but me seems to know it. It is nothing but a joke. (nothing but = only) He is anything but teacher. (anything but = never) He is not such a fool but he knows it. He is not such a fool that he does not know it. ✔ 유사 관계대명사로 쓰일 때 There is no one but knows him. There is no one that does not know him. There is no one but loves his own country. There is no one that does not love his country. Who is there but commits errors? (but = that~not) There is no rule but has exceptions. (but = that~not)

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 짝지어진 문장의 뜻이 같도록 ( )를 채우시오. 1. There is no one but loves his own country. = There is no one ( )( ) loves his own country. 2. None came to his house but were welcome. = None came to his house ( )( )( ) welcome. 3. There is scarcely a man but has his weak side. = There is scarcely a man ( )( )( ) his weak side. = There is scarcely a man ( ) his weak side. ❉ 다음 주어진 문장을 우리말로 번역하고 평서문으로 고치시오. 4. Who is there but makes mistakes? = Everybody . 5. Who is there but knows it? = Everybody . ❉ 다음 문장을 평서문으로 고치시오. 6. Who that I know believes such a thing? = Nobody .

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ 복합 관계대명사 복합 관계대명사는 「관계대명사+ever」의 형태로서, 관계대명사 what과 마찬가지로 자체에 선행사를 포함하고 있으며 명사절과 부사절을 이끈다. 복합 관계대명사 : 관계사 + -ever (whoever, whomever...) ✔ 명사적 용법 (명사절 유도) Anyone must be industrious. + He wishes to succeed. Anyone who wishes to succeed must be industrious. Whoever wished to succeed must be industrious. Give it to anyone who wants it. (who는 wants의 주어 역할을 함) Give it to whoever wants it. (whoever는 wants의 주어 역할을 함) Give it to anyone whom you like. (who는 like의 목적어 역할을 함) Give it to whomever you like. (whomever는 like의 목적어 역할을 함) I will give you whatever you need. (= anything that) I will give you whatever(anything that) you need. (whatever=목적격) Return it to anyone. + His address is on it. Return it to anyone whose address is on it. (whose=소유격) Return it to whosever address is on it. (whosever=소유격) You may take any thing that you want. (that=목적격) You may take whichever you want. (whichever=목적격) ✔ 부사적 용법 (양보의 부사절을 유도) Whoever may come, he will be welcome. (= No matter who) Whatever you may do, do it well. (= No matter what) Whichever you choose, you will be pleased. (= No matter which) However eloquently a dog may bark, he can not tell you that his parents were poor but honest. (= No matter how) Whoever breaks this law will be punished. (whoever=anyone who) Whoever may break this law, he will be punished. (whoever=no matter who) Whomever you love will desert you. (whomever=anyone whom) Whomever you may love, he will desert you. (whomever=no matter whom) Whichever you may choose, you will be interested in it. (whichever=no matter which) ★ 오늘의 영어에서는 may를 안 쓰고 직설법을 쓰는 경우가 많다. ★ Whatever는 부정문, 의문문에서 강조어로 쓰임 There can be no doubt whatever about it. Is there any chance whatever?

Chapter 6	관계사	Grammar Points
☪ (복합)관계형용사 what, which가 주격 또는 목적격으로 쓰이지 않고 다음에 오는 명사를 수식하는 형용사 역할을 할 때, 이것을 관계형용사라 한다. 또한 whatever, whichever 등이 주격 또는 목적격으로 쓰이는 대신 다음에 오는 명사를 수식하는 형용사 역할을 할 때, 이것을 복합 관계형용사라고 한다. He spoke to me in Italian, which language I could not understand. (which language = and the language) I gave him what money I had. (what money = all the money that) You may read whichever book you like. (whichever book = any book that) He ate whatever food I gave him. (whatever food = any food that) He spoke to me in French, which language I could not understand. I gave them what money I had. = I gave them all the money that I had. (what = all the....that) I will approve whichever(or whatever) course you decide on.

Chapter 6	관계사	Check Ups
❉ 다음 중 문법적으로 표현이 잘못된 것을 고르시오. 1. ① Whoever may come, don't let him in. ② whoever we may go with, let's enjoy ourselves. ③ Whosever it is, you must return it. ④ Whoever he may be, I must help him. ❉ 다음 밑줄 친 부분을 관계대명사를 이용해 풀어쓰시오. 2. Whoever comes will be welcome. 3. You may invite whomever you like. 4. Whatever I have is yours. 5. Take whichever book you like. 6. Read whatever book you like. 7. Whoever may come, he will welcome. 8. Whatever you may do, do it well. 9. Whichever you may choose, you will be pleased. ❉ 다음 ( )속에 공통으로 들어갈 단어를 찾아보시오. 10. I'll carry either of the two that is the heavier. = I'll carry ( ) is the heavier. 11. Here are five books. Take any of those you like. = Here are five books. Take ( ) you like. 12. You must carry either parcel that seems the heavier. = You must carry ( ) parcel seems the heavier. ❉ 다음 각 문장의 ( )에 알맞은 낱말을 써넣으시오. 13. ( ) you may do, you will not succeed without perseverance. 14. ( ) side wins, I shall be satisfied. 15. Give the book to ( ) wants it. 16. Give the book to ( ) you meet. 17. ( ) may desert you, I will be your friend to the last. 18. ( ) excuses he may make, we cannot pardon him. 19. He is so diligent that he succeeds in ( ) he undertakes. 20. He told the story to ( ) would listen.

Chapter 6	관계사	Progressive Test
✎ 빈칸에 알맞은 관계대명사를 넣고 문장을 해석하시오. 1. He has two sons ________ live in Australia. 2. she can't solve the problem ________ is very difficult. 3. He has two sons, ________ live in australia. 4. She can't solve the problem, ________ is very difficult. 5. He didn't say anything, ________ made me angry. 6. He gave me a doll ________ was made by his mother. 7. He gave me a doll, ________ was made by his mother. 8. I met a man, ________ told me about the news. 9. I have a daughter, ________ is a doctor. 10. Everybody likes Timmy, ________ always smile. 11. I bought a book, ________ interested me very much. 12. Mom made some pizza, ________ I didn't like. 13. Most children like chocolate, ________ tastes very sweet. 14. Mrs. Wilson has two houses, ________ have wonderful gardens. 15. There were few passengers ________ managed to escape. 16. there were few passengers, ________ managed to escape. 17. The clock ________ you fixed yesterday doesn't work again. 18. San Francisco, ________ is in U.S.A is famous for its beautiful scenery. 19. The lady ________ you met yesterday is my aunt. 20. This is the book ________ I told you about. 21. I am looking for a book ________ is written in easy English. 22. I know ________ you did last summer. 23. I like the necklace ________ Mary is wearing. 24. She has a dog ________ most children are afraid of. 25. The girl ________ is sitting next to Ted is Diane.

Chapter 6	관계사	Progressive Test
✎ 빈칸에 알맞은 관계대명사를 넣고 문장을 해석하시오. 26. ________ she likes most is chinese food. 27. That is ________ I want. 28. He gave me ________ I wanted. 29. She bought a car ________ was made in Korea. 30. The magazine ________ you lent me is missing. 31. I want to see the man ________ you have been talking about. 32. ________ I want is your help. 33. People ________ are living in the country can breathe fresh air. 34. Apple pie is ________ Sora likes most. 35. Here is the present ________ I bought for you. 36. Sumi was the only student ________ answered the question. 37. The house ________ my father built ten years ago still looks new. 38. Kevin is the boy ________ every girl in his class is fond of. 39. Do you remember the tree ________ you and I planted last year? 40. I can't understand ________ you said. 41. ________ I hate is eating alone. 42. That is ________ she has wanted for a long time. 43. Do you understand ________ he tries to say? 44. Please show me ________ you bought at the yard sale. 45. I need some friends ________ I depend on. 46. baseball is the sport ________ ________ I am fond. 47. This is the place ________ I first met her. 48. They don't forget the day ________ they went on a picnic. 49. The reason ________ she didn't come to the party is not known. 50. Please show me ________ you make kites.

Chapter 6	관계사	Progressive Test
✎ 빈칸에 알맞은 관계대명사를 넣고 문장을 해석하시오. 51. Sunday is the day ________ we go to church. 52. The hotel ________ we stayed wasn't very clean. 53. Now is the time ________ we need you most. 54. Please tell me the reason ________ he was late. 55. Is there a restaurant ________ they sell Korean food? 56. Here is the hospital ________ Miss Hill works in. 57. He will do ________ he can do. 58. Do you know the reason ________(________ ________) she is crying? 59. I remember the day ________(________ ________) my family moved here. 60.Fall is the season ________ we have lots of fruit. 61. Finally he found out the place ________ the treasure was buried. 62. I don't know the place ________ he put the keys. 63. This is the dictionary ________ I found under the chair. 64. I don't remember the time ________ he left.65. Please tell me the reason ________ you sold your car. 66. The girl ________ is wearing glasses looks lost. 67. The day ________ ________ my son was born was January 1. 68. Spring is the season ________ our garden is the most beautiful. 69. They should find out the reason ________ she was not there. 70. The book ________ was written by him is one of the best sellers. 71. The river ________ we swam in last summer is getting dirtier nowadays. 72. My father will buy the car ________ his friend recommended. 73. Look at the tree ________ Mr.Lee planted yesterday. 74. Sora read a letter ________ Sam wrote to Harry. 77. Show me the picture ________ you took in Paris. 78. I remember the park ________ we played together.

Chapter 6	관계사	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 주어진 예문을 합친 것 중 옳은 것을 고르시오. 1. This is the man. They believe (that) he is rich. = This is the man who they believe is rich. ( ) = This is the man whom they believe is rich. ( ) 2. This is the man. They believe him to be rich. = This is the man who they believe to be rich. ( ) = This is the man whom they believe to be rich. ( ) 3. This is the man. He is believed to be rich. ( ) = This is the man who is believed to be rich. ( ) = This is the man whom is believed to be rich. ( ) ✎ 다음 ( )속에 적절한 관계대명사를 넣으시오. 4. My father ( ) I thought would pass has failed. 5. Go first to those ( ) you are sure will help you. 6. The lady ( ) I have believed to be honest deceived you. ✎ 다음 주어진 문장을 번역하고 두 문장으로 나누시오. 7. You must choose a friend who you think will help you in case of need. 8. The man who I believe is responsible for the accident is that driver. ✎ 다음 ( )속의 것 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 9. This is the girl (who, whose, whom) I met at the party yesterday. 10. A person (who, whose, whom) habitually tells lies is called a liar. 11. This is the friend in (who, whose, whom) house we played last Sunday. 12. I picked up a man (who, whose, whom) I thought was reliable. 13. I don't think the number of people (whom, to whom, which) this happens is very large. 14. Go first to those (who, whose, whom) you are sure will help you.

➟

➟

태

태 (Voice) 란 주어가 동작을 하느냐?    동작을 받느냐? 하는 것을 나태내는 동   사의 형태를 말합니다.

동작을 하는 것을 능동태 (Active       Voice) 라고 하며 사전상의 동사형태를   그대로 받습니다. 동작을 받는 것은 수동   태 (Passive Voice)라고 하며 동사는   be p.p 형태로 나타납니다. 능동태의 목   적어를 주어자리로 끌어올리는 것이므로   목적어가 있는 3,4,5형식 문장에서만 가   능합니다.

Voice

CHAPTER

7

Chapter 7	태	Grammar Points
☪ 능동태 ( Active Voice ) 행동의 주체 + 타동사 + 행동의 대상 ( S + V + O ~ ) 능동태의 동사는 사전상의 동사의 구조를 그대로 받습니다. John beat Bill. Bill shut the door at 3. The English teacher praised him. My uncle gave me a book. The students call her Zzang. The book says that Korea has been divided by South and North.
☪ 수동태 ( Passive Voice ) 행동의 대상 + 타동사 + 행동의 주체 ( S + be p.p ~ by ) 수동태의 동사는 be ․ get ․ become ․ stay ․ remain ․ keep + p.p 형태로 표현되며 행동의 주체는 by 를 달고 부사구가 되어 문장 끝에 위치하거나 생략됩니다. Bill was beaten by John. The door was shut by Bill at 3. He was praised by the English teacher. I got interested in film making. I was given a book by my uncle. She is called Zzang by the students. It is said that she was so beautiful in her youth.
☪ 수동태 규칙 ( Passivization rule ) I loved Mary a lot. S V O 기타요소 Mary was loved a lot by me. S be + p.p by + 목적격

Chapter 7	태	Check Ups
❉ 다음 각 문장이 능동태면 A, 수동태면 P 를 쓰시오. 1. He was killed in the Korean War. 2. I am interested in reading English literature. 3. You must have been studying English last night, 4. He might be stolen all his money. 5. I like being praised so much. 6. Elvis Presly was born in 1935. 7. D.J. was elected in December. 8. Dr. Shrek has been doing his job well. 9. Was he singing in that room right now? 10. His son was run over by a car. 11. How long have you been learning English? 12. How was the robber caught? 13. Did you enjoy being kissed? 14. Being robbed means you are taken away all your money. 15. It is said that he earned a lot of money during the World War II.			a.s P P A P A P P A A P A P A A P
❉ 다음 문장의 동사의 형태가 바르면 T, 바르지 않으면 F 를 쓰시오. 1. The column may written by the editor. 2. She gave the mayor some money. 3. Legal counsel was offered to the executives. 4. The speech was being given last night. 5. Members of the congress were passed the traffic legislation without much trouble. 6. She was found innocent by the jury. 7. He was found his Gucci watch by the window. 8. He was transferred to the broadcasting company. 9. We will not be forgotten seeing the architecture. 10. My manager will satisfy with this report. 11. She has been sick since last weekend. 12. A package containing several gifts has sent through the mail. 13. Preparations for the coming flood should be completing by tomorrow night. 14. A diplomatic effort to solve the problem is being considered. 15. You must be made sure that you are prepared for dangerous natural events such as strong winds and floods. This is the best way to stay safe.			a.s F T T T F T F T F F T F F T F

Chapter 7	태	Grammar Points
☪ 3 형식 동사의 수동태 John beat Bill. → Bill was beaten by John. Tom heard the music. → The music was heard by Tom. We laughed at him. → He was laughed at by us. We looked up to her. → She was looked up to by us. We took good care of her. → She was taken good care of by us. ❍ → Good care was taken of her by us. ❍ ✘ 수동태가 되지 않는 경우 1 소유 ․ 상태 동사 : resemble, have, cost, contain, etc. He resembles his father. → His father is resembled by him. ✘ 2 재귀 ․ 상호대명사를 목적어로 갖는 능동문 : oneself, each other She saw herself in the mirror. → Herself was seen in the mirror. ✘ We can't see each other in the dark. → Each other can't be seen in the dark. ✘ 3 부정사 ․ 동명사를 목적어로 갖는 능동문 She helped to kill him. → To kill him was helped by her. ✘ He enjoyed seeing her. → Seeing her was enjoyed by him. ✘
☪ 4 형식 동사의 수동태 4 형식의 능동태 문장에는 목적어가 두개이므로 수동태 문장에서 3형식과 달리 동사 뒤에 목적어 하나가 남게 됩니다. ✔ 간접 목적어만이 수동문의 주어가 되는 동사 : envy, answer, call, save, etc. She envied me my success. → I was envied my success. ❍ → My success was envied to me by her. ✘ ✔ 직접 목적어만이 수동문의 주어가 되는 동사 : write, buy, make, sell, return, etc. He wrote me a letter. → I was written a letter by him. ✘ → A letter was written to me by him. ❍ ✐ 직접 목적어가 수동문의 주어가 되는 경우 간접목적어 앞에 전치사 to 나 for 가 붙습니다. ✔ 간접 목적어 ․ 직접 목적어 둘 다 수동문의 주어가 될 수 있는 동사 : give, teach, tell, offer, send, allow, lend, pay, permit, promise, show, etc. She gave me a pen. → I was given a pen. ❍ → A pen was given (to) me by her. ❍

Chapter 7	태	Check Ups
❉ 다음 빈 칸을 주어진 동사를 활용하여 어법에 맞게 채우시오. 1. I must be her best friend. (be) 2. You look happy when you are with your girlfriend. (look) 3. A decision will not be made until the next meeting. (make) 4. The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's too late. (do) 5. Some rare items were purchased by the collectors yesterday. (purchase) 6. This doll resembles himself. (resemble) 7. The injured man couldn't walk and had to be carried . (carry) 8. His boss transferred him to the broadcasting company a month ago. (transfer) 9. I hope that all these books will interest him very much. (interest) 10. I haven't received her letter. It might have been sent to the wrong address. (send) 11. The book he gave me contains lots of exciting pictures in it. (contain) 12. Walt Disney was born in 1901. (bear) 13. His papers were found under the table by the door just before she came in. (find) 14. People won't go out after dark because they are afraid of being attacked . (attack) 15. I don't like being asked stupid questions. (ask) ❉ 다음 문장들을 수동태로 전환하시오. 1. He bought me a pretty pencil. → A pretty pencil was bought for me by him. 2. I have already eaten two meals today. → Two meals have already been eaten today. 3. He forgave me my mistake. → I was forgiven my mistake by him. 4. My teacher is teaching me English. → I am being taught English by my teacher. → English is being taught to me by my teacher. 5. They sold me this cup. → This cup was sold to me by them. 6. She gave the mayor some money. → The mayor was given some money by her. → Some money was given to the mayor by her. 7. The lawyer offered the executives legal counsel. → The executives were offered legal counsel by ~. →Legal counsel was offered to the executives by ~. 8. My mom sent me some money. → Some money was sent to me by my mom. 9. He made her Gimbab.→ Gimbab was made for her by him. 10. He has been learning five languages. → Five languages have been being learned by him. 11. She paid no attention to me. → →

Chapter 7	태	Grammar Points
☪ 5 형식 동사의 수동태 목적보어가 아닌 목적어만이 수동문의 주어가 되며 동사 뒤에 목적보어가 그대로 남게 된다. 능동태의 목적어와 혼동하지 말자. She was found innocent by the jury. Jason is considered reliable by his friends. They elected him a chairman. → He was elected a chairman by them. → A chairman was elected him by them. ✘ She believed him to be handsome. → He was believed to be handsome. They call the mayor's behavior a scandal. → The mayor's behavior is called a scandal by them. → A scandal is called the mayor's behavior by them. ✘
☪ 지각동사 ․ 사역동사의 수동태 사역동사 ․ 지각동사의 목적보어인 원형부정사는 수동태에서 to 부정사로 바뀐다. They made the prisoner admit his guilt. → The prisoner was made to admit his guilt. We saw the police capture the suspect. → The police were seen to capture the suspect. He let us go in. → We were allowed to go in by him..

Chapter 7	태	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장들을 능동태는 수동태로, 수동태는 능동태로 전환하시오. 1. He is considered one of the most admirable leaders in this century. → . 2. The strike is expected to end soon. → . 3. She believed him to be handsome. → . 4. I made him sing for me. → . 5. Nothing was seen to move. → . 6. He has been regarded our mentor. → . 7. He was wanted to go with her. → . 8. They named her daughter Molly. → . 9. We were made to work very hard by the manager. → . 10. He was seen to enter the room. → . 11. I made him caught by the police. → . 12. My mom let me go to the concert last night. → . 13. I heard her singing. → . ❉ 다음 문장들의 빈 칸에 알맞은 말을 채우시오. 1. We made him do the work. → He was made do the work by us. → We made the work by him. 2. I had Mary paint the fence. → Mary was forced the fence. → I had the fence by Mary. 3. They let my sister love him. → My sister him by them. → They let him by my sister.

Chapter 7	태	Grammar Points
☪ 명령문의 수동태 Let 을 문두에 붙여 Let + 목적어 + be + p.p 의 형태로 쓴다. 긍정명령 : Do it at once. → Let it be done at once. 부정명령 : Don't touch the ball. → Don't let the ball be touched. ❍ → Let the ball not be touched. ❍
☪ 의문문의 수동태 1 의문사가 주어인 경우 Who made this chair? → ✯✯✯ made this chair. (평서문으로) → This chair was made by ✯✯✯. (수동태로) → By whom was this chair made? (의문문으로) 2 의문사가 목적어인 경우 Whom do you love? → You love ✯✯✯. (평서문으로) → ✯✯✯ is loved by you. (수동태로) → Who is loved by you? (의문문으로) 3 의문사가 없는 의문문 Is she writing a book? → She is writing a book. (평서문으로) → A book is being written by her. (수동태로) → Is a book being written by her? (의문문으로)
☪ That 절의 수동태 We believe that Mary is a liar. → That Mary is a liar is believed (by us). → It is believed that Mary is a liar. → Mary is believed to be a liar. People say that he was rich. → That he was rich is said (by people). → It is said that he was rich. → He is said to have been rich.

Chapter 7	태	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장들을 수동태로 전환하시오. 1. Did Mike hit the home run? → . → . → ? 2. Who invented this machine? → . → . → ? 3. Who broke the vase? → . → . → ? 4. What did you do yesterday? → . → . → ? 5. What do you call this flower? → You call this flower something . → This flower is called something by you . → What is this flower called by you ? 6. Finish the task at once. → the task be finished at once. 7. Do it at once. → . 8. Let me know the plan. → Let the plan known to me. 9. Don't touch the stove. → Don't let the stove touched. → Let the stove touched. 10. Don't waste your time. → . 11. Are you making that model plane? → . 12. Does she like him? → . → . → he liked by her? 13. People say that he is out of this country at the moment. → . → . → . 14. We think that she has been working so hard up to now. → . → . → . 15. They think that she failed in the exam. → . → . → .

Chapter 7	태	Grammar Points
☪ 부정주어의 수동태 Nobody loved him. → He was loved by nobody. ✘ → He was not loved by anybody. ❍ ☪ by 이외의 전치사를 쓰는 수동태 at frighten, astonish, surprise, amaze, shock, alarm, etc. The news surprised me. → I was surprised at the news. about concern, worry, trouble, etc. My business concerned her. → She was concerned about my business. with cover, satisfy, delight, disappoint, content, please, rejoice, amuse, etc. Snow covered the mountain. → The mountain was covered with snow. in catch, interest, absorb, engage, discourage, etc. The shower caught me. → I was caught in the shower. to marry, know, devote, expect, etc. He married her. → She is married to him. for She is known for her novels. as Clinton is known as a political leader. from The story is derived from legend. of This chair is made of wood. ☪ 동작 수동태와 상태 수동태 대부분의 수동문이 주어의 상태를 나타내는 상태 수동문이나 be, become, get, grow 동사 또는 특정 시점을 나타내는 부사어 등을 써서 동작 수동문을 만들기도 한다. The store is closed on Sunday. 상태수동태 The store is closed at night by him. 동작수동태

Chapter 7	태	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장들의 빈 칸에 알맞은 단어를 채우시오. 1. Her death surprised me. → I was surprised her death. 2. She is married a foreigner. 3. His composition satisfied me. → I was satisfied his composition. 4. Snow covers the mountain. → The mountain is covered snow. 5. Butter is maid milk. 6. Desks are made wood. 7. Wood is made chairs. 8. Everybody knows her. → She is known everybody. 9. This custom has done away with. * do away with = abolish (폐지하다) 10. The tree is known its fruit. 11. A man is known his company. 12. She is well known a jazz singer. 13. My son was pleased the toy car. 14. is surprising that he is still alive. 15. Nobody could solve the problem. → . 16. The street were filled people. 17. His repeated lies disappointed me. → I was disappointed his repeated lies. 18. My teacher's advice alarmed all the students. → All the students were alarmed my teacher's advice. 19. Someone's screaming frightened people in the meeting. People in the meeting were frightened someone's screaming. 20. The result of the experiment satisfied my professor. → My professor was satisfied the result of the experiment. ❉ 다음 밑줄 친 동사의 쓰임상 차이를 밝히시오. 1. He was buried at Mangwoori. He was buried by his family yesterday. 2. She was dressed in the latest fashion. She got dressed by her mother. 3. Are you married now? Yes. I got married in 1997.

Chapter 7	태	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 각 문장을 수동태로 고치시오. 1. You write a letter. → . 2. You wrote a letter. → . 3. You will write a letter. → . 4. You have written a letter. → . 5. You had written a letter. → . 6. You will have written a letter. → . 7. You are writing a letter. → . 8. You were writing a letter. → . 9. You will be writing a letter. → . 10. You have been writing a letter. → . 11. You had been writing a letter. → . 12. You will have been writing a letter. → .

Chapter 7	태	Progressive Test
✎ 빈 칸에 들어갈 어법상 알맞은 동사의 형태를 고르시오. 11. Antibodies by small, round cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells. (A) to be made (B) making (C) made (D) are made 12. "If someone falls into deep water and can't swim, what will become of him?" "He will probably be ." (A) drowning (B) drown (C) drowned (D) the drowning 13. The scientific study of the motion of bodies and the action of forces that change of cause motion dynamics. (A) called (B) calls (C) are called (D) is called 14. Many people by the typhoon that hit the country in 1977. (A) killed (B) were died (C) were killed (D) died 15. East Liverpool, Ohio, the pottery capital of the United States. (A) and called (B) is called (C) calling (D) to call 16. Generally rocks according to the way they were formed. (A) classify (B) are classified (C) classify them (D) have classified 17. Canadian author Margaret Atwood's selected poems in 1978. (A) were publishing (B) published (C) were published (D) had published 18. The two new students during the coffee break. (A) being acquainted (B) acquainting themselves (C) got acquainted (D) made known to each other 19. Some feeds, such as pasture grasses, hay and silage crops, and certain cereal grains are cattle and hogs. (A) farm specifically (B) specifically farmed (C) farming specifically for (D) farmed specifically for

Chapter 7	태	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 각 문장의 빈 칸에 들어갈 어법상 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 20. “They say that the broker is a liar." "Really! to be a liar." (A) It is said him (B) The broker says (C) The broker is said (D) It is said that he is 21. He was dissatisfied the behaviour of his only daughter. (A) at (B) with (C) for (D) by 22. The economy is predicted within the next few months. (A) improve (B) improving (C) to improve (D) improved 23. Numbers that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers known as rational numbers. (A) is (B) they are (C) are (D) those are 24. What's the difference between steal and rob? Things are and people are . (A) stolen / robbed (B) robbed / stolen (C) robbered / stealed (D) stealt / robbed 25. She is the girl whose money was . (A) robbed (B) stolen (C) robbed of (D) stolen from 26. Mary a raise by her employer. (A) gave (B) was gave (C) was given (D) gived 27. “친구를 보면 사람을 알 수 있다.” 의 옳은 영역은? (A) A man shows his friends best. (B) A man can be known for his friends. (C) A man may be known as his friends. (D) A man may be known by his friends.

Chapter 7	태	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 각 문장의 빈 칸에 들어갈 어법상 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 28. An accident last night. (A) was occurred (B) had been occurred (C) occurred (D) occurs 29. The construction this month. (A) expects to be completed (B) is expected to be completed (C) expects to complete (D) is expected to complete 30. Life is often compared a voyage. (A) towards (B) with (C) about (D) to ✎ 다음 각 문장의 밑줄 친 부분 중 잘못된 것을 고르시오. 31. In just the last few years, football is become more popular than baseball in that country. A B C D 32. The care of children in an American family is exclusively the responsibility of their parents, A B and children are learned to be independent at an early age. C D 33. So far as I concern, the steps you suggest leave nothing to be desired. A B C D 34. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have trade surplus. A B C D 35. Thunder can be listened from a maximum distance of about ten miles except under A B C unusual atmospheric conditions. D

Chapter 7	태	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 각 문장의 밑줄 친 부분 중 잘못된 것을 고르시오. 36. Snow was sweeping into drafts by the wind. A B C D E 37. Instead of being housed in one central bank in Washington, D. C., the Federal A B Reserve System is division into twelve districts. C D 38. Each and every witness is expected what he will be asked to give testimony he A B C does not wish to disclose. D 39. The unit of measurement known as a "foot" has originally based on the average A B size of the human foot. C D 40. The piccolo possesses a penetrating sound that enables it to be easily hear above A B C the other instruments in the orchestra. D 41. The industrial heartland of Canada is locate along the Great Lakes and Saint A B Lawrence waterways, in the province of Ontario. C D 42. Acetic acid may prepare by combining air with an alcohol solution in the presence A B C D of bacteria.

Chapter 7	태	Progressive Test
✎ 다음 각 문장의 밑줄 친 부분 중 잘못된 것을 고르시오. 43. A painter who lived most of his life in the Middle West, Grant Wood has called A B C D America's "Painter of the Soil." 44. The Statue of Liberty, a huge copper statue that stands in New York Harbor, was A B C present to the United States by France in 1884. D ✎ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안의 둘 중 어법상 알맞은 것을 고르시오. 45. He quickly stepped on the brakes, and his car came to stop just in time to [ avoid / be avoided ] an accident. 46. Thanks to the newly invented vaccine, the liver disease has now [ been disappeared / disappeared ]. 47. "He will not agree with us." "I know, but it can't [ help / be helped ]. 48. The office [ locates / is located ] in Paris. 49. Water [ is consisted / consists ] of oxygen and hydrogen. 50. While a student at City College of New York, Hugo Martinez organized the United Graffiti Artist, which [ sponsored by / was sponsored by ] the city's earliest exhibitions of graffiti art.

➟

가정법

가정법은 확실하지 않은 것, 상상, 소원과 조   건, 소원하지 않는 것, 사실에 반대되는 것   등을 나타낸다.

ex) If I were a bird.....

(내가 새라면 = 나는 새가 아니다)

ex) If I had studied hard....

(내가 공부 열심히 했더라면 =

왕년에 공부 열심히 안했다)

Subjunctive Mood

CHAPTER

8

Chapter 8

가정법

Grammar Points

☪ 법의 종류

He can speak English well. (Indicative Mood: 직설법)

Be ambitious! (Imperative Mood: 명령법)

I wish I could speak good English. (Subjunctive Mood: 가정법)

☪ 가정법 과거  현재 사실을 반대로 상상 ⇒ 현재시제로 해석

if 절 (조건절)	주절 (귀결절)
If + 주어 + 동사의 과거형 (were-인칭에 관계없음)	주어 + 조동사의 과거형 + 동사원형
만일 ~ 한다면	~ 할 텐데

✔ 가정법 과거의 형태

If I had enough time, I'd help you.

If he got up earlier, he wouldn't be late for work.

If you didn't feel tired, would you come out with me?

✔ 가정법 과거는 현실이 아니거나 일어날 것 같지 않은 현재의 일을 말할 때 쓴다.

If I had a lot of money, I'd travel around the world.

= I don't have a lot of money. I'm just imagining that I have.)

If the weather was nice, I'd go to the beach.

= The weather is not nice.

If I were rich, I could buy a car.

= As I am not rich, I cannot buy a car.

If I knew his address, I could write to him.

= As I don't know his address, I cannot write to him.

Chapter 9	가정법	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장의 법(Mood)을 쓰시오. 1. I am not a bird. 2. Do you speak English well? 3. Listen to the class carefully. 4. Don't lose courage. 5. If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 6. I wish I could help you. ❉ 두 문장의 의미가 같아지도록 빈 칸에 알맞은 말을 쓰시오. 7. You don't do any exercise, so you are not healthy. ⇒ If you did exercise, you _______________________________. 8. I can't find a way because I don't have a map. ⇒ If I had a map, ________________________________________. 9. Tom doesn't know her teacher's address, so he can't send her a card. ⇒ If _______________________________, he could send her a card. 10. Jane ignores Jenny, so she gets angry at her. ⇒ If _______________________________, she wouldn't get angry at him. ❉ 다음 ( )안의 동사를 올바른 형태로 바꾸어 쓰시오. 11. If I (know) it well, I would tell you about it. 12. If I had enough money, I (can buy) a new computer. 13. If I (have) a camera, I would take a picture of the White house.

Chapter 8

가정법

Grammar Points

☪ 가정법 과거 완료  과거사실 반대로 상상 ⇒ 과거시제로 해석

if 절 (조건절)	주절(귀결절)
if + 주어 + had p.p ~	주어 + 조동사 과거형 + have p.p.
만일 ~ 했었다면	~했을 텐데

✔ 가정법 과거완료의 형태

If we had gone earlier, we would have had better weather.

If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed.

If you hadn't missed your bus, you wouldn't have been late for school.

If the film had won as Oscar, it would have become famous right away.

✔ 가정법 과거완료는 주로 과거 사실에 대한 유감을 나타내기 위하여 사용된다.

가정법 과거완료가 때로는 사람들을 비판하거나 잘못을 지적할 때 사용되기도 한다.

If I had known Mary was in town, I would have invited her to the party.

If you'd been a bit more careful, you wouldn't have cut yourself.

☪ 혼합 가정법  가정법 과거와 가정법 과거완료를 혼합하여 쓰기도 한다. 어떤 가정법

문장에서는 조건절에 가정법 과거완료를 쓰고, 귀결절에 가정법 과거를

쓰는 경우도 있고, 그 반대의 경우도 있다.

If he had gone to war, he might not be alive now.

= As he didn't go to war, he is alive now.

If he had not helped me then, I should not be alive now.

= As he helped me then, I am alive now.

If I had taken your advice then, I should be happier now.

= As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.

Chapter 8	가정법	Check Ups
❉ 괄호 안의 동사를 어법상 알맞은 형태로 고쳐 쓰시오. 1. If I had had a camera, I (will take) a picture of the White house. 2. If I (have) enough money, I could have bought a new computer. 3. If I had not been ill, I (will go) there. 4. If he (work) harder, he could have succeeded. 5. If it had been fine, we (go) on a picnic. ❉ 괄호 안의 동사를 어법상 알맞은 형태로 고쳐 쓰시오. 6. I didn't go into business with my friend David, so I didn't succeed, If I (go) into business with him, I (become) a success. 7. Mary and I weren't able to go on a honeymoon. We (can go) away if my father (not get) sick. 8. There was too much salt in the soup. If there (not / be) too much salt in the soup, it (not taste) bad. ❉ 가정법 과거 또는 가정법 과거완료 형태를 구별하고 해석하시오. 9. If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling. 10. If I knew his number, I would call him. 11. If he had taken the doctor's advice, he might still be alive. 12. If you had not eaten so much, you would not have been so sleepy now. 13. What would Korea do if the oil supply dropped by half? 14. If they had left earlier, they would have avoided the heavy traffic. 15. If you knew you were to die tomorrow, what would you do today? 16. If it were not raining, I would go fishing.

Chapter 8

가정법

Grammar Points

☪ 가정법 현재  현재 혹은 미래에 대한 단순한 가정이나 불확실한 상상을 나타낸다.

현대영어에서는 보통 조건문으로 처리한다.

if 절 (조건절)	주절 (귀결절)
if + 주어 + 현재시제 ~	주어 + will + 동사원형
만일 ~ 한다면	~ 할 것이다.

If he comes, I will go there with him.

If we hurry, we'll catch the train.

If they offer you the job, what will you do?

if 절 (조건절)	주절 (귀결절)
if + 주어 + should Root	주어 + will (would) + 동사원형
if + 주어 + were to Root	주어 + 조동사 과거형 + 동사원형
만일 ~ 한다면	~할 것이다.

☪ 가정법 미래  실현 가능성 없는 것 상상

✔ 어떤 일이 일어날 가능성에 대한 믿음이 적을 때에는 if 절에 should 나 were to 를 쓴다.

If it should rain tomorrow, the party would not be held.

(내일 비가 온다면 - 올 것처럼 보이진 않지만 - 그 파티는 열리지 않을 것이다.)

If I were to be young again, I would go the America to study.

If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not break my word.

If I should see Sally, I'll give her your message.

☪ If 의 생략 / 조건절의 생략

If I had known the truth, I would have told you.

⇒ (If생략) Had I known the truth, I would have told you.

Were I rich, I would travel around the world.

⇒ (If 생략 전) If I were rich, I would travel around the world.

Living in this country, that player would be a hero. (분사구문의 조건해석)

To see him dance, you would burst out laughing. (To 부정사의 조건해석)

Chapter 8	가정법	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장을 해석하시오. (가정법 현재 / 미래) 1. If you go near Jake's dog, it'll bite you. 2. If you like seafood, you can enjoy it at Lamma Island. 3. If Bruno miss the train, he can get the next one. 4. If you need money, ask me to lend some. 5. If you lose your credit card, you should ring the bank. 6. If a nuclear war should break out, man would not survive. 7. If James were to be my boss, this job would be intolerable. 8. If I should fail, I would try again. 9. If he should go there, he would be killed. 10. If you were to get married with HyoRi, I would envy you. 11. A wise man would not say so. 12. Breathing would be difficult for you on a high mountain. ❉ 다음 문장을 해석 하시오. (If / 조건절 생략) 13. With a little more care, he could have done his work properly. 14. I'm very busy this week; otherwise I would come to your party. 15. In your place I would not employ him. 16. Two months ago I would have rejected the offer. 17. All the wealth of the world could not buy you a friend. 18. Were I to tell you all the stories of my life, one week would not be enough. 19. Had you really loved me, I might have married you.

Chapter 8	가정법	Grammar Points
☪ 가정법 시제를 쓰는 표현 (모양이 다른 가정법) ✔ I wish + 주어 + 과거동사(were) : (현재/미래에) ~라면 좋을 텐데 I wish I were rich. = I am sorry I am not rich. I wish I had a car. ✔ I wish + 주어 + 과거완료 : (과거에) ~했더라면 좋았을 텐데 I wish you had been here yesterday. = I am sorry you were not here yesterday. I wish I had had a car. ✔ as if + 주어 + 과거동사(were) : 마치 ~인 것처럼 He talks as if he knew the truth. = In fact he doesn't know the truth. ✔ as if + 주어 + 과거완료 : 마치 ~했던 것처럼 He talks as if he had known my secret. In fact he hadn't known my secret. ✔ It is time (that) + 주어 + 과거동사 : ~할 시간이다 It is time you went to bed. = It is time you should go to bed. ☪ 빈출 가정법 응용 표현 ✔ Without = But for = ① If it were not for... = Were it not for.... ( ~이 없다면.....) ② It if had not been for.... = Had it not been for.... ( ~이 없었다면.....) But for your help, he would fail. If it had not been for your help, I would have failed. ✔ Unless you put on some sun cream, you'll get sunburnt. = If you don't put on some sun cream, you'll get sunburnt. ✔ With your assistance, James would not fail. = If James had your assistance, he would not fail. ✔ Suppose you won a lottery, what would you do?

Chapter 8	가정법	Check Ups
❉ 다음 문장들을 해석하시오. 1. I wish I were young again. 2. I wish you had left that unsaid. 3. He behaves as if he knew everything. 4. Mom looks as if she had seen a ghost. 5. She wishes her parents approved of her boyfriend. 6. I wish I had taken more money when I left the house. 7. The boy speaks as if he were an expert. 8. Everything looks strange to me as if I had not seen it before. 9. Unless you stop making that noise, I'll scream. 10. In case I'm late, start without me. ❉ 밑줄 친 부분을 if 로 시작하는 가정법 구문으로 고칠 때, 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 쓰시오. 11. Without the map, he would have gotten lost. = If it ______________________ the map, he would have gotten lost. 12. In different circumstances, I would say yes. = If it ____________________ different, I would say yes. 13. You might look younger with a little make-up. = If you _____________ a little make-up, You might look younger. 14. I used my calculator; otherwise I'd have taken much longer. = If I ___________________ my calculator, I'd have taken much longer.

Chapter 9

가정법

Grammar Points

☪ 조건절 상당어구 (If 절이 없는 가정법)

가정법은 본래 [조건절 + 주절]의 형태로 구성되어 있는데,

예외적으로 조건절이 없고 주절만으로 가정법을 나타내는 경우가 있다.

이런 경우에 주절에 있는 명사, 부사, 부정사, 접속사, 전치사, 분사 등이 조건절을 대신하는데,

이와 같이 조건절을 대신하는 어구들을 조건절 상당어구라고 한다.

✔ 명사가 조건절을 대신하는 경우

A true friend would have acted differently.

= If he had been a true friend, he would acted differently.

A Korean would do such a thing.
= If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.

✔ 부사, 부사구가 조건절을 대신하는 경우

I would not do such a thing in your place.

= I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.

You could have lived there in comfort.

= You could have lived in comfort if you had been there.

✔ 부정사가 조건절을 대신하는 경우

I should be very glad to speak English.

= I should be very glad if I could speak English.

To hear him talk, you would take him for a foreigner.

= If you heard him talk, you would take him for a foreigner.

✔ 접속사가 조건절을 대신하는 경우

I am ill now, [or, or else, otherwise] I would go there

(= if I were not till)

He worked very hard, [otherwise] he would have failed.

[= if he had not worked very hard]

✔ 분사가 조건절을 대신하는 경우

Doing such a thing, you would repent it.

= If you did such a thing, you would repent it.

The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to great disaster.

= The same thing, if it should happen in wartime, would amount to great disaster.

Chapter 9	가정법	Check Ups

❉ 다음 문장을 해석하시오.

1. These snakes eat a lot of rats that would, otherwise, eat people's foods.

2. But for water, all life on Earth would cease to exist.

3. If it had not been for his wife's help, he would not have succeeded as a director.

4. Without music, the world would be a dull place.

5. A man of sense would do it another way.

6. To see him dance, you would burst out laughing.

7. If it had not been for the traffic jam, we could have arrived in time.

8. With a little more care, he could have done his work properly.

9. In your place I would not employ him.

10. To months ago I would have rejected the offer.

11. All the wealth of the world could not buy you a friend.

12. A careful driver would not have driven like that.

13. I'm very busy this week; otherwise I would come to your party.

❉ 물음에 답하시오.

14. You would have failed in that field. 에서 밑줄 친 부분을 바르게 고친 것을 고르시오.

① if you had been engaged in that field

② if you are engaged in that field

③ if you had engaged in that field

④ if you were engaged in that field

⑤ if you have been engaged in that field

Chapter 8	가정법	Progressive Test
✎ 괄호 안에 주어진 동사를 알맞은 형태로 고치시오. 1. If you (take) the train, you'll get there quicker. 2. If you (take) the train, you would save time. 3. She would have gone to university if she (have) the opportunity. 4. If I (be) you I would apply for the job. 5. They (may, be) angry if I had not visited them. 6. If you had worked harder, you (can, get) rid of the debts then. 7. I'm sure you (will, enjoy) the film if you see it. 8. Had I eaten breakfast several hours ago, I (won't, be) hungry now. ✎ 다음 영문을 아래와 같이 바꿔 쓸 때 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 쓰시오. 9. It trained all morning. we didn't go out. ⇒ If it all morning, we would have gone out. 10. Jack regrets that he didn't study for the test. ⇒ Jack wishes he for the test. 11. But for his idleness, he would be a good student. ⇒ If for his idleness, he would be a good student. 12. If you don't get out of my room, I'll throw you out. ⇒ If of my room or I'll throw you out. ⇒ Unless of my room or I'll throw you out. 13. To hear him talk, you'd think he was president. ⇒ If him talk, you'd think he was president. ✎ [보기]에서 알맞은 말을 골라 써넣으시오. [보기] with without unless otherwise providing 14. I would never have succeeded your help. 15. He ran: he would have missed the train. 16. a car, I could get to the station in time. 17. In England you can marry at 16 you have parents' permission.

Chapter 8	가정법	Progressive Test
✎ 빈칸에 가장 알맞은 것은? 18. Lawrence would have studied mathematics if he its importance. ① knows ②knew ③ has known ④ had known ⑤ would have known 19. He didn't learn to swim and he drowned. If he had learned to swim, he . ① would have drowned ② wouldn't have drowned ③ would drown ④ wouldn't drown ⑤ will drown 20. You promised to write to Sue three weeks ago, but you still haven't written to her. You say: It's time I to her. ① write ② wrote ③ will write ④ have written ⑤ would have written 21. She is grown-up. You shouldn't speak to her as if she a child. ① is ② was ③ were ④ had been ⑤ could have been 22. If he had not been killed in the road accident, he now twenty years old. ① was ② were ③ had been ④ would be ⑤ should have been ✎ 주어진 단어를 사용하여 영작하시오. 23. 조금만 조심했더라면 사고를 막을 수 있었을 텐데. A little care (will, prevent) the accident. 24. 그는 마치 그 사고를 목격했던 것처럼 말했다. (실제로는 목격하지 못한 경우) He talked (accident, if, he, as, the, see). ✎ 문장이 같은 뜻이 되도록 빈칸을 채우시오. 25. Without the guide, we might have had a serious accident. ⇒ If it , we might have had a serious accident. 26. Whatever you will say, no one believes you. ⇒ Say , no one believes you.

Chapter 8	가정법	Progressive Test
✎ 물음에 답하시오. 27. 다음 글에서 주식중개인은 주식의 전망이 어떻다고 보는가? One day I called my broker about a stock that had not been doing well. "Do you think I'll live to see it go higher?" I asked. "Frankly," he said, "I wish you were a younger man." ① optimistic ② pessimistic ③ average ④ potential ⑤ possible 28. 다음 글을 한 문장으로 요약할 때 아래 빈칸에 알맞은 말은? Time is tangible: one can spend time, waste time, save time, or even kill time! Common questions in American English reveal this concrete quality as though time were a possession. 'Do you have any time?', 'How much free time do you have?' The word 'time' is used in English as though it were a thing that could be . ① lost ② saved ③ touched ④ wasted ⑤ counted