【 토 익 기 출 어 휘 정 리 첫 번째 】

(1) launch : (사업 등을 ) 시작. 착수하다, 생산하다, 출판하다.

The Press launched a vicious attack on the President.	It was a party to launch her new novel.

(2) merge : 합병하다. 합체시키다.

The two companies were merged in the new company. The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the US.

(3) feasible : 실행할 수 있는, 가능한00701	Your plan is not economically feasible.

(4) comply : 순응하다, 따르다 (comply with)	failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution.

(5) divest : (옷)을 벗기다, (권력, 계급 등을) 빼앗다.

Beom divested himself of his overcoat and boots.	The king was divested of all his wealth and power.

(6) deviate : 빗나가다, 일탈하다	The plane had to deviate from its normal flight path.

(7) fragment : 부서진 조각, 파편,  in fragments(단편적으로) / 산산이 부수다, 부서지다,

Roger examined the few words remaining on the charred fragment of paper.

His day was fragmented by interruptions and phone calls.

(8) infusion : 주입, 고취, 혼합물	What the department needs is an infusion of new ideas.

(9) takeover : 인수, 접수, 경영권 취득	I just learned of the takeover plan in my company.

(10) turnover : 전복, 변경, 반환, 총 매상고, (자금 등의)회전율

We talked about the turnover of Hong Kong.	Supermarkets depend on a high turnover at low price.

(11) revenue : 소득, 수익, 세입,	○ defraud the revenue : 탈세하다

What was the total revenue of our company?

(12) trade sanction : 무역 제재	The U. S Trade Representative announced trade sanctions to Japan.

(13) deficit : 적자, 부족	Our trade deficit went up last quarter.	The directors have reported a deficit of $2.5 million.

(14) contact : 연락하다/접촉하다.	● 전치사와 함께 쓸 수 없는 동사 (discuss/marry/mention/join/resemble/attend)

○ For further information about the Sound Aloud Stereo system, please contact a sales representative.

○ Give the names of two people who can be contacted in case of emergency.

(15) step : 걸음/단계/과정/조치	● keep step : 보조를 맞추다	● take steps : 조치를 취하다

○ An eye examination is one step in the process necessary for renewing a drivers license.

We must take steps to avoid the repetition of this offence.

(16) accommodate : 숙박시키다/수용하다/적응하다

○ All of the members of the global management action team are being trained to learn how to accommodate different cultures.

(17) strategic : 전략의/전략상의

○ Because of Central Asia's strategic location, South Korea is considering moving more industries to the region.

(18) effort : 노력/수고	● in an effort to V  ～ 하기 위해 노력하다/애쓰다

○ Efforts to reduce pollution in the bay are hindered by uncontrolled population growth around the waterfront.

They've been working night and day in an effort to get the bridge ready on time.

(19) form : 서식/방식/형식

○ Two forms of photo identification are needed when customers use their credit cards at the grocery stores.

(20) recommend : 추천하다	● recommend/suggest/insist + that S + (should) + V 의 구문.

○ Before submitting your resume, we highly recommend that you use our on-line job search site to find a specific available position.

Doctors recommend that all children be immunized against measles.

(21) available : 이용할 수 있는/유효한 - 어휘 시험에 정답으로 자주 출제되는 어휘임.

○ Promotion information is not available until at least a month after you apply for the position.

The university is trying to make more accommodation available for students.

Flight arrivals and departures will be posted on the monitors as soon as the information becomes available.

(22) difference : 차이점/다름/차액	● the difference between A and B : A와 B의 차이(시험에 잘 나오는 구문)

● differ from/different from - 전치사 from이 오는 것에 주의 할 것

○ If your order exceeds the amount of your gift certificate, you must pay the difference.

It's hard to see many differences between the centrist political parties.

Humans differ from other mammals in their ability to speak.

This is a different girl from the one he used to go out with.

(23) qualified : 자격 있는/적격의/적임의    ○ AT&T is seeking a qualified full time engineer with at least 5 year experience.

(24) expiration date : 만료일/최종일/유통기한

The consumer should be careful to observe expiration dates on prescription and over-the-counter medicines.

(25) prevent : 막다/방해하다/예방하다

Please remind all area leaders that factory accidents can be prevented if all newline operators are informed of proper safety procedures.

Lacey has a back injury that may prevent him from playing in tomorrow's game.

(26) aside from : ～외에(besides) /～를 제외하고(except/except for)

Aside from that one little problem, the day was perfect.   Aside from physical problems, these patients also show a lot of      hostility.     Aside from the minor corrections to formatting that Lucy Arrison is currently making, the promotional flyer is

ready for printing.

(27) demonstrate : 논증하다/증명하다/입증하다

The successful interviewee will have demonstrate ability in managing a nonprofit organization.

At last she had chance to demonstrate her musical talents.

(28) encourage : 용기를 북돋우다/ 격려하다

● to 부정사 목적보어 : enable/advise/permit/allow/cause/ask/want/require/persuade/force

NewWorld Industries Ltd. encourages employee to participate in its company pension plan.

A good public transport encourages people to leave their cars at home.

Money from her aunt enabled Jan to buy the house.

(29) efficient : 능률적인/유효한	● efficiently : 능률적으로 (품사의 쓰임 문제로 자주 출제됨)

The existing treatment facility enables us to process waste water as efficiently as possible.

(30) in case : 만일의 경우를 생각하여 / 만일 ～라면(if)

Please supply a telephone number at which a relative can be contacted in case there is an emergency.

(31) complete : 완성하다	● (a) 전부의/완벽한	● completely : 완전하게  (품사의 쓰임 주의)

He only need one more stamp to complete his collection.   Their engagement came as a complete surprise to me.

Because we believe in the quality of our products, all of our merchandise is completely guaranteed.

(32) unlimited : 끝없는/제한 없는/과도한

Prices quoted in your rental agreement include unlimited miles for a full week of any car rental.

(33) extinction : 사멸/멸종/진화       Conservationists are trying to save the whale from extinction.

Once considered to be in danger of extinction, buffalo now run free on hundreds of ranches thanks to the wildlife repopulation program.

(34) extremely : 극단적으로/상당히	● extreme : 극도의/심한	(품사구별 문제가 종종 출제됨)

Extremely, local firms are using outside design studios and agencies to create their artwork.

I'm extremely sorry to have troubled you.      Extremely poverty still exists in many rural areas.

(35) enhance : 높이다/강화하다

Now that the engine capacity of our harvesting machines has been enhanced, we anticipate many new customers.

The flavor of most foods can be enhanced by good cooking.

(36) disappoint : 실망시키다/좌절시키다	● disappointment (n) : 실망

● to one's disappointment : 실망스럽게도 (시험에 종종 출제되는 구문 형태

● 사람 주어일 땐 : disappointed	● 사물 주어일 땐 : disappointing

Interns should realize that the training process is slow and should guard against becoming disappointed in their process.

I have to say we're disappointed with your work.

Well, Bill was really negative about your idea, which was pretty disappointing.

To her great disappointment none of her tomatoes grew well.

(37) required : 필수의/요구된

The compliance department has advised all branch offices that the required tax documents must be submitted within 30 days of the filing date.

(38) persuasive : 설득력있는/말씨가 능란한	● persuadable : 설득될 수 있는

The consultant presented persuasive arguments for continuing to recommend a water-soluble paint to our clients.

They used some very persuasive arguments.

(39) presumable : 추정할 수 있는/있음직한	● presumably : 아마/추측상 ( 부사의 의미 문제로 종종 출제됨)

● presuming : 주제넘은/뻔뻔스러운	● presumptive : 가정의/추정에 의한	● presumptuous : 주제넘은/건방진

Presumably, the settlement will be judged acceptable to both litigating parties.

If you're eating beforehand, presumably you won't want to go to a restaurant.

She found Conrad charming but rather presumptuous.

(40) reveal : 드러내다/적발하다/밝히다

Market surveys conducted last month revealed a strong preference for gas stoves over electric ranges, particularly in areas where gas fuel is less expensive.

He reveled that he had been in prison twice before.

(41) advantage : 유리/우월/강점/이점	● take advantage of : 이용하다 (시험에 자주 출제되는 구문)

Taking advantage of market momentum, Cellmark Ltd. has released an improved line of digital telephones and pagers.

New tax regulations had given them an advantage over their commercial rivals.

I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.

(42) margin : 가장자리, 한계, 이윤, 차이, 차액	● by a narrow margin : 아슬아슬하게, 간신히

She scribbled some notes in the margin.

He made a fair margin of profit.

The election was won by a margin of only 200 votes.

(43) commitment : 위탁, 약속, 책임, 구속, 열심	● make a commitment to : ～에 전념하다.

She's got several teaching commitments over the summer.

I was impressed by the energy and commitment shown by the players.

(44) treaty : 조약, 협의

A piece treaty was signed between the US and Vietnam.

The president of the company signed the treaty.

(45) advent : 출현, 도래

The advent of computer changed many things.

(46) monetary : 화폐의, 통화의, 금융의

Modern technology is remarking the monetary system.

(47) gateway : 수단, 통로

This program is the gateway to solve the problem.

Hard work is the gateway to success.

(48) transaction : 거래, 처리

Using other person's credit card is an illegal transaction.

(49) decadent : 퇴폐적인

Decadent behavior is often an affectation of bored young people.

Carousing in local bars instead of going to class is decadent.

(50) resolution : 결의안, 해결, 해답, 결의, 결심

The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority.

The lawyer's advice led to the resolution of this problem.

Carol made a resolution to work hard at school this year.

(51) extinction : 종식, 소멸, 사멸

Conservationists are trying to save the whale from extinction.

Their traditional way of life seems doomed to extinction.

intend

-할 작정이다, 의도하다 가 가장 중심된 의미로 사용되며 intend 뒤에는 부정사와 that 절이 따라오지만 90% 이상이 to 부정사가 온다.

I intend to go to the United States someday.

(난 언젠가 미국에 갈 작정이다)

He intended that Laura make the speech.

(그는 로라가 연설을 하게 할 작정이었다)

Craig intended Tim to pay.

(크레이그는 팀이 돈을 지불하게 할 의도를 가지고 있었다)

특별히 수동형으로 많이 쓰이는데 이 책은 초보자를 위한 것이다 는 This book is intended for beginners. 이 선물은 너를 위한 것이다. This gift is intended for you. 그의 말은 나를 향해 의도된 것이었다. His remark is intended for me. 그 건물은 도서관으로 쓸 예정이었다 는 The building was intended to be a library.

This textbook is intended for beginners.

(이 책은 초보자를 대상으로 기획된 것이다)

It was intended to be a surprise for you.

(그것은 당신을 깜짝 놀라게 해주려고 마련된 것이었다)

introduce

일반적으로 사람을 소개하다라는 의미로 사용되지만 새로운 제도, 유행, 개념, 상품을 도입하거나 채택할 때도 사용한다. 새 유형을 소개하다 는 introduce a new fashion, 수학에 새로운 개념을 도입하다 는 introduce a new concept in mathematics. 새로운 컴퓨터시스템을 채용하다 는 introduced a new computer system

I introduced Ryan to Christine.

(나는 라이언을 크리스틴에게 소개했다.)

Mr.Jones introduced a new computer system.

(존스씨가 새로운 컴퓨터시스템을 채용했다)

invite

invite는 초청하다 는 의미로 잘 알려져 있는데 사물이 목적어일때는 이끌다 라는 의미가 된다. 그를 파티에 초청하다는 invite him to the party, 연설자는 질문해달라고 부탁하다 는 The speaker invited questions. 당신은 화를 부르고 있어 는 You are inviting trouble.

Peggy invited Mike to the party.

The speaker invited questions.

You are (just) inviting trouble.

invite + 목적어 + to V :  목적어가 V하도록 요청하다, 목적어가 V하게 하다

I invited the guests to sit down.

(난 손님들이 앉도록 요청했다)

The open bottle invited him to take a drink.

(열림 병마개가 그가 한번 마시게 했다)

join

타동사로는 결합시키다, 연결하다, 합치다 의 뜻으로 쓰이며 자동사로는 만나다, 인접하다 로 쓰인다. 목사가 결혼식에서 그들을 결합시켰다는 The priest joined them in marriage. 두 군대는 힘을 합쳤다는 The two army joined forces. 이 길들은 만나나? 는 Do these roads join?

The audience joined hands.

(군중들은 손과 손을 영결했다)

The priest joined them in marriage.

(목사가 결혼식에서 그들을 결합시켰다)

Will you join me?

(나와 같이 할래?)

Do these roads join?

(이 길들은 만나나?)

The two army joined forces.(두 군대는 힘을 합쳤다)

jump

깡충 뛰다, 뛰어 넘다, (물가 따위가) 급등하다

The boy jumped out of the tree.

(소년은 나무에서 뛰어내렸다)

He jumped the hole.

(그는 그 구멍을 뛰어넘었다)

Prices jumped again last month.

(가격은 지난달에 다시 급등했다)

< 토익 기출 어휘 모음 >

1. proceed, precede, procure

proceed는 계속하다(continue), 진행하다(go forward)의 의미로 쓰인다. 어근을 따져 보면 <pro(=forward)+ceed(=go)>이므로 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 단어다. 이 단어는 TOEIC Part5에 출제된다. proceeds는 '이익', '수익'의 뜻을 갖는 명사가 되니 구분해야 한다.

(ex) She proceeded to tell a funny story and we all laughed.(그녀가 재미있는 이야기를 진행하자 우리 모두는 웃었다)

He used the proceeds from the sales of his car to buy a new one.(그는 자기 차를 팔아 낸 수익을 새차를 사는데 썼다)

한편 precede는 <pre=before)+cede(=go)>로 분석되는 단어로 '앞서다'(come before)의 의미로 쓰인다.

(ex) The dark skies preceded the thunderstorm.(어두운 하늘이 뇌우의 전조를 보였다)

procure는 '사다'(purchase), '얻다'(obtain)의 의미로 쓰인다.

(ex) The criminal procured weapons from manufacturers.(그 죄수는 제조업자로부터 무기를 조달 받았다.)

2. foresee, foreshadow, foreclose, forestall

단어 앞부분에 'fore'가 붙으면 before의 뜻이 첨가된다. foresee 는 말 그대로 '미리 보다', '예상하다'(predict, foretell)이다.

(ex) He foresaw the troubles ahead and took steps to avoid them.

(그는 문제를 예견하고 문제를 피하고자 조치를 취했다)

시험에는 이 단어의 형용사형인 'in the foreseeable future'(가까운 장래에)가 출제 된 바 있다.

foreshadow는 '미리 그늘을 드리우다'의 의미로 '전조가 되다'(be a sign of future events, portend)의 의미로 쓰인다.

(ex) The failure of that bank foreshadowed a general financial crisis.(그 은행의 파산은 전체적인 재정 위기의 전조가 되었다)

foreclose는 '미리 막다'의 의미에서 '미연에 방지하다'(stop something before it happens, preclude)의 의미로 쓰인다. forestall도 비슷한 의미로 사용된다.

(ex) Her death forecloses the possibility of changing her will.(그녀의 죽음이 그녀의 유언의 변경가능성을 방지했다)

He forestalled the closing of his company by getting a loan from the bank.(그는 은행에서 돈을 빌림으로써 회사가 문 닫는 것을 막았다)

3. update/updated/upkeep

update는 명사로는 '최신정보', '갱신하기'(an act of updating)의 의미로 쓰이고 동사로는 '최신의 것으로 하다'(make something current, up-to-date)의 의미로 쓰인다.

(ex) The TV updated a news story on the bad storm coming to our area.

(TV는 우리 지역에 다가오는 폭풍우에 관한 최신 정보를 제공했다)

이 단어가 '최신 개정된'의 의미로 형용사적으로 쓰일 경우 updated가 된다. updated edition(최신 개정판), updated report(최신 보고서)등을 익혀 두자. TOEIC에는 updated자리에 update를 쓰면 틀린다는 요점을 출제한다.

upkeep은 명사로 건물 기계 등의 '유지비'(the cost and work needed to keep property and machines repaired and working well)를 나타낸다.

(ex) Old photocopiers are inexpensive to buy, but the cost of upkeep can be tremendous.(중고 복사기는 싸지만, 유지비가 매우 많이 들 수 있다.)

4. observance, observation

동사 observe가 '보다'(view, watch)와 지키다, 준수하다(respect or follow laws, rules or customs)의 의미로 쓰이기 때문에 이 단어에는 명사형이 두 개가 있다.

observance는 '준수', '행사의 경축'(the celebration of an event)을 의미하고 observation은 '관찰'을 의미한다.

TOEIC Part 6에서 이 둘 간에 혼동을 유발하는 문제가 최근에 출제되었다.

(ex) The observance of Independence day includes fireworks and patriotic speeches.

(독립기념일의 경축행사에는 불꽃놀이, 애국적인 연설이 포함된다)

The soldier climbed the church tower for observation of the whole city.

(그 군인은 전체 도시를 관찰하기 위하여 교회탑으로 올라갔다)

실전 문제

1. He can't _________ with his work until his computer is fixed.

(A) proceed (B) precede (C) procure (D) proceeds

2. I was going to mention the accident when you _________ me.

(A) foresaw (B) forestalled

(C) foreseeable (D) foreshadowed

3. The workshop trainees will be supplied with an _______ manual that outlines all the organizations' rules and regulations.

(A) update (B) upkeep (C) updated (D) up

4. In ________ of the national holiday, our offices throughout the country will be closed for business on

Friday of the this week.

(A) commemorate (B) observation

(C) observe (D) observance

정답: 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D)

1. commodity/commodious/commune/commotion

commodity는 일용품, 필수품을 가리키는 단어이다. TOEIC Part 5에 답으로 잘 나오는 단어이다. 예를 들어 staple commodities는 주요상품을 가리킨다.

(ex) Garlic is an important commodity in the East.(마늘은 동양에서 중요한 일용품이다.)

commodious는 형용사로 '공간이 넓은'(roomy, spacious)의 의미로 쓰인다. a commodious apartment는 '공간이 넓은 아파트'가 된다.

(ex) My secretary has already reserved a commodious hotel bedroom.(내 비서가 이미 공간이 넓은 호텔 방을 예약해 두었다)

commune은 명사로는 '공동 생활체'를, 동사로는 '이야기하다'(converse or talk with), '교제하다'(be in close communication)의 의미로 쓰인다. to commune with nature는 '자연과 교감하다'의 의미가 된다.

(ex) He's gone off alone into the mountains to commune with nature.(그는 자연과의 교감을 나누고자 혼자서 산에 갔다)

They set up a hippy commune on a remote Scottish Island.(그들은 외진 스코틀랜드 섬에 히피 공동체를 만들었다)

commotion은 com(=together)+motion(=move)의 의미로 '동요', '소요', '폭동'(violent noisy action)등을 의미한다.

(ex) There was a bit of commotion when he was asked to fall on his knees.(그가 무릎을 꿇으라는 요청을 받자 약간의 동요가 있었다.)

2. complacency, complaisance

complacency는 '자기만족'(self-satisfaction)을 의미하는 단어이다. 이 단어의 형용사형은 complacent이다.

(ex) Business is showing some signs of improvement in Korea, but there is still no room for complacency.(한국에서 경기가 나아질 조짐이 보이지만, 아직 만족할 분위기는 아니다)

He likes his job and has a complacent attitude toward life.(그는 자기 일을 좋아하며 인생에 대해 자족하는 태도를 가지고 있다)

complaisance는 '사근사근함'(willingness, readiness, or inclination to please), '공손함', 또는 '체념'을 의미한다. 형용사형은 complaisant이다. 이 단어는 다소 구식의 문학적 표현에 잘 등장한다.

(ex) It would be better to close our eyes like a complaisant husband whose wife eloped with a lover.(아내가 정부와 도망친 것에 대해 체념한 남편처럼 눈을 감고 있는 게 낫겠다)

3. stern/stringent

sternly는 '엄격한'(firm, strict), 또는 '혹독한'(severe)의 의미로 쓰인다. 이 단어는 명사로는 배의 후미를 가리킨다.

(ex) His stern mother made him do all his homework before dinner.(그의 엄격한 어머니는 그가 저녁 식사 전에 모든 숙제를 다 하도록 했다)

The teacher enforced stern discipline on her students.(선생님은 학생들에게 엄격한 규율을 시행했다)

토익 공부를 하시다보면 복합명사가 상당히 골치거리로 작용하는 경우가 많은데요, 아래에 적혀있는 것들은 하나의 단어처럼 쓰이므로 통째로 암기해두시는게 좋습니다.

복합명사의 첫번째 단어에 형용사를 넣고 틀린것 고르라고 하는 문제는 토익의 단골손님입니다.^^(까페지기 올림)

참고로 이 자료는 '토익 900을 위해'까페에서 퍼온글인데

정말 좋은 자료이므로 반드시 익히세요..

。 customs regulations(세관 규정)

。 dress-code regulation(복정 규정)

。 consumer loan(소비자를 위한 융자, 대부) 주의 사항은 consumer를

consuming로 해서는 안된다

。 service desk (서비스 창구)

。 consumer satisfaction(고객 만족)

。 advertising/marketing/sales strategy(광고/마케팅/판매 전략)

。 employee participation 직원 참여

。 hotel reservation 호텔 예약

。 product recognition(제품 인지도)

。 product availability(제품 이용)

。 profit margin(이윤 마진)

。 attendance record(출석율) (이때 attendant로 해서는 안된다)

°heating equipment( 난방 장치) :시험에는 heatings equipment로 -s를

빼는 문제로 출제가 된 바 있었다.

°expiration date(만기일)(미국식 영어) syn. expiry date(영국식 영어)

아래의 내용은 이익훈 어학원 사이트에서 퍼온 글입니다.

품사별로 가장 많이 출제되었던 어휘이니 한번 살펴보시길

바랍니다.어려운건 없죠..?(까페지기 올림)

Noun

approach 접근

bid 입찰

consent 동의

condition 조건, 상태

contraction 수축, 축소, 단축

convergence 한 점으로 집합함, 수렴

offer 제공, 제의

suggestion 제안, 암시

Verb

abbreviate 생략하다

assume 가정하다, (임무 등을) 맡다

assign 할당하다, 지정하다

consecrate 신성하게 하다

correlate 서로 관련시키다

dedicate 헌신하다, 바치다

inspect 검사하다, 조사하다

install 설치하다

Adj.

allowable 허가할 수 있는, 무방한

conditional 조건부의, 잠정적인

deliberate 신중한, 고의의

dependable 의존할[신뢰할] 수 있는

eligible 적격의, 자격 있는

predictable 예언[예측] 할 수 있는

permissable 허가할 수 있는, 무방한

responsible 책임있는

Ad.

amply 충분히, 상세하게

deeply 깊이, 몹시

expensively 비싸게

extremely 매우, 극단적으로

largely 주로, 대량으로

presently 곧, 얼마 안 있어

rapidly 빨리, 급속히

tightly 단단히, 팽팽하게

within the organization/ company 조직/회사 내에서

-Adequate actions must be taken to reduce losses within the company.

within the guideline guideline을 지켜서..

in accordance with ... ....에 맞추어서

-He acts in accordance with the law.

prior to .....(-ing 형태도 가능) ....전에

-We recieved no notification prior to the event.

standards for .... ....에 대한/위한 표준

-We provide first-class standars for service.

in bulk 다량으로

in bulks (X)

-It's cheaper to buy goods in bulk.

be consistent with.... ...와 일관성 있는

-What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.

with few exceptions ...예외는 거의 없이

(few앞에 a가 없으므로 부정으로 해석!)

-All students must take English examination with few exceptions.

go into effect 유효하게 되다/효력을 발생하다

=come into effect

-New seat belt regulations come into effect last week.

take A into effect A를 시행하다/ 유효하게 하다

be in effect

-Some ancient laws are still in effect. 유효한 상태/ 시행중..

do your utmost 최선을 다하다.

= do your best

-I did my best to stop her.

be skilled in ...에 능숙한

-He is skilled in communication.

cf) be skillful at... ..를 잘 하는(=be good at..)

-He is skillfull at dealing with complaints.

be in charge of ...을 책임지다.

-The driver is in charge of the safety of passenger.

provide A with B

-The book will provide you with all the imformation you need. A에게 B 를 공급하다

아래에 정리된 숙어는 실제 토익 시험에서 출제되었던

토익의 숙어들이므로 아시더라도 다시한번 살펴보시길

바랍니다..(까페지기 올림)

옆에 나온 날짜는 출제되었던 시험을 말합니다.

제공하다: hold out (1999년 1월)

마찬가지로 (정확)하다: just as (accurate) (1999년 2월)

통과하다, 합격하다: get through (1999년 2월)

자격이 있는: be eligible for (1999년 3월)

～에 의해서: by means of (1999년 3월)

～에 아무의 주의를 환기시키다: call one's attention to (1999년 4월)

～에 따라: according to (1999년 4월)

～할 가능성이 있다: be likely to 부정사 (1999년 5월)

아직～하지 못하다: have yet to 부정사 (1999년 5월)

계산해 두다, 기억하고 있다: keep track of (1999년 6월)

관심이 있다: be interested in (1999년 7월)

이용하다: take advantage of (1999년 8월)

발효하다: come into effect (1999년 9월)

～의 비용으로: at one's expense (1999년 9월)

결론적으로: in conclusion (1999년 9월)

～에 책임이 있다: be responsible for (2000년 2월)

보충하다: make up for (2000년 2월)

뿐만아니라: in addition to (2000년 2월)

3등하다: come in third (2000년 3월)

(범위 등을) 한정하다: narrow down A to B (2000년 3월)

시간 전에: ahead of time (2000년 4월)

～하기 쉬운: be subject to on behalf of (2000년 4월)

～은 제외하고: aside from (2000년 5월)

참다, 견디다: put up with (2000년 5월)

방해하다: interfere with (2000년 7월)

미리: in advance (2000년 7월)

～에 따르다: comply with (2000년 8월)

～할 수 있다: be capable of ～ing (2000년 10월)

승인하다: approve of (2000년 10월)

～대신에: in stead of (2000년 11월)

고려하다: take into consideration (2000년 11월)

토익 시험에 출제되는 전치사의 쓰임에 관한 정리입니다.

소량이지만 꼭 한번씩 읽으시길 바랍니다.(까페지기 올림)

at a surprisingly fast pace(놀랍게 빠른 속도로)

throughout the world (around the world)

in conclusion: 결론적으로

touched down: 착륙하다

at all times: 항상

Under the new management: 새로운 경영진의 지도아래

in spite of(despite): ～에도 불구하고

except: ～을 제외하고

along the beach: 해변을 따라

by phone: 교통 통신 수단은 by

in Beijing: 큰 장소는 in

within our company: 우리 회사 내에

on March 31(3월 31일에): 날짜에는 on

in 2001(2001년에), in June(6월에), in summer: 연, 월,

계절 등에는 in

안녕하세요,까페지기 updater 입니다., 아래의 표현은

하나의 덩어리로 익혀두시길 권해드립니다..아주 빈출되는

표현이거든요..

1. 의학 기술의 진전: advances in medical technology

2. 서류 두통: the documents in duplicate

3. 이 달 말에: at the end of this month

4. 가망이 있는 고객: potential(prospective) client

5. 회계 연도: the fiscal year

6. 가까운 장래에: in the forseeable future

7. 관련 주제: the issues involved

8. 기존 장비: existing equipment

9. 설득력 있는 주장(논의): persuasive argument 등등

10. ～에 대한 긴급한 요청: urgent request for～

11. 난방 설비: heating system

12. 영업부: sales department - sale department(×)

13. 세관 신고: customs declaration - custom declaration(×)

14. 요구를 충족시키다: meet one's needs

15. 기부하다(모금하다): contribute one's donations

16. 토대가 되다: serve as the foundation

17. 시장 전략: marketing strategy

18. 편의를 위해: for your convenience

19. 아주 조심스럽게 사용하다: use extreme caution

20. 선적 부서: the shipping division (자동차 부서: the

automobile division)

아래의 내용은 김태영님이 올려주신 자료입니다. 내용상 이곳 voca 게시판에 있는게 한꺼번에 보시기 편할것같아서 위치를 이곳으로 옮겨드립니다. 어휘공부 열심히 하시길 바랍니다. 아울러 자료를 올려주신데 대해 다시한번 감사의 말씀을 드립니다.updater 올림.*^^*

부사에 관한 기출문제를 정리했습다....

1.Drugs like crack are (readily) available.

-> 쉽게 구입가능한

2.The islands, which are northwest of Austrialia, are (collectively) known as Malasia

-> 집단적으로

3.Classes at the college have become (increasingly) full over the past.

->갈수록 사람들이 많아지고 있다.

4.You are cordially invited to our coctail party.

->진심으로 초대되다.

5.This store is (tempoarily) closed for renovation.

->잠시 문을 닫는다.

6.Advancement within the firm is (largely) determined by staff member's performance evaluations.

->대체로.

7.기타:

work cooperatively, do the work so efficiently,

under construction, unconditionanlly guaranteed,

easily found, answered the question promptly,

eventually need to be modernized,

extremely successful, will slightly increase,

is storngly recommended,

each lens is made separately,

is continually dumping unclear wastes,

to be adequately prepared for, worked so diligently

severely reprimanded(호되게 꾸짖다.)

should be reported promptly to the issuing office.

are adequately wrapping the package, promply at 6:00

안녕하세요,까페지기 updater 입니다. 아래에 올려드린 내용은 김대균 강사님의 홈페이지에서 퍼온 자료입니다. 도움이 되실거란 생각이 드는군요..^^

동사 숙어 유형별 정리

1. bring it about: make it happen(발생하게 하다, 야기시키다)

(ex) We are trying to bring about a solution.

2. put it away: store it(저장하다, 치우다)

(ex) Please put the picture away.

3. call me back: telephone me again(다시 전화하다)

(ex) Call me back at eight.

4. cut it down: make it smaller(줄이다, 작게 만들다)

(ex) The report is too long; cut it down.

5. put her down: criticize her(비판하다)

(ex) He always puts her down.

6. tear it down: destroy it(파괴하다)

(ex) They tore the building down

7. turn him down: refuse his request(그의 요청을 거절하다)

(ex) He wanted to marry her; she turned him down.

8. fill it in: complete it(완성하다, 작성하다)

(ex) You have to fill in this form.

9. hand it in: give it to the leader(제출하다)

(ex) Students, hand in your papers!

10. bring it on: cause it(야기하다)

(ex) The weather brought on my cold.

11. have it on: be wearing it(입다)

(ex) She has on a new sweater.

12. put me on: tell me a lie(나에게 거짓말하다)

(ex) he says he is a lawyer; I think heꡑs putting me on.

13. try it on: put it on to test it(시험 삼아 입어/신어보다)

(ex) Did you try it on at the store?

14. call it off: cancel it(취소하다)

(ex) We called off the wedding.

15. drop it off: leave it(내려두다, 남기다)

(ex) Drop the package off tonight.

16. put if off: postpone it(연기하다)

(ex) They put the picnic off until Friday.

17. put him off: repel him(혐오감을 주다)

(ex) That perfume really put him off.

18. take it off: remove it(제거하다)

(ex) Can you take the pan off the stove?

19. tear it off: remove it quickly(빨리 제거하다)

(ex) He tore off his shirt and made a bandage.

20. ask you out: invite you(초대하다, 데이트 신청하다)

(ex) He wants to ask you out.

21. cross it out: delete it(제거하다)

Please cross out the mistake!

22. figure it out: solve it(해결하다)

(ex) I canꡑt figure out the riddle.

23. get it out: remove it(제거하다)

(ex) Can you get this splinter[파편, 조각] out?

24. pass it out: distribute it(나눠주다)

(ex) Can you pass this information out?

25. put it out: extinguish it(끄다)

(ex) He was able to put out the fire.

26. Put us out: make us leave(떠나게 하다)/annoy us(화나게 하다)

(ex) She put us out at night./That really put us out.

자동사와 타동사의 구별이 필요한 이유는 비 영어권 사람들이 혼동하여 많은 실수를 하기 때문입니다.

예를들어, "I want to discuss about something to you.(x) 는 틀린 문장입니다. discuss = talk about 란 뜻이므로 위의 문장을 동의어인 talk로 바꾸게 되면, "I want to talk about about something... 이 되므로 틀리게 되는 것입니다. 타동사가 전치사의 의미까지 포함하고 있기 때문에 타동사는 전치사와 함께 쓰이지 않습니다.

◈ 토익에 나오는 타동사

1. access 2. exceed 3. disclose 4. regret 5. resemble 6. mention

7. appriciate 8. approach 9. inspect 10. raise 11. attend 12. reach

13. discuss 14. marry

위의 동사는 대표적인 타동사로서 access to, exceed at, disclose about, approach to, attend at, marry with 와 같이 토익 시험에 나온다면 무조건 답이 됩니다.

위의 타동사를 암기하세요. 한 문제는 먹고 들어가는 겁니다.(1 문제이상 매 월 출제 됩니다)

그러나 access 와 approach 는 동사가 아닌 명사로 쓰일 때 Have access to, approach to 와 같이 전치사와 함께 쓰이는 경우가 있습니다.

자동사를 가지고는 수동태를 만들 수 없음을 기억하세요.

다음에 열거된 자동사는 대표적 자동사로서 Be looked, Be arrived 와 같은 형식은 틀린 것입니다.

◈ 토익에 나오는 자동사

1. look 2. happen 3. arrive 4. disappear 5. wait

7. rise 8. function 9. stay 10. deteriorate

마직막으로 혼동하기 쉬운 동사!

rise - rose - risen : 오르다

raise - raised - raised : ~을 올리다

lie - lay - lain : 놓여 있다. 눕다

lie - lied - lied : 거짓말 하다

lay - laid - laid : ~을 놓다, 두다

sit - sat - sat : 앉다

seat - seated -seated : 앉히다

hang - hanged - hanged : 교수형에 처하다

hang- hung -hung : 걸다

전치사 ON:

1. have an impact(혹은 effect) on +명사--에 영향을 주다. 절대 onto가 아님!

2. decide on +명사 --으로 결정짓다.

3. plan on ~ing-- 을 계획하다.

4. agree on +안건 --에동의하다.

5. spend money on +명사--에 돈을 쓰다.

6. tax on+명사--에대한 세금

7. impose tax on imported goods--(수입품)에 대해 세금을 부과하다.

8. depend (rely, count) on +명사 --에 의존하다.

9. on behalf of 사람 --누구누구)를 대신하여

10. A survey on customer preference--소비자 기호도에 대한 여론조사(~~에관한)

전치사 TO:

1. be limited to --으로 국한되어있다.

2. due to- ~ 때문에

3. be admitted to- ~에 입장하다.

4. prior to- ~전에 (절대 earlier to 가아님!)

5. contribute to --에 기여하다.

6. lead to -- result in --결과를 낳다, --을 초래하다.

7. object to -- 에반대하다.

8. apply to --에 적용하다.

9. contribute to --에 기여하다

10. with regard to --에 대해

11. subscribe to 잡지이름 --~~을 정기 구독하다.

12. attribute to --에 기인하다.

13. be subject to --영향을) 받기쉬운(허락을 ) 받아야하는 예) The prices are subject to change. 가격은 바뀔수있읍니다. This plan is subject to your approval. 이계획은 당신의 허락을 받아야합니다.

14. be entitled to--할 자격이 있다.

15. commitment to--~~에 대한 헌신,전념

16. refer to--을 참고하다.*** in reference to --~~에 관하여=about

17. owing to--~~ 때문에

18. dedicate oneself to--~~에 대해 헌신, 전념하다.

전치사 FOR:

1. except for--을 제외하고

2. apply for --에 지원하다. 을 신청하다.

3. ask for --을 요청 하다.

4. request for --을 요청하다.

5. be qualified for--할 자격이 있다

6. be liable for = responsible for --에 대해 책임이 있다.

7. be eligible for--할 자격이있다.

8. make up for = compensate for ~~에대해보상하다.절대make over for이아님!!

9. discount vouchers for the exhibition -전람회할인권(용도)

10. for + 기간을 나타내는 숫자 예) for 10 years

since + 과거 시점, 과거절 예) since yesterday

during + 고정된기간 예) during this summer

전치사 AT:

1. at the end of the month-- 월말에

2. at its(소유격) peak 최고조에 이른

3. at the meeting 회의장 에서

4. at the rate of-- ~~의 비율로(비율이나 속도를 나타내는단어에는 at 을쓴다)

5. at a suprisingly fast pace--놀랄만한 속도로 예) run at 50m/h

6. at first 처음에 (by first란 말은없음!)

7. at random 임의로, 무작위로

8. at least 최소한

9. at once 즉시 = immediately

전치사 FROM:

1. benefit from --로 부터 혜택을 받다.

2. collect from--로부터 (돈 등을)걷다.

3. differ from --과 다르다 = be different from

4. withdraw from --- 로부터 돈을 꺼내다, --로부터 철수하다

5. prevent(stop, ban) A from ~ing ---A가 ~ing 못하게 방지 하다

6. protect A from B ---B로부터 A를 보호하다.

7. judging from-- ~~로 미루어보아

8. retire from 혹은 as+직책명 --직에서 물러나다.

9. be far from --~~과는 거리가 멀다.

전치사 IN:

1. be involved in- 관여하다.

2. be engaged in-에 관련하다.

3. in the suburbs of--~~의 외곽에

4. be in charge of~의 책임을 맡다.

5. in the event of (= in case of)~~의 경우에

** in the event that 주어 + 동사 (= in case that)~~ 의 경우에

6. in front of--~~ 의 앞에

7. in spite of (=despite)--~~에도 불구하고

8. in comparison with--과 비교하여

9. in the mail (by mail) 우편으로 put A in the mail 발송하다

10. in effect = valid 유효한, 효력이있는

11. in the corner office 모퉁이 사무실에

12. in stock (반대말 out of stock ) 재고를 보유중인 (다 떨어진)

13. in print (반대말 out of print) 발간되고 있는 (절판된)

14. in recession (out of recession)불황에 빠진 ( 벗어난)

15. be skilled in ~ing-- ~에 능숙하다.

16. participate in (= take part in)- 에 참석하다.

17. stop in, drop in, come in --~~에 잠시 들르다.

18. invest in--~~에 투자하다

19. be interested in--~~에 관심이 있다.

20. wait in line-- 줄서서 기다리다.

21. in +1997, April

22. in response to--~~에대한 응답으로써

23. in terms of --~~라는 점에서, ~~라는 견지에서

24. turn in, hand in(= submit)--~~을 제출하다

25. in accordance with--~~에 따라서

26. in advance = ahead of time --미리

27. in a row-- 줄줄이, 연달아

전치사 OF:

1. instead of-- ~~ 대신에

2. be desirous of ---~~을 열망하는

3. be appreciative of --에 대해 감사히 여기다.

4. be capable of --할 능력이 있는

5. accuse A of B --A 를 B 에 대해 비난하다. 고소하다.

6. approve of--~을 승인하다.

7. on account of-- ~때문에

8. take advantage of--~~을 이용하다. take the advantage of는 틀림

9. be in charge of--~~책임을 맡다.

10. regardless of--~~에 관계없이

전치사 WITH:

1. agree with 사람--~~와 동의하다.

2. comply with--(규칙이나 법등)~~을 순응하다.

3. be associated with --과 관련이있다

4. provide(supply) A with B --A에게 B를 공급하다.**present 의뜻에 유의

5. present A with B -- A 에게 B를 주다.선사하다.

6. be familiar with--~~에 대해 잘알다.

7. with high unemployment rates,--높은실업상황하에서( 상황을 나타내는 with)

8. deal (cope) with--~~을 다루다. 처리하다.

9. with the exception of( with a few exceptions)--~~ 을 제외하고

10. with care--조심스럽게

11. help 사람 with 도움내용 --He helped me with my homework.

전치사 INTO:

1. go into effect-- 효력을 발생하다.

2. into the next century-- 다음 세기로

3. change( turn, convert, shift) A into B --A를 B로 바꾸다.

4. be taken into custody--수감되다.

전치사 BY:

1. rise by 20%-- 정도나 차이를 나타내는 by: 앞에 증가나 감소의 의미의 동사가 온다

2. abide by 법 등을)을 준수하다.= comply with

3. stop by, come by, drop by + 장소 --~~에 들르다.=visit casually

4. by +날짜, 요일, 시각--~~까지 (시한, 기한의 by = no later than)

예) by the end of the week 이번주 말까지

5. I was taken by surprise.--놀라다

그 외...

1.fill out--(서류등을) 작성하다 fill up 이 아님

2.leave 목 out --~~을 빠뜨리다

3.run out of--~~이 다떨어지다

4.cut down on 명사--~을 줄이다, 삭감하다

5.sign up for--~~에 등록하다.

6.infringe on(upon)--(권리등을)을 침해하다

7.set up --~~을 설립, 설치하다.

8.show up--나타나다

9.as of today--오늘부터

10.do without --~~없이 지내다.

11.be concerned about = be worried about--~~에 대해 걱정하다

12.operate within the guidelines (안내지침)--~~ 내에서 (운영하다.)

13.beyond control (= out of control)--통제 불능의

14.upon request--요청에 따라

15.Monday through Friday-- 월요일부터 금요일까지

16.throughout the world-- 전세계적으로

17.the trend toward--~~방향으로의 추세

18.under warranty-- 품질 보증기간 내의

다른 님들이 올려주신 분들과 겹치는 부분은 제끼고

없는 부분만 몽땅 뽑아서 열심히 공부하시면 효과가 있을거라고 생각합니다.

=======================================================

1. the reserved area.(reserved 예약된, 지정된)

2. the production schedule(N + N 유형/ production 생산)

3. to detach the last section(detach 떼어내다)

4. to have some question concerning (question concerning--에 관한 질문)

5. to comply with regulations, code, rule 등(규정을 지키다/ comply 찾기 )

6. to have access to(접근하다, 이용하다/ access 앞에 형용사 unlimited 넣기)

7. approximately 10,000 customers(approximately 대략 )

8. be assigned to employees(assign 할당하다/3V)

9. to obtain certification(certification 수료증, 증명서)

10. the concerns of stockholders(명사+전/ concern of --에 대한 걱정)

11. with the written consent(consent 동의)

12. at considerable expense(considerable 상당히 많은/ expense: 비용, 어휘문제)

13. to customize for users(customize 주문제작하다)

14. a dedicated and talented team(dedicated 헌신적인/ dedication /n/ '01/3 TOEIC)

15. be favorably received by (favorably/부/ 호의적으로)

16. They finally agreed to(finally/부/ 마침내)

17. the former presidents(전 사장/대통령)

18. a marked increase in(명+전/ increase in --에 증가)

19. to meet their needs(meet 충족시키다)

20. to be promptly submitted(promptly/부/ 신속히)

21. to increase rapidly(rapidly/부/ 빠르게. dramatically/부/)

22. to come in first/second/third(1등/2등/3등 하다)

23. to appreciate the hospitality(hospitality 호의 ,환대, '01/3 TOEIC )

24. marginal interest( marginal/a/ 적은 관심)

25. the aims of the convention(aim 목표)

26. in the foreseeable future(forseeable/a/ 가까운 미래에)

27. As part of the project (프로젝트의 일부(part)로)

28. at a reasonable price(reasonable/a/ 적절한 합리적인)

29. be supposed to do(be supposed to --일 것이다)

30. the capacity of the computers(capacity/n/ 능력, 용량)

31. to be developed concurrently(concurrently/부/ 협력해서)

32. to describe the minutes(transcribe/v/ 베끼다, 필기하다)

33. to influence pricing(influence/v/ 영향을 미치다)

34. staff productivity(productivity/n/ 생산성)

35. sweaters made of wool (made of -로 만들어진)

36. between A and B(-사이에/2개)

37. on the waiting list( list/n/ 대기 목록에)

38. the charity in honor of the president(in honor of -을 기념하여/-을 위해서)

39. repeated absenteeism(반복되는 결근)

40. 현재완료+ for the past three years(지난 3년간)

3. 토익에 나오는 단어/숙어 표현들 - 족집게 어법 49, 50의 심화학습!

토익 단어, 숙어 표현들은 어떤 것들이 출제될까? 2000년대 들어 어휘 및 표현들이 어려워지는 경향이다. 단어/표현으로 구분하여 정리해 보도록 하자.

TOEIC에 나오는 어휘 문제는 모두 일상 업무에 쓰이는 실용어휘에 초점이 맞춰져 있으며 21세기 들어 다양해지는 추세이다. 기본적으로 유사한 spelling의 단어들을 보기에 나열하여 혼동을 유발하는 문제가 있지만, 2000년대 들어 그러한 형태의 문제보다는 spelling은 다르지만 유사한 의미의 단어들을 나열하여 혼동을 유발하는 다음과 같은 유형들이 있다.

(ex1) The police chief told the detective to ______ with the investigation after the evidence had been gathered.

(A) proceed (B) recede (C) concede (D) decide

* 보기 단어들을 보면 형태가 비슷하다. spelling이 비슷한 단어들을 나열하여 답을 고르게 하는 문제는 TOEIC의 전형적인 어휘 문제이다. 빈칸 뒤의 전치사 with와 어울리는 동사는 proceed뿐이다. proceed with:진행하다. recede:후퇴하다, concede:인정하다/정답:(A)

(ex2) The automobile _______ of our company is very successful because of good teamwork and strict management.

(A) division (B) part (C) section (D) slice

* 자동차 부서는 automobile division이다. 이 표현을 덩어리로 암기한 사람은 별 문제 없이 풀 수 있지만, 암기하지 않은 상태에서는 비슷한 의미의 단어들인 (B), (C), (D)와 혼동을 유발한다./정답:(A)

(ex3) This statue will be opened in honor ___ all the servicemen who have struggled to make this country a safe place to live.

(A) to (B) from (C) for (D) of

* ‘...를 기리기 위하여’는 in honor of로 표현한다. 최근 토익에 나온 문제 유형이다. 전치사 숙어 문제는 매 월 출제된다./정답:(D)

4. 토익에 나온 어휘 중에 어려웠던 것들

토익 어휘가 쉽다는 생각은 이제 버려야 할 때가 된 것 같다. 굳은 날씨(inclement weather)라는 표현이 리스닝에 들리고 Part 5 보기 중에는 divert(관심이나 방향을 돌리다)/disqualify(자격을 박탈하다)/postulate(당연히 여기다)/refurbish(새롭게 단장하다)/rebuff(반박하다)/pertinence(적절성)/reprimand(꾸짖다)/complacent(자기 만족의)/feasible(실행 가능한), frenetic(광포한), 등이 보인다. part7에는 fraudulent(사기성의)같은 단어도 보인다. 어휘력과 표현력을 키우는 것이 토익과 직결된다는 사실을 인식하자.

5.  토익에 나오는 숙어 문제들

1999년에도, 2000에도 출제된 표현 중에는 put in for(요청하다)가 있다. 요즈음에 서서히 숙어 문제가 어려워진다는 것을 상징적으로 보여주는 표현이다. 다음의 문제들을 풀어보자. 각 문제 당 12초 내에 풀어보는 연습을 하자. 단어/숙어 문제들은 정직하여 머리에 입력이 되지 않은 상태에서는 풀 수 없기 때문에 아는 것은 바로 풀고 모르는 문제는 추측(guessing)해서 바로 답을 고르는 훈련을 해야 한다.

1. Ten people had been killed, and it was obvious that the situation had gotten ______ the control of the authorities.

(A) on (B) off (C) above (D) beyond

2. _______ to an auditing report submitted by the insurer to the Financial Supervisory Commission, the company sharply increased its stake in Citi Life.

(A) Attempting (B) Adopting (C) Acquitting (D) According

3. It is the family who stand to benefit most ______ the windfall gains.

(A) to (B) from (C) at (D) for

4. Given the rapid growth rate of imports, the nation's trade surplus is ________ to drop significantly in the coming months.

(A) likely (B) lovely (C) liking (D) reliably

5. _____ largely to the hikes in oil prices in February, the country began to pay higher for its crude oil imports.

(A) According (B) Because (C) Due (D) Although

6. Tens of thousands of people swarmed the street of Pristina on the first ____ September to celebrate the 10th anniversary of a unilateral declaration of independence.

(A) in (B) on (C) at (D) of

7. At the end of the concert, all audience should follow signs _____ the exits on the left side of the theater.

(A) from (B) on (C) to (D) at

8. In China, the gross national product grew _______ a 3 percent rate in the past year.

(A) at (B) in (C) on (D) up

9. Ms. Stone and I have same question _______ the warehouse inventory in Seoul.

(A) concern (B) regard (C) concerning (D) regardless

10. I try to read the newspapers everyday to keep _______ of what's happening in this world.

(A) abreast (B) early hours (C) time (D) company

11. Please _________ this memorandum to all employees; it sends word of change in our sick leave policy.

(A) attribute (B) contribute (C) distribute (D) refer

12. The man was -------- for the damage caused by his daughter's carelessness.

(A) responsible (B) likely	(C) care	(D) request

13. If all employees do their _______ to ensure a quality product, this company will be sure to succeed. (A) almost (B) most (C) utmost (D) mostly

14. The Micro Software Company _________ its recent gains in market to price cutting.

(A) accounts	(B) attributes	(C) accuses	(D) appraises

15 The marketing manager was concerned __________ the major changes in the working condition. (A) about (B) on (C) at (D) to

16. Candidates must have a doctor's degree  to be eligible ______ the professional positions in this company.

(A) by (B) on (C) with (D) for

17. The airport shuttle leaves every hour ____ the hour Monday through Saturday.

(A) on (B) in (C) from (D) to

18. _________ 1996 there were no methods for curing AIDS but in 1997 a research team led by Dr.  David Ho developed "AIDS cocktail".

(A) Prior to (B) As soon as (C) Previous (D) Not until

19. Attractive remuneration ________ with qualifications, experience, and commitment will be offered to all successful candidates.

(A) eligible (B) come (C) commensurate (D) adaptable

20. If we modernize our management, we will continue to grow and prosper well ______ the next century.

(A) about (B) of (C) as (D) into

--------------------------------

1. beyond the control of:...의 수준을 넘어서다. 명사 앞 뒤 전치사는 덩어리로 암기하자./정답:(D)

2. according to:...에 의하면. part6에서는 accordingly to로 틀리게 써서 밑줄이 그어진 부분이 답이 문제가 출제된 바 있다./정답:(D)

3. benefit from:...로부터 혜택을 보다./정답:(B)

4. be likely to:...할 것 같은. 쉽지만, 시험에 자주 출제된다./정답:(A)

5. due to:... 때문에. 두 단어 사이에 largely가 들어가 현혁시키는 함정이 들어간 문제유형이다./정답:(C)

6. on the first of September: 9월 1일에. September 만 단독으로 있는 경우 in September 이지만, <on[by, at] the + 서수/end + of September/year/month>를 기억하자./정답:(D)

7. signs to the exits: 출구로 가는 표지판. 전치사 문제는 매 월 출제된다./정답:(C)

8. at the rate of:...의 비율로./정답:(A)

9. question about/concerning...:...에 관한 질문/정답:(C)

10. keep abreast of:뒤지지 않고 따라가다/정답:(A)

11. distribute A to B: A에게 B를 배부하다./정답:(C)

12. be responsible for:...에 책임을 지다. 쉬운 문제지만 자주 출제된다./정답:(A)

13. do one's best/utmost: 최선을 다하다/정답:(C)

14. attribute A to B: A를 B의 덕[탓]으로 돌리다./정답:(B)

15. be concerned about:...에 관심[걱정]을 갖다./정답:(A)

16. be eligible for:...할 자격을 갖다. 시험에 자주 나오는 표현이다./정답:(D)

17. every hour on the hour: 매 시간 정각에/정답:(A)

18. Prior to:...보다 앞서서/정답:(A)

19. commensurate with:...에 비례하는/정답:(C)

20. well into the next century: 다음 세기 훨씬 들어서까지./정답:(D)

6. 김대균의 순도 100%의 21세기 TOEIC 적중 Vocabulary 문제들 100선

1. He was ------ known as Alan Smith before he was forced to change his name because of his involvement in the CIA.

(A) previously (B) presumably (C) before (D) foremost

2. I will only ------ receipt of a letter once I have it in front of me and I am given some time to go through it and give it my own seal of approval.

(A) denounce (B) denote (C) knowledge (D) acknowledge

3. The board has made a ------ decision to approve the appointment of our new company president, so I would like to introduce him to you now.

(A) anonymous (B) unanimous (C) announced (D) animated

4. The aim of the Microsoft Windows operating system is to make computers more ------ for the general public.

(A) user-friendly (B) friend (C) utilized (D) stylish

5. The goal of web advertising is to make the practice of shopping at department stores and markets ---------.

(A) dead (B) deceased (C) obsolete (D) released

6. Among all the statesmen who will be at the dinner party tonight, Mr. Kim is by far the most well-respected -------.

(A) dignitary (B) agent (C) investigator (D) attorney

7. Before you decide to travel around Europe, it is important to go to a travel agent so that you can put together a good -------.

(A) list (B) travel paper (C) travel list (D) itinerary

8. The privatization of the transport industry will result in a huge ----- for the economy of the region.

(A) boost (B) increase (C) decrease (D) success

9. ------ all the problems we have experienced during the rehearsals for this concert, I think that at the end of the day it will be a success.

(A) Apart (B) Aside from (C) Side (D) Beside of

10. Whenever you buy some milk at the store, it is important to check the ------- date on the side of the bottle.

(A) inspiration (B) inhalation (C) exhalation (D) expiration

11. ------ had Mr. Kim left the office than his employees stopped work and put their feet up for the rest of the day.

(A) No sooner (B) Until sooner (C) As soon (D) Sooner than

12. ------- all of the actors had learned their lines before they started rehearsing for the new production of the classic musical, CATS.

(A) Undecidedly (B) Presumably (C) Profusely (D) Confusingly

13. Faced ------ a large budget deficit which had built up during the nineties, the president decided to create more jobs and privatize big industry.

(A) in (B) towards (C) with (D) within

14. Parking spaces will be ------- to all company employees as soon as everyone has paid the registration fee.

(A) assigned (B) designed (C) inclined (D) aligned

15. The fact that the man was a known felon is irrelevant ------ the evidence which has been presented in this case today.

(A) in (B) to (C) of (D) with

16. I think that the new offshore investment which we embarked on this month will yield high ----- for the company.

(A) divides (B) spoils (C) money (D) dividends

17. Media ----- of this year's Olympics will be far more extensive than the previous time, so that viewers will be able to see as much of the games as possible.

(A) exposure (B) coverage (C) cover (D) allowance

18. Our travel agency will provide full compensation for any ------ vacation bookings or plane tickets our clients have bought this summer.

(A) disused (B) excused (C) unused (D) accused

19. This amazing offer for a new HealthWalker fitness machine will be available at ------- outlets this summer.

(A) designated (B) assigned (C) designed (D) resigned

20. There is a general fear amongst residents of this town that waste from the nearby industrial site will ------- their water supply.

(A) amputate (B) isolate (C) insulate (D) contaminate

21. All personnel must ----- their immediate supervisors if there are any changes to the running schedule at the plant.

(A) notarize (B) notify (C) write out to (D) note

22. Help me to get this sick person to hospital , ------ he might suffer permanent brain damage or paralysis.

(A) of course (B) as a result (C) otherwise (D) in case

23. The bridge will be ------ construction for the next two years, so please use the alternative route until it is finished.

(A) over (B) in (C) during (D) under

24. I will be away until next Tuesday, ----- if any of my friends call for me please take a message and tell them I will get back to them as soon as possible.

(A) but (B) so (C) otherwise (D) furthermore

25. A list of telephone -------- will be made available to all employees as soon as possible so that anyone can be easily contacted during working hours.

(A) extensions (B) attentions (C) exceptions (D) intentions

26. Once we have planned the length of your stay in the United Kingdom, we will be able to -------- your flight number and hotel reservations.

(A) consent (B) decide (C) detect (D) confirm

27. Once you reach adulthood, you will be able to make an ------- decision about your future career and marriage plans.

(A) deformed (B) informed (C) observed (D) conserved

28.. In order to free up some space on the hard drive of this computer, I will have to ------- many files from the folders in my directory.

(A) throw (B) discard (C) retard (D) expel

29. Even though the situation in the Middle East is very tense presently, I think that effective ------- by the Western powers in the dispute will help to ease these tensions.

(A) attrition (B) inhalation (C) annihilation (D) arbitration

30. I think we should take ------- of the present favorable economic circumstances and invest as much money as possible in saving for the future.

(A) advantage (B) control (C) weight (D) notice

31. I think that we can -------- that all the victims of the recent Concorde air crash were killed immediately on impact with the ground.

(A) consume (B) understand (C) assume (D) induce

32. The president is -------- available for comment on the issue of recent tax cuts in the federal budget this year.

(A) no than (B) not now (C) no longer (D) not longer

33. When crossing the enemy lines, the soldiers were told by their commanding officer to proceed with ------.

(A) caution (B) warning (C) danger (D) intent

34. The development of high technology industry in this country will almost definitely increase the ________ for economic growth .

(A) mind (B) decease (C) overwhelm (D) chances

35. The decisions of this company are strongly influenced not only by the needs of its clients, but also by the decisions of the ---------.

(A) stockers (B) stockbrokers (C) stockade (D) stockholders

36. It seems clear that McDonalds has a -------- on the fast food industry not only in this country, but right across the planet.

(A) monogamy (B) monopoly (C) monotony (D) control

37. The salesman ------- the amazing features of the new cell-phone which included voice recognition programming and internet access.

(A) demonstrated (B) desolated (C) recreated (D) isolated

38. The long-term -------- for economic recovery in this region of the country is fairly good, however it will take a lot of effort by the citizens to make things change.

(A) fortunetelling (B) forecast (C) foreknowledge (D) foreboding

39. If you are walking late at night in this neighborhood, try to be conscious ____ your surroundings at all times.

(A) of (B)  to (C) that (D) on

40. He was a very good administrator, but he was known to ------- when it came to issues relating to the staff in his company.

(A) procrastinate (B) commiserate (C) donate (D) accurate

41. I know that you are ------ a very difficult time presently, but please don't take it out on me.

(A) going on (B) moving up (C) going through (D) experiencing through

42. At this time, I would like to ------- a number of pertinent issues that affect all of the people living in this city.

(A) concentrate to (B) head on (C) give weight on (D) concentrate on

43. I hope that all forms of racial or gender ------ will be eradicated within the next few years, so that all people can reach their true potential.

(A) recrimination (B) abolition (C) discrimination (D) determination

44. He rose to the _______ of head teacher within just a few weeks of arriving at the elementary school.

(A) rate (B) level (C) statue (D) primary

45. In light of new evidence in this case, I think we can now ------- the list of suspects.

(A) narrow down (B) cut down (C) cut out (D) narrow out

46. The most important element of hotel management is maintaining high standards of customer service and -------.

(A) serenity (B) hospitality (C) accountability (D) kind

47. The programming schedule this evening will be changed _____ largely to unforseen technical problems.

(A) due (B) before (C) view (D) terms

48. This company has only a ______ interest in trade with Eastern Europe because of recent economic troubles in that region.

(A) marginal (B) partially (C) major (D) half way

49. I sincerely hope that the craft fair will help to ________ funds to keep our charity alive.

(A) create (B) generate (C) manufacture (D) capitalize

50. The World AIDS Conference next week will focus _____ effective ways to prevent transmission of the disease amongst young people.

(A) to (B) at (C) on (D) into

51. The police chief told the detective to ______ with the investigation after the evidence had been gathered.

(A) proceed (B) recede (C) concede (D) decide

52. There had been a number of messages left for him ______ the day, but he was unavailable for comment.

(A) in (B) at (C) out (D) throughout

53. The governor will be ______ for comment as soon as he has been advised by the president this afternoon.

(A) there (B) open (C) appoint (D) available

54. I will come with you to the concert _______ you don't drink and drive on the way home.

(A) providing that (B) as soon as (C) in case (D) certain that

55. _______ I don't see you later, have a good afternoon and a wonderful evening with your family.

(A) In fact (B) In case (C) In time (D) Now

56. I will agree to your proposal ______ you keep in mind the fiscal limitations of the company.

(A) as long as (B) concerning (C) certainly (D) therefore

57. The estimate which the government proposed for economic growth this year doesn't come _____ to the actual figures.

(A) away (B) near (C) closely (D) close

58. Please ------- this form carefully for any possible typing errors before it goes to the printing press next week.

(A) examine (B) look through (C) look out (D) determine

59. The -------- document is of vital importance to our company, and must not be detached from the manifesto document itself.

(A) detracted (B) detached (C) attached (D) connected

60. Each part of the new dust-buster vacuum cleaner is made -------- and put together with the utmost care and precision. (A) variably (B) separately (C) indirectly (D) determinately

61. The technological advances in the modern world will lead to new ways of life not _______ seen by humanity.

(A) yet (B) then (C) now (C) until

62. We have ______ to understand how the HIV virus will affect the world and the general health of people in the future.

(A) not (B) yet (C) can't (D) conform

63. The congressman spoke with his _______ supporters in order to clarify his position on the issue of increasing taxes in his constituency.

(A) location (B) locally (C) local (D) locality

64. I want us to try and work _______ in order to make this organization as successful as possible.

(A) cooperatively (B) coercively (C) conversationally (D) undeniably

65. If you don't _____ with the local traffic regulations you may be fined or even jailed for up to a month.

(A) go along (B) obey (C) comply (D) seek

66. The success of this department depends on ______ processing of tax and other forms so that they can be sent out to the general public.

(A) sufficient (B) efficient (C) deficient (D) proficient

67. The _____ of toxic substances produced by exhaust fumes may result in allergies and respiratory illness.

(A) inhalation (B) inhale (C) exhale (D) exit

68. The announcement of a new rule banning the use of computer facilities for games caused some _____ among the students.

(A) apprehension (B) comprehend (C) apprehend (D) determination

69. The board of directors decided to use computer systems to _____ the information resources of their company.

(A) accommodated (B) dictate (C) facilitated (D) automate

70. Office supplies are ______ weekly so as to make sure there are always adequate provisions in our offices.

(A) given (B) ordered (C) transferred (D) contained

71. A _____ of fine wines will be served at the dinner tonight to celebrate the promotion of our new colleagues.

(A) selection (B) great (C) some (D) collective

72. The manifesto will be printed next week in an attempt to _____ the company's plan for the future.

(A) reduce (B) inform (C) reveal (D) conceal

73. The town we are going to visit today is approximately 15 kilometers ______ from the downtown area of Seoul.

(A) far (B) away (C) not (D) except

74. All citizens will be ______ to the rules as set out in the new Amendments to the Bill of Rights.

(A) subjected (B) subjecting (C) subjects (D) subject

75. The contents of the UFO found in the Sahara desert last month ______ description.

(A) deny (B) decide (C) explain (D) defy

76. The constant overproduction of toxic waste products ______ account for phenomena such as global warming.

(A) accurately (B) potentially (C) attentively (D) accordingly

77. The most important thing to bear in mind when running a large restaurant is customer ________.

(A) satisfactory (B) satisfy (C) satisfaction (D) satisfied

78. ______ major changes in the political situation in most parts of Eastern Europe, there are still many problems that need to be overcome.

(A) In spite of (B) In light of (C) Instead of (D) In case of

79. ________ of harmful substances into the atmosphere is causing the protective ozone layer to become depleted.

(A) Prediction (B) Preservation (C) Trepidation (D) Precipitation

80. All members of the board are ________ invited to a banquet in honor of our new chairman and his contribution to the company.

(A) excessively  (B) considerably (C) cordially (D) nutritiously

81. I will ______ all the proposals made at the last council meeting before I make a final decision on the matter.

(A) scrutinize (B) look under (C) look for (D) emphasize

82. It is _________ for all hikers to return the equipment after we return from the hiking trip.

(A) definite (B) absolute (C) revised (D) mandatory

83. Many rare animal species will face _________ if we do not address the problem of relentless poaching in national parks.

(A) extinction (B) extension (C) detention (D) excision

84. The new law will come into _______ as soon as congress has signed the amendments to the bill.

(A) effort (B) effect (C) affection (D) affectation

85. The police will make arrangements for all the suspects to be taken into _______ before the trial begins.

(A) detention (B) custody (C) custom (D) arrest

86. Any ________ use of the computer facilities in this office will result in a fine or possibly imprisonment.

(A) unauthorized (B) legalized (C) unknown (D) unannounced

87. The staff at the health club had a huge party on Saturday night at the owner's _______ .

(A) expense (B) toll (C) fare (D) fee

88. It has come to my attention that a _______ of our party is bent on creating disunity at this conference.

(A) part (B) faction (C) members (D) section

89. You will have to make a large _________ into your savings account to improve your credit record at this bank.

(A) withdrawal (B) contribution (C) accumulation (D) deposit

90. We will have to _______ the necessary resources towards this project to make sure that it is a resounding success.

(A) allocate (B) mediate (C) isolate (D) create

91. I would like to _________ this issue so that we can bring our present meeting to a close.

(A) isolate (B) finish (C) confirm (D) consolidate

92. The management will ------- sick leave to any employees who feel burnt out and are consequently unable to fulfill their normal duties.

(A) accord (B) discord (C) record (D) include

93. All our clients will be presented with a highly ------- booklet designed to bring to attention all the most important elements of our new program.

(A) informed (B) functioning (C) informing (D) informative

94. The goal of this meeting is to give a chance for all the citizens of the neighborhood to contribute ------ the present debate surrounding the upsurge of crime in our community.

(A) for (B) into (C) of (D) to

95. The suggestion that the witness should be allowed to give evidence was ------- received by the presiding judge of the court.

(A) favorite (B) favorably (C) favor (D) favoringly

96. The musical playing at the LG Arts Center presently had ------- high attendance that they had to promise an extra show at the end of the season.

(A) so (B) increasingly (C) very (D) such

97. The charges brought before the court today are so serious that justice will have to be dealt out ----- to the accused without any chance for appeal.

(A) accordingly (B) discordantly (C) according (D) accorded

98. Mr. Lee was a very ------ and talented member of the team because he always had good ideas and was willing to persevere even when times were rough.

(A) dedication (B) dedicated (C) decadent (D) demanding

99. The new concert hall has been specially designed to ------ large parties of up to 500 people at a time for all kinds of events, including executive functions.

(A) acclimatize (B) include (C) accommodate (D) relate

100. Please ------ the application for employment to my senior manager as soon as possible, so that we can come to a decision by next week.

(A) forward (B) forwarding (C) hand forward (D) pass over

1. 문맥의 흐름상 이전에는 이러저러한 이름이었다는 것이 맞다. 적당한 의미의 동사 수식 부사를 넣을 줄 아느냐를 묻고 있다./정답:(A)

번역: 그는 전에는 CIA에 관여하게 되면서 이름을 어쩔 수 없이 바꾸기 전까지 Alan Smith로 알려져 있었다.

2. acknowledge receipt of a letter:편지를 잘 받았다고 통보하다. 이 표현은 덩어리로 암기하자. denounce:비난하다. denote:암시하다./정답:(D)

번역: 나는 내가 내 앞에 편지를 가지고 있고 그 편지를 검토할 시간이 주어져 내가 승인하게 되고 나서야 편지를 잘 받았다고 통보할 것이다.

3. 문맥상 ‘만장일치’(unanimous)의 결정이 어울린다. 이 단어는 부사 형태(unanimously)로도 잘 출제된다. anonymous:익명의. animated:활성화된/정답:(B)

번역: 위원회는 우리 새 회장 임명을 승인하는 만장일치의 결정을 하였으므로 그를 지금 여러분께 소개하고 싶다.

4. 문맥상 사용하기 쉬운(user-friendly) 가 적당하다. 실제 시험에는 stylish and ______ 형태로 and의 앞과 뒤는 병렬 균형이 맞아야 한다는 취지에서 형용사로 user-friendly를 넣는 문제로도 출제된다. 이 단어가 형용사라는 사실을 기억하자. utilized:사용된. stylish:현대식의/정답:(A)

번역:  마이크로 소프트 윈도우즈 운영 시스템의 목적은 컴퓨터를 일반 대중이 사용하기 쉽도록 한다는 것이다.

5. 문맥의 흐름상 web광고는 백화점이나 시장의 판매를 구식(obsolete)으로 만든다는 내용이다. 이런 단어도 토익에 등장한다. 이전에는 TOEFL에서만 볼 수 있는 단어였다. deceased:죽은. released:배부된/정답:(C)

번역: 웹 광고의 목적은 백화점과 시장에서 쇼핑을 하는 관행을 구식으로 만드는 것이다.

6. 고과, 높은 직위의 사람이라는 단어는 dignitary이다. 이 단어는 우리 토익 답이 보인다 97page에도 나온다. 어려운 단어인데, 토익에는 출제되는 단어이다. agent:대리인. investigator: 조사자. attorney:변호사/정답:(A)

번역: 오늘밤 정찬 파티에 올 모든 정치가들 중에서 김씨가 가장 존경받는 고관이다.

7. 여행일정표, 여행계획표를 itinerary라고 한다. 이 단어는 리스닝과 리딩에 자주 들리고 보이는 단어이다. 토익이 좋아하는 단어들을 암기하는 습관은 매우 중요하다./정답:(D)

번역: 유럽을 여행하기로 결정하기 전에 당신이 좋은 여행 계획표를 만들기 위해 여행사 직원을 찾아가 보는 것이 중요하다.

8. boost는 동사, 명사가 같은 형태이다. 격려(하다), 증가(시키다), 활성화(하다)의 의미로 쓰인다. 이 문장에 어울리는 단어이다. increase나 decrease 는 그 뒤에 전치사 in을 동반하므로 어울리지 않는다. success는 그 뒤에 to, of등을 취하므로 역시 답이 되지 않는다./정답:(A)

번역: 수송 산업의 사유화는 그 지역 경제에 엄청난 활성화를 가져다줄 것이다.

9. “...는 차치하고라도”라는 표현은 aside from이다. apart는 부사이고 side 는 명사이므로 빈칸에 적합하지 않다. beside 는 전치사이므로 그 뒤에 전치사를 또 취할 수 없다./정답:(B)

번역: 우리가 이 콘서트 연습 때 겪어온 모든 문제는 차치하고, 어쨌든 내 생각에 결국 하루가 끝날 무렵에는 이 콘서트가 성공할 것이다.

10. 기한 만료일, 만기일은 expiration date이다. 이 표현을 암기해 두자. 거듭 이번 Vocabulary 장에서 강조하는 것은 어울리는 어구는 덩어리로 암기하자는 것이다. inspiration:영감. inhalation:숨 들이키기. exhalation:숨 내 쉬기./정답:(D)

번역: 당신이 가게에서 우유를 좀 살 때 병면에 있는 유통기한 만기일을 확인하는 것이 중요하다.

11. 도치구문 no sooner....than구문은 고등학교 시절에 모두 배우셨을 것이다. 도치구문은 토익에서는 한 해 3문제 정도 출제된다. 얼마 되지 않은 빈도지만 반드시 나온다. 꼭 암기하자. As soon은 실제 시험에서  as soon as까지 나와야 하는데 as soon만 써서 틀린 것으로 답인 경우가 있었다./정답:(A)

번역: 김씨가 사무실을 떠나자마자 그의 직원들은 일을 그만두고 그 날 나머지 시간을 쉬었다.

12. 문장 앞에서 동사 수식 부사가 답이 되는 경우는 자주 출제된다. Increasingly, Regrettably등도 출제될 수 있다. 문맥상 아마도(Presumably)가 적당하다. 동사 수식 부사 문제는 문맥의 흐름을 잡는 것이 중요하다. undecidedly:우유부단하게. profusely:풍부하데. Confusingly:혼란스럽게/정답:(B)

번역: 아마도 클래식 뮤지컬인 켓츠의 새로운 제작물을 연습하기 전에 연기자들은 대사를 모두 암기했을 것이다.

13. faced with를 암기하자. 다른 전치사들은 틀린다. 이 문제 유형은 part6에도 출제된다. with자리에 다른 전치사를 쓰면 틀린다./정답:(C)

번역: 90년대에 구축된 거대한 예산 적자에 직면하여 대통령은 더 많은 직업을 창출하고 큰  산업을 사영화하기로 결정했다.

14. (주차 공간이) ‘할당되다’라는 문맥에 어울리는 단어는 assigned이다. 쉬운듯한 단어를 꼭 문장과 함께 익히자. inclined:기울인, ...하는 경향인. aligned:일렬로 세운/정답:(A)

번역: 주차 공간이 모두가 등록비를 내자마자 모든 회사직원들에게 할당될 것이다.

15. 숙어 문제. relevant와 irrelevant 는 모두 그 뒤에 전치사  to를 동반한다. 동사와 전치사, 명사와 전치사, 형용사와 전치사를 함께 암기하는 습관은 영작과 작문의 기본이기도 하다./정답:(B)

번역: 그 남자가 잘 알려진 중죄인이라는 사실은 오늘 이 사건에 제시된 증거와는 상관이 없다.

16. (주식)이익 배당금이라는 의미의 dividend 는 시험에 자주 등장하는 단어이다. 빈칸 앞의 high와 money 는 어울려 쓰는 단어가 아니므로 답이 될 수 없다. divide: 나누다. spoil: (아이 버릇을) 망치다. 위 문장 안에 있는 yield는 ‘생산하다’의 의미가 토익에서 중요하다./정답:(D)

번역: 나는 우리가 이번 달에 착수한 새로운 해안 투자가 높은 수익을 낼 것으로 생각한다.

17. 취재라는 단어는 coverage 이다. 이 단어는 보험 따위의 보상 범위의 의미로도 쓰인다.

(ex) insurance coverage:보험 보상 범위. exposure:노출. allowance:수당, 급여, 참작, 용돈/정답:(B)

번역: 올해 올림픽의 대중 매체의 취재는 이전보다 훨씬 더 광범위할 것이므로 시청자들은 가능한 한 많은 게임을 볼 수 있을 것이다.

18. 사용하지 않은 휴가를 unused vacation이라고 한다. disused:페지된, 퇴락한. accused:고발된./정답:(C)

번역: 우리 여행사는 아직 쓰지 않은 후가 예약이나 우리 고객들이 올 여름에 구입한 비행기 티킷에 대해 완전한 보상을 해줄 것입니다.

19. ‘지정된’이라는 말은 designated이다. 졸린 독자는 보기 (A), (C)가 같은 단어로 보일 것이다. 주의! assigned:할당된. resign:사임하다(step down). 문장 중에 보이는 단어인 outlet은 대리점의 뜻으로 쓰인다. (ex) retail outlet:소매점/정답:(A)

번역: 이 새로운 핼스 워커 운동기구의 놀라운 가격제안은 이번 여름 지정된 대리점에서 이용 가능할 것입니다.

20. 문맥상 ‘오염시키다’의 의미가 적합하다. amputate:손이나 발을 절단하다. insulate:고립시키다, 단열시키다./정답:(D)

번역: 이 도시 주민들간에 근처 산업 부지에서 나오는 쓰레기가  물 공급을 오염시킬 것이라는 전체적인 우려가 있다.

21. ‘통보하다’의 의미가 빈칸에 적합하다. 직속 상관에게 글을 쓰는(write out to) 경우보다는 보고한다는 의미가 더 적합하다. 문장 안의 immediate supervisor는 직속 상관을 의미하는 표현으로 시험에 자주 보인다. notarize:공증인이 증명하다, 공증해 받다/정답:(B)

22. 문맥에 맞는 접속 부사 넣기는 거의 매월 출제된다고 보면 된다. so, and, or, yet, otherwise 등이 단골

단어들이다. 위 문장의 문맥상 otherwise 가 옳다. as a result:결과적으로.

in case:..할 경우에 대비하여./정답:(C)

23. ‘건설중’은 under construction이다. ‘개발중’은 under development이다. 모두 시험에 나온 표현들이다./정답:(D)

번역: 그 다리는 향후 2년간 건설중일 것이므로 다리가 완공될 때까지 대체도로를 이용하십시오.

24. 역시 적절한 의미의 접속부사 넣기 문제이다. 시험에 자주 출제되는 기본 유형이니 문맥을 잘 잡는 훈련을 해야 한다. 문맥상 ‘그러므로’(so)가 옳다. furthermore:더우기/정답:(B)

번역: 나는 다음주 화요일까지 부재중일 것이므로 내 친구가 전화 오면 메모 받아두고 돌아오자마자 연락한다고 말하거라.

25. 구내번호는 extension이다. attention:관심. exception:예외. intention:의도./정답:(A)

번역: 근무시간에 누구라도 쉽게 연락이 되도록 가능한 한 빨리 구내 전화 목록이 모든 직원들에게 이용 가능하게 될 것이다.

26. (예약 따위를) ‘확인하다’는 confirm 이다. consent:동의하다. detect:탐지하다/정답:(D)

번역: 일단 우리가 당신이 영국에 머무는 체류기간을 계획하자마자 당신의 비행기와 호텔 예약을 확인할 수 있을 것입니다.

27. 정보를 다 알아보고 하는 결정. 의식 있는 결정을 ‘informed decision'이라고 한다. 잡지 글을 읽다보면 많이 나오는 표현이다. 역시 덩어리로 암기하자! deformed: 흉하게된, 불구로 된, observed:관찰된, 준수된. conserved:보존된/정답:(B)

번역: 일단 당신이 성인이 되면 당신은 당신의 미래 직업과 결혼 계획에 대한 정보을 알고 하는 의식 있는 결정을 할 수 있을 것이다.

28. 디스켓의 내용이나 물건을 버리다라는 의미는 discard로 쓸 수 있다. retard:지체시키다, 늦어지게 하다. expel:몰아내다/정답:(B)

번역: 이 컴퓨터의 하드드라이브에 있는 어느 정도의 공간을 비워두기 위하여 나는 내 디렉토리의 폴더에서 많은 파일을 지워야 할 것이다.

29. 조정이나 중재를 가리키는 말이 arbitration이다. 이 단어가 문맥에 어울린다. attrition:소모, 마멸 (ex) war of attrition(소모전). inhalation:숨 들이키기. annihilation:무효, 전멸/정답:(D)

번역: 비록 중동의 상황이 현재 매우 긴장감이 돌지만 내 생각에 분쟁에 있어서 서방 강대국들의 효과적인 중재가 이러한 긴장을 완화하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

30. ‘이용하다’라는 숙어는 take advantage of이다. 이 표현은 part5에도 출제되고 part6에서는 take the advantage of로 써서 틀린 것으로 답이 되는 경우로 출제되기도 한다. 이 숙어에서 관사 the 는 불필요하다. take notice of:주목하다/정답:(A)

번역: 내 생각에 우리는 현재의 유리한 경제적 상황을 이용하여 가능한 한 많을 돈을  미래를 위해 저축에 투자해야 한다.

31. 가정하다, 추측하다라는 의미로 쓰이는 단어가 바로  assume이다. 이 단어는 assume the responsibility(책임을 떠맡다)라는 표현으로도 자주 쓰인다. consume:소비하다. induce:유발하다, 야기하다/정답:(C)

번역: 제 생각에 우리는 최근 콩코드기 추락의 모든 희생자들이 땅에 추락하자마자 즉사했다고 추정할 수 있을 것 같다.

32. no longer, not yet, have yet to등을 함께 암기해 두는 것이 중요하다. (A), (D)는 쓰이지 않는 표현이다. not now:지금은 아닌/정답:(C)

번역:  대통령은 올해 연방 예산에서 최근의 세금 삭감문제에 관해 논평을 더이상 하지 않을 것이다.

33. ‘주의하여’라는 표현은 with caution, with care이다. 또한 caution 은 동사 원형으로도 시험에 출제된다. warning:경고. intent:의향, 의도/정답:(A)

번역: 적진을 가로지를 때 병사들은 지휘관으로부터 조심해서 전진하라는 지시를 받았다.

34. 문맥의 흐름상 ‘가능성’이라는 단어가 들어가는 것이 적합하다. chances 에 그러한 듯이 있다. mind:마음, 정신. decease:사망하다. overwhelm: 압도하다/정답:(D)

번역: 이 나라의 높은 기술 산업의 발전은 거의 분명히 경제 성장을 위한 가능성을 높여줄 것이다.

35. ‘주주’라는 단어는 stockholder또는 shareholder이다. TOEIC은 왠지 모르겠지만 stockholder를 선호한다. stocker: stock하는 사람. stockbroker:증권 중개인. stockade:방책, 방파제./정답:(D)

번역: 이 회사의 결정은 고객들의 필요에 의해서 뿐 아니라 주주들의 결정에 의해 강력히 영향을 받는다.

36. ‘독점’이라는 단어는 monopoly로 그 뒤에 전치사 on을 동반하여 많이 쓰인다. monogamy: 일부 일처. cf. bigamy: 이중 결혼. monotony: 단조로움. 참고: mon가 단어에 붙으면 ‘one'이라는 뜻이 들어간다. mono rail 도 그 예이다./정답:(B)

번역: 맥도날드가 이 나라 뿐 아니라 지구의 이곳 건너편에서도 독점권이 있다는 것은 분명한 듯 하다.

37. ‘시범 보이다’라는 단어는 demonstrate이다. desolate:쓸쓸하게 하다. isolate:고립시키다./정답:(A)

번역: 그 판매원은 음상 인식 시스템과 인터넷 접속이 가능한 새로운 휴대폰의 놀라운 특성들을 시범 보였다.

38. 빈칸 앞에 나오는 long-term과 어울리는 단어는 forecast 이다. 장기적인 예측이라는 어구를 만들어낸다. fortunetelling:점. foreknowledge:예지, 선견. foreboding:(불길한) 예감, 전조/정답:(B)

번역: 이 나라 이 지역 경제 회복에 대한 장기적인 전망은 대단히 좋지만, 상황을 변화시키려면 시민들이 많은 노력을 해야 할 것이다.

39. be conscious of를 덩어리로 암기한 사람은 쉽게 풀 수 잇는 문제이다. be bored with, be consistent with, be appreciative of도 함께 익혀두자./정답:(A)

번역: 당신이 이 인근지역에 밤에 걷는다면 항상 주변을 잘 살펴라.

40. procrastinate는 ‘지연시키다’의 의미로 쓰인다. 문맥상 어울리는 단어이다. commiserate:불쌍히 여기다. donate:기부하다. accurate:정확한/정답:(A)

번역: 그는 매우 훌륭한 행정관이지만, 자기 회사 직원들에 관한 문제에 관한 한 나중으로 미루는 것으로 알려져 있다.

41. go through a difficult time(어려움을 겪다)을 덩어리로 익히자. go on:지속하다./정답:(C)

번역: 나는 당신이 현재 매우 어려운 시기를 겪고 잇는 것을 알지만 그 문제를 내게 꺼내지 말라.

42. concentrate on:집중하다. give weight on:...에 비중을 두다. focus on, emphasis on, impact on등도 함께 암기하자./정답:(D)

번역: 현재 나는 이 도시에 사는 모든 사람들에게 영향을 주는 많은 관련문제들에 집중하고 싶다.

43. 성차별은 gender discrimination이라고 한다. recrimination:되 비난, 반소, 반박. abolition:폐지. determination:결심/정답:(C)

번역: 나는 모든 사람들이 진정한 잠재력에 도달할 수 있도록 모든 형태의 인종적 성적 차별이 향 후 몇 년 안에 뿌리 뽑아지길 희망한다.

44. level이 직급의 ‘수준’을 의미하는 단어로 적합하다. rate: 비율. statue:동사, 조상. primary:일차적인/정답:(B)

번역: 그는 초등학교에 온지 불과 몇 주 내에 주임의 직급에까지 올랐다.

45. ‘리스트의 목록을 몇 명으로 압축하다’라는 의미는narrow down the list이다. w역시 중요한 표현이다. cut down:줄이다./정답:(A)

번역: 이 사건에 대한 새로운 증거에 비추어 우리는 이제 혐의자의 목록을 줄일 수 있다.

46. 문맥의 흐름상 친절함(hospitality)이 옳다. kind는 형용사로and앞의 명사와 균형이 맞지 않아 틀린다. serenity:고요함, 평온. accountability:책임, 책무/정답:(B)

번역: 호텔 경영의 가장 중요한 요소는 높은 수준의 고객 서비스와 친절을 유지하는 것이다.

47. due to:... 때문에. 이 표현은 쉬운 표현이지만 두 단어 사이에 largely가 쓰여 초보자가 혼동을 유발하게 한다. 시험에는 due largely to구문으로 자주 출제된다./정답: (A)

번역: 오늘 저녁 프로그램 계획이 예기치 않은 주로 기술상의 문제 때문에 변경될 것이다.

48. marginal interest:최소의 이익. 이 표현도 역시 덩어리로 암기하자. partially는 부사라 명사를 꾸밀 수 없다. major(주요한)는 그 앞의 단어 only와 의미상 어울리지 않는다./정답:(A)

번역: 그 회사는 동유럽 지역의 경제적인 어려움 때문에 동유럽과의 무역에서 그저 최소한의 미미한 이익을 냈을 뿐이다.

49. ‘자금을 창출하다’라는 표현은 generate funds 이다. create:창조하다. manufacture:제조하다. capitalize:대문자로 쓰다, 자본화하다/정답:(B)

번역: 나는 기술 박람회가 우리 자선단체가 계속 살아있도록 유지하는 자금을 창출하는데 도움이 되길 진심으로 바란다.

50. focus on을 암기하자. emphasis on, concentrate on도 시험에 출제된 바 있다./정답:(C)

번역: 다음주에 있을 세계 에이즈 회의는 젊은이들간에 이 병이 전염되는 것을 막는 효과적인 방법에 초점을 맞출 것이다.

51. 빈칸 뒤의 전치사 with와 어울리는 동사는 proceed뿐이다. proceed with:진행하다. recede:후퇴하다, concede:인정하다/정답:(A)

번역: 경찰서장은 탐정에게 증거가 수집된 후 조사를 계속하라고 지시했다.

52. 하루 내내라는 표현은 throughout the day이다.  날짜 앞의 전치사는 원칙상 on이다. 보기 중에 on이 없고 내용상 ‘그날 내내’를 가리키므로 답은 throughout이다. throughout the world, around the world도 중요한 TOEIC출제 표현이다./정답:(D)

번역: 그날 내내 그에게 많은 전화가 왔지만 그는 없었다.(그래서 답변을 할 수 없었다)

53. available(이용 가능한)은 TOEIC에서 매우 자주 출제되는 어휘이다. appoint(임명하다)도 좋은 단어이지만, be동사 다음에 동사 원형이 올 수 없다./정답:(D)

번역: 주지사가 오늘 오후 대통령의 조언을 받은 후에 논평을 위해 도움이 될 것이다. (이용 가능할 것이다)

54. providing that = provided that = if. 문맥상 if의 의미가 적당하다. 접속사를 묻는 문제가 다양해지고 있다. in case 는 ‘...할 경우에 대비하여’라는 의미로 쓰인다./정답:(A)

번역: 당신이 집으로 올 때 음주 운전을 하지 않는다면 함께 콘서트에 가겠다.

55. 빈칸은 접속사가 들어갈 자리이다. <접속사 + 주어 + 동사, 주어 + 동사...>구문. 보기 중에 부사절을 이끄는 접속사는 In case뿐이다. In case 는 4번에서 설명한대로 매우 중요한 접속사이다./정답:(C)

번역: 당신을 나중에 보지 못할 경우에 대비해 미리 오후와 저녁을 가족과 함께 잘 지내라고 인사드립니다.

56. 문맥상 ...인 한(as long as)의 의미를 가진 접속사가 적합하다. 보기 중에 접속사는 as long as 뿐이다. 참고로 therefore는 문맥상 어울리는 접속 부사 문제로 자주 출제된다./정답:(A)

번역: 당신이 그 회사의 제정 한계를 염두에 두는 한에 있어서  당신의 제안에 동의할 것입니다.

57. come close to:...에 미치다[이르다]. 이 표현을 덩어리로 익혀 두지 않으면 (C)를 답으로 고르기가 쉽다. 외워야 할 표현들은 덩어리로 암기하는 습관을 갖자./정답:(D)

번역: 정부가 올해 경제 성장을 위해 제안한 추정치는 실제 수치에 이르지 못한다.

58. 조사하다라는 표현은 examine이다. look through:통해서 보다. look out:내다보다./정답:(A)

번역: 다음주에 인쇄 들어가기 전에 이 양식을 조심스레 검토하여 타자상의 오류가 없는지 확인하시오.

59. 첨부된 문서는 attached document이다. attache의 반대말은 detach로 역시 시험 출제율이 높은 단어이다. detract:빼다. connected:연결된/정답:((C)

번역: 첨부된 문서는 우리 회사에 매우 중요합니다. 그러므로 성명서 원문에서 떼어져서는 안됩니다.

60. 문맥상 적절한 의미의 부사 넣기 문제 유형. 의미상 ‘따로따로’가 적합하다. variably:다양하게. indirectly:간접적으로. determinately:결정적으로/정답:(B)

번역: 새로운 먼지 제거 진공 청소기의 각 부품은 각기 따로 만들어 매우 조심스럽고 정확하게 조립된다.

61. no longer, not yet, have yet to등을 덩어리로 암기하자./정답:(A)

번역: 현대 세계의 기술 발전은 인류가 아직 보지 못한 새로운 삶의 방식을 이끌어낼 것이다.

62. have yet to:아직 ...하지 못하다. 암기 사항은 덩어리로 꼭 암기하자! conform:순응하다./정답:(B)

HIV(인간 면역 결핍) 바이러스가 미래의 세계와 사람들의 전반적인 건강에 어떻게 영향을 미칠 것인지가 아직도 우리가 이해해야할 과제이다.

63. 명사를 꾸미는 것은 형용사이다. 보기 중에 형용사는 local뿐이다. 품사에 대한 개념을 가지고 잇는 것은 part5, 6를 푸는 기본이다./정답:(C)

번역: 의원은 그의 입장을 명확하게 하기 위해서 자신의 선거구의 세금인상 현안에 관해 현지 지지자들과 대화를 나누었다.

64.  문맥상 ‘협력하여’가 옳다. 동사 수식 부사는 매 월 3문제 이상 part5에 출제된다. coercively:강압적으로. conversationally:대화로. undeniably:부인 할 수 없게/정답:(A)

번역: 나는 이 단체를 가능한 한 최대로 성공적이게 만들기 위해 우리가 협력적으로 일을 하도록 노력하는 것을 원한다.

65. comply with the regulation/codes를 덩어리로 익히자. 시험에 자주 출제된다. 때로는 regulation이 답으로 나오기도 한다. obey: 복종하다/정답:(C)

번역: 현지 교통 규정을 준수하지 않으면 벌금을 부과 받던지 한 달까지 투옥될 수도 있다.

66. 문맥의 흐름상 ‘효과적인’이라는 말이 어울린다. 단어 자체는 큰 어려움이 없다. 긴 문장에서 문맥을 잡는 것이 관건이다. sufficient:충분한. deficient:부족한. proficient:능숙한/정답:(B)

번역: 이 부서의 성공은 일반 대중에게 보내질 수 있도록 한 세금 및 다른 서류의 효율적인 처리에 달려 있다.

67.  the ____ of에 빈칸은 명사자리이다.(족집게 어법 48번 a 항목) 문맥상 inhalation(숨 들이키기)이 어울린다. exit: 출구. exhale:(숨을) 내쉬다/정답:(A)

번역: 배기 가스로부터 형성된 유독성 물질의 흡입은 알레르기 및 다른 호흡기 질환의 결과를 초래할 수 있다.

68. 문맥상 ‘걱정’이나 ‘우려’가 들어가야 한다. comprehend:이해하다. apprehend:걱정하다, 염려하다, 붙잡다/정답:(A)

번역: 게임을 하기위해 컴퓨터 시설의 사용을 금지시키는 새로운 규정의 발표가 학생들에게 우려를 유발했다.

69. 문맥의 흐름상 자동화하다가 어울린다. 이 단어도 시험에 자주 출제되고 있다. accommodate:수용하다, dictate:받아쓰게 하다, facilitate:용이하게 하다/정답:(D)

번역: 회사의 정보 자원을 자동화하기 위해서 컴퓨터 시스템을 사용하기로 이사회는 결정했다.

70. 문맥상 공급품은 주문되는 것이므로 ordered가 적합하다.  transfer:갈아타다, 이동하다, 전근가다. contain:포함하다/정답:(B)

번역: 사무실에 항상 적절한 공급을 하기 위해서 사무용품들은 매주 주문된다.

71.  a/the _____ of의 빈칸에는 명사자리이다. 보기 중에 명사는 (A)이다. a some은 불가능하다. collective:집합적인/정답:(A)

번역: 우리의 새 동료들의 승진을 축하하기 위해서 오늘 저녁 식사에 훌륭한 포도주류가 제공될 것이다.

72.  reveal the plan(계획을 드러내다, 발표하다) inform은 inform A of B(A에게 B를 알리다)의 구문으로 쓰이므로 부적절하다. conceal:숨기다/정답:(C)

번역: 회사의 미래 계획을 공개하는 시도로서 다음주에 성명서가 인쇄될 것이다.

73. 거리가 덜어졌다는 것은 away로 표현한다. far 는 far from(결코...가 아니다)라는 뜻으로 문맥에 부적합하다./정답:(B)

번역: 오늘 우리가 방문할 마을은 서울의 중심지로부터 대략 15 킬로미터 떨어져 있다.

74. be subject to:...에 영향을 받다. 이 표현을 암기해두자. be subjected to: ...에 종속되다, 부하가 되다./정답:(D)

번역: 모든 시민들은 권리선언에 새로운 수정 조항에 제시된 규정 하에 놓여질 것이다.

75. 형용할 수 없다는 표현은 defy description이다. 동사와 목적어는 덩어리로 암기하는 습관을 갖자!/정답:(D)

번역: 지난달 사하라 사막에서 발견된 미확인 비행물체의 내용물들은 설명을 이루 다 말할 수 없다.

76. account for를 꾸밀만한 적절한 의미의 부사를 넣는 문제. accurately가 적합하다. TOEIC에서는 account for가 수치랑 관련하여 쓰일 경우 accurately와 assuredly가 보기 중에 함께 있어 정답을 고르기 어렵게 출제할 경우가 있다. 이 경우에도 accurately가 답이 된다.attentively:주의하여. accordingly:적절히/정답: A

번역: 유독성 패기물의 지속적인 과잉 생산이 지구 온난화와 같은 현상의 원인을 정확히 설명한다.

77. 고객 만족은 customer satisfaction이다. 빈칸이 명사자리임을 알기만 해도 풀 수 있는 문제이다./정답: C

번역: 큰 식당을 운영할 때 고려해야할 가장 중요한 것은 고객 만족이다.

78. 문맥상 적당한 전치사 넣기 문제. <전치사(구) + 명사, 주어 + 동사....>구문이다./정답: A

번역: 동유럽에 대부분 지역의 정치 상황에 큰 변화에도 불구하고, 아직도 극복해야할 많은 문제점들이 남아있다.

79. 비가 내리는 것, 강우, 강수량을 의미하는 단어가 precipitation이다. 일기예보에도 많이 등장하는 단어이다. prediction:예측, preservation:보존, trepidation:공포/정답: D

번역: 대기권에 해로운 물질의 강우가 보호적 오존층의 고갈을 유발하고 있다.

80. 초대장의 고정 문구 중에 ‘당신을 진심으로 초대합니다’라는 것을 You are cordially invited to...로 표현한다. 이때 cordial invited 로 쓰면 틀린다는 사실도 기억하자. excessively:지나치게, considerably:상당히,  nutritiously:영양가있게. cordially:진심으로/정답: C

번역: 우리의 새 의장과 그의 회사에 대한 공헌에 경의를 표하기 위한 연회에 모든 이사회 인원들이 정중히 초대된다.

81. 자세히 조사하다라는 표현이 scrutinize이다. look under:아래를 보다, emphasize:강조하다/정답: A

번역: 이 문제에 최종 결정을 내리기 전에 지난 총 회의에서 제시된 모든 제안을 나는 철저히 검토할 것이다.

82.  ‘의무적인’, ‘필수적인’의 의미로 쓰이는 mandatory를 익히자. 이 단어의 명사형인 mandate 도 중요하다. definite:분명한, absolute:절대적인, revised:수정된/정답: D

번역: 등산 여행으로부터 우리가 돌아온 후에 장비를 반납하는 것이 모든 등산객들에게 필수적이다.

83. 멸종이라는 단어는 extinction이다. endangered species가 ‘멸종위기에 처한 종들’이라는 것도 기억하자. extension:연기, detention:구금, excision:절단/정답: A

번역: 국립 공원에 냉혹한 밀렵의 문제를 우리가 다루지 않는다면 많은 희귀한 동물 종류들이 멸종을 직면할 것이다.

84. ‘시행하다’라는 말은 come[go] into effect이다. effort는 in an effort to를 함께 암기해두자. affection:애정. affectation:겉꾸밈, 허식/정답: B

번역: 법안의 개정안이 의회에 의해서 승인 되는대로 새 법률의 효력이 발휘할 것이다.

85. 구금하다라는 숙어는 take (someone) into custody이다. 이 표현은 덩어리로 암기하자. detention:구금, 유치. (ex) under detention(구금되어). arrest:체포/정답: B

번역: 재판이 시작되기 전에 모든 용의자들이 수감 되도록 경찰이 마련할 것이다.

86. 문맥상 ‘불법적인’이라는 단어가 적당하다. legalized:합법화된./정답: A

번역: 이 사무실에 컴퓨터 시설의 허가 받지 않은 사용은 벌금 또는 어쩌면 징역형의 결과를 초래 할 것이다.

87. at one's expense:...의 가격 부담으로. toll:통행료. fare:차비. fee:요금. (ex) video rental fee(비디오 대여료). tuition fee(수업료)/정답: A

번역: 헬스 크럽의 직원들이 주인의 비용 부담으로 큰 파티를 토요일 저녁에 벌렸다.

88. 문맥상 ‘당파’나 ‘파벌’의 의미인 faction이 적당하다. members는 복수 명사여서 부적당하다./정답: B

번역: 우리 당의 한 당파가 이 회의에서 분열을 야기하는데 열중하고 있다는 것을 내가 인식하게 되었다.

89.  ‘예금(하다)’라는 단어는 deposit이다.  withdrawal:인출, contribution:기부금, 공헌, accumulation:축적/정답: D

번역: 이 은행에서 당신의 신용 기록을 개선하기 위해서는 당신의 보통 예금 계좌에 많은 돈을 입금을 해야할 것이다.

90. 문맥상 ‘할당하다’의 의미가 적합하다. mediate:중재하다, isolate:고립시키다/정답: A

번역: 대 성공을 확신하기 위해서 우리는 필요한 자산을 이 프로젝트에 할당해야할 것이다.

91. ‘문제를 통합시키다’ isolate:고립시키다, confirm:확립하다/정답: D

번역: 우리의 현재 회의를 종료할 수 있도록 나는 이 쟁점을 통합시키고 싶다.

92. ‘병가를 주다’는 accord sick leave이다. 쉬운 단어이지만, according to등과 혼동을 유발할 수 있다. discord:불일치, 부조화/정답:(A)

번역: 경영진은 녹초가 되어 그 결과 정상적인 의무를 수행할 수 없다고 느끼는 어떤 직원들에게도 병가를 줄 것이다.

93. '정보를 주는‘, '교육적인’의 의미의 단어는 informative이다. informed는 informed decision(정보를 알아보고 하는 견식 있는 결정)으로 암기하자. functioning: 기능을 수행하는./정답:(D)

번역: 모든 우리 고객들은 우리의 새 프로그램 중에서 가장 중요한 요소들에 관심을 집중하게 하는 매우 교육적인 소책자를 제공받을 것이다.

94. contribute/refer/distribute/attribute to를 덩어리로 암기하자. <동사 + 전치사>구는 <명사 + 전치사>구와 함께 자주 출제된다./정답:(D)

번역: 이 회의의 목적은 인근지역 주민들이 우리 공동체의 범죄 급증을 둘러싼 현재의 논쟁에 공헌하도록 기회를 주는 것이다.

95. 호응이 좋다라는 표현은 'be favorably received'이다. favorite는 '좋아하는'의 뜻이다. (ex) This is my favorite book. favor: 호의/정답:(B)

번역: 증인이 증거를 제시하도록 허용해야 한다는 제안이 법정 담당 판사에게 호의적으로 받아들여졌다.

96. <so + 형용사/부사 + that>구문과 <such + 명사 + that>구문의 구분을 확실히 하자. 이것만 알면 된다.  so다음에 명사가 오는 경우는 <so + many/much/few/little + 명사 +that...>뿐이다. 이것은 시험에 출제되지 않는 참고사항이다./정답:(D)

번역: LG Art Center에서 하고 잇는 뮤지컬은 관객이 너무 많아 시즌 말에 추가 공연을 약속해야 했다.

97. 문맥상 ‘이에 상응하여’라는 의미의 accordingly가 적합하다. discordantly:부조화롭게. accord: 주다/정답:(A)

번역: 오늘 법정에 오게된 죄과는 너무나 심각하여 호소의 기회를 전혀 주지 말고 이에 상응하는 정의가 실현되어야 할 것이다.

98. and의 앞과 뒤는 병렬 균형이 맞아야 한다. and뒤의 과거 분사형인 talented와 의미와 형태가 어울리는 dedicated 가 정답이다. dedication:헌신. decadent: 퇴폐적인. demanding:가혹한/정답:(B)

번역: 이씨는 항상 좋은 생각이 있고 어려운 시기에도 기꺼이 인내하고 나아가기 때문에 매우 헌신적이고 재능 있는 팀 구성원이다.

99. ‘수용하다’라는 의미는 accommodate가 적합하다. acclimatize: 적응시키다..정답:(C)

번역: 그 새로운 콘서트 홀은 임원들의 공식회합을 포함하여 한번에 최대 500명의 대그룹을 수용할 수 있도록 고안되었다.

100. ‘우편물을 보내다’, ‘신청서를 발송하다’의 의미로 동사 forward 가 쓰일 수 있다. forward 가 동사로도 쓰인다는 사실을 기억하자. pass over:건네주다./정답:(A)

번역: 다음주 중 결정할 수 있도록 가능한 한 빨리 내 선임 매니저에게 고용신청서를 제출하십시오.

최신 경향의 어휘 및 표현으로 구성해 본 100문제를 정리하였다. 어휘를 좀 더 심도 있게 보충하고 싶은 독자들은 <TOEIC, 답이 보이는 Vocabulary>에 정리한 100문제도 함께 정리해보시길 바란다.

abandon

1 (사람, 집, 고향 등을) 버리다, 떠나다, 저버리다.

He abandoned his country.

He abandoned his wife.

They abandoned a ship.

2.(관, 일, 계획 등을) 버리다, 그만두다, 단념하다(=give up)

abandon a plan 계획을 포기하다.

abandon one's loose habits 단정치 못한 습관을 버리다.

abandon the world 세속적인 기쁨을 버리다.

3. (땅, 요새 등을) (…에게) 내주다(=yield)(↔ keep)

The army abandoned the town to the enemy.

He imagined that there was a plot to abandon him to death.

4 (재산권리 등을) 포기하다, (처자를) 유기하다

5 abandon oneself to (감정충동에) 사로잡히다.

abandon oneself to despair 절망에 빠지다.

abandon oneself to pleasure(s) 환락에 빠지다.

6.act with abandon 마음껏 행동하다.

She danced[sang] with abandon.

【해석】1.그는 조국을 떠났다. 그는 아내를 버렸다. 그들은 배를 포기했다. 3.군대는 그 도시를 적에게 내주었다. 자기를 죽이려는 음모가 있지 않을까 상상했다. 6.그녀는 마음껏 춤을 추었다 (노래를 불렀다).

abide

1 (어떤 장소에) 머무르다, 체재하다 (at, in)

Abide with me.

2.(일정한 상태관계를) 지속하다(in, with)

the event that abides in her memory 그녀의 기억에 생생한 그 사건.

3.(부정문의문문) …을 견디다, …을 참다.

I can't abide his rudeness.

4. …을 견디다[지탱하다], …에 저항하다(endure).

abide the enemy's attack 적의 공격을 견디어내다.

5.(숙명판결 등을) (순순히) 받아들이다, 감수하다.

abide the judge's decision 판사의 판결에 승복하다.

6.(결정규칙 등에) 따라 행동하다.

The players must abide by the umpire's decision.

7.(결정제의 등에) 따르다, 동의하다; 〈나쁜 결과 등에〉 견디다.

He made up his mind to abide by the proposal.

8.(약속규칙 등을) 지키다, 고수하다(keep).

abide by the law 법을 지키다.

He didn't abide by his promise.

【해석】1.우리 집에 묵어요. 3.그의 무례함에는 참을 수가 없다. 6.경기자는 심판의 결정에 따라야 한다. 7.그는 그 제안에 따르기로 결심했다. 8.그는 약속을 지키지 않았다.

26 people have been killed in a dramatic shooting incident.

The voting went ahead without incident.

account

1.설명하다

How do you account for your absence from the meeting?

There's no accounting for tastes.(속담)

2.구좌

I have an account with a bank.

3.설명

His account of the accident differs from the newspaper's account.

4.서술

History is an account of what really happened.

5.계산

Short accounts make long friends.(속담)

6. take - into account고려하다(=take account of)

You have to take account of her age at first.

7. on account of때문에

I was late for school on account of rain.

【해석】1.당신은 그 모임에 불참을 어떻게 설명하겠나? /취미(기호)는 각양각색 2.나는 은행에 계좌를 갖고 있다. 3.그 사고에 대한 그의 설명은 신문에서의 설명과 다르다. 4.역사는 실제로 발생한 것에 대한 설명이다. 5. 셈이 빨라야 친분이 오래간다. 6.당신은 그녀의 나이를 먼저 고려해야 한다. 7.나는 비 때문에 수업에 늦었다.

act/action

1.행동하다

We are judged by how we act.

They act against her advice.

2.-인 체하다

He isn't really sad; he's only acting.

3.(약 등이)듣다 , (기계가 정상적으로)작동하다.

The medicine took long to act./ This medicine acts well.

The brake did not act.

4.act for 대리 역할을 하다

I'll act for you while you are away.

5.행동

He ran into the burning house and saved the child. That was really brave act.

6.법령

The lawmakers passed an act to increase taxes.

7.막

That play is composed of Act II, Scene iii.

8.take action 조치를 취하다(=take measures)

【해석】1.사람은 어떻게 행동하는가에 따라 판단된다./그들은 그녀의 충고를 거역한다. 2.그는 정말로 슬프지 않다; 단지 그런 척 할 뿐이다. 3.이 약이 들을려면 오래 걸린다. /이 약은 잘 듣는다. /이 브레이크는 작동하지 않는다. 4.당신이 없는 동안 내가 대리 역할을 맡을 것이다. 5.그는 불타는 집으로 뛰어 들어 아이를 구했다. 그것은 정말로 용감한 행동이다. 6.입법가들은 세금을 올리는 법령을 통과시켰다. 7.그 연극은 2막 3장으로 구성된다.

ad(광고)

1.No hooks 갈고리 사용 금지

No transfer 갈아타지 못함

On deck 갑판에 실을 것

No sale to be forced on any this door. No hawkers. 강매사절

Private lessons given. 개인교수

2.Private 개인용 사물

Beware of the dog. 개조심

Fragile - Handle with care. 깨지는 물건 - 취급주의

No upside down. 거꾸로 하지 마시오

Railroad(Railway) crossing. 건널목

3.Keep dry. Must be kept dry. 건조한 데 둘 것

Sound down. 경적 낮춤

Premiums Offered 경품 증정

Out of order. 고장

Under construction. 공사중

4.Public telephone. Call box. 공중전화

Post no bills. 광고를 붙이지 마시오.

No smoking. 금연

All sold out. 매진

In mourning. 기중, 상중

5.Gentleman(Ladies) / Men(Women) 남자용(여자용) 화장실

Cigaret butts 담배꽁초 버리는 곳

Porcelain - With great care. 도자기 재중

, 취급 주의

Unfit for drinking. 마시지 못함

No trespassing. / Dead End. 통과 못함. 막혔음

6.For sale 매품

No visitors (are) allowed. / Interview declined 면회사절

No admittance except on business. 무용자 출입금지

Shut the door after you. / Not to be left open. 문 닫으시오

7.Closed to pedestrians. 보행자 통행금지

Perishable - Keep from heat. 부패하기 쉬움, 열을 멀리 할 것

Beware of fire. / Prevent fires! 불조심

Not for sale. 비매품

Emergency exit / Fire escape. 비상구

8.Year end sale. 연말 대매출

Bargain sale. 염가 대매출

Business hours. 영업시간

In operation. 영업중

Side entrance. 옆문이용

9.Never lay flat. / Not to be laid flat. 옆으로 눕히지 말 것

Keep flat. / Stow level. 옆으로 눕힐 것

Opened today. 오늘 개점

Closed today. 오늘 휴업

No consultation toda

y. 오늘 휴진

10.Fare forward. 요금 선불

Keep to the right.(left)우측, 좌측 통행

Detour 우회

No right(left) turn. 우회전(좌회전) 금지

Freight forward. 운임 선불

11.Freight paid. 운임 지불 필

Keep out from driver's seat. 운전석 출입금지

Danger 위험

Warning - High voltage. 위험 고압전류

Flammable - No smoking within 50ft. 인화물질 -50피트 이내 금연

12.For hire 빈차

Not in use. 사용금지

Catalog offered free 목록 무료 증정

Book -To be kept perfectly dry. 서적 재중 습기주의

Examined 세관수속 필

13.To be kept upright. 세워 놓을 것

House to let.셋집

Wanted to rent. 셋집 구함

No nuisance. 소변금지

Fire hydrant. 소화전

Speed limit. 속도제한

Hands off / Please don't touch. 손대지 마세요.

Under repairs. 수선 중

Parcel room /Cloa

kroom. 수하물 보관소

Guard against damp. 습기조심

The train crew only. 승무원 이외 출입금지

Shoes off. 신발을 벗으시오

Information. 안내소

Safty zone /Safty island. 안전지대

Staying open. 야간 영업

adapt

1.적응(순응,조화)시키다(to,for)

You must adapt new method to circumstances.

2.개작(번안,각색)하다(for, from)

The story was adapted for the movies; it was adapted from a novel.

【해석】1.당신은 새로운 방법을 상황에 적합시켜야 한다. 2.그 소설은 영화를 위해 각색되었다. 다시말해  영화는 소설을 개작한 것이다.

address

1.주소

What is your address?

2.연설

She gave an address of welcome.

Opening(closing) address.

3.주소를 쓰다

He addressed the letter to his uncle.

4.말을 걸다

He always addresses us kindly.

5.부르다

People addressed him as General.

6.address book. addresser. addressee.

【해석】1.주소가 어딥니까? 2.그녀는 환영 연설을 했다. /개(폐)회사 3.그는 삼촌에게 보내는 편지 주소를 썼다. 4.그는 늘 친절하게 우리에게 말을 건다. 5.사람들은 그를 장군이라 불렀다. 6.주소록. 발신인. 수신인

adopt

1.양자로 삼다.

As they had no children of their won, they adopted an orphan.

They adopted a child as their heir.

2.채용하다

Congress adopted the new measures.

English adopted some words from German.

【해석】1.그들은 자신의 아이가 없어서 고아를 양자로 삼았다. /그들은 아이를 그들의 상속인으로 삼았다. 2. 의회?

back

1.등(↔ front)

crooked back 굽은 등(곱추)

He did it behind my back.

He lay on his back(side, stomach) and looked at stars.

2.back and forth 앞뒤로, 이리저리(= to and from, backward(s) and forward(s)

Someone was pacing back and forth behind the curtains.

His eyes darted back and forth wildly.

3.a monkey on one's back 중독, 귀찮은 짐이나 존재

I eat a lot of chocolate. I've got a monkey on my back.

4.back number

5.backpacker 배낭 하나로 여행하는 사람

hitchhiking backpacker 배낭족

6.back up 후원하다, 지지하다.(=give support to, give - a hand, be of service)

They backed him up financially.

7.(속담) Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours.

【해석】1.그들은 나몰래 그것을 했다. 그는 등을 대고 (옆으로, 배를 대고) 누워 별을 바라 보았다. 2.누군가 커튼 뒤에서 왔다 갔다 하고 있었다. /그의 눈은 거칠게 이리저리 쏘아보았다. 3.나는 많은 초코렛을 먹는다. 나는 중독이다. 4.지난 호 잡지(경기에 있어서의 유니폼 번호는 uniform number)

calculation

1.가감승제

+ : 7 plus 2 equals(makes) 9. /7 and 2 is 9. /Add two to seven.

- : 10 minus 4 equals(is) 6. /10 subtracted by 4 is 6. /4 from 10 leaves 6.

x : 3 times 5 equals 15. /3 multiplied 5 equals 15.

/ : 10 (divided) by 5 equals 2.

2.분자/분모 = 기수/ 서수

1/2 : a(one) half

1/3 : a(one) third

1/4 : a(one) quarter, a(one) forth,

2/3 : two-thirds. (분자가 2 이상 즉 복수일 때는 분모에 s 붙임)

call

1.부르다

Call the servant.

Call a taxi for me. = Call me a taxi.

They call him a liar.

2.칭하다. 부르다. 이름짓다

Please call me Mr. Jeong.

Chaucer is called the Father of English poetry.

3.회의를 소집하다

Call a meeting for May 10.

4.전화하다.

Call me at 7:00.

I'll call you later.

5.방문하다

call at + 집     call at his house

call on + 사람   call on my uncle

5.call for 요구하다(=demand)

He called for a cup of coffee.

6.call off 취소하다 (=cancel)

The game was called off on account of rain.

7.call up

① 전화하다(=ring up) I'll call you up this evening.

② 회상하다 He called up the scenes of his childhood.

③ 불러내다 Call up the data on the computer.

8.call down 나무라다(=

scold)

My father called me down very hard for spending too much money.

9.house call 왕진

10.(속담) The pot called the kettle black.

11.call a spade a spade

12.That was a real close call.

【해석】1.하인을 불러라. 택시를 불러 주세요. 그들은 그를 거짓말장이라고 부른다. 2.나를 미스타 정이라고 불러주세요. 초서는 영시의 아버지라고 불리운다. 3.5월10일 회의를 소집해라. 4.7시에 전화해라. 나중에 전화 할께. 5.그는 커피 한잔을 요구했다. 6.경기는 비 때문에 취소됐다. 7. 오늘 저녁에 전화 할께. 그는 어린 시절의 장면을 회상했다. 자료를 컴퓨터로 불러내라. 8.아버지는 너무 많은 돈을 쓴 것에 대해 심하게 나무랐다. 10.똥 묻은 개 겨 묻은 개 나무란다. 11. 솔직히 말하다 12.위기일발, 하마터면 큰일 날 뻔했다

capital

1.수도

a capital city(town).

Paris is the capital of Fran

dare

1.감히 -하다(dare + to부정사), 용감히 맞서다

He dares to tell a lie to me.

Don't dare to do that again.

The boy dared a jump into the water.

He'll dare any danger for her sake.

2.I dare say 아마(= perhaps)

It's mere fiction, I dare say.

I dare say you're right.

I dare say you thought I was older than Lynda.

3.I wouldn't dare go in now.

☞ 부정문에서 dare는 조동사로 취급되는 경향이 있기 때문에 dare 다음에는 동사 원형이 온다. 그러나 현대에서는 그런 경향이 사라져 간다.)

【해석】1.그는 감히 나에게 거짓말을 한다. 그런 짓은 다시는 하지 마라. 그 소년은 감히 물로 뛰어 들었다. 그는 그녀를 위해서라면 어떤 위험도 감히 무릅쓴다. 2.아마 그것은 지어낸 이야기 일 것이다. 아마 네가 옳다. 아마 너는 내가 Lynda보다 나이 들었다고 생각했을 것이다. 3.나는 지금 감히 들어가지 않을 것이다.

dash

1.부딪히다(against)

The waves dash against the shore.

He dashed his elbow against the door.

2.을 때려부수다

He dashed his mirror to pieces.

He dashed  a stone at their heads.

3.돌격

He made a bold dash at the enemy.

at one dash, at first dash 단숨에

4.dashboard 자동차, 비행기의 계기판

【해석】 1파도가 해변에 부딪힌다. 그는 팔을 문에 부딪혔다. 2.그는 거울을 산산조각으로 부수었다. 그는 그들의 머리에 돌을 던졌다. 3.그는 적에게 과감한 돌진을 했다.

day

1.낮

day and night(=night and day) 밤낮으로

before day 날이 새기 전에(=at the break of day)

at daybreak 새벽녘에(=at dawn,↔at dark)

He got up at daybreak, and worked all day long.

at day 낮에

in broad day 대낮에, 백주에

2.날, 하루

some day 미래의 어느날(one day 과거의 어느날)

day after day 매일

day after weary day 지루한 나날(day after pleasant day 나날이 즐거운 날)

all day(all the day) long 하루 종일

from day to day 나날이

a red-letter day 경축일

3.시대(종종 복수로 쓴다)

his early(young) days 젊은 시절

his last(later) days 노년

in these days of atomic energy 원자력 시대에

in those days of sailing ships 범선이 다니던 시절에

4.Rome was not built in a day.

= Constant dripping wears away the stone.

= Little by little and bit by bit.

5.by the day 일급으로(매일 매일 수당을 주는 것)

They hired him by the day.

6.Today is not my day.

7.day in (and) day out 날이면 날마다

8.(one's) days are numbered. 수명이 얼마 안 남았다

My grandfather thinks that his days are numbered.

The days of the steam locomotives are numbered.

9.halcyon days 평화롭고 안정된 시기

A newly wed couple enjoyed halcyon days during their honymoon.

【해석】1.그는 새벽에 일어나서 하루종일 일했다. 4.큰일을 하려면 참고 노력해야한다. 대기만성. 5.그들은 그를 일급으로 고용했다. 6.오늘 재수 없구먼. 8.할아버지는 살날이 얼만 남지 않았다고 생각한다. 증기 기관차의 시대는 얼마 안 남았다. 9.신혼부부는 신혼여행에서 꿈같은 나날을 보냈다.

deal

1.다루다

This book deals fully with inflation.

He is difficult to deal with.

a problem difficult to deal with 다루기 어려운 문제

2.거래하다

We want to deal with a reliable firm.

3.거래, 장사

do a deal with a person 사람과 장사하다

4.a good(great) deal of + 셀 수 있는 명사; 많은

a good deal of milk(money) 많은 우유, 많은 돈

He is a good deal of scholar.

You look a deal better.

【해석】1.이 책은 인플레이션에 대해 자세히 다룬다. 그는 다루기 어려운 사람이다. 2.우리는 신용 있는 회사와 거래하고 싶다. 4.그는 대단한 학자다. 당신은 많이 좋아 보인다.

desert

1.버리다

They deserted their fortress.

The streets were immediately deserted.

All hope deserted him.

2.사막

the Sahara Desert(the Desert of Sahara)

3. 보답

above one's deserts 과분하게

4. cf. dessert 후식

【해석】1.그들은 요새를 버렸다. 거리는 즉시 인적이 끊겼다. 모든 희망이 그에게서 사라졌다. 2.사하라 사막.

die

1.죽다

die of 병, 기아, 노령이 원인 He died of cancer.

die from 상처 쇠약, 사고 부상 He died from the traffic accident.

2.(속담) Old habits die hard.

3.Old soldiers never die. They just fade away.

4.die down 약해지다

The fire finally died down after destroying as many as twenty houses.

5.dying 죽는

cf. dyeing 염색하는

6.kick the bucket 죽다

7.die in harness 마구 찬 채 죽다. 맡은바 일을 다하다 죽다

die in saddle (기병) 맡은바 일을 다하다 죽다

die with boots on (보병) 맡은바 일을 다하다 죽다

The robber said he would wanted to die with his boots on.

It was typical of the great actor to die in harness during a performance.

8.be dying to ; -하고 싶어 죽겠다   I'm d

ear

1.귀

A word in your ear.

He pulled me by the ear.

2.(속담) The walls have ears.

Don't talk so loud. The walls have ears, you know.

3.My ears are burning. 누가 내말 하나보다

My ears itch. = My ears are glowing. 귀가 가렵다

My ears are ringing. = My ears are buzzing. 귀가 울린다

My ears are humming. 귀청이 터질 것 같다.

4.Little pitchers have long ears.

5.You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.

6.wet behind the ears 경험이 부족한, 미숙한

He's still wet behind the ears for the job.

7.go in one ear and out the other. 잊어버리다

The boss's instructions just went in one ear and out the other.

8.play it by ear 귀추에 맡기다

I'm not sure what the best sales tactics will be, so I'll play it by ear.

【해석】1.당신 귀에 한 마디. 그는 내 귀를 잡아 당겼다. 2.낮말을 새가 듣고 밤말을 쥐가 듣는다. 4.어린애들이 들어서 안될 것은 억제하다. 5.돼지 귀로 비단주머니 만들 수 없다. 6.그는 이 직업에 아직 미숙하다. 7.사장의 지시사항이 한 귀로 들어 왔다 한 귀로 흘러 나갔다. 8.나는 무엇이 최고의 판매 전략인지 확신할 수 없다. 그래서 귀추에 맡길 것이다.

easy

1.(속담) That's easier said than done.

2.(속담) Easy come, easy go.

3.take it easy 조심해서 가라. 잘가, 안녕, 진정해

So long Bob. Take it easy.

Take it easy and listen to me.

4.as easy as pie 아주 쉬운

That's as easy as pie.

cf. It's a piece of cake. 누워서 떡 먹기

5.She's living on easy street.

6.easy-going 마음이 편한, 태평한

She's easy-going teacher.

7.of easy virtue 유혹에 쉽게 넘어가는

She is a woman of easy virtue.

【해석】1.말하기는 쉽지만 행동하기는 어렵다. 2.쉽게 번 돈은 쉽게 나간다. 3.조심해서 잘가라 밥. 진정하고 내말 좀 들어봐라. 4.그것은 식은 죽먹기다. 5.그녀는 윤택한 생활을 하고 있다. 6.그녀는 천하태평인 선생이다. 7.그녀는 쉽게 몸을 허락하는 여자다.

egg

1.teach one's grandmother to suck eggs. 공자 앞에 문자 쓴다

=teach a bird to fly, =teach a fish to swim.

Teach your grandmother to suck eggs. I'm tired of your stupid advice.

2.(속담) Kill not the goose that lays the golden eggs.

3.(속담) You cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.

4.butter and egg man 지역에서 돈푼께나 있다고 거들먹거리는 사업가

Here he's a big butter and egg man.

【해석】1.공자 앞에서 문자 쓰지 마라. 나는 너의 시시한 충고에 싫증난다. 2.더 많은 것을 바라지 마라. 3.희생 없이는 수확이 있을 수 없다. 4.여기서 그는 거들먹거리는 사업가다.

end

1.끝

the end of  a line(stick) 줄(막대기)의 끝

The stick is sharp at the end.

He lives at the end of the street.

I'll go with him to the ends of the world.

2.목적

For this end, I call on you.

answer the end 목적에 부합하다.

3.come(bring) to an end 끝나다.

His death brought the expedition to an end.

4.(속담) The end justifies the means.

= All is fair in love and war.

= The worth at a thing is what it will bring. 물건의 가치는 그 효능에 있다

5.in the end 마침내

Everything will turn out all right in the end.

6.끝나다

Here our journey ends.

7.on end 연달아

We can't talk more than 3 hours on end.

【해석】1.이 막대기는 끝이 뾰족하다. 그는 이 거리의 끝에 산다. 나는 그와 함께라면 이 세상 끝가지라도 가겠다. 2.이 목적 때문에 당신을 방문했다. 3.그의 죽음 때문에 탐사는 끝나게 되었다. 4.목적은 수단을 정당화한다. 5.마침내 모든 것이 올바로 밝혀질 것이다. 6.여기가 우리 여행의 목적지다. 여기서 우리 여행이 끝난다. 7.우리는 계속해서 3시간 이상 이야기할 수 없다.

enough

1.충분한(형용사 + enough + to부정사; enough + 명사; 명사 +enough)

He is kind enough to help us.

I was old enough to vote.

He is ready enough to accept your offer.

There's enough food to save the people.

2.I am enough.

Please enjoy yourself. - I am enough.

3.(속담) Enough is enough.

enter

1.들어가다

May I enter?

The bullets entered the wall.

A good idea entered his head.

She entered the middle school.

2.enter into

1.시작하다 They entered into a discussion.

2.공감하다 We can enter into your feelings.

【해석】1.들어가도 되나? 총알이 벽에 박혔다. 좋은 생각에 머리에 떠올랐다. 그녀는 중학교에 들어갔다. 2.그들은 토론을 시작했다. 우리는 당신의 느낌에 공감할 수 있다.

even

1.평평한

He was on the even road.

2.짝수의(↔odd numbers;홀수의)

Take all the even numbers.

3. 침착한

an even disposition

4.조차도

Even now it is not too late.

5.훨씬(비교급수식)

even worse;훨씬 나쁜, even better 훨씬 좋은

6.even if, even though, even so 그렇다 하더라도

But even so, I can't believe it.

7.(속담) Even Homer sometimes nods.

【해석】1.그는 평평한 길에 있었다. 2.짝수를 취하세요. 3.침착한 성격 4.지금조차도 늦지 않았다. 6.그럴지라도 나는 그것을 믿을 수 없다. 7.원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다.

every

1.모두, 모든(단수명사를 수식)

every man 모든 사람

almost every one of us 거의 우리 모두

This seems to me in every respect inferior to that.

He made every effort to support his large family.

2.every two days 이틀마다(= every other day, every second day)

every sundays 일요일마다. She goes to church every sundays.

3.every time

① 항상, 매번 Our football team wins every time.

② 할 때마다 Every time I meet him, he tries to borrow money from me.

【해석】1.이것은 모든 면에서 저것보다 열등하게 보인다. 그는 그의 대가족을 부양하기 위해 모든 노력을 다했다. 2.그녀는 일요일마다 교회에 간다. 3.우리 축구팀은 매번 이긴다. 내가 그를 만날 때마다 그는 나에게서 돈을 빌리려고 한다.

excuse

1.양해를 구하다, 용서를 구하다.

He asked to be excused for arriving late.

2.면제하다

We will excuse you from the test.

【해석】1.그는 늦게 도착한 것에 대해 용서를 구했다. 2.우리는 그를 시험에서 면제시킬 것이다.

experience

1.경험

Experience is the best teacher.

He is a man of experience.

2.Experience is the teacher of fools.

3.Wise man learn by other men's mistake; fools by their own.

【해석】1.경험이 최고의 스승이다. 그는 경험이 많은 사람이다. 2.바보들은 경험을 통해 배운다. 3.현명한 사람은 다른 사람의 경험을 통해 배우고 바보들은 자신의 경험을 통해 배운다.

eye

1.an eye for an eye.눈에는 눈

We should follow the principle of an eye for an eye.

2.(속담) Eyes say more than the mouth.

3.(속담) The eye is blind if the mind is absent.

4.My eye sting! 눈이 아프다

My back ache.허리야

My toe itches 발가락이 가렵다

Sore throat 아픈 목

stomach ache 복통

5.round eye 미국인

slant eye 동양인(눈 꼬리가 올라간)

6.bug-eyed 눈이 튀어나올 정도로 놀란

He stood there bug-eyed when told that he had won the award.

7.fisheye 쌀쌀한 눈초리, 의심하는 눈빛

The waiter gave the man the fisheye.

8.Here's mud in your eye!

9.Where are your eyes?

【해석】1.우리는 눈에는 눈이라는 원칙을 따라야 한다. 2.눈을 보면 듣지 않아도 알 수 있다. 3.마음이 없으면 봐도 보이지 않는다. 6.그가 상을 받았다는 소리를 들었을 때 그는 눈이 튀어나올 정도로 놀랐다. 7. 그 종업원은 그 남자에게 의심의 눈길을 보냈다. 8. 당해도 싸지 9.어디보고 있니?

face

1.얼굴, 표면 There's a fly on your face.

2.직면하다

We have to face the problem with courage.

3.향하다

The building faces (to the) North.

4.대하다, 면하다

I can't face him after what I've done. 얼굴을 대할 수 없다

5.lose face 체면을 잃다(↔save face 체면을 지키다)

My teacher lost face in class.

6.face to face 정면으로 맞서서, 얼굴을 맞대고

We came face to face at the street corner.

7.make a face at 얼굴을 찡그리다

A little girl made a face at him.

8.to one's face 면전에서

I told him to his face.

9.poker face 무표정한 얼굴

From his porker face, it's impossible to tell what he's thinking.

10.two-faced 표리부동한

She's two-faced. I wouldn't trust her as far as I know her.

11.About face.

12.face-lift 개각

Government gets face-lift: 개각하다

1

3.in the face of -의 정면에서, -에도 불구하고 (=despite)

15.to one's face 면전에 (= in the presence of)

【해석】1.네 얼굴에 파리가 한 마리 있다. 2.우리는 용기를 갖고 그 문제를 직면해야 한다. 3.건물은 북쪽을 향하고 있다. 4. 내가 한 일 때문에 그를 볼 수가 없다. 5.선생님은 교실에서 체면을 잃었다. 6.우리는 거리 코너에서 얼굴을 정면으로 맞대었다. 7.작은 소녀가 그에게 얼굴을 찌푸렸다. 8.나는 그의 면전에서 그에게 말했다. 9.그의 무표정한 얼굴로 볼 때 그가 무엇을 생각하고 있는지 아는 것은 불가능하다. 10.그녀는 표리부동하다. 내가 아는 한 그녀를 믿을 수 없다. 11.뒤로 돌아. 12.정부는 개각한다.

fail

1.실패하다

He failed in exam.

He failed to keep his word.

2.never fail to 반드시 하다 (=be sure to)

Never fail to finish the task.

3.약해지다

Her eyesight was failing.

4.fail in 실패하다(=be unsuccessful in)

He failed in the exam.

【해석】1.그는 낙제했다. 그는 약속을 지키지 못했다. 2.일을 반드시 끝내라. 3.그녀의 시력은 약해지고 있다. 4.그는 시험에 낙제했다.

fall

1.(비, 눈, 이슬)내리다, 떨어지다

Rain is falling.

fallen leaves 낙엽

Snow falls fast.

Ripe apples fell off the tree.

2.넘어지다

The old man stumbled and fell down on the street.

3.(어떤 상태로)되다

He fell asleep.

He fell ill(sick).

fall a prey

4.낙하

a fall of leaves 나뭇잎의 떨어짐(the fallen leaves 낙옆)

a heavy fall of rain. 폭우

5.폭포

(the) Niagara Falls 나이아가라 폭포

6.가을

7.Pride will have a fall.

= Pride goes before a fall.

cf. Self-praise is no recommendation. 자기 자랑은 금물

8.fall on

① 습격하다 They fell on the enemy.

② 만나다

③ (경축일등이) 에 해당되다 Christmas day falls on a Monday this year.

③ fall-fell-fallen

fell-felled-felled 나무를 베어 넘어뜨리다

9.fall flat:완전히 실패로 끝나다.

Our plans for a vacation in Hawaii fell through.

10.(속담) Between two stools one falls to the ground.

= If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.

11.fall short of 못 미치다 (fail to reach)

Your result fell short of our expectation.

12.rise and fall 흥망성쇠

13.fall into

① 속하다 He falls into this group.

② 떨어지다 The child fell into the lake.

【해석】1.비가 내리다. 눈이 평평 쏟아진다. 익은 사과가 나무에서 떨어진다. 2.노인이 길에서 비틀거리다가 넘어졌다. 3.그는 잠들었다. 그는 아프다. 7.자만심을 멸망을 자초한다. 8.그들은 적을 만났다. 크리스마스는 올해 월요일이다. 9.하와이 갈려는 우리의 계획은 완전히 실패로 끝났다. 10.결정을 못 내리면 어려움에 빠진다. 11.너의 결과는 우리의 기대에 못 미친다. 13.그는 이 그룹에 속한다. 그 아이가 호수에 빠졌다.

familiar

1.익숙한

be familiar with + 사물, be acquainted with +사물. 을 잘 알고 있다

be familiar to + 사람, be well known to + 사람. 에게 잘 알려져 있다

He is familiar with the subject.

→The subject is familiar to him.

2.Familiarity breeds contempt.

☞ familiar는 가족이나 오랜 친지이므로 '허물없는' 이란 뜻이고 intimate는 상호 깊은 이해를 갖고 같은 생각이나 감정을 갖는 다는 뜻이다. 남녀간에 사용하면 성 관계를 의미할 수 있으니 상황에 맞게 주의해서 사용해야 한다.

【해석】1.그는 그 문제에 정통하다. 2.너무 친해지면 얕본다.

far

1.멀리, 먼

He wanders far from town.

He is far away.

2.far from

① 거리가 먼 It's rather far from here.

② -가 아닌, -와는 거리가 먼

(by no means, not -in the least, not -by any means, not at all)

She is far from blaming him.

3.훨씬(비교급 수식)

This is far better than that.

4.by far(부사) 최상급 수식, 뒤에서 비교급 수식, 단연코

This is by far the best of all.

This is by far the better of the two.

This is the better by far.

5.far and wide 널리 두루

He traveled far and wide, but couldn't find happiness.

【해석】1.그는 먼 도시에서 방황한다. 그는 멀리 떨어져 있다. 2.여기서 거리가 다소 멀다. 그녀는 결코 그를 비난하지 않는다. 3.이것은 저것보다 훨씬 좋다. 4.이것은 단연코 모든 것 중에서 최고다. 이것은 둘 중에서 단연코 최고다. 이것은 단연코 낫다. 5.그는 두루두루 여행을 했지만 행복을 발견할 수 없었다.

feed

1.먹이를 주다

feed horse on oats 말에게 귀리를 먹이다.

2.be fed up with 에 진절머리가 나다

I'm fed up with him(the routine)

3.먹고살다

feed on 동물 The lion feeds on flesh.

live on 사람 We, Koreans live largely on rice.

4.(속담) Well fed, well bred.

5.(속담) Feed a cold and starve a fever.

【해석】2.나는 그에게 (일상적인 일에) 진절머리 난다. 3.사자는 육식한다. 우리 한국사람은 일반적으로 쌀을 먹고산다. 4.의식이 족해야 예절을 안다. 5.감기에는 먹고 열병에는 굶는 것이 낫다.

feel

1.feel like -ing -하고싶다.(= feel inclined to, have a wish to)

I feel like going bed early tonight.

Do you feel like watching TV?

2.feel at home 편안함을 느끼다.(= feel at ease, feel comfortable)

3.feel for 동정하다(=sympathize with)

① 동정하다 I really feel for the poor.

② 더듬다 He felt along the wall for the door.

4.How do you feel?

5.Let me feel your pulse.

6.feel ill at ease 거북스럽다

I always feel ill at ease in his company.

7.I feel side to my stomach.

8.If you feel up to it 원하신다면(If you feel like -ing)

If you feel up to it, we can go there.

【해석】1.당신은 TV를 보기 원합니까? 나는 오늘 일찍 잠자리에 들고 싶다. 3.나는 가난한 사람을 정말로 동정한다. 그는 문을 찾기 위해 벽을 더듬었다. 4.어떻게 생각하십니까? 5.맥을 짚어 봅시다. 6.나는 늘 그의 무리에 있으면 거북스럽다. 7.나는 토할 것 같다. 8만약 당신이 원한다면 우리는 거기에 갈 수 있다.

figure

1.모양, 모습

I saw the figure of a man in the dark.

2.인물

as authority figures 권위자로서

a man of figure  지위가 높은 사람

Roosevelt was one of the greatest figures of his time.

3.숫자

the figure 8 ;숫자 8

4.계산하다

figure up the sum 총계를 내다

5.figure out

① 생각하다(think over) Just figure it out yourself

② 계산하다 Will you figure out my income tax?

【해석】1.나는 어둠 속에서 한 사람의 모습을 보았다. 2.루즈벨트는 그의 시대에서 위대한 인물중의 하나이다. 5.스스로 생각해내라. 소득세를 계산하겠습니까?

fill

1.채우다

She filled a glass with water.

2.be filled with -으로 가득 차다

Her eyes were filled with tears.

3.Fill it(her) up, please.

4.fill in 기입하다, 대리역할을 하다

Please fill out(in) this application.

I'm filling in for Harry.

5.fill in for 대역을 하다(=substitute for, pinch-hit for)

I will have to fill in for my boss at a conference.

6.She's not a girl; she has filled out.

【해석】1.그녀는 잔을 물로 채웠다. 2.그녀의 눈은 눈물로 가득찼다. 3.(주유소에서)가득 채워주세요. 4.이 신청서에 기입하세요. 나는 해리를 대신하고 있다. 5.나는 회의에서 사장을 대신할 것이다. 6.그녀는 소녀가 아니다. 그녀는 여자다운 몸매다.

find

1.발견하다 find - found - found

설립하다 found - founded - founded

2.발견하다

They find trouble everywhere.

The boy was found seriously wounded.

I found him dozing.

3.알다, 깨닫다(find + 가목적어(it) + 보어 + to부정사, pp)

find + 목적어 + pp

find + that 절, 의문사 절

I found it easy to explain.

I found my purse stolen.

They found that he was mistaken.

Can you found where he has gone?

4.find fault with 흠을 찾다, 비난하다(= criticise)

My mother-in-law is always finding fault with everything I do.

【해석】2.그들은 도처에 어려움이 있다는 것을 안다. 그 소년은 심하게 상처를 입은 것이 발견되었다. 나는 그가 졸고 있는 것을 발견했다. 3.나는 그것이 설명하기 쉽다는 것을 알았다. 나는 내 지갑이 도둑맞은 것을 알았다. 그들은 그가 실수를 했다는 것을 알았다. 너는 그가 어디로 갔는지 알 수 있니? 4.시어머니는 늘 내가 하는 모든 것을 흠잡는다.

fine

1.좋은, 우수한

a fine play 훌륭한 연극

a fine poet 뛰어난 시인

2.미세한, 가는

fine rain(snow) 가랑비(눈)

3.기분 좋은

I'm fine.

fine air 상쾌한 공기

4.벌금

a parking fine 주차위반 벌금

5.벌금을 부과하다

He was fined 100 dollars for speeding.

【해석】5.그는 과속으로 100달러를 벌금으로 부과 받았다.

finger

1.손가락

thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger

2.Keep one's fingers crossed. 행운을 빌다

Mary's mother kept her fingers crossed while her daughter was taking the exam.

3.He just doesn't lift a finger.

4.shake one's finger at a person 삿대질하다

Mr. Brown frowned and shook his finger at her.

5.burn one's fingers 투기에서 크게 손해보다 남의 일에 참견하면 된통 당함

He had burned his fingers in the stock market.

【해석】1.엄지, 검지, 중지, 약지, 세끼 손가락 2.Mary는 그녀의 딸이 시험을 보고 있는 동안 행운을 빌어 주었다. 3.그는 손가락하나 까딱하지 않다. 4.브라운은 얼굴을 찌푸리고 그녀에게 삿대질했다. 5.그는 증권시장에서 손해를 크게 보았다.(the stock market 증권시장).

fire

1.불

A fire broke out in the ship.

A fire was covered on the paper.

2.발사하다

We fired away at the enemy.

3.해고하다(=dismiss)

The boss fired his man for his fault.

4.(속담) Where there's smoke, there's fire.

(속담) There is no smoke without fire.

5.(속담) Fight fire with fire.

6.(속담) A burnt child dreads the fire.

= Once bitten, twice shy.

7.set the Thames on fire 세상을 깜짝 놀라게 하다

He set the Thames on fire when he made a speech in Congress.

8.fire fighter 소방수

fire engine 소방차

fire station 소방서

9.Where's the fire?

10.under fire 비난을 받는

He is still under fire for his rebellion.

【해석】1.화재가 배에서 발생했다. 화재가 신문에 보도되었다. 2.우리는 총을 발사하며 적을 쫓아 버렸다. 3.사장은 그의 결점 때문에 그를 해고했다. 4.아니 뗀 굴뚝에 연기 나랴. 이열치열 6.자라보고 놀란가슴 솥뚜껑보고 놀란다. 7.그가 의회에서 연설을 했을 때 그는 세상을 깜짝 놀라게 했다. 9.어딜 급히 가니? 10.그는 여전히 반역에 대해 비난을 받고 있다.

first

1.(속담) First come, first served.

2.First aid 구급

first-aid box 구급함

first fruits 첫 수확

3.at first 처음에는 At fist, she is very cute.

4.first of all 무엇보다도 First of all, it doesn't matter.

5.for the first time 처음으로 I, for the first time,  met him ten years ago.

【해석】1.선착자 우선. 3.처음에는 그녀는 매우 귀여웠다. 4.무엇보다도 그것은 중요하지 않다. 5.그를 처음 만난 것은 10년 전이었다.

fish

1. a fish store 생선가게       a fish dealer 상인

fishing rod 낚싯대        fishing line 낚시줄

float 찌                  sinker 추

hook 낚시바늘            bait 낚시밥

2.mackerel 고등어            octopus 낙지            tuna 다랑어

squid, cuttlefish 오징어    salmon 연어             pike 창꼬지

trout 송어                 eel 뱀장어                clam 조개

bass 농어                 scallop 가리비            yellow tail 방어

prawn 보리새우            shrimp 새우              carp 잉어

3.(속담) The fish always stinks from the head downwards.

4.sliced raw fish 생선회

5.fish story 허풍

Fish stories are always fishy.

6.fishy 의심스러운

There's something fishy about the way he smiles.

7.fish in troubled waters. 어부지리를 얻다

The leader fished in troubled waters when the group members quarreled bitterly.

8.hook, line, and sinker 전체, 완전히

They fell for the movie hook, line and sinker. 완전히 영화에 빠졌다

【해석】3.윗물이 맑아야 아랫물이 맑다. 5.허풍은 언제나 허풍일 뿐이다. 6.그가 미소짓는 데에는 무엇인가 의심스러운 것이 있다. 7.그룹의 구성원이 심하게 싸울 때 지도자는 어부지리를 얻었다. 8.그들은 완전히 영화에 빠졌다.

fit

1.알맞은 적당한

The food was not fit to eat.

2.적당한

He is not fit for work.

3.맞추다

This coat doesn't fit for me.

4.병의 발작

He said so in a fit of anger.

fit of heartbreak 심장마비의 발작

a fit of coughing 기침의 발작

5.fitting room 옷 갈아 입는 곳

No dress 평상복

6.fit - like a glove 꼭 맞다

Her new dress fit her like a glove.

【해석】1.그 음식은 먹기에 적당하지 않다. 2.그는 그 일에 적격이 아니다. 3. 이 코트는 나에게 맞지 않는다. 4.그는 화가 나서 그렇게 이야기했다. 6.그녀의 새 옷은 그녀에게 꼭 맞다.

flower

1.flower 일반 화초나무 꽃

blossom 나무에 피는 꽃

bloom 나무, 화초의 꽃

2.Month Flowers

Snow drop 1월,          Primrose 2월,              Violet 3월,

Daisy 4월,               Hawthorn 5월,              Rose 6월,

Water Lily 7월,           Poppy 8월,                 Goldenrod 9월,

Hop 10월,               Chrysanthemum 11월,       Holly 12월

follow

1.따르다

Spring follows winter.

He follows his father as manager.

You go first, and I will follow.

The dog followed me to the house.

2.이해하다

Can you follow me?

3.뒤이어 일어나다

No one knows what may follow.

4.(속담) One misfortune follows another.

【해석】1.겨울에 이어 봄이 온다. 그는 아버지를 이어 지배인이다. 먼저 가라, 내가 뒤따르겠다. 개가 나를 집까지 따라왔다. 2.내말 알아듣겠니? 3.무슨 일이 일어날 지 아무도 모른다. 4.엎친 데 덮친 격

foot

1.On your feet!

2.get cold feet 낙담하다(let down) 무엇인가를 할때 겁을 먹다

I hope you don't get cold feet before the contest.

3. give someone the cold shoulder 냉대하다

Peggy has been giving Bent the cold shoulder since their argument.

4.have one foot in the grave. 죽어가고 있다

Mrs. Brown is so sick, I'm afraid she has one foot in the grave.

5.itching foot 여행하고 싶어 견딜 수가 없는 상태

George always seems to have itching foot when a long summer vacation approaches.

6.sit(lie) at a person's feet 충성을 다하다

The slave sat at his master's feet and did whatever he ordered him to do.

7.put one's best foot forward 좋은 모습만 보여주려 한다

It is natural to put one's best foot forward .

【해석】1.일어나! 2.콘테스트 전에 낙담하지 않기를 바란다. 3.논쟁이후 Peggy는 Bent에게 냉담하다. 4.브라운 부인은 너무 아파서 죽어가고 있어 걱정된다. 5.긴 여름 방학이 다가올 때 조지는 늘 여행을 가고 싶어한다. 6.노예는 충성을 맹세하고 그가 명령하는 모든 것을 했다. 7.사람들이 좋은 모습만 보여주려 하는 것은 당연하다.

forget

1.잊다

forget + to부정사(미래에 해야할 것을 잊다)

forget + 동명사 (과거에 했는 것을 잊다)

Don't forget to mail this letter on your way home.

I'll never forget seeing him at the party.

cf. Remember to post this letter for me.

【해석】1.집에 가는 길에 이 편지를 부쳐야 할 것을 잊지 마라. 나는  파티에서 그를 본 것을 잊을 수 없다. cf.나를 위해 이 편지를 부쳐야 할 것을 기억해라.

free

1.자유로운

The prisoners were set free.

2.무료의

free tickets for the theatre.

3.-이 없는

He is free from anxiety.

4.자유롭게 하다, 석방하다

He freed the animal from a trap.

5.free from 이 없는

It is said that some Chinese cities are free from flies.

6.be free to 마음대로 -하다

You are free to go out if you like.

【해석】1.죄수는 석방되었다. 2.극장의 무료 티켓 3.그는 걱정이 없다. 4.그는 덫에서 동물을 풀어 주었다. 5.어떤 중국 도시는 파리가 없다고 말해진다. 6.너는 원한다면 자유롭게 가도 된다.

frog

1.I have a frog in my throat.

2.He often clears his throat.

3.Frog eats like fish.

【해석】1.나는 목이 쉬었다. 2.그는 종종 목청을 가다듬는다. 3.개구리는 생선과 같은 맛이 난다.

from

1. keep, prevent, stop, hold, refrain, discourage + O + from + -ing  방해하다

The rain kept me from going home.

2.장소

What part of America do you come from?

I've read this book from cover to cover.

She was dressed in black from head to toe (foot).

3.시간

From next Sunday railway fares will be increased by 5%.

Three weeks from today is a holiday.

From now on Miss Kim will work in another office.

My aunt visits us from time to time.

4.구별

A blind man cannot tell black from white.

I can't tell a genuine pearl from an imitation at a glance.

My office is different from yours.

5.분리

Illness kept me from going to school.

We could not keep from laughing.

The fruit is far from ripe.

I parted from him

in Pusan.

The bad weather prevented us from taking a tip.

Few people are free from anxiety.

6.원인

She often suffers from a headache.

Successes results from effort.

I am very tired from walking so many miles.

7.원료

He doesn't know what is made from.

Cheese is made from milk.

8.관용적

The condition of the patient went from bad to worse.

From what I hear, he seems to be very clever.

【해석】1.나는 비 때문에 집에 못갔다. 2.당신은 미국의 어디 출신입니까? 나는 이 책을 처음부터 끝까지 다 읽었다. 그녀는 머리부터 발끝까지 검은 색 옷을 입었다. 3.다음주 일요일부터 기차 요금이 5% 오를 것이다. 오늘부터 3주 후에는 공휴일이다. 지금부터 계속해서 김양은 다른 사무실에서 일할 것이다. 숙모는 가끔 우리를 방문한다. 5.병 때문에 나는 학교에 못 갔다. 우리는 웃지 않을 수 없었다. 과일은 전혀 익지 않았다. 나는 부산에서 그와 헤어졌다. 나쁜 날씨 때문에 우리는 여행을 갈 수 없었다. 사람들은 거의 걱정이 없지 않다. 6.그녀는 종종 두통을 겪는다. 성공은 노력의 결과이다. 나는 많이 걸어서 매우 피곤하다.  7.그는 그것이 무엇으로 만들어졌는지 알지 못한다. 치즈는 우유로 만들어진다. 8.환자의 상태는 점점 악화된다. 내가 들은 바로는 그는 매우 총명하다.

WORD POWER

- SECOND EDITION

Produced by Lim Chang-hwan

Part I Anglo-Saxon Prefixes

: 영어의 원시형태(Anglo-ish = English)로서 일상생 활에 쓰이는 중요한 어휘들을 구성한다

fore : beforehand(이전에, 미리, 벌써) front(정면의, 앞의, 맨앞의), before(<때, 위치, 순서를 나타내어> 전에, 앞에, 먼저)

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사 (ante-, pre-, pro-, fore-)

forearm ; 팔뚝, 미리 무장하다, 미리 대비하다

forebear ; ancestor, forefather - descendant

fore + be(to exist or be) + er(one who is)

foreboding<bode ; 징조가되다> ; misgiving(의심, 걱정, 불안, 염려), presentiment(예감, 육감)

forecast(예상되는 것<기후, 자연현상>에 대한 예상, 예측, 예보)

prediction(과거의 사실, 경험 등에 입각한 추론에 의해 예언하는 것)

prophecy(예언, 예언서) <cast ; 던지다, 계산하다> downcast(풀이 죽은, 기가 꺽인, 낙심한 ; dejected, discouraged)

foretell(예언, 예지하다의 가장 일반적인 말)

foresee(예견하다, 미리 알아차리다)

forefront ; 맨 앞, 선두

foregoing ; preceding(앞서는, 앞의, 앞서 말한)

foremost ; leading, principal, chief(맨 처음의, 으뜸 가는, 주요한)

foreshadow ; indicate beforehand(<신이> 예시하다, 전조가 되다, 징조를 보이다)

foresight(선견지명, 장래에의 대비) ; prudence(신중, 조심, 검약, 절약) - hindsight(in - ; 지나고 나서 보니까)

foreword(머리말, 서문<특히 저자 이외의 사람이 쓴>)

preface(서문, 서언, 머리말 ; 본론과는 독립하여 책의 목적, 구성 등에 대해 해설한 것)

introduction(책의 일부를 형성하고 그 내용에 관한 정식적인 예비적 해설)

forehead(brow ; 이마)

foretaste(미리 맛보다)

foreground(<경치, 그림의> 전경 - background)

forefinger(집게손가락 the index -, the first -, )

the middle -

the ring -

the little -

thumb

foreman(십장, 현장주임)

mis : bad, badly, wrong, wrongly

* "잘못, 경멸"의 접두사

misbelief(그릇된 확신, 의견)

misdeed(나쁜 짓, 악행, 범죄)

misgiving(의심, 걱정, 불안, 염려 ; 종종 -s ; uneasy feeling)

misfire(불발, 빗나감, 실패, n.v)

mishap(사고, 재난, 불상사 ; misfortune, misadventure, mischance, unlucky accident)

mislay(잘못 두다, 둔 곳을 잊다 ; lose)

mislead(오도하다, 속이다 ; misguide, deceive, delude, beguile)

misstep(과실, 실수, 실족 <여자가> 몸을 그르침)

mistake(잘못, 틀림, 착오, 착각, 오해)

error(잘못, 실수를 나타내는 가장 일반적인 말)

mistake(해석, 판단의 잘못)

blunder(<큰> 실수로 비난의 뜻이 들어있다)

slip(부주의에 의한 가벼운 실수)

misapprehend(오해하다 ; misunderstand, misinterpret <오역하다 ; misread>),

misinform(오보를 전하다, 오해시키다),

misjudge(오심, 오진하다), misprint(오식하다 n.v),

mischief(해악, 손해, 재해, 화 ; harm, injury, damage)

miscalculate(잘못 계산하다),

misbehave(못되게 굴다)

mistreat(학대, 혹사하다),

misuse(오용, 학대, 혹사하다),

misapply(잘못 적용, 오용, 악용하다),

mistrust(의심하다 ; doubt n, v), misspell,

misbirth(유산 ; abortion)

out : beyond, out, more than, longer(faster, better) than

* "어떤 일을 - 보다 더 좋게, 빨리, 많이, 길게 하다"를 뜻하는 접두사

outgrow(보다 더 커지다, 빨리 자라나다, <성장하여> <습관, 취미 등을> 벗어나다, 버리다)

outlandish(이국풍의, 기이한 ; strange, fantastic),

outlook(조망, 경치, 광경, 전망, 예측, 망보기, 경계, 망루)

outlast(outlive),

last ; 지속, 존속하다, 견디다. 오래가다.

outwit(- 보다 한 수 더 뜨다),

outsider(문외한, 국외자, 외부인),

output(생산, 산출, 생산고, 출력 - input(입력, 투입<량>),

outrun(달려서 이기다<앞서다>, 도가 지나치다)

outspoken(솔직한, 노골적인),

frank ; 사람, 의견, 태도등이 솔직한

outspoken ; 버릇없다고 할 정도로 거침없이 말하는

open ; 공공연하고 솔직한

outnumber(-보다 수적으로 우세하다),

outshine(- 보다 더 빛나다, 우세하다),

outweigh(- 보다 더 무겁다, 능가하다, 중대하다), outclass(- 보다 고급이다, 뛰어나다),

outdo(- 보다 낫다, 능가하다, 이기다),

outlive(- 보다 오래 살다, <곤란 등을> 극복하다)

outcome(결과, 성과)

outdoor(옥외의, 야외의)

outward(외면상의, 외면적인, 밖으로 향하는)

out-of-date(구식의, 낡은 ; outmoded, outdated - up-to-date)

out of stock

out of town

out of print(절판된<책>)

out of order

out of work(실직중인)

outbreak(<전쟁, 화재>발발, 돌발, 폭동, 소요), outburst(폭발, 분출, 쏟아져 나옴),

outstanding(눈에 띄는, 두드러진, 현저한),

outlet(출구, 방출구, 배출구, 소매점),

outset(착수, 시초, 발단 ; start),

outlaw(무법자, 불량배, 상습범 ; criminal),

O.P.D.(외래환자 병동 ; outpatient department), outskirts(변두리, 교외 ; borders or outlying parts)

* on (at, in) the - of - ; -의 변두리에

over : too, excessively, over, beyond

* "초과", "초월"을 뜻하는 접두사

(hyper-, para-, super-, sur-, trans-, ultra-, up-)

overbearing(건방진, 거만한, 위압적인 ; masterful<거드름 피우는>, forcing others to one's will, inclined to dictate),

bear ; 운반하다, 지탱하다, 견디다, 처신, 행동하다, 낳다

overburden(지나친 짐<부담> ; n.v. burden too heavily)

overgenerous

oversupply(과잉공급 n.v),

overconfident(너무 믿는, 자부심이 강한)

overdose(과량복용, 과잉투여 n, v),

dose ; (약의) 1회 분량, 복용량 n, v

overestimate(n.v. underestimte),

estimate ; 견적, 평가, 추정 n, v

overshadow(그늘지게하다, 무색하게하다 ; outshine, throw a shadow over, outweigh)

overwhelm(압도하다, 전복시키다 ; overpower, overthrow)

overcome(이기다, 압도하다 ; conquer),

overrule(<결정, 방침, 논의 등을 권세로> 뒤엎다, 무효로 하다 ; decide against),

overeat(과식하다 / vomit, throw up, bring up), overflow(넘치다, 범람하다, 가득차다),

overhear(<상대방이 모르게> 우연히 듣다, 엿듣다, 도청하다 ; hear by chance),

eavesdrop ; 의도적으로 상대방의 대화를 엿듣다

oversee(감독<감시>하다, 두루 살피다),

oversleep, overwork(과로, 과도한 노동 n, v), overheat(과열, 과도의 흥분 n, v),

overdue(지불기한이 넘은, 늦은, 연착한 ; delayed),

overlook(감독<감시>하다, 못보고 지나치다, 대충보다 ; supervise, have a view of from above, neglect),

overturn(전복, 타도, 붕괴 n.v. collapse),

overseas(adv.adj.n. - base, an - Chinese),

overtake(따라잡다, 추월하다, 만회하다 ; come or catch up with),

overlap(겹치다, 포개다, 중복되다), overcrowd(사람을 너무 많이 수용하다, 혼잡하다), overpopulation,

overbook(예약을 너무 많이 받다),

overdress(지나치게 몸치장을 하다 ; - oneself),

overcooked,

overexpose,

overload(과적, 과부하 n, v),

overproduce,

oversensitive,

overspend(돈을 낭비하다),

overstay,

overdrink,

overact(overdo, exaggerate),

overkill(n.v.nuclear capacity greatly exceeding what is needed to exterminate the enemy)

5. un : not, lack of, do the opposite of, remove or release from

* "부정", "반대" 또는 "결여"를 나타내는 접두사

(a-, in-, non-, un-)

* "반대(또는 적대)"와 "대조"를 뜻하는 접두사

(anti-, contra-, counter-, dis- ob-)

unabridged(complete),

* abridge ; 요약(단축)하다, 줄이다

unbiased(fair),

* bias ; 성향, 선입견, 편견, 치우침

unconcern(무관심, 태연, 냉담 ; indifference),

* concern ; 관계하다, 관심을 갖다, 염려하다

undeceive(잘못을 깨닫게 하다),

* deceive ; 속이다

unnerve(낙담시키다, 무기력하게 하다 ; upset),

* nerve ; 신경, 용기, 기력, 정신력, 힘을 주다, 용기를 북돋우다, 격려하다

unquenchable(억제할 수 없는)

* quench : satisfy, slake

unscramble(<흩어진 것을> 제대로 챙기다, <암호 등을> 해독하다 ; restore to a form that can be understood),

* scramble ; 뒤섞다, 뒤범벅을 만들다

unshackle(shackle ; 족쇄, 수갑, 속박, 구속),

unwary(조심성 없는, 방심한, 경솔한 ; heedless, careless)

* wary ; 신중한, 조심성 있는

unaccustomed(unusual, strange

* accustomed ; 익숙한, 길든, 평소의),

unacquainted(낮선, 생소한

* acquainted ; ( be - with 안면이 있는, 정통한, 친한),

uncommon(보기드문, 희한한, 진귀한),

unaccountable(설명할 수 없는, 책임이 없는),

unaddressed,

unconfirmed(확인되지 않은),

unknown,

unable,

unarmed,

unchristian(adj),

unbelief(불신앙, 회의),

unconditional(- surrender),

uncivil(impolite),

unearth(발굴하다, <새 사실 등을> 밝히다, 폭로하다),

unmask,

uncover(disclose),

unfold(펴다, 펼치다, 표명하다),

undiscovered,

undue(부적당한, 어울리지 않는 ; improper, unfit, unbecoming),

unfix(떼어내다, 풀다, 끄르다, 늦추다),

untie,

unbound(속박이 풀린, 해방된),

unbounded(한정이 되지 않은, 무한의 ; boundless, limitless),

unconquerable(정복<극복>하기 어려운),

uneasy(불안한, 어색한, 거북한, 불편한),

Unidentified Flying Object (U.F.O.),

untimely(때 아닌, 때에 맞지 않게 adj, adv),

unworthy(가치없는, 하찮은),

unfriendly(an - waitress),

unenlightened(무지한, 미개의),

ungenerous(옹졸한, 비열한, 인색한),

unseen (invisible, unfamiliar),

unmistakable(clear),

unquestionable,

unwilling(reluctant),

unpopular,

unkind(불친절한, 무정한, <날씨가> 사나운, 고약한 ; That's very - of you. the weather proved -.),

unbutton,

unsex(성의 특질을 없애다, 성적 불능을 만들다),

unsay(취소<철회>하다 ; retract),

unlearn(<배운 것을> 잊다, 고쳐 배우다 ; get rid of <ideas, habits etc>, forget),

unclean,

unaffected(영향을 받지 않은, 자연스러운, 진실한),

unavoidable(피하기 어려운, 불가피한 ; avoidable),

unaware(알지 못하는, 모르는 ; aware),

undress(옷을 벗다, 폭로하다),

unbearable(Unbearable lightness of a being)

* bearable ; 견딜 수 있는

6. under : beneath, lower, insufficient(ly)

* "아래", "밑"을 뜻하는 접두사

(de-, hypo-, sub-, under-)

underbrush(덤불 ; shrubs, bushes, undergrowth, underwood),

underdeveloped(- countries<후진국>, developing country<개도국>),

undergraduate(대학생 ;

adj.n), underpayment,

underprivileged(권리가 적은, 혜택받지 못한),

* privilege ; 특권, 특전, 혜택

underscore(아래에 선을 긋다, 강조하다 ; underline),

undersell(헐값으로, 싸게 팔다),

undersigned(the - ; 서명자),

understatement(삼가서 말함),

understudy(대역을<연습> 하다, 임시 대역 배우, 후보선수 n.v)

underlie(아래에 놓이다, 기초가 되다 ; form the basis of),

underpass(지하도),

undergo(겪다, 경험하다, 당하다 ; experience, pass through),

underground(영: 지하철, 미: 지하도 n.adj),

undertake(<일, 책임을> 맡다, 떠맡다, 착수하다, 보증하다 ; start, affirm, promise),

undertaker(인수인, 청부인, 장의사 ; mortician),

underestimate(overestimate),

underhand(음흉한, 비밀의, 공명정대하지 못한 ; secret, sly, deceitful adj.adv),

undermine(-의 밑을 파다, 모르는 사이에 해치다),

undersize(소형, 보통보다 작음 n.adj),

underspend(overspend),

underwater(adj.n),

underwear(속옷, 내의)

7. up : up(위로), upward(위쪽으로 향한)

upcoming(다가오는, 곧 나올 ; approaching),

update(최신의 것으로 하다, 갱신하다 n, v),

upgrade(improve - degrade), upheaval(밀어올림, 융기, 대변동, 격변, 동요 ; commotion),

* heave ; 들어올리다, 부풀다, 높아지다,

upkeep(유지, 보존, 유지비 ; maintenance),

upright(똑바로 선, 올바른, 정직한 ; erect adj, n, adv.),

uproot(뿌리뽑다, 몰아내다, 근절하다 ; eradicate, exterminate),

upstart(벼락부자, 건방진 사람 n.v),

upturn(위로 향함, 상승, 호전 ; n.v)

upset(전복, 뒤집힘, 당황, 역전패 ; overturn n, v),

uprising(<지역적인> 반란, 폭동, 봉기, 상승, 기립, rebellion, revolt),

uphold(받치다, 지탱하다, 유지하다, 지지하다 ; support, approve),

upside down(거꾸로 된, 뒤죽박죽의, 혼란된 ; in disorder ; turn the table -),

upstairs(adj, n, adv)

8. with : back(뒤로), away(떨어져),

against(-에 대하여)

withdraw(철수<철회, 인출, 회수, 탈퇴>하다, 물러나다),

withdrawal,

withdrawn(내향적인 ; introverted, unsociable),

withhold(보류하다, 억누르다, 억제하다, 원천징수하다 ; restrain),

withholding tax(원천과세),

withstand(저항하다, 버티다, 견디어내다 <단순히 반항할 뿐만아니라 그것에 굴복하지 않음을 암시>

resist<현실에 가해진 곤경이나 압력에 대해 적극적으로 반항하다>,

oppose<가장넓은 의미의 반항하다>,

endure),

notwithstanding(despite, in spite of prep, adv, conj)

wither(시들다 ; become dry, faded or dead),

within(-이내에),

without(-없이)

Part II Latin Prefixes

: 모든 영어어휘의 약 50% 정도를 차지한다고 여겨지는 라틴어계(어근, 접두어)의 이해는 어휘력향상의 핵심이라고 할 수 있다.

1. AB-, A-, ABS- : away(멀리), off(떨어져), from(-로 부터)

* "분리"를 뜻하는 접두사

(de-, dis-, se-, ab-)

abdicate(<왕위, 권리를> 버리다, 포기하다 ; relinquish, surrender)

abduct(유괴하다 ; kidnap)

abhor(I - snakes. * horror)

abnormal(비정상의, 변칙의, 변태적인, 병적인)

anomy(무규범상태, (사회, 도덕적) 무질서 =anomie)

* norm(표준, 규범 ; rule, standard), enormous(막대한, 거대한, 극악한)

abrasion(<피부의> 찰과상, 마찰, 마모, 연마 ; rubbing, scraping, wearing off)

* <radere> ; to scrape

* erasion(지움, 삭제, 말소) eraser(지우개)

abrupt(뜻밖의, 돌연한, 갑작스러운 ; unexpected)

* <rumpere> ; to break

* erupt(폭발, 분출, 분화하다)

disrupt(붕괴, 분열, 혼란, 두절시키다)

corrupt(타락, 부패시키다 adj, v)

abscond(도망하다, 자취를 감추다 ; depart secretly, flee)

* <condere> ; to hide

absolve(방면하다, 사면하다 ; acquit, exonerate)

abstain(삼가다, 절제하다, 그만두다, 끊다; refrain)

* <tenere> ; to hold

contain(포함하다, <감정 등을>억누르다, 참다)

retain(계속 유지, 간직, 보유하다)

obtain(얻다, 획득하다)

sustain(떠받치다, 지탱하다, 견디다, 유지하다 ; sustenance<생계, 살림>)

entertain(대접, 환대하다)

detain(구류, 유치, 감금, 억류하다)

attain(달성하다, 이루다, 성취하다, 도달하다)

averse(반대하는, 할 마음이 없는 ; unwilling)

* <vertere> ; to turn

avert(피하다, 막다 :avoid, prevent)

avocation(부업)

* absent, absence, absentee vote, absent-minded,

abortion(-ism, -ist)

abuse(남용, 오용, 학대, 욕설)

abroad(국외로, 해외에, 널리)

abject(비천한, 비참한, 비열한 miserable, wretched)

# c, t로 시작되는 단어 -abs

abstract(추상, 추출, 발췌하다, 떼어내다 adj. n. vt)

<tract : draw. tractor, attract, contract, detract, distract <distracted = mad, frantic>

extract,

protract,

subtract

# m, p, v, w로 시작되는 단어 - a

amend(make or become better, improve 고치다, 수정하다)

averse(싫어하는, 반대하는)

avert(피하다, 막다), away, apart

2. AD- : to(-로), toward(-쪽으로), near

* "방향"을 뜻하는 접두사

adapt(적응, 개조, 개작, 번안, 각색하다 = modify, adjust, <apt = having a tendency, likely to do sth, well suited>)

addicted(havituated)

adequate(enough, sufficient)

adherent(follower)

adjacent(이웃의, 인접한 = lying near, bordering)

adjoin(인접하다)

adjourn(연기, 폐회, 휴회하다 = defer)

advent(come. Seventh-Day Adventist)

adversary(opponent, foe)

adverse(거스르는, 반대의, 불리한 = hostile, - circumstances<역경>)

* adverb

adept(숙달한, 정통한<사람> n.<formal> expert, adj.skilled, < ept : 유능한, 솜씨있는 = expert >)

adopt(채용, 채택, 양자로 삼다 = take, accept)

advertise

advice(see)

administer(관리, 시행, 운영, 통치, 투여하다 = control, manage, apply)

advocate(주장, 변호, 옹호하다 = support)

# c, k 앞 ac

accord(일치, 조화, 협정, 조약 ; n. v.)

accommodate (편의를 도모하다, 수용하다)

accede(assent, agree)

access(접근, 출입, 입수, 이용), accessible

accompany(동반, 동행, 수행하다)

accustom(make used to)

acknowledge

# g 앞 ag

aggress,

aggressive,

aggressor

progress, regress(후퇴, 역행, 퇴보 ; n. v)

aggrieve(괴롭히다, 고통을 주다 = injure, offend, be hurt in one's feelings)

* grieve(cause grief to, feel grief n.grief<deep or violent sorrow>)

3. ANTE- : before

4. POST- : after

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사 (ante-, fore-, pre-, pro-)

* "뒤"를 뜻하는 접두사 (post-, re-, retro-)

antecede,

antecedents(ancestor),

antedate(precede), postdate,

ante meridiem,

post meridiem,

anteroom (곁방, 입구의 작은 방, 대기실 = antechamber, waiting room),

postgraduate(adj, n),

postmortem (adj, n = autopsy),

postscript(추신, 후기 P.S.)

*

antenatal(prenatal-postnatal),

anticipate(expect),

anticipation(예상, 예측, 기대, 앞지르기),

antique (adj, n = in the style of past times, belong to the distant past, existing since old times, material of a past period),

antiquity(old times, relic, remains),

postwar(prewar),

posterity(자손, 후손 = descendants),

posthumous(- work),

postpone(put off, delay)

5. BI- : two

6. SEMI- : half, partly

* "둘"을 뜻하는 접두사 (bi-, duo-)

* "절반"을 뜻하는 접두사 (semi-)

bicameral(-lism, -ist),

bicentennial(semicentennial),

biennial(2년마다의 = biyearly),

semiannual(반년마다의 = biannual, semiyearly),

semimonthly(한달에 두 번의 = bimonthly),

bilateral(a - contract : unilateral),

bilingual(adj, n = bilinguist),

bipartisan(a - foreign policy 초당외교정책),

bisect(양분하다),

semicircle,

semiconscious,

semidetached,

semiskilled

* <camera> ; chamber(방, 침실, -실)

chamber orchestra(실내악단),

chamber maid,

chamber music,

chamber pot

bicycle,

bike(motocycle),

bidaily(격일의, 하루2회의),

biweekly,

biped(양족의, 양족동물),

biplane,

bifocal lens,

biscuit,

bisexual(양성의, 양성동물),

bimetal,

semiautomatic,

semifinal,

semiclassic,

semidiameter(반지름, 반경 = radius),

semisolid (adj, n),

semicivilized,

semiofficial,

semilunar(반달모양의),

semitropical(semitropics),

semicolon,

two,

twice,

twin,

twilight,

twist,

double,

dual,

duel(결투),

duality(이중성, 이원성),

duet,

trio,

quartet(4중창),

quintet(5중창),

chorus,

trivial,

triangle,

tripod,

triple, the

Trinity(삼위일체)

7. E-, EX- : out, from, away

8. IN-, IM- : in, into, on, against, over

* "밖(으로)"과 "밖의(범위)"를 뜻하는 접두사 (e-, ex-, extra-)

* "안(으로)"과 "안의(범위)"를 뜻하는 접두사 (in-, intra-, intro-)

emigrate,

immigrate,

eminent(remarkable, famous, distinguished, noteworthy, outstanding),

imminent (near at hand, impending)

prominent(conspicuous, famous>,

enervate(weaken),

erosion(부식, 침식),

evoke(이끌어내다, 불러내다, 유도해 내다 = elicit),

invoke(빌다, 기원, 호소하다),

* revoke(취소, 폐지하다),

provoke(vex),

convoke(소집하다)

excise(삭제, 절제하다),

incise(베다, 째다, 새기다, 조각하다),

exclusive(exclude),

inclusive(include),

exhibit(exhibition),

inhibit(restrain),

expel,

impel(재촉, 추진하다),

compel,

implicate(관련, 연루, 포함시키다 = involve),

impugn(비난, 공격, 논박하다 = contradict - advocate),

incarcerate(투옥, 감금시키다),

inscribe(새기다, 등록하다),

insurgent(adj, n. 폭도, 반란자 = rebel<n, v>, rebellious)

*  exit,

excavate,

expose,

export,

import,

Korea Exchange Bank,

expedition,

exceed,

excellent,

Pony Excel,

exhale(inhale),

express(impress<감동시키다, 감명을 주다),

expect,

expire(inspire, inspiration),

exodus(출국, 이주),

essay(평론),

ecstasy,

esprit(재치, 기지 =lively wit),

evidence,

eliminate,

elaborate,

emerge(appear),

emit,

emissary(사자, 밀사, 간첩 =messenger),

extol(praise highly),

exotic,

eclipse(식<蝕>, 빛의 소멸 / leave),

eject,

exorcise,

exorcism,

exorcist,

ex-wife,

ex-husband,

ex-convict,

ex-chairman,

ex-president,

indoor,

income,

induce(persuade, influence, lead, cause),

illusion(환각, 환영, 착각 =false idea or belief),

illumination(조명, 조도, 계몽),

illustrate(설명, 예증, 도해하다),

illustrator(삽화가, 도해<설명>자)

9. EXTRA- : outside

10. INTRA-, INTRO- : within

extracurricular(- activity),

extraneous(외래의, 이질적인, 관계없는),

extravagant(excessive, wasteful - restrained, frugal),

intramural(학교, 도시, 건물안의 - interscholastic, extramural),

intraparty,

intrastate(interstate),

intravenous(an - injection 정맥주사)

* intramuscular(hypodermic) injection,

extraordinary,

extralegal(법이 미치지 않는),

extrasensory perception(ESP),

extravehicular activity(EVA),

extraterrestrial,

introduce (introduction),

introspect(introspection : 내성, 자기반성),

introvert(내성적인<사람> introversion<내향, 내성, 내향성>),

extrovert(extroversion),

extraterritorial(ity : 치외법권)

11. CONTRA-, CONTRO-, COUNTER- :

against, contrary

* "반대"와 "대조"의 접두사 (anti-, dis-, ob-)

con(반대론<자> <pros and cons : 찬반양론>),

contraband(밀수<품> -ist),

contravene(transgress, breach, violate, disregard, infringe),

controversy (n, controvert),

counter(adj, adv, vt : 대항, 반대하다, 거스르다, 맞서다, n : 위조지폐),

countermand (n, vt),

incontrovertable(certain, unquestionable, indisputable)

* country,

contrabass(double bass),

contrapose(대치하다, contraposition),

contradict(부정, 부인, 반박, 반대하다,

contradiction = opposition),

contracept(contraception),

contrary(adj : 반대의 적합치 않은, 불리한, adv, n : 정반대, 역),

contrast(대조, 대비, v),

counterattack(counterblow),

counterplot(대항책, v),

countercurrent(역류),

counterfeit(위조<품>, v. = forge, copy, imitate),

counterpoison(해독제 = antidote),

countersign(암호, =password, watchword, code<법전, 관례, 규범>)

12. INTER- : between

* "사이"를 뜻하는 접두사

intercede(중재하다 =arbitrate, mediate, intervene),

intercept(도중에 잡다, 빼앗다, 가로채다),

interlinear(행간의),

interlude(막간, 사이, 중간, 막간극, 간주곡 = intermezzo),

intermediary(go-between, mediator),

intermission(중지, 중단, 휴계시간 = break, pause, interval),

intersect(교차하다, 가로지르다 = cross, divide),

interurban(도시간의 =intercity),

intervene(사이에 들다, 방해하다, 중재하다)

* international,

interchange(교환, 교체, 입체교차<점>, 서로교환하다),

interrupt(가로막다, 저지, 방해, 중단하다 interruption)

* erupt,

bankrupt(파산자, 파산한<go ->, 파산시키다),

interview (interviewee : 당하는 사람, interviewer),

interaction,

intercourse(sex),

interdependence,

intern(수련의, 교육 실습생),

resident(intern을 마치고 개업전에 병원에 상주하는 수련의),

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile

13. IN-, IL-, IM-, IR- : not

* "부정", "반대"를 뜻하는 접두사 (a-, non-, un-)

illegible(읽기 어려운),

illiterate(무교육자, 무식자, adj, = ignorant n. illiteracy),

illogical,

immaculate,

immature(미숙한, 미완성의),

impunity(<형, 벌, 해, 손실>을 받지 않음),

inaccessible,

incessant,

inflexible(완고한, 확고한, 불굴의, 강인한),

ingratitude(배은망덕),

inhospitable(야박한, 불친절한),

insoluble(녹지 않는, 해결<설명, 해석>할 수 없는),

irreconcilable,

irrelevant(extraneous),

irrevocable

* insane,

impure,

inability,

inactive,

irregular,

inanimate(lifeless, spiritless, dull),

incapable,

incorrect,

immoral,

inconvenience,

incredible,

indigestion(difficulty in digesting food),

indirect,

ineffective,

inexperience,

inescapable(inevitable),

inhuman(cruel),

insensible(무감각한, 의식이 없는, 인사불성의),

inaudible,

invisible,

infinite (boundless, limitless, infinitive),

infirm(weak),

indecent(점잖지 못한, 꼴불견의, 음란한, ),

improper,

impartial(fair),

immense(huge, gigantic),

imbalance,

immortal,

immovable(고정된, 무감동의, 냉정한, 부동의 - property),

imperfect,

impatient (restless, eager),

impossible,

illegal(illicit, unlawful, forbidden),

irresponsible

14. BENE- : good, well

15. MAL-, MALE- : evil, ill, bad, badly

* "좋은", "잘"을 뜻하는 접두사 (bene-)

* "나쁜", "악한", "잘못된"을 뜻하는 접두사(mal-)

benediction(축복, 감사기도 =blessing),

malediction (저주, 악담, 비방 =curse),

benefactor(은인, 보호자, 기부자, 후원자),

malefactor(offender, evildoer, wrongdoer, criminal),

beneficial(helpful, advantageous,

beneficent :남에게 물건 등을 줌으로써 실제로 친절한 일을 하는, - maleficent : 해로운, 나쁜 짓을 하는, hurtful),

beneficiary(수익자, 수취인 =person who receives a benefit, advantage),

benevolent(남에게 좋은 일을 해주고 싶다고 바라거나, 친절한 =kind, charitable, benign, benignant),

malevolent(spiteful, malignant), maladjusted(a - child : 환경 부적응아),

malice(악의, 적의, 앙심, 원한 =enmity, malevolence),

malnutrition(영양부족<실조>),

maltreat(학대<혹사, 냉대>하다 =mistreat, abuse)

*

benefit(profit, advantage),

malign(해로운, 악의가 있는 =injurious),

malformation(기형, 꼴이 흉함)

malformed fish),

malaria(학질),

malfunction(기능불량, 고장),

malady(disease, illness ; a social - : 사회적 병폐),

malcontent(adj : 불평하는, 불만인, 반항적인 n.<a person who is> discontended and inclined to rebel : 불평가, 반항자),

malpractice(의료과오, 오진),

maladroit(서투른, 솜씨없는 =clumsy, awkward, inapt),

bon(F.good),

mon ami(my friend),

bon ami(good friend, sweetheart),

bonanza(대성공, 행운, 노다지),

bonus

16. DE- : down, down from, opposite of

* "아래" "밑"을 뜻하는 접두사

(hypo-, under-, sub-, de-)

demolish(destroy),

deciduous(shedding leaves),

demented(mad, insane, deranged),

demote(등급, 계급을 떨어뜨리다 ; promote),

dependent,

depreciate(appreciate),

despise(look down on, scorn ; admire),

deviate(어긋나다, 빗나가다 = stray),

devour(eat greedily, like an animal)

decadent(deteriorating, declining),

detour(우회<로> n. v),

decompose(separate into its part, decay, decomposition<분해, 부패>),

deface,

deflower,

derive(유래, 파생하다 ; adj.n derivative(파생물, 파생어),

derivation<끌어냄, 유래, 기원 = origin, descent, first form and meaning of a word),

derail,

deform(ruin the form of, cripple, deformation<모양을 망침, 추함, 기형>),

debate,

decrease(increase),

deflation(inflation),

degrade,

detach(attach),

degrade,

deposit(withdrawal),

depose(dethrone, deposition <관직박탈, 파면, 폐위>),

decelerate(diminish speed ; accelerate, accelerator),

depress(내리누르다, 우울하게하다 ; depression),

defrost,

delay(defer),

descend(내려가다, 전해지다, 자손을 잇다 ; descendant),

Underwater Demolition Team

17. DIS : opposite of, differently, apart, away

* "분리"를 뜻하는 접두사 (ab-, de-, dis-, se-)

discontent(불만, 불평 adj),

discredit(불신, 의혹, 망신, 불명예),

discrepancy(모순, 불일치, 어긋남 = inconsistency),

disintegrate(붕괴, 분해시키다),

dispassionate(냉정한, 공평한 = calm, composed, impartial),

disrepair(파손, 황폐), dissent(불찬성, 의견차이),

dissident(의견을 달리하는 <사람>, = dissenting),

distract(<주의를> 전환시키다, <마음을> 괴롭히다, 산란하게 하다 = divert)

* disagree(This food -s with me.),

disappear,

disarm(n. disarmanent, a - conference, D- Commission),

disbelief(불신, 의혹, 불신앙 v. disbelieve),

discharge(n. How long will the of the cargo take? The of water from the reservoir is carefully controlled. v. The accused man was found not guilty & was -d. The servant was -d <dismissed> for being dishonest.),

disclose(uncover),

discomfort(n. 곤란, 불쾌, 불안, 불편 = hardship, vt),

disconnect(My phone's been -ed because I didn't pay the bill.),

dishonor(n.불명예, 망신, vt),

dishonorable(shameful),

disobey(disobedient, disobedience),

disease,

distrust(n. vt He has a - of foreigners. He -ed his own eyes.),

discovery(발견<물>),

discount,

disembark(embark :get on a ship before the start of its voyage),

disengage(separate, detach D- the gears when you park the car.),

disfigure(The disease left his face -ed.),

dishearten(Don't be -ed by a single failure.),

disregard(vt. n. neglect, ignoring, indifference),

disciple,

disinterested(not influenced by personal feelings or interests, As a - observer, who do you think is right?),

dislocate(disjoint, He -d his shoulder while playing rugby.),

dissatisfy(dissatisfaction), disunion(분리, 분열, 불화=dissension),

disorientation,

dismount(get off a horse or bicycle),

displace (dismiss, discharge, fire, substitute),

dissect (절개, 해부하다 = analyze),

distribute(tribute : 공물 = give),

discourage(Don't let one failure - you. We tried to - him from climbing the mountain without a guide.),

dismay(당황, 놀람 : feeling of fear and discouragement, To their - the door was locked. vt.),

disorder(n. 무질서, 혼란, 난잡, 병 : confusion, vt),

disprove(disproof : 반증, 논박, 반박)

displeasure(불쾌, 불만 = dissatisfaction)

dispute(n. 논쟁, 언쟁, 싸움 = debate, argument, v)

* compute(computer), impute(책임을 전가하다 = attribute), putative(추정의, 상상의, 소문에 들리는)

18. SE- : apart

secede(<정당, 교회등에서> 탈퇴<분리>하다, proceed : 나아가다, 시작<속행>하다),

secession(탈퇴, 분리),

seclude(차단, 격리, 은둔하다 = separate, isolate,

* include, exclude, conclude),

secure(안전한, 튼튼한, 확고한 = confident, safe,

* security guard : 경비원),

sedition(치안방해, 선동),

segregate(분리, 격리, 차별하다 n. segregation = discrimination)

* separate,

separation(분리, 이탈, 별거),

secret(adj, n. secret agent = spy),

secretary(서기, 비서, 장관the S- of Defense<State, the Treasury>)

segment(단편, 조각, 부분),

sect(분파, 종파, 당파, 파벌 ; section :부분, 구분, 단락),

select(고르다, 선발하다, elect :선거, 선출하다, collect, selection :선발, 선택, 도태, 발췌),

seduce(adj, seductive :enticing, tempting, n.seduction :유혹, 매혹, 매력)

19. CIRCUM- : around, round

* "둘레"를 뜻하는 접두사 (peri-, circum)

circumference(원주, 주변, 주위, 영역, 범위 :perimeter),

circumlocution(완곡한 표현, 핑계),

* elocution(웅변술, 발성법), loquacious(수다스러운, 장황한)

circumnavigate(global flight, circumnavigation),

circumscribe(limit, restrict),

circumspect(cautious, prudent),

circumvent(우회하다, 좌절시키다, 앞지르다, 회피하다 = frustrate, get the better of, defeat, prevent)

* circumflight(천체 궤도 비행),

circumstance(상황, 환경, 처지 = condition),

circumterrestrial(지구를 도는, 지구 주위의),

circumcise(circumcision :할례, 포피절제),

circus(곡마단, 원형경기장 ; Piccadily Circus),

circulation(순환, 유통, 발행부수),

circuit(순회, 우회, 회로),

20. con, com, col, cor, co : together, with

* "-와 같이" 또는 "함께"를 뜻하는 접두사 (syn-)

coalesce(grow together, unite into one, combine - separate),

coherent(sticking together, logically connected),

collaborate(work together),

*laborious(힘든, 근면한), elaborate(공들인, 정교한, v)

collusion(공모, 결탁 :conspiracy),

concord(일치, 조화, 화합, 우호협정 :agreement, harmony),

congenital(- deformity :선천적 기형, inborn - acquired),

convene(소집, 소환, 회합하다 convention :집회, 대회, 약정, 협약, 관습, 풍습),

correspond (agree, match, tally)

* b, p, l, m, r 이외의 자음 앞 - con : concentrate(focus, condense),

concord,

Concorde,

conform(순응하다, 따르다),

condominium(domi :master, rule>,

conductor(안내자, 차장, 지휘자, 전도체)

confirm(확고히하다, 확인하다, <습관, 의지, 신앙 등을> 굳게하다 : make firm, fortify),

contract,

contractor(계약자, 청부인),

consist<stand>,

confuse,

construction,

constellation(별자리, 성좌, 성운, <stella>),

consume,

contain,

container,

content(내용, 목차, 차례 adj. contented v. satisfy),

contest(n.v),

confront(직면하다, 맞서다),

convert(전환, 개조, 개심, 전향, 개종시키다 n.개심, 개종, 전향자)

converter(<주파수, 채널등> 변환기),

conjunction(결합, 연결, 접속<사>),

conspiracy(음모, 모의, 공모),

conspirator(plotter),

conclude.

* b, p, m 앞 - com : compose(조립, 작문, 작곡하다, <마음을> 가라앉히다)

compress(압축, 요약, 집약하다, -or :압축기, 압축펌프),

compromise(타협, 화해, 절충안),

company(동료, 일행, 동석자, 회사),

companion(동료, 벗, 동반자, 짝),

combat(a - jacket :전투복, adj. combative :투쟁적인),

complex(복잡한, 복합의, 합성의 n. sports complex, apartment complex, Oedipus complex, Electra complex),

complicate,

combine(결합, 합병, 연합시키다 n. 기업합동, <정치적>연합, 복식수확기 ),

combination(결합, 짝맞춤, 연합, 결사, 단체, 조합)

21. OB- : against, in the way, over(위에)

* "반대"를 뜻하는 접두사 (anti-, contra-, dis-)

obliterate(erase, blot out, destroy),

obsess(<sit> haunt, n. -ion :집념, 강박관념, 망상, 열중, 사로잡힘),

obstacle(<stand> hindrance, obstruction, impediment),

obstruct(<pile up> impede, hinder, block),

obtrude(<thrust>주제넘게 나서다 intrude)

obviate(<곤란 등을> 예방, 제거하다, 불필요하게 하다. By removing her hat, the lady in front obviated the need for me to change my seat.)

* obvious(명백한, 분명한, 알기쉬운 :easily seen or understood, clear, plain), obsession(- whim :변덕, 일시적인 생각)

22. PER- : through, to the end, thoroughly

* "통과"를 뜻하는 접두사 (trans-)

perennial(adj. n. cf. annual, biennial, centennial, biannual),

perforate(<bore> pierce, puncture, n. perforation<구멍뚫기, 천공, 절취선> perforator),

permeate(<pass, flow> 퍼지다, 스며들다, 통과, 침투하다 = pass through, penetrate),

perplex(puzzle, bewilder, n. perplexity :당황, 곤혹, 난국),

persist (persevere, last, endure - desist),

pertinent (related, relevant),

perturb(<disturb> agitate, upset, make uneasy)

* percent(앞에 수사가 올때는 percent, 그외 small, large, great, high 등이 올때는 percentage),

perform(performance :실행, 이행, 수행, 상연, 연기),

permanent(<remain> - residence, - wave(v.perm, wave), - neutral country),

perpetual(continual, n. perpetuity :영존, 영속),

permit(허락, 허가, 인정하다 = admit n. permission),

perspicuous(<언어, 문체등이>명료한, 명쾌한),

perspective(원근법, 투시도. 원경, 조망, 전망 adj.)

23. PRE- : before, beforehand(이전에, 미리, 벌써)

fore(adj. 앞부분의 prep. -의 앞에)

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사 (fore-, ante-, pro-)

precede(앞장서다, 앞서다, 우선하다),

preclude (<close> impede, prevent),

precocious(<mature>조숙한),

preconceive(미리생각하다, 예상하다),

prefabricate(construct beforehand),

preface(서문, 머리말 =foreword),

premature(시기상조의, 때 이른, 너무 이른, 조산아),

premeditate(consider beforehand),

presume(<take> 가정, 추정, 짐작, 상상하다 = assume :추정, 추측하다, <역할, 임무를> 맡다, suppose :가정, 상상, 추측하다),

preview(시연, 시사, 예고편)

* U.S. President Bill Clinton,

prefix,

preposition,

prefer <fer :bring, carry>

* ferryboat,

transfer(옮기다, 나르다, 전임, 전학시키다, 양도하다)

defer(delay, put off, postpone),

confer(수여하다, 주다, 협의, 의논하다 ; conference = discussion, exchange of views),

infer(추론, 추측, 의미, 암시하다 ; conclude, reach an opinion from facts or reasoning),

inference(추론, 추정, 추리, 함축),

offer(제공, 제안, 제의, 제출 v),

refer(언급, 조회, 위탁 하다, -의 탓으로 하다 ; attribute, entrust),

referee(football, boxing, basketball, hockey, rugby, wrestling. umpire :baseball, tennis),

reference book,

differ(dif=apart),

difference,

different,

indifferent(unconcerned, having no interest in)

prelude(전주곡, 서곡, 서막, 서두, 도입부, 전조 v),

postlude(후주곡, 최종악장, 완결부분),

present(adj.출석한, 현재의, n.선물, v.제출, 증정하다),

premium(할증금, 상여금, 이자),

predict(foretell),

prehistoric,

prewar(- postwar),

prescription(처방전, 규정, 법규),

prenatal,

prejudice(편견, 선입관),

prepay,

prepayment(선불, 선납),

pretest(예비시험<검사>),

preschool(adj.취학전의 n. kindergarten),

prevision(예지, 선견 = foresight),

prevent,

previous,

prepare,

preposterous(completely contrary to reason or sense, absurd), preach(설교, 전도하다),

precaution(예방조치, 사전대책)

24. PRO- : forward(앞으로), forth(전방으로)

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사

procrastinate(<tomorrow> 지연, 연기하다 = delay),

proficient(<make> 숙달된, 숙련된, 능숙한 = adept, expert - inept),

profuse(풍부한, 넘치는, 아낌없는, 낭비하는 ; generous, abundant, extravagant),

project(게획, 설계, 사업),

prominent(<project> 두드러진, 눈에띄는, 중요한 = notable, important),

propel(ler), proponent(제의, 제안, 변호, 지지자 = advocate, supporter - opponent),

prospect(전망, 조망, 예상, 기대),

protract(<draw, drag> lengthen, extend, prolong - curtail),

protrude(thrust forth, stick out protruding teeth),

provoke(cause, incense)

* proceed(go forward, continue, go on),

procedure(진행, 결과, 절차, 수속 ; order of doing things esp legal and political),

process(진행, 경과, 방법, 순서, 처리 ; n. the - of digestion / erosion, vt. treat in order to preserve it, -ed cheese),

procession(행렬, 행진 = march, parade), probable(있음직한, -할 듯한 ; probably),

proclaim(선언, 공포, 선포하다 = declare),

program(진행순서, 차례, 계획, 예정<표>), progress(진행, 전진, 진보, 향상, 발달, 발전 v.),

promotion(승진, 진급, 판매촉진),

profess(공언, 고백, 교수하다),

professor(full -, associate -, assistant -, full-time(part-time) lecturer, assistant),

a flame projector(thrower),

propose(제의, 제안, 제출, 신청하다),

provide(준비, 대비, 공급, 규정하다 = supply, stipulate),

provision(준비, 제공, 규정 pl. 식량, 양식),

providence(foresight, thrift),

produce(r),

prologue(머리말 - epilogue:후기, 끝말),

prophet(예언자, 선지자),

prophesy(cy :예언, 예언능력),

prostitute(hooker, whore, street girl)

Part III Further Study

1. abate<beat down> = decrease, diminish, reduce, moderate - augment

debate(v.argue, discuss n.)

rebate(v. discount, reduce, make dull, n. 환불 : sum of money that is paid back to you because you have paid too much tax or rent)

combat(bat, batter, battle, armed fighting)

* division(-al commander, -al headquarters),

brigade,

regiment,

battalion,

company,

platoon,

squad,

combatant(전투원, 전투부대, 투사, 격투자),

commando(특공대<원>), baton(사령봉, 지휘봉),

2. accord(cordis : of the heart) = v. agree, correspond, n. # confer cordiality(진심, 충정, 따뜻한 우정)

concord(n.v), discord(n)

cordial(warm & sincere, a - welcome / invitation. n. 강장제, 강심제),

3. accommodate(ac + com + mode:maner) = have room for, do a favor for, oblige, conform(따르다, 순응하다)

modus vivendi(생활방식<태도> : way of living, 일시적 타협, 잠정협정 : temporary agreement)

commodious(spacious & comfortable, roomy, ample, not confining)

* mode(방법, 양식, 형식, 형태, 유행, 모드 : a way of acting, behaving, speaking, writing, living, etc.), model(모형, 모범, 모델),

moderate(temperate, restrained, mild, calm, gentle),

modest(moderate, humble),

modify(변경, 수정, 완화, 조절, 개조, 수식하다 : adapt, change),

modern(up-to-date), out-moded(유행에 뒤진 : obsolete, out-of-date),

modulate(조정, 조절, 변조하다 : regulate, adjust or adapt to the degree, Frequency / Amplitude Modulation),

commodity(anything bought & sold, necessaries, prices of -ies : 물가, staple -ies : 중요, 필수상품)

4. adjourn(jorn :day : 휴회, 산회, 폐회, 연기하다) = disband, dismiss, recess, postpone, put off, suspend

journal(daily newspaper)

diurnal-nocturnal

dismal(sad, dreary, gloomy, miserable)

sojourn(v.stay for a time, n. a brief or temporary stay)

* journey,

journeyman.

dial(해시계),

diary,

dairy,

meridian(자오선, 정오, 절정, 극점 : one of the imaginary lines drawn on a map from the North Pole to the South Pole over the surface of the Earth. noon, highest point. cf. longitude, latitude),

Ante Meridiem,

Bon Jour, Bon-bon(사탕과자), De-Bon, bonus, bonanza(풍부한 광맥, 대성공, 행운, 노다지)

5. aggravate(gravis : heavy, serious) = make worse, intensify

gravity(중력, 진지함 : weight, seriousness)

grieve(feel grief<deep sadness, acute sorrow>)  aggrieve(괴롭히다, 고통을 주다, 학대하다, -의 감정을 해치다 : injure, offend)

grievance(a reason for complaint)

* grave(n.tomb, adj.serious, v.조각하다, 새기다, 명심하다 : engrave)

6. alternative(alter : other) = choice

* altar,

alter(change in some way),

(in)alterable,

altruism(unselfishness),

altruist,

egoism,

egoist,

alibi,

allegory(a story, poem, or painting in which the characters & actions represent good & bad qualities),

allelism,

parallelism(parallel bars)

alternate(arrange or perform by turns)

alter ego

alteration(act of changing, making change)

altercation(quarrel, noisy argument)

heterodox, orthodox

heterogeneous, homogeneous, homogeneity

alien (foreigner), alienate, (in)alienable

alias(false name, allonym)

adulterate(make a substance weaker or of poorer quality by adding sth else to it)

adultery(an illicit coitus)

adulterer,

adulteress

7. altitude(altus :high, tall) = height, elevation, eminence

altar(table used in a religious ceremony), alter(change in some way)

altimeter

alto(singing voice that is quite high for a man & quite low for a woman)

exalt(praise, glorify, extol, elevate(or), lift up)

haughty(arrogant, supercilious, proud)

lofty(very high, noble, sublime, grand<eur>)

hoist(vt.- a flag / sail.n)

enhance(increase, add to)

8. apprehend(prehendere :hold, seize, take) = dread, arrest, understand

comprehend(n.comprehension - misapprehend, n.misapprehension)

reprehend(reprimand, rebuke, censure, criticize, n.reprehension)

impregnable(unconquerable, invincible), pregnable(assailable, vulnerable)

entrepreneur(enterprise, enterprising)

comprise(include, contain, form, make up, consist of, constitute)

reprisal(the act of retaliating)

imprison(incarcerate)

surprise(n.vt)

apprentice

* price, precious, appreciate, depriciate, prison

9. astute(astus :craft, cunning acus :needle) = sagacious, clever, keen, shrewd, crafty, sly, smart, bright, cunning, foxy, wily, artful - dull, stupid, naive

acute(keen, sharp, severe)

acumen(ability to understand cleary)

acupuncture, acupressure

acrid(<of smell or taste> sharp, biting)

acid(sour, sharp, sarcastic, - reaction, - rain, - test)

exacerbate(make worse, aggravate, irritate)

10. belligerent(bellum : war) = warlike, combative

antebellum, postbellum

bellicose(hostile, aggressive, combative, warlike, offensive, pugnacious, antagonistic)

rebel(vi.take up arms to fight.n.), rebellion(mutiny, revolt, sedition), rebellious(disobedient, hard to control)

revel(enjoy sth greatly)

11. blunder(blind) = stupid or careless mistake

blind(sightless, reckless, thoughtless),

blink(- the eyes, - away a tear, ignore, We saw the lights of a steamer -ing on the horizon.),

blind alley(impasse, dead lock), blind date

12. cache(cacher :F. conceal, hide cell :room) = hiding place, secret place

abscond(flee, depart secretly, steal off & hide)

recondite(profound, abstruse)

*

cell(prison / plant -),

cellar(underground room for storing coal, wine, etc),

cellulose,

cellular(- phone)

13. caamity = catastrophe, disaster, misfortune, tragedy, avalanche, debacle - boon, blessing

14. capsize(n.v 뒤집다, 전복 cap : overtop<-위에 솟다, 능가하다>, head) = overturn, upset

topsy-turvy(뒤죽박죽, 혼란상태 n, adj.adv. in confusion, upside down. The whole world is / has turned -.)

tipsy(slightly drunk)

tip over(Sit down or you'll tip the boat over)

* If you take my tip(advice) you'll make a lot of money.

* cape(곶, 갑 ; headland, the Cape of Good Hope), cap<모자, 뚜껑, 최고 ; night cap, cab(take a -), capital(- city, - letter, C- & Labor, What a - idea!), capitalism, captain<육군대위, 해군대령>, the Capitol, decapitate(behead)

15. censure(censere :to tax, value, judge) = rebuke, reprove, find fault with, scold, criticize, reproach, admonish, reprimand

censor(n.vt.examine), censorship, censer(vessel in which incense is burnt in chuches), sensor

census

16. civilian(civi :city, citizen)

the Civil War

civic spirit

civics(study of city government, the rights & duties of citizens, etc.)

civies(civilian clothes)

* physics,

statistics,

economics, ethics, politics, mathematics, linguistics, civil(courteous, polite, - rights, - law, criminal law, - engineering, - defense training n.civility<politeness, courtesy, urbanity, cordiality> - uncivil, rude, impolite, discourteous, barbarous, unenlightened), civilize(enlighten, educate, refine), civilization(barbarism), police(city), policeman, policy, politician(statesman),

acropolis

17. cleave(clei :stick together) = stick, adhere, cling

* clay(klei :mud, earth), glue(vt.n)

18. commend(mandare :put into one's hand, entrust, command, order) = praise, extol, entrust - censure, reprimand, reproach, reprehend, reprove

command(n.vt.order, direct, control, be able to use / obtain, - silence / respect / a good price / a fine view / a good skill n.Moses' Ten Commandments)

mandate(order from a superior, vt.a -d territory)

mandatory(compulsory, imperative),

mandatary(n.person or state to whom a mandate has been given)

manufacture

* demand(de :away from = ask for, claim, require, n),

recommend(speak favorably of, suggest as wise or suitable, advise, n.recommendation),

commando,

commander(commandant)

19. complicated(plic :to fold, twist, tangle, connect) = intricate, vt.complicate,

disentangle(unravel, make clear, solve, extricate)

the Gordian knot(difficult problem or task, a knotty problem)

* explicate(explain & analyse in detail), implicate(involve, Heredity is -d in insanity.), imply(suggest), apply, applicant, application, applicable, medical appliance, comply, compliance, pliable, pliant, flexible, docile, reply, multiply(increase), display(show, n.), exploit(- child labor, n.exploitation), perplex(confuse, puzzle, baffle), explicit(cleary & fully expressed, definite - implicit, vague, ambiguous), complex(difficult to understand or explain, Oedipus / Electra -, housing / apartment / sports -, complexity, complication), complexion(natural colour appearance etc of the skin, esp of the face, general character or aspect, the - of the war) extricate(tricare :hindrance. = disentangle, set free, rescue, get out <n.extrication>) intricate(complicated, entangled, complex, inextricable)

20. concur(cur :run) = agree

cursory(quick, hurried, done without attention to details)

succor(n.help given in time of need, vt.give help to)

* incur(bring upon oneself : - debts, - hatred, - great expense), occur(happen), recur(My first meeting with her often -s to my memory.), current(of the present time, alternating -, direct -, - price = running<going, present> price), concurrent(simultaneous, harmonious), currency, precursor(forerunner, vanguard, harbinger), course, concours, (extra)curriculum, intercourse, excursion(short journey), corridor

21. confirm(firm :hard, strong, solid) = verify, substantiate, corroborate, affirm, validate

- deny, disprove

* firm(-loose), infirm(decrepit, weak), infirmity(weakness), affirmative(negative), infirmary(hospital)

22. conceal(celare : hide, cover) = keep secret, hide

abscond(run away suddenly & secretly, usually because you have done sth wrong. He -ed with all the money. They -ed from the police station)

recondite(profound)

clandestine (concealed, underhand, secret)

occult(hidden, mysterious)

covert(hidden, secret)

cache(<hiding place for> food & stores left for later use)

* cell, cellular(- phone), cellar, clam, cover, coverage

23. congregate(gregare :gather) = assemble, bring together (n.congregation)

gregarious(sociable)

aggregate(n.total, v.bring or come together)

segregate(isolate), segregation, desegregate, desegregation, egregious(an - blunder / liar)

24. conspicuous(specere : see) = obvious, noticeable, prominent, striking, remarkable, distinct, outstanding

perspicuous(expressed clearly, lucid)

suspicious(not trusting a person or situation) suspect(vt.n)

auspicious(promising or showing signs of future success)

circumspect(cautious, prudent), circumcise, circumcision

inspection(medical -)

* spy, espionage, speculate (사색하다, 투기하다 ; ponder, meditate speculator:투기가, 암표상, 사색가), retrospect(v, n), prospect(v, n ; outlook), expect, inspect (examine), aspect(국면, 양상, 용모, 관점), respect(n, v), specify(일일이 열거하다, 상술하다), species, specimen(견본, 예 ; sample), despise(look down on, scorn, Plenty of people despise money - few are able to give it away), specter(ghost, phantom), spectator(onlooker<esp at a show or game>), spectacle(s), spectrum(분광, <관련있는 것의> 분포범위)

25. contend(tendere :stretch) = compete, vie, struggle, claim

extend(widen, broaden, expand, spread, n.extension, adj.extensive)

pretend(feign)

tender(offer, present)one's resignation. Love me -.

ostentation(ob:before) =pretentiousness, showy display

*

tend(move in a certain direction, be inclined),

tense(strained, tight),

tension(mental strain),

distend(inflate, expand),

intense(great or strong - cold, - sorrow),

intensive(- farming, the - care unit),

intend(mean),

intention(aim, purpose, goal),

attend(look after, serve, accompany),

attention(care),

detente(a lessening of tension),

tent,

antenna

26. content(tenere:hold) = adj.satisfied, pleased vt.satisfy n.things contained, satisfaction

obtain(얻다, 손에넣다, 획득하다),

sustain(떠받치다, 지탱하다, 견디다, 유지하다), sustenance(생계, 살림, 유지, 지속),

detain(make someone stay somewhere ; 유치, 구류, 감금, 억류하다),

pertain(belong to sth or have a connection with it ;속하다, 적합하다, 관계하다, 알맞다),

pertinent(related, relevant), impertinent(irrelevant, impudent, insolent, discourteous),

maintain(insist, preserve, keep, defend ; 지속, 유지, 부양, 지지, 지탱하다),

entertain(-ment, -er)

abstain(doctor told him to - from beer & wine. refrain), abstinent, abstinence(the act of keeping away from things you enjoy, esp alcoholic drink)

retain(keep, continue to have or hold ; 간직, 보유, 계속유지하다) n. retention : the state or action of keeping sth. ; 보유, 유치, 구치, 감금, )

contain(include, hold, restrain, restrict, hold back), container,

self-contained(Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) aqualung

continent(adj. self-controlled, n. the C = Europe)

tenor, tenant(person who pays rent for the use of land, a building, a room, etc),

tenable(that can be defended or held ; 공격에 견딜 수 있는, 유지할 수 있는, 계속할 수 있는), tenacious(stubborn, persistent, determined, unyielding),

27. convene(venire :come) = summon to come together

* convention(pact, agreement, teachers' -, sign a -), conventional(- greetings, - ideas, - weapons, - remarks), intervene(come between, intercede, mediate, arbitrate I shall leave on Sunday if nothing -s. - in a dispute), event(an outcome), prevent, convenient(What's a - time for you? When will it be - for you?)

contravene(dispute, attack, conflict with, violate, infringe)

advent(arrival, approach, Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter-Day Saints)

revenue(income, The government obtains - from taxes. - stamp)

parvenu(upstart, vulgarian)

invent(originate, create, -or, -ive, -ion)

souvenir(sub :under, near, literal :come to mind = relic, memento, keepsake)

28. cordiality(cordis :of the heart, mind) = friendliness (adj.cordial = hearty, warm & sincere, affable n.anything that invigorates)

accord(n.agreement, understanding, v)

concord(n. agreement, harmony, v)

discord(dissension, strife, conflict)

core(essence)

cardiac(of the heart, - muscle, - patient, - arrest)

cardiovascular disease, cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)

* courage(brave, valor), encourage, discourage, record(er), cardiology

29. craft = n.skill, art, dexterity, cunning, guile

craftsman(artisan)

handicraft(manual skill, handyman)

aircraft

spacecraft(spaceship, satellite),

* campcraft, kingcraft, witchcraft(black magic, socery. sorcerer)

30.craven(crepare : rattle, creak) = adj.cowardly, timid, timorous-brave, courageous, bold, valorous, dauntless, intrepid. n.coward, chicken, dastard

creep(vi.move slowly, quietly or secretly, move with your body close to the ground, n.flatterer. apple polisher)

cryptic(hidden, secret, mysterious)

crevice(narrow crack or opening. crevasse)

discrepant(inconsistent, n.discrepancy, inconsistency)

* crack(v. Don't pour hot water into the glass or it will crack. His voice -ed with emotion. We must - this problem. - the sound barrier. The boy fell & -ed his head against the wall.n.a - in the window, a - of thunder / the guns, a - on the head), decrepit(infirm, weak)

31. crony(chronos :time) = chum, buddy, comrade, colleague, companion, associate, alter ego (intimate friend, bosom friend), old boy(alumnus. alumni association)

chronic(prolonged, habitual, recurring, confirmed)

synchronize(make simultaneous, -d swimming)

chronicle(annals, chronology)

anachronism

32. culprit(culpa : fault, blame, crime) = offender mea culpa = my fault

culpable(blameworthy, -inculpable)

inculpate(blame), exculpate(- a person from a charge)

33. cur = mean dog, mongrel, mutt kennel(a dog house)

canine(of or like a dog, currish), - tooth

the Cynics(cynical = contemptuous, sneering, a - smile / remark)

snarl(show the teeth & growl)

growl(make a low threatening sound)

34. custody(custos : guard, keeper) = care, safekeeping, guardianship

* custodian(caretaker, keeper, guardian, janitor)

35. decease(cedere :go, move, yield) = death

recede(물러가다, go back, withdraw, n. recession ; 퇴거, 후퇴, 불경기 = depression)

- proceed(go forward, continue, go on)

concede(양보, 승인, 용인, 인정하다, (권리, 특권을) 부여하다 = give up, grant, admit, acknowledge)

accede(동의하다, 응하다 = agree, assent, consent)

exceed(<한도, 양, 정도를> 넘다, 지나치다, 초과하다 = go beyond, surpass, be greater than. n.excess, an - of violence in the film, He drinks to -. adj. excessive = too great, extreme)

cede(<권리, 영지> 양도, 할양, 인도, 양보 하다 = yield, n. cession)

cease(stop, quit)

access(접근, 면회, 출입, 진입로, 입구, 통로 n.way to a place, approach, admittance, adj. <in>accessible) 액서스 ; 기억장치에 정보를 입력, 호출하다

incessant(continual, ceaseless)

intercede(중재하다 = intervene, mediate)

succeed(n.success)

precede(go before, adj. n. precedent without -)

secede(<정당, 교회> 탈퇴, 분리하다 = withdraw, go apart n. secession the War of Secession ; 남북전쟁)

antecedents(ancestor, forefathers - descendant)

accessory(액세서리, 부속물, 부속품, 장신구 adj. 보조적인, 부대적인)

36. deliberately(libr :to weigh, balance) = purposely, slowly v.deliberate(consider carefully, ponder, contemplate, weigh) adj.(careful, circumspect, prudent, wary, intentional, slow, unhurried)

equilibrium(state of being balanced)

level(perfectly flat & even)

37. demolish(de :down, moliri :build, construct) = destroy, wreck, raze, tear down

molecule(molecular structure, - formular)

molest(annoy or attack a person<sexually> n.molestation) Underwater Demolition Team. Demolition Man

38. despotic(domus :house, potis :master) = domineering, dictatorial, tyrannical

dominate(dominari :rule, have control, authority or influence, adj.dominant :ruling, prevailing n.domination)

potent(capable, powerful)

impotent(incapable, lacking power)

omnipotent(all powerful)

* despot(autocrat, dictator, tyrant, oppressor), despotism(tyranny, dictatorship), domain(a field of action, knowledge, influence, etc. English is her special -.), dominion(the power or right of ruling & controling), domino theory, domitable(tamable - indomitable, invincible), domestic(- electrical goods, the government's - policies)

39. deter(de : away from + terrere : frighten) = discourage, hinder, keep back

terror(intense or extreme fear), terrorism, terrorist, terrorize(terrify, frighten), terrible(frightful, dreadful, fearful), terrific, tremble(- in every limb, quake, shiver, shudder), tremendous(terrifying, enormous, wonderful), trepidation(fear, dread, alarm), intrepid(brave)

40. dispel(pellere : drive, push) = scatter, disperse

repel(- the enemy / temptation)

expel(drive out, force out)

compel(He was -led by illness to resign)

impel(drive, force, urge)

* propel(drive forward), propeller, pulse(n.v), pulsate, impulse, impulsive

41. dispense with(pendere :pay, hang) = get along without, do without # The most important thing that parents can teach their children is how to get along without them.

dispensary(a place where medicines are dispensed)

dispensable(not necessary, -indispensable)

expendable(no longer needed & so able to be thrown away or destroyed)

expense(cost, vt.expend = spend, use up)

* depend, dependent, dependence, independent, independence, pensive(deep in thought), pension, ponder, pendulum, suspend, suspense, suspension, appendix, appendicitis, appendectomy(anatomy), pendant,

42. distinguish(dis :apart + sting, prick) = differentiate, tell apart, discern, discriminate

* stingy(mean, miserly, unwilling to give), extinguish(put out <a light or fire>, quench)

43. divulge(vulgare :make public) = reveal, disclose

promulgate(make public, announce officially)

multitude(throng), vulgar(ill mannered, rude, in bad taste, in common use), vulgar words, vulgarize(popularize), vulgarity, vulgarian(parvenu, upstart)

44. dubious = doubtful, suspicious, undependable, uncertain, equivocal, skeptical, dubitable

dubiety(doubtfulness)

dubitable - indubitable(undoubted, certain)

dual, duality

duplicate(or)

* doubt, duel, dual, duality, duet, double, twice, twin, twilight, dialogue, dichotomy

45. dispute(putare :think, reckon) = debate, discuss, oppose, contradict, argue, wrangle, quarrel

compute(reckon, calculate, calculator, computer)

repute(consider, n.reputation)

putative(commonly reputed to be, his - father)

impute to(ascribe, attribute)

46. digress(dis :apart + gradi :go) = deviate, divert, stray, wander n.digression

* (grad, gred, gress :go, degree) progress(progressive, conservative), regress(regressive, regression) grade(upgrade, degrade), retrograde(adj.v.), gradual, graduate, graduation(commencement), ingredient(component, element), transgress(violate, encroach, infringe), ingress(going in, <right of> entrance), egress(<right of> going out, exit), aggress(aggressive, aggression), congress(parliament), greedy, degree(position in society. a thesis for a -, a

octor's -, the - of Master of Arts / Science, Bachelor of Arts / Science) Leningrad

47. discharge(car :run, carry carrus :wagon) = unload, fire off, relieve, dismiss

cart(two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse, used in farming)

car, chariot, caravan(AmE:trailer), cargo(burden, freight, goods carried in a ship, aircraft or other vehicle), carry, carriage(the act of carrying, conveyance, bearing, car), carrier, charge(fill, load, store electricity in, burden, order, accuse, ask in payment), overcharge, rechargeable battery, career(the history of one's life), caricature(Newspapers often contain -s of well-known politicians. n.-turist. portrait.n-ist), carpenter(literal :wagon maker), carrousel(merry-go-round)

48. dissent(sentire :feel, think) = disagree, object, protest

assent

consent - consensus(general agreement, GATT:General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade.1949

dissension(disagreement)

resent(feel angry or bitter about sth)

* sense, common sense, nonsense, sentence(He was -ed to death.), sensitive(having quick & acute sensibility), sensible(perceptible, reasonable), sensual, sentient(adj.having sense, Man is a - being.), presentiment(foreboding, misgiving), sensational(- murder, - magazine), sentiment(Sentiment is sometimes stronger than reason.), sentimental(- young girl)

49. dormant(dormire : sleep) = inactive, sleeping, quiet, sluggish, resting n.dormancy

slumber(v.sleep peacefully or comfortably, n.sleep)

dormitory

observatory(a place from which scientists can watch the moon, stars, & the weather)

conservatory(building or part of a building in which plants are protected from cold, school of music or dramatic art)

50. drought = dryness, want of rain

* dry, drain(- the water off the vegetables. He -ed his glass & left. Make sure the drains don't get blocked), drainage(sewage, a system of drains, The crops suffered damage as a result of poor -.)

51. duplicate(plix : fold) = copy, reproduction, imitation

dual(- control / nationality / personality, duality)

duet(solo, trio, quartet, a string quartet, quintet, choral singing, chorus)

duodecimal(adj.of twelve or twelfths, n), decade, Decameron

duple(double, twofold), duffel bag

plight(a <bad, serious or sorrowful> condition or state)

52. edifice(aedes :house, facere :make)

* edify(enlighten, instruct)

53. eliminate(limes:boundary, limen:threshold, beginning) = exclude, remove, get rid of, rule out n.elimination(- matches, semi-final, final)

limit, limitless(unbounded, vast, infinite)

preliminary(introductory, preparatory)

* sublime(v.n.adj.noble, majestic, grand)

53. equitable(공정한, 정당한 ; inequitable) = just, fair, reasonable, impartial, even

equal, equalize, equilibrium(평형, 균형, <마음의> 평정, 평안, 안정) libra : balance), equanimity(평정, 침작, 태연 ; composure, calmness), equanimous, equity(공평, 공정, 정당fairness, impartiality, right judgement), adequate(충분한, 알맞는, 적절한, 적당한 ; inadequate), equinox, equator, Ecuador, equation, equivalent, equidistant diplomacy, equivocal(uncertain, questionable, suspicious)

55. era = historical period, a period characterized by notable historical change.

* epoch(the beginning of a distinctive period in the history of anything), age(a period characterized by some person or some outstanding feature or influence. the Nuclear Age, the Atomic Age, the Victorian Age, Ice Age, )

medieval(the Middle Age)

primeval

56. exclusively(claudere : close, shut) = solely, undividedly

conclude, conclusive, conclusion

preclude(impede, prevent), preclusive(방지하는, 예방적인), preclusion(방해, 방지, 저지)

exclude, exclusive, exclusion, include(enclose, contain, comprise), inclusive, inclusion,

seclude(떼어 놓다, 차단, 격리하다), seclusive, seclusion(격리, 은둔 쇄국정책;a policy of -)

recluse (은둔한, 외로운, 쓸쓸한 adj. avoiding meeting people. n. person who lives alone & avoids other people. = hermit)

enclosure(둘러쌈, 동봉<물>, 구내 enclosing, sth that is enclosed, v.enclose)

disclosure(v. disclose = reveal, uncover, make known)

57. exempt(emere : take, obtain) n. exemption(tax exemption)

* adj.officially freed from a duty, service or payment. He is - from military service. vt.Poor eye sight will - you from military service.

prompt(adj.a - reply / payment, vt.cause sth to happen, remind someone esp an actor of the next words in a speech, adv.- at one, at one -, n.act of -ing, the cue.), prompter

impromptu(improvised, without preparation, an - speech)

* example(exemplar, adj.exemplary), premium(During the summer, hotel rooms are at a -.)

58. exonorate(onus :burden, blame) = absolve, exculpate, vindicate, acquit

* onerous(burdensome, troublesome, laborious)

59. extemporaneous(tempo :time) = offhand, impromptu, improvised, ad-lib(adj.n.v L.ad libitum = at pleasure. She's good at ad-libbing.)

extraneous(extrinsic - intrinsic)

simultaneous(similar, simulation :counterfeit display)

contemporaneous(contemporary)

spontaneous(voluntary, - generation)

* tempest, tempestuous(stormy, turbulent)

60. extremity(exter :outside, beyond) - of despair(adj.extreme)

* extremist, extraterritoriality

external(adj.outside, outer, n) - internal(domestic)

exterior(adj.n. a good man with a rough -.) - interior

extraordinary(very strange, unusual or special, remarkable)

extraneous(not related, not belonging)

extrinsic(not essential) - intrinsic(existing within)

extrovert

61. facetious(F.facetia : n.jest) = joking, witty a - remark / young man

62. famish(fames:hunger) = starve

* famine(n.very serious lack of food, widespread -), fatigue(vt.tire, weary, exhaust, n.condition of being very tired), fatigable, indefatigable(untiring, - workers)

63. forecast(cast :throw) = predict, foretell, prophesy

foretell

foresight - hindsight(the ability to see why & how something happened)

* downcast(adj.depressed, discouraged, sad), outcast(n. adj homeless & friendless) Korean Broadcasting System, Munhwa Broadcasting Company, simulcast, casting vote

64. forfeit(foris :beyond, outside facere :make, do) - gain # confer suffice

* foreign, forest

65. fragile(frag :break) = breakable, weak, frail, delicate, easily broken

fragment(v.n.a small piece or part of something :tiny -s of glass), fraction(small part or bit. We're selling it at a - of original price. adj.fractional. He made a - payment, not a full one.)

* fracture(the breaking of a bone :compound / simple -s), infringe(violate, transgress),

66. galore = plentiful, abundant

eye-popping(Popeye, popcorn)

whop(beat, defeat)ping, thump(strike heavily)ing, stagger(walk or move unsteadily)ing,

67. genuine(genus :birth, origin, race, species, kind) = real, authentic

ingenuous(simple, artless, naive, candid)

ingenious(clever, inventive, resourceful)

genesis

generate

degenerate

homogeneous(-geneity)

heterogeneous(-geneity)

* gene, gender(sex, male, female), general, generous, genitals(sexual organs), homosexual, lesbian, genetics(the study of heredity), genealogy(the study of family lines = pedigree), genius, gentleman, gentleman of the road(highway-man) "Sir, may I please have your wallet?" # confer Latin & Greek roots

68. hibernate(hibernus :adj.wintry) = spend the winter(- estivate) (n.hibernation - estivation) (adj.hibernal -estival)

shiver(vi.to shake becasue you are cold or frightened, It was so cold that we were all -ing. n.)

quiver(tremble slightly, n.)

quaver(<of a voice or a sound> to shake slightly n)

waver(to move slightly, The flame -ed and then went out. n)

69. hostile(hostis :enemy, army) = unfriendly, inhospitable, warlike, antagonistic, adverse, inimical (hospes:host, guest)

hostility(enmity, ill will, -ies : war)

a host of

hospitable = friendly

hospitality

hostel

hotel(motel : motorists' hotel)

hostage

hospice

* host(hospes :host, guest. hostess, multitude, throng, crowd) # confer hostile

70. intimidate(timid.adj.= afraid, timorous, fearful) = frighten, cow, overawe, scare, threaten, menace, bully, harass n.intimidation

71. illegible(legere :read, gather, choose, pick, select) = hard to read, unreadable, unintelligible

lexicon(dictionary<esp of Greek, Latin or Hebrew>)

lexicographer(lexicography)

dyslexia(a problem in reading)

dyslexic(n.adj)

* lecture, legend(That pitcher's fast ball is a -.), legible(decipherable), intellect(n.지성, 사고력, adj.intelligent총명한, 지성이 있는. Human beings are much more - than animals. - child / dog), intellectual(adj.지적인, 지성에 의지하는, 지력을 작용시키는, an - movie / argument, n.intelligentsia.), intelligible(comprehensible, clear), intelligence(mental ability, news or information, Intelligence Quotient, Central I- Agency. Federal Bureau of Investigation. International Atomic Energy Agency), collect(assemble, gather, accumulate), diligent(industrious), elect, elegant(dignified, polished, tasteful, excellent, n.elegance), elite(literal :chosen part), neglect(give too little attention or care to), select, colleague(literal:one who chosen along with another), college

72. immaculate(macula : spot, stain) = spotless, absolutely clean

* maculate(v.spot, pollute,

adj.impure, dirty, stained)

73. impatient(pati, pass, path :endure, suffer, feel) = restless, anxious

patient(patience, perseverance, impatience)

compatible

passive / active

impassive(unmoved, unconscious), passion, passionate(cool, quiet), compassion(sympathy, pity), antipathy, empathy, telepathy, pathos, pathetic(pitiful, emotional, a - sight), pathology(science of diseases), pathologist

74. inadvertently = unintentionally, thoughtlessly, accidentally # confer version

advertent(careful, heedful)

advertise. ad-balloon

75. inappropriate(proprious :one's own, peculiar, suitable) = unsuitable, unbecoming, improper

proper(suitable, correct, right, fitting, n.propriety<correctness of social or moral behavior, politeness, reasonableness, fitness>)

property(possessions, estate, ownership, private / public -, movable / real -, a man of -)

appropriation(v.appropriate :put on one side for a special use, take & use as one's own, adj.suitable, correct, fit, proper)

76. inaudible(audire :hear)

* audible, audience, auditorium, auditory, audit, auditor, audition, audiology, audiovisual education, aids(teaching aids, hearing aids), auscultate, auscultation, auscultator

77. incense(candere :burn, glow, shine) = enrage, madden, infuriate

incandescent(very bright, shining brilliantly)

candle(candlelight)

candid(frank, fair, just, pure, sincere, white)

candidate(applicant)

censer, censor, censorship, censure(rebuke), sensor

kindle(The sparks -d the dry wood. The setting sun -d the sky. Her eyes -d with excitement.)

78. infallible(in:not + fall:fall, fail, deceive) = certain, sure, absolutely reliable n.infallibility

fallible(liable to error)

fallacious(delusive, misleading, based on error), fallacy(n.false or mistaken belief, false reasoning or argument)

fault(n.flaw, defect, imperfection, failing. vt.blame, criticize), default(fail to fulfil an agreement, contract, or duty, n.act of -ing)

false (mistaken, incorrect)

faucet(tap in GB)

fail

79. inter(ter :earth) = bury

terrace, territory(land or district), subterranean(underground, secret, hidden), terrestrial (earthly, worldly, earthy - celestial), extraterrestrial(alien), the Mediterranean, terra incognita, terracotta(hard reddish brown baked clay), terrain, terramycin, extraterritoriality

80. inundate(unda :wave) = flood, swamp, deluge # confer Latin roots und, unda

undulate(move or lie like waves rising & falling, undulating hills)

fluctuate(fluc :flow. rise & fall, change from one state to another)

abound(The river -s in fish.), abundant(more than enough, plentiful), abundance(a great quantity, plenty)

redound(contribute, promote), redundant(surplus, superflous, n.redundancy)

81. jeopardy(jeu :game + parti :divide) = danger, peril(periri :try)

jeopardize, endanger, imperil, hazard, risk, jeopardous, dangerous, perilous, hazardous, experience, expert(adroit), experiment

82. Jolly(jo :good. merry, gay, happy, high-spirited) Roger(right, O.K) = pirates' flag

* a pirated edition, pirate radio / tape rejoice, enjoy, joke(jest)

83. lineage = ancestry, family, extraction(descendant, ascendant, ancestor)

lineal(a - descendant / heir, matrilineal, patrilineal)

linear(of or in lines)

interlinear

delineate(describe, portray)

* align(arrange in a line, The pictures were all -ed perfectly. bring into agreement, close co-operation, They -ed themselves with us. n.-ment)

84. lucrative(lucrum :gain) = profitable, gainful

lucre(<in a bad sense> profit, riches, money = pelf. He was a man who would do anything for lucre), luck, lucky filthy lucre(illicit gains)

85. magnify(magnus :great, big + facere :make) = enlarge, amplify

magnitude(largeness, importance)

magnate(a wealty & powerful person in business(an oil -, musical -)

magnanimous(generous, great-minded, noble in mind)

magna cum laude(with great praise)

magnum opus(masterpiece)

* Magna Carta(the Great Charter) maxim(a short saying that expresses a general truth), magnificient(grand, excellent, gorgeous), magnifico, major, majority, minor, minority, magnicide, parricide(matricide, patricide), homicide(justifiable -, excusable -, murder), infanticide, suicide

86. miniature = small, tiny, diminutive, minute

minimum(n.adj), minimize, maximum(n.adj), maximize

diminish(lessen, abate, minimize)

* minor, minority, major, majority, minute(very small), minus(- plus. without, go out - a hat. less, a grade of C-.), minuscule(tiny, small.-capital), minister, menu

87. mitigate(mitis :mild, soft) = alleviate, reduce, lessen, soften, relieve, appease, moderate, soothe - enhance, heighten, strengthen, augment

melt(dissolve, soften, fade)

mollify(make someone calmer or quieter)

meek(mild, gentle, unprotesting, uncomplaining, as - as a lamb)

sleek (soft, smooth, glossy, as - as a cat, a - sports car)

slake(satisfy, quench, make less strong)

88. multitude(multi :many, tude :state of) = crowd, throng, horde, swarm

multitudinous(very numerous, great in number)

multiple(adj. n.multiplex), multiplication

multilateral(many-sided)

* multiform(adj. Snowflakes are - but always hexagonal.), myriad(a - of), polytheism, monotheism, atheism, pantheism, theology, polygamy(gamy :marriage, monogamy), polyclinic, multinational corporation(MNC), multipurpose dam, multivocal(equivocal, ambiguous, vague, obscure)

89. municipal(muni :citizen of a free town, public office, exchange) = of a city or town having self-government(the - council)

* metropolis(chief city of a country, capital. the -, London), municipalism, municipality, mutual, communicate, communication, communion, community, mutate, mutable, mutation, commute(v.n), commuter(n, adj - couple)

90. novice(novus :new) = recruit, rookie, tyro, apprentice

novel(new, different & interesting, a - suggestion, a - idea, n. novelty), innovate(introduce new things, n.innovation, technical -s in industry), renovate(repair sth & put it back into good condition, n.renovation, costly -s of old house), supernova, Casanova(new house), Casablanca(white house), neon(- light / sign), Neopas, neo-Marxism, neo-Nazism, neo-Imperialism the Neolithic Age(the Paleolithic Age)

91. objective(ob : toward + ject : throw) = n. aim, end, goal adj. subjective

object(n.material thing, purpose or aim, thing aimed at, an - of pity / admiration v. They -ed to the adoption of children from abroad.)

inject(n.injection)

deject(make sad or gloomy n.dejection<low spirits>)

project(n.<plan for a> scheme or undertaking. v. make plans for, - a picture on a screen, an apparatus to - missiles into space)

eject(cast out, expel, emit, discharge)

abject(adj.miserable, lack of pride or self-respect)

* reject(refuse, discard, throw up, vomit. n.-ion)

92. opinionated(opinari : select, think) = obstinate, stubborn, headstrong

* adopt, adept, adapt, opinion, option

93. original(oriri :rise) = initial, inaugural, earliest n.originality(creativity, ingenuity, inventiveness)

orient / occident(accident, coincide)

aboriginal(adj.n)

aborigine(native)

abort(end a pregnancy, miscarry), abortion(misbirth)

* origin(the - of civilization, words of Latin -), originate(begin, create, invent)

94. perceive(per ;through + capere :take, seize) = observe, recognize, realize, grasp mentally

(cap, capt, cip, cept, ceiv)

* capable(competent - incapable), capacity, capability, capacious(roomy, spacious), captivate(fascinate, attract), capture(take, arrest), captive(adj.n), caption, participate, anticipate(look forward to, expect), accept(acceptable, acceptance), except(exception), intercept(cut off, hinder), deceive(mislead, trick, n.deception, deceit), receive, receptive(He is - to new ideas.) receiver, receipt, reception, conceive(imagine, think), conceivable(It is the best means conceivable.), conception, contracept(ion), disciple(pupil, follower), ESP(extrasensory perception), recipe(a medical prescription, directions for making a dish, method)

95. permanent(manere :remain, dwell, stay) = lasting, stable, everlasting, perpetual, eternal - temporary, transient. - wave = perm

mansion(large & stately house)

remnant(small part that remains)

immanent(inherent, present), imminent(minere :project, impending), remain, remainder, maintain, maintenance

96. pilfer(L.rob, filch, steal<in small amounts>) n.pilferage :act of -ing

purloin(<formal>steal), plunder(v. steal goods from people or a place, often by force & during a war. n.goods stolen), pillage(plunder, esp in war), booty(valuable goods taken from a place by a victorious army), loot(v.n.money or goods stolen by soldiers in war time, or by thieves, esp during periods of social unrest)

97. portal(port :harbor, carry) = door, entrance

porch(veranda), port(seaport, airport), transport, import, export, report, reporter, portable(- computer), support, porter, important

100. preface(fari :speak) = foreword, introduction, prologue - epilog(ue), vt. usher(안내인, 수위, 접수원) in

affable(polite & friendly, easy to talk to, sociable, good-natured, courteous)

fable(a short story that teaches a lesson, Aesop's -s. fabulist<우화작가>)

profess(공언하다, 분명히 말하다, 고백하다, 교수하다 : affirm, claim)

confess(자백하다, 자인하다, 고백하다, 고해하다 : admit, acknowledge)

fate(destiny, fortune, doom), fatal(deadly, lethal, mortal ; immortality, mortician <undertaker>, morgue), fame(reputation, renown), prophet, prophesy, prophecy

confabulate(chat)

ineffable(inexpressible)

infant(baby, <legal> minor)

nefarious(극악한, 사악한, 버릇없는, 불손한 : villainous, very wicked)

99. presently(pre:before + esse:to be) = soon, before long, at once, immediately

* present,

absent, essence

101. prodigious(pro:before + digious:thing said) = vast, enormous, huge, immense, colossal,

gargantuan, wonderful

* prodigy(n.sth -, a violin / child -) genius

102. prohibit(habere :hold, have habitare :live, dwell n. -ion) = forbid, ban, prevent - permit, inhibit(hinder, restrain, ban, repress, n.-ion), exhibit(exhibition), habit, habituate, habituation, cohabit, habitat, habitant, habitable, habitual(one's - seat, a - criminal), behave, behavior

103. province(official duty) = proper business or duty, sphere, jurisdiction, responsibility

provincial(local, rustic, narrow, regional, rural. - taxes / government / governor / tour / roads / accent), provincialism(dialect, narrowness of outlook, prejudice, illiberality)

104 punctual(pungere, punctus :a point, dot punct :prick, pierce) = on time, prompt n.punctuality(poign, punge, punct)

* acupuncture(acus :needle. -ist), acupressure, compunction(scruple, the pricking of conscience, remorse), punctuate, punctuation, pointer, appoint(n.-ment, disappointment), poignant(very painful, bitter, biting), pungent(- aroma of garlic), puncture (blow out :get a flat tire)

105. puncture(pungere :pierce) = pierce, perforate We had a flat tire. # confer punctual

acupuncture, acupressure

compunction(shame, guilt, Shame on you! She kept me waiting without the slightest -.)

pungent(acid, poignant)

poignant(painful)

106. quintet(group of five) solo, duet, trio, quartet, quintet,

quintuple(fivefold), quintuplets

quintessence(the perfect example of sth, the - of virtue / politeness), Pentagon, pentangular, Penta 5

107. rarity(rarus :loose, thin, scarce) = uncommon, unusual, thin, underdone(medium, well-done)

rarely, hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely I can barely hear you.

108. rebuke(buchier :beat) = reprimand, censure severely, criticize sharply, reprove, scold, reproach, admonish, preach

109. reconcile(calere : call) n.reconciliation adj.(ir)reconcilable

council(assembly)

conciliate(calm the anger of, soothe, concilator) adj, conciliatory (trying to end a disagreement, a - gesture, a - tone)

110. reflection(flectere :bend) = 반사, 반영, 숙고, 반성 ; careful thought

reflex(adj.n.vt a - action), reflect(ponder, contemplate, meditate, mull, rebound adj ; reflective = reflecting, thoughtful, n. reflector)

flexible(tractable, pliant, pliable, compliant - inflexible), flexibility

deflect(turn aside, The bullet struck a wall & was -ed from its course.)

genuflect

* inflect(<of a word> change the form of its ending according to its use, modulate<the voice>, bend inwards, curve ; The word "child" is -ed in plural by adding "-ren" to it.) n. inflection(굴곡, 음성의 조절, 어형 변화) flextime(Do you work -?)

111. relinquish(linquere :leave) = give up, abandon, surrender, yield, resign

delinquent(doing wrong, failing to perform a duty)

juvenile delinquency

derelict(adj. abandoned, forsaken, a - old house, n.)

relic

112. reserved(servare :keep, hold, servire :serve) = silent - communicative

* serve, servant, service, reserve(-d seats), reservation(booking), reservoir, observe(obey, comply with, conform to, follow, watch, behold), observer, observation, deserve, conserve(preserve :protect, save, keep safe, n.preservation, adj.n.preservative maintain, adj.conservative n.conservation), persevere(endure), perseverance(patience)

113. restrain(stringere :draw tight n.-t) = restrict, hold back, check, curb, bridle - promote, urge

strain(v, n) stress(v, n)

constrain(compel n.-t)

constrict(limit someone's freedom of action, make tight or smaller)

restrict(limit)

* straight(Is my tie -?), strict(exact, complete), stretch(She -ed the rope between two poles. The forest -ed for miles.), strait, string

114. resume(re :again + sume :take, use, waste, top, highest)

consume(eat or drink, use up, waste away), consumer(producer), consumption(production)

presume(assume, suppose, venture, n.presumption, assumption), presumptuous(too bold or self-confident), sum(- total, This is the - of my work.), summary(n, summing-up, abridgment, abstract adj.brief, - court. v.summarize), summit, summon, briefing

* re : 반복(反復) respect, reconstruction, rebel(bel:war, v.n. # confer belligerent bellicose<combative, hostile>), recreation, reincarnate(v.return to life in a new body after dying, adj. n.reincarnation), rebound, rebuild, recall, remind, recollect(n.recollection), recoil, recharge(discharge), recital, rediscover, renaissance(nasci :birth, native, nation, nature), remove, renew, reopen, replace, replant, reproduce, resign, reelect, reflect, reform, retest, return, reuse, review, revival, rebirth, rewind(Fast.ForWarD), rewrite, recommend(recommendation), repose(rest)

* re : 반대(反對) recover, regress, retrogress, repay, revert, receipt, refund(v.They -ed us our money when the play was cancelled. n.repayment), resist, resistance, the Resistance

* re : 강화(强化) reinforce, redouble, research, rejoice(He -d over the birth of his sun.), reshuffle, repress(I could hardly - my laughter. a -ed desire to steal, the repression of political opposition)

115. retract(re :back + trahere :draw, drag) = withdraw, draw back, recant

* attract(allure), attractive, attraction(power of pulling towards, magnetic -), detract, detractive, detractor, detraction, contract, contractive, contractor, contraction(the - of a muscle), distract(divert, Don't - me.), distractive, distraction, extract(elicit, deduce), extractive, extraction, subtract, subtractive, subtraction, abstract(adj, vt, n), abstraction, protract(prolong, extend), protraction, portray, portrait, trace, trail, tractor

116. reverse(vertere:turn) = adj.v.turn completely about, revoke, annul, cancel, regress, revert, return n.opposite, defeat # confer version

* in - order, the - side of a carpet / coin,

117. rummage(rum :run) = ransack, search thoroughly, scrounge

scurry(move quickly with short steps, The mouse scurried away. n)

scrounge(get something without paying for it), rumor, ramp, rampant(rampageous), rampage

118.security(curare : concern, care) = safety, protection (in)secure(safe, free from care, fear, worry)

manicure, pedicure

sinecure(a well-paid job with few duties)

curator(official in charge <esp of a museum or art gallery>)

procure(obtain with care or effort, This book is out of print & difficult to -.)

(in)accurate(correct, exact, precise, careful)

119. shallow(ME.not deep) = superficial, frivolous, trivial, trifling(- water / talk / argument) -profound(deep, intellectual, recondite, abstruse)

120. shrink = recoil, flinch, cringe, quail, retreat, draw back, cower, shorten, shrivel, constrict, diminish, dwindle, curtail, wince

shrimp(very small person, lobster)

shrivel(become dried or curled<through heat, frost, dryness or old age>)

wrinkle(form into lines & folds)

shrug(lift <the shoulders> slightly <to show indifference, doubt, etc>)

shred(fragment, cut or tear into small pieces)

writhe(twist or roll about in great pain)

wither(become dry, faded or dead)

crumple(press or crush into folds or creases)

121. simultaneously(simul :similar) = concurrently # confer Latin roots simil, simul

similar

simulate(imitate, feign)

simile(comparison of one thing to other, He is as brave as a lion. He has a heart like stone.), metaphor(Life is a journey. a heart of stone / gold)

facsimile(an exact copy of a picture or writing)

semblance(appearance, likeness, outward form, resemblance)

resemble(She -s her mother. They - each other in shape but not in color)

122. stamina(stare : stand) = 지구력, 체력, 끈기, 정력 strength, vigor, endurance

constant(불변의, 일정한, 부단한, 충실한 stable, continual, regular, faithful, resolute), state, statue, stance, circumstance, station, status, status quo(state in which, 그대로의 상태, 현상 : maintain the - ), insist, resist, subsist(They -ed on bread & water.), (in)consistent(일관된, 모순이 없는), desist(cease), assist(help, n.assistant), persist(She -s in wearing that old-fashioned hat), destitute(결핍한, 빈곤한, 가난한 needy, indigent), institute(vt. establish, set up, start, found. n. society or organization for a special purpose ; its office or building, Language Research Institute), institution(an established organization which provides people with help, work, medical treatment or protection, such as a school or hospital, the - of a merriage), constitute(comprise, contain, establish), constitution(system of government, laws & principles according to which a state is governed, general structure of a thing), substitute(v.take the place of sth, n), prostitute(hooker, whore), restitution(the act of returning sth lost or stolen to its owner, or of paying for damage), superstition(a belief which is not based on reason. adj.superstitious, a - fear of black cats)

123. subsequently(sub :under + sequ, secut:follow) = later, afterwards adj, subsequent, n.subsequence, sequence(succession, in alphabetical -, a - of warning signals, a - of tenses)

obsequious(too eager to obey or serve)

consecutive(following continuously, on five - days)

execute(carry out, give effect to, - sb's commands, - a plan / a purpose / a will / a murderer, n.execution, executive), persecute(punish, treat cruelly, esp because of religious beliefs, n.persecution, persecutor), prosecutor's office

extrinsic(extraneous)

ensue(happen later, happen as a result, follow)

pursue(- a robber / a bear, - pleasure, - one's studies, n.pursuit)

sequel(Famine has often been the - of war. Her action had an unfortunate -.)

non sequiter(conclusion which does not follow from the premises, paradoxical result)

124. surmount(mount : climb) = conquer, overcome

mountain

mound(small hill)

dismount(get down, remove <sth> from its mount, cause to fall)

paramount(para:beside.by adj, supreme<- court, - commander, chief. n.a great emperor)

mountebank(swindler, fraud, imposter, doctor:charlatan, quack)

* amount, demount

125. survive(sur :above, beyond + vivere :live) = outlive

revive(The flowers will - in water. n.revival, a religious -)

viable(able to exist)

vivid(lively, active, full of life, clear & distinct, a - description, - in one's memory)

vivacious(animated, lively, gay)

* Viva(Long live), vivace(music :briskly), vivify(give life to, animate), vigor, invigorate, vigorous, vital, vitamine, survival of the fittest, survivor

126. sober(brius :drunk) = not drunk, serious

sobriety(seriousness, abstinence)

inebriate(vt.make drunk, intoxicate, excite, adj.drunk, n.person who is habitually drunk. drunkenness)

booze(n.alcoholic drink<beer, whisky> vt.drink in excess)

beverage(bibere :drink. any sort of drink except water, <milk, tea, wine, beer>)

absorb(ab :from + sorbere :drink in, suck = take or suck in, engross)

soak(absorb, become wet, drink alcohol excessively & habitually)

* imbue(fill, dye, tinge, inspire, -d with patriotism / hatred), imbibe(drink, absorb, take in, - ideas / knowledge)

127. spine = back bone, vertebra, thorn, barb

128. stroll = quiet, unhurried walk(go for a -), ramble, amble, saunter, promenade, ramble(walk for pleasure, with no special destination, n), amble(vi.ride or walk at an easy pace, walk slowly, n)

saunter(walk in a leisurely way, n)

loiter(move slowly, with frequent stops)

stride(v. walk with long steps, n), strut

stagger(walk or move unsteadily <from weakness, a heavy burden, drunkness>)

falter(hesitate, stammer, stumble)

totter(move or walk in an unsteady way, The old lady -ed down the stairs)

toddle(walk with short, uncertain steps as a baby does)

trudge(plod, walk with heavy steps, slowly & with efforts, n.long tiring walk)

stamp(walk with noisy, heavy steps, n.rubber -, revenue -, - album, - dealer)

)tread(stamp or crush, Don't - on the flowers)

129. suffice(facere :make) = be enough, adequate, or sufficient

* (fact-, fict-, fect-, fac-, fic- :make) fact, factor, benefactor, malefactor(offender, criminal), faction, factitious(fictitious, artificial-natural), factory, manufacture, satis(enough)faction, faculty(talent, gift:the - of making friends easily, the - of speech, - meeting), facile(easily done or obtained, - victory, superficial, - explanation), facility(difficulty), fashion(mould), fiction, nonfiction, surfeit, counterfeit(n. adj.- money / jewels / grief, vt.copy, imitate), fait accompli(F. accomplished fact), effect(result, outcome, cause & -, sound / visual -, vt.bring about, accomplish), affect(vt. have an influence or impression on, <of diseases> attack, Worry affected his health. pretend), infect(contaminate, - a wound, -ed with cholera), defect(fault, imperfection, shortcoming), perfect(a - game / crime / stranger), deficient, sufficient, efficient(capable, an - secretary, producing a desired or satisfactory result, - methods of teaching), proficient(skilled, adept, expert), profit, profitable(lucrative, gainful), facsimile, artifact(sth made by human beings)

* certify, verify, classify, simplify, signify, amplify, beautify, dignify, fortify, glorify, horrify, terrify, justify, magnify, purify, satisfy, specify, unify

130. timorous(tim :fear) = afraid, timid

* timidity, intimate(close, detailed), intimacy, intimidate(frighten, daunt, cow)

131. tolerate(toleratus :bear, sustain, tolerate) = endure, bear, stand, permit

extol(tollere:lift = raise, praise highly)

elate(late:carry, bring, bear = stimulate, make high-spirited)

relate(make a connection between two things, tell a story)

translate(interpret, translator, interpreter)

superlative, comparative, positive

talent(a special natural ability or skill)

* tolerable(endurable - intolerable, unbearable, painful. Is the world becoming an - place to live in?), tolerant(tolerating - intolerant, narrow-minded n.intolerance Racial - is one of the greatest shames of mankind.)

132. transient(ire :go) = fleeting, short-lived, momentary, evanescent, passing, temporary, transitory - permanent

transition(change), transitive(taking a direct object, - verb)

exit(way out, an emergency -, Exit Romeo)

circuit(a racing / closed / short -, regular journey or itinerary)

coitus(coition, sex, sexual intercourse)

obituary(formal notice of sb's death, with a short account of his life)

ambition(ambi :on both sides, around = strong desire, adj, ambitious)

* (trans :across, through) transparent(Window glass is -.), traverse(cross), trespass(intrude), transact(conduct, complete, carry on), transport(transportable), transform(transformation), translate(translator, interpreter), transitory(transient), transplant, transmit(transfer, convey, dispatch, n.transmission), transatlantic, transcontinental, transfer(fer:carry) + resistor = transistor

* (ambi :around, about, both) ambidextrous(ambisinister, dexterous), ambivalent(n.ambivalence), ambiguous(n.ambiguity), ambisexual, amphibian, ambivert, introvert, extrovert

* it(go) initial(an - letter, J.F.K., W.C), initiate(begin, originate, introduce, commence(n.commencement), initiator, initiative(the lead, originality), issue(issir :go out), orbit(orb :circle), sedition, itinerary(a plan of a journey), itinerant(an - library), perish(completely go),

133. tuition(tuitus :watch over)

intuition(v.intuit)

tutor(v. n.private teacher, -ess)

tutelage(guardianship, a tutelary angel)

134.urban(urbs:city)

* municipal, municipality, municipalism

urbane(polite, courteous, refined, elegant-crude, rough, rude)

suburb(a - of Seoul) Yuppies(young urban professionals)

* urbanize, urbanization

135. vacant(vacuus :empty) = empty, unoccupied n.vacancy

vacuum(- cleaner), vacate(give up living in, leave unoccupied), vacation, evacuate(withdraw from, leave empty, - fort, - town, move people from a dangerous place to a safer place) vain(without use, value, meaning or result, - attempt, - hopes, - promises), vanity vanish(disappear suddenly, cease to exist), evanescent(quickly fading, transient - life) evanescence, vaunt(boast), void(adj.empty, vacant, without n.an empty space), devoid(without, empty of, - of shame / sense), wane(become less or weaker), want, wanton (immoral, unchaste, licentious), license plate

136. velocity(velox :swift, speedy) = speed, rapidity, swiftness (accerlerated velocity)

velocipede(early kind of bicycle)

velodrome

volatile(unstable, fickle, fleeting, not lasting long)

137. version(vertere :turn) = account, story, description, adaptation, translation (번역, 개작, 각색, 설명, 변형, 개조, 해석, 연주, 연출)

conversion(전환, 전향, 개종, the - of cream into butter)

diversion(기분전환, distraction, Chess & billiards are his favorite -s.)

aversion(싫음, 혐오, disgust, repulsion, strong dislike, adj.averse :opposed, declined)

adversity(역경, 불운 misfortune, affliction. A friend is best found in -. adverse :거스르는, 반대의, 불리한, 불운한 unfavorable, contrary or hostile, - weather conditions)

divert(전환하다, 주의를 딴곳으로 돌리다 turn in another direction, amuse, entertain), diverge(분기하다, 갈라지다 separate & go on in different directions), diverse(of different kinds)

convert(전환, 개심, 개종시키다 change, convertible n), converge(Crowds are converging on the stadium. converse(vi.<formal>talk, adj.opposite, n. 古 conversation)

* revert(되돌아가다 return), reverse(v. adj. the - side of a coin or disc, in - order, in the - direction, n. 역, 반대, 뒤, 불운, 패배 opposite, contrary, defeat), subvert(전복, 파괴, 타도, 멸망시키다 destroy, overthrow <religion, government>), adversary(opponent), advertent(ly) inadvertent(ly), advertise, ad-balloon, avert(turn away, prevent, avoid), controvert(deny, oppose, n.controversy), incontrovertable(certain, unquestionable, indisputable), introvert, extrovert, ambivert, versatile(many-sided, all-around)

138. vicinity(vicinus : near) = neighborhood, locality

village, villa(country house with a large garden or used for holidays), villain(rascal, scoundrel, wrongdoer, criminal, -ess / hero, heroine - heroin), villainous(evil, bad)

141. vocation(vocare : call) = occupation(점유, 점령, 점거, 직업, 업무, 취업, 소일 ; 그것을 위해 훈련받은 직업), calling, business(실업, 상업관게의 영리목적의 직업), trade(무역, 장사, 교역, 거래), profession, job - avocation

equivocal(두가지 뜻으로 해석되는, 확실치 않은, 모호한 ; questionable, suspicious, an - reply. an - success)

vociferous(noisy, yelling, a - crowd)

provoke(stimulate, make angry, vex, cause, arouse, n.provocation)

convoke(회의, 의회를 소집하다 ; summon, call together, n. convocation ; 소집, 집회)

evoke(불러내다, <감정, 기억> 일깨우다, <웃음, 갈채> 자아내다), invoke(간절히 바라다, 염원하다), revoke(<명령 약속 면허> 취소, 폐지, 무효로하다, 해약하다), irrevocable(past recall, beyond recall)

advocate(vt.support. n.person who speaks in favor of sb or sth. He is a strong - of prison reforms.) voiceless(dumb ; the deaf and dumb), mute(무언의, 침묵한, 소리가 나지않는), silent), vocabulary, vocational school

140. volition(vol : will, wish) = will, do sth of one's own -.

(in)voluntary(spontaneous, unforced, uncompelled, willful), volunteer

benevolent(kind & helpful, benignant), malevolent(spiteful, malignant)

Part IV Latin Roots

1. AM, AMOR : love, liking, friendliness

amateur(professional, expert), amiable(an - child, lovable, good-natured), amicable(an - manner, neighborly, friendly, - settlement / antagonistic), amity(friendship, goodwill / enmity), amorous(the - Romeo, amative, amatory, loving, - affairs, - glances, - songs), enamored(charmed, captivated)

* amateurish(inexpert, imperfect), amateurism(amateurship), amorist(sensualist, writer of a love-story), paramour(illicit partner of a married man or woman, adultery, adulterer, adulteress, mistress), amour(love affair, romance)

2. ANIM : mind, will, spirit

animosity(ill will <usually leading to active opposition>, violent hatred), animus(ill will

<usually controlled>), equanimity(composure, calmness), magnanimous(forgiving, generous) unanimity, unanimous

* anima(mind, spirit), animal, animate(give life to, make lively), animator, animation, (liveliness, animated cartoon), animism(belief that all objects have souls)

3. FIN : end, boundary, limit

affinity(kinship, sympathy, liking, attraction), confine(restrict), definitive(conclusive, final / tentative, provisional), finale, finis

* finish, fine, finance, financial, finite, infinite infinitive, final, semifinal, refine, refinery(a sugar -, an oil -), define, definite(a - answer, - article, indefinite), definition, confinement(imprisonment)

4. FLU, FLUC, FLUX : flow

fluctuate, fluent(fluency), fluid(solid, rigid, fixed), flux(stability), influx(inflow, inpouring)

* flow, float, flourish, flood, reflux, influence, influential, influenza, superfluous(more than is needed or wanted), affluent(wealthy, abundant, opulent, n.affluence, abundance. opulence), confluence(flowing together, esp a place where two rivers unite, crowd, throng)

5. GEN, GENER, GENIT : birth, kind, class

degenerate(deteriorate), engender(create, generate, produce, cause), genre(kind, sort, category), progenitor(forefather), regenerate

* the Genesis, genitals(the productive organs), gene(one of the factors controlling heredity), genetics(the study of heredity, genetic engineering), genealogy(the study of family lines, pedigree), generation(- gap), generator, generous, generosity, general(relating to all kinds, - hospital), genuine(true), genial(mild, warm, sociable, kindly), gentle(man), gentry, photogenic, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

6. GREG : gather, flock

aggregate(total, collective), aggregation(assemblage), congregation(flock), gregarious, segregation(isolation)

* desegregate(abolish <esp racial> segregation in), desegregation

7. HERE, HES : stick

adhere(stick, cling, adherence), cohere(stick together), coherence(consistency), cohesion

(union, unity), inherent(intrinsic, essential)

* heredity(hereditary), heritage(that which has been or may be inherited), inherit(receive property, a title, etc as heir, inheritance), hesitate, hesitative, hesitation), adherent, adhesive(instantaneous -)

8. LATERAL : side

collateral(parallel, additional, supplementary), equilateral, lateral, multilateral, quadrilateral, unilateral(one-sided)

* bilateral, latitude(longitude, altitude), lattice(lettuce wrapped rice)

9. LITERA : letter

alliteration, (il)literacy, literal, literary(having to do with letters or literature), literate(educated, able to read & write)

* literature, illiterate(ignorant), obliterate(erase)

10. LUC, LUM : light

elucidate(explain), lucid(clear / vague), luminary, luminous(shining brilliant), translucent(/ opaque)

* illuminate(illumination), luster, illustrate(illustration, instance), illustrator(a person who draws pictures, esp for a book), illustrious(famous), illustrative(adj), luxurious(n.luxury), deluxe(a - edition), lunar(of the moon, - calendar, - eclipse, pale<the - sunlight>, palid), lunatic(insane, mad), lux(a unit of illumination)

11. MAN, MANU : hand

emancipate(set free, liberate), manacle(handcuff), mandate(authoritative command, order), manipulate, manual(handbook), manuscript

* manage(conduct, management, manager), manner(method, mannerism), maneuver, manufacture(r), manicure

12. PEND, PENS : hang, pay

append(부가, 추가하다: attach / detach), appendix(부가물, 부록, 추가, 맹장), impending(imminent, overhanging), pendant(늘어뜨린 장신구), pending(waiting to be settled, until), suspend(stop temporarily, n.suspension, - bridge), suspense(anxiety, mental uncertainty)

* depend, dependable, dependent, dependence, pendulum, pensive(thoughtful), pension, independent, independence(- day, - hall), peninsula(of or like an island), pennant(a long narrow pointed flag, especially as used by schools sports teams, or on ships for signaling), penis, appendectomy(anatomy: 해부, 해부술<학>), expend,, expensive(costly), expense, compensate, dispense(dispense with, to get rid of and manage without), indispensable(too important to be without)

13. PON, POS : put

depose(dethrone), impose(inflict), postpone(put off, defer, delay), superimpose, transpose(interchange)

* pose, position, composition, compound(v.mix, combine, adj.Butterflies have excellent - eyes. n.mixture), propose, purpose(pur :pro), component(any of the parts that make up a whole machine or system), preposition, transposition, deposit, expose, posture (good / bad -, Humans have a naturally erect -. attitude, The governments - on this new trade agreement seems very unhelpful.), composure(calmness and complete control over your feelings), dispose(incline, Lack of sleep -s some people to headaches. determine, Man proposes, God -s. - of = to get rid of something), contraposition, oppose(ob :against), opposite(adj. n. prep), opponent(person against whom one fights, struggles, plays games, or argues), suppose(supposition), positive(definite, clear, explicit, certain, confident, practical, affirmative - negative), post(wooden -, winning -, finishing -, The ball hit the -. <=goalpost>, - card / office / box / code / man, AmE, mailbox / man, zip<Zone Improvement Program / Plan> code, The soldier was punished for falling asleep at his -. v.Did you - John the book?), poster

14. SCRIB, SCRIPT : write

conscript(draft, conscription), inscription(inscribe), prescribe(order, dictate, direct, order as a remedy, prescription), scribe(person who writes, author, journalist), script(scripter), subscriber(subscribe)

* describe, description, scribble(write hastily or carelessly, scribbler), manuscript, transcript(a written or printed copy of sth that was spoken), scripture(bible), circumscribe(restrict, n.circumscription), ascribe(impute), transcribe(- an ancient manuscript, A secretary -ed the witnesses' statements/the taped recordings)

15. SIMIL, SIMUL : similar, like, same

assimilate(absorb, assimilation), dissimilar(unlike, different - similar), similarity(likeness, resemblance - dissimilarity), simile, simulate(feign, imitate, assume), simultaneous(concurrent, coincident)

* fax(facsimile)

16. SOL, SOLI : alone, lonely, single

desolate(make lonely, deserted, forlorn / cheerful, joyful, happy), sole, soliloquy(monologue prologue, epilog), solitary(alone, single), solitude(loneliness, seclusion), solo

* solemn(serious), solemnity, console(comfort), consolation, insolent(proud / humble), insolence, isolate, isolation, obsolete(no longer used, out of date)

17. SOLV, SOLU, SOLUT : loosen

absolute(autocratic, despotic / relative, comparative), dissolution(disintegration, destruction, ruin), dissolve(disintegrate, melt), resolution(answer, solution), resolve(solve, explain, unravel), soluble(solvable / insoluble), solvent(insolvent)

* solve, absolve(acquit, exonerate, pardon, forgive / accuse, blame, punish), solution

18. UND, UNDA : wave, flow

abound(have, exist in great numbers or quantities, teem), abundant(plentiful / scarce), inundate(flood, overflow, deluge, overwhelm), redound(contribute, promote), redundant(superfluous, surplus)

* abundance, inundation(flooding), redundancy

19. VER, VERA, VERI : true, truth

aver(affirm confidently, assert / deny), veracity(truthfulness), verdict(decision of a jury opinion, judgment), verify(corroborate, substantiate, confirm), veritable(true, actual, genuine, real, authentic), verity(truth)

* veracious(true, truthful), verisimilitude(appearance, semblance, sth that seems to be true)

20. VID, VIS : see, look(주의해서 보다), sight(봄)

envision(마음에 그리다, 상상하다, 예상하다 = foresee, envisage), improvise(extemporize), invisible(visible), revise, video(video tape<cassette> recorder, videophone, cellular phone), visibility, visual

* evident(obvious, clear, apparent, plain) evidence, provide(supply, stipulate), providence(선견지명), individuality(character), vision, television, visit, advise, supervisor, supervise, supervision(감독, 관리, 지휘, 통제), view, preview, review(재조사, 회고, 복습, 평론), visage(얼굴, 용모), envy, wise, wisdom, wit, witness, visa

Part V Greek Word Elements

: 그리이스어계는 라틴어계보다 적지만 영어어휘의 무시할 수 없는 부분(약 25%)을 차지하고 있으므로 이에 대한 이해가 필요하다.

1. AUT, AUTO : self

authentic(genuine, reliable, trustworthy / false, fictitious), autobiography, autocrat(crat :ruler = despot), autograph, automatic(- sprinkler), automation, automaton(robot), autonomous(nomos:law. self-governing, independent), autonomy(self-government), autopsy(opsis :a sight. postmortem)

* autohypnosis, Autobahn(Adolf Hitler), autobicycle(autobike, motorbike, motorbicycle, bike), automobile, motorshow, autorace, author, authority, autotheater(drive-in theater)

2. CRACY : government

aristocracy(aristos:best), autocracy, bureaucracy(bureau:desk, table), democracy, plutocracy, technocracy, aristocrat, Democrat, bureaucrat, plutocrat(plutos:wealth), technocrat, autocrat

* mobocracy(ochlocracy), theocracy, nomocracy(nomo:law)

3. DEM, DEMO : people

demagogue(agogos:leader. rabble-rouser), democratic, democratize(democratization), epidemic (epi:upon, among. wide-spread)

* the Democratic Party(democrat), demonstrate(demonstration, Demo Sale), demography(demographer), demotic(popular), demotics, endemic disease

4. PAN, PANTO : all, complete

panacea(cure-all, universal remedy), Pan-American, pandemonium(wild uproar, wild disorder), panoply(hopla:arms), panorama(horama:a view), pantomime(mimos:a mimic. pantomimist)

* Pan-Pacific, Pan-Asia, Pandora's box, pantology, pantheism(monotheism, polytheism), pantheon(the Pantheon, Paris)

5. CHRON, CHRONO : time

anachronism(ana:against), chronicle(history, annals, the Chronicles), chronological, chronology, synchronize(make simultaneous. synchronized swimming)

* synchronicity(synchronism), synchronous(- orbit, - sattelite), chronic(- disease, - smoker), chronograph(stopwatch), chronometer

6. MANIA : madness, insane impulse, craze

kleptomania(kleptes:a thief), mania(madness, insanity, excessive, fondness, craze), maniac, maniacal(insane, raving), pyromania(pyr:fire, heat. pyrography)

* bibliomania, fishing maniac(buff. theater -, baseball -, travel -), megalomania(c), monomania(c)

7. PED : child (Latin : foot)

encyclopedia, orthopedic(ortho:straight. orthopedics), pedagogue(agogos:leader), pedagogy, pediatrician, pediatrics

* pedal, pedalo, pedicure, pedigree, pedestrian, pedestal, biped, centipede, peddle(r), expedite(speed up. expedition<the Himalayan ->, trip), impede(impediment), octopus(octagon, October, <Rome.march>, octave)

8. ORTHO : straight, correct

orthodontist, orthodox(conventional, approved, conservative / heterodox), orthography(correct spelling), orthopedist, unorthodox

* orthopedics(branch of surgery dealing with bone deformities & diseases, dental orthopedics), orthoptics

9. GEN, GENO, GENEA : race, kind, birth

genealogy(lineage, pedigree), genesis(origin), heterogeneous(dissimilar), homogeneous(similar, uniform), homogenize

10. METER, METR : measure

barometer(baros:weight), chronometer(chronos:time), diameter(dia:through, across. thickness, width), meter(kilometer, centimeter. electric -, gas -), odometer(hodos:way. hodometer), photometer, speedometer, symmetry

* optometrist, optometer, optometry, metrology, metronome, geometry(geography, geology), pedometer, thermometer

11. ANT, ANTI : against, opposite

antagonist(agon:a contest = opponent, adversary, foe / protagonist), tibiotic(penicillin, treptomycin), antibody, antidote(dotos:given), antihistamine, antipathy(distaste, repugnance, dislike, enmity), antiseptic(septic tank), antitoxin(toxic, toxicity), antonym(onym:name, opposite)

* antiaircraftgun, anti-Communist, antinuke, antitank, antiabortion, antialcoholism, antipollution, antiwar, antinational, antisocial, antarctic(arctic), antithesis(Give me liberty or give me death)

12. ONYM, ONOMATO : name, word

acronym(acro:at the top), anonymous(nameless / onymous), homonym(bear, long, fast), onomatopoeia(poiein:to make), pseudonym(pseudo:false, pen name), synonym

* antonym, nominate(nominee, nomination), ignominy(dishonor), ignominious(dishonorable), heteronym(minute, resume), renown(fame), denominate(call, give a name to), denomination(name), nomenclature(system of naming)

13. DERM, DERMATO : skin

dermatologist(dermatology), dermis, epidermis(epi:upon), hypodermic(hypo:under, beneath), taxidermist(taxis:arrangement, division, taxidermy)

* derma(dermis), dermatitis(a disease of your skin, marked by redness, swelling, and pain)

14. NOM, NEM : management, distribution, law

agronomy(agros:a field, husbandry), astronomical(astro:a star), economic, economical(thrifty, frugal, sparing - extravagant), gastronome(gaster:to stomach, = epicure, gourmet), nemesis (nemein:to deal out, distribute)

* normal(average - abnormal, unusual), enormous(huge - diminutive, trivial), autonomy(the right of self-government), nomocracy

15. PHAN, PHEN : show, appear

cellophane(cellulose, cellular phone), fancy(imagination, illusion), fantastic(imaginary, unreal, odd), fantasy(imagination, fancy), phantom(specter, ghost, apparition, phantasm), phenomenal(extraordinary, remarkable, unusual), phenomenon(extraordinary person or thing, wonder, prodigy)

* phantasy(fantasy), phantasmagoria(changing group of images, real or imagined figures, etc as seen in a dream)

16. THERM, THERMO : heat

diathermy(dia:through), thermal(hot, warm. - energy / efficiency / fever / conductivity / nutron / power station / spring), thermometer(a clinical - ), thermonuclear(- war), thermostat(stat :stationary, thermoregulator)

* thermodynamics, thermoregulation, thermotheraphy, thermos(vacuum bottle)

17. PROT, PROTO : first

protagonist(antagonist), protocol(preliminary memorandum), protoplasm, prototype(model, pattern), protozoan(zoo)

* protohistory, protohuman, protozoology, protogalaxy

18. THESIS, THET : set, place, put

antithesis(contrary), epithet(epi:upon, descriptive expression), hypothesis(hypo:under), synthesis(synthesize<r> - analysis), synthetic(man-made, natural. - fiber, - analytic), thesis (proposition, essay)

* hypothesize, hypothetical(a - situation)

19. ASTER, ASTR, ASTRO : star

aster, asterisk(star-shaped mark), asteroid(very small planet, starfish), astrologer (astrology), astronaut(naut:sailor), astronomer(astronomy), disaster(calamity, catastrophe)

* astronavigation, astrophysics, <a planet, a fixed(permanent) star, a satellite, a comet(Halley's comet), a shooting star> Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

20. GRAM, GRAPH : letter, writing

anagram(ana:back), cartographer(carto:map, Magna Carta:the Great Charter. cartography), cryptogram(kryptos:hidden), electrocardiogram(ECG :electrocardiograph), epigram(epi:upon), graphic(- design, vivid), graphite, monogram, monograph, stenographer(stenos:narrow, thin, small, stenography, shorthand), typographical(pertaining to or occurring in typography or printing)

* photograph(er), biography, autobiography, hologram(a picture of sth made with laser beams which makes it look solid not flat. holograph), holography, phonograph(gramophone), geography, oceanography, telegraphy(telegram), demography, graffiti(drawing, words, scratched on a hard surface, esp a wall), computer graphics, grammar(- school, elementary school, grammarian, glamo(u)r girl), pictogram(pictograph, pictography), program

VI ENLARGING VOCABULARY THROUGH CENTRAL IDEAS

1. SKILL

adroit(ad + rectus : right = skillful, clever, deft, dexterous, adept, artful, apt) - maladroit, inept, clumsy, ackward

* right(n.adj.v), correct(adj.v), erect(adj.v), rectitude(honesty, uprightness), rectify(Would you - the mistakes in my bill?), rectangle, address(n.v), redress(make things equal or fair again, make up for You should confess & - your errors), direct(rect : rule.adj, v)

ambidextrous(ambi:around, both + dexterous) = ambisinister

* ambient(surrounding), ambiguous(vague, uncertain), ambivalent(n.ambivalence), amphibian(adj, n), amphitheater(arena), ambivert

apprentice = tyro, novice, rookie, recruit # confer apprehend

aptitude(aptus:grasp, fit) = talent, bent

* adapt, adopt, adept, inept(absurd, said or done at the wrong time, - remark, totally unable to do sth. He's inept at tennis), inapt(unskillful, not bearing on the subject)

craftsman = artisan, expert # confer craft

dexterity = deftness, adroitness, skillfulness, handiness

versatile = many-sided, all-around # confer version

2. POVERTY

destitute(de:down+ stitute:stand)=needy, indigent # confer stamina

economize(-ize:to make) =be frugal

* familiarize, liberalize, pauperize, idolize, penalize, publicize, memorize, centralize

frugal(frux:fruit) = scanty, economical, sparing, saving, thrifty

* fructify(make or become fruitful or fertile), fruitful(productive), fruition(fulfilment of plans or aims)

impoverish = make very poor

* pauper(a person who is very poor, n.-ism, -dom, -age), paucity(fewness, scarcity, insufficiency)

indigence(indu:in + egere:to be in need) = poverty

* adj.indigent(needy, destitute, poor, impoverished)

3. WEALTH

affluent(flu:flow) = opulent, rich # confer Latin roots flu:flow

avarice(avere:desire) = greediness # Avarice blinds our eyes. Avarice is never satisfied.

* voracious(gluttonous, devouring, a - appetite / reader), devour(eat hungrily or greedily, engross), avid(eager, greedy, - for fame / applause n.avidity.He accepted the offer with -.), rapacious(adj.esp money, a - businessman, n.rapacity), rape(vt. violently force a woman to have sex when she does not want to, n.He was sent to prison for rape.), < reincarnate(환생시키다 v.return to life in a new body after dying, adj. n. reincarnation ; 윤회, 환생, 화신) carnivore ; 육식동물 (adj.carnivorous), herbivore ; 초식동물 (herbivorous), omnivore ; 잡식동물 (omnivorous), Rio Carnival(카너벌 사육제, 축제) cannibal(캐너벌, maneater), carnal(of the body or flesh, - appetite(desire), - abuse ; 소녀에 대한 강간), incarnate(adj.vt), incarnation(구체화, 화신 She's the very - of generosity.)> ravenous(very hungry, greedy, a - appetite, - hunger, - for power)

covet(cupido : desire, passion) = desire eagerly, long for, crave

* Cupid(Roman god of love)'s bow, covetous(eagerly desirous), cupidity(lust, greed<esp for money or property>, avarice, strong desire)

dowry(don, dot : give)

* dose, overdose, condone(forgive, pardon), donate(give, contribute)

financial(fin:end, boundary, limit) = monetary, pecuniary, fiscal # confer Latin roots fin

fleece = rob, cheat, swindle, rip off

hoard = accumulate, amass

lavish(lavare : wash) = profuse, very abundant - sparing

* lava(hot liquid material flowing from a volcano), lavatory(toilet, Water-Closet), lather(n.v), flush(adj.even, level, having plenty, - with money, n.rush of water, redness of your face caused by being hot, ill, or ashamed. v), royal flush(hand with the five highest cards of one suit), flood, launder(v.clean, wash), laundry, lotion(eye -), deluge(n.great flood, heavy rainfall.v), dilute(He diluted the paint with water.), latrine(a hole in the ground used as a toilet, esp in a military camp)

lucrative = profitable, moneymaking # confer lucrative

means(medius : middle) = wealth, property, resources

* medium(adj.a medium-sized apple, He's of - height. n.Sound travels through the - of air.), median(adj), medieval(of the Middle Ages<about AD 1100-1500), mediocre(second-rate, He reads a lot of - detective stories.), mediate(mediator), immediate(close, near, instant, direct), intermediate(adj.n)

opulence(ops:riches) = wealth, riches, affluence

* copious(plentiful, abundant, ample, - supply), cornucopia(abundant supply, <myth> horn of plenty)

sumptuous(sumptus :expense) = luxurious, costly, lavish

4. FEAR

apprehensive = afraid, anxious # confer apprehend

cower = shrink or crouch in fear, cringe, recoil, flinch, winch

craven = coward, dastard, chicken # confer craven

dastardly(dasast:to become exhausted) = cowardly & mean

* daze(v.stun, bewilder, unable to think or feel clearly.n), dullard(stupid, idiot), sluggard(lazy, slow-moving person, adj.sluggish = inactive, slow-moving), bastard(a child of unmarried parents. You bastard! How could you do this to me!)

intimidate(timid:fear) = frighten, cow, bully, daunt # confer timorous

timid = fearful, timorous, shy

trepidation = nervous agitation, fear, fright, trembling

* intrepid(fearless, bold, very brave)

5. COURAGE

audacious(audere:dare) = bold, insolent, impudent n.audacity

dauntless(domitare:rule, tame, subdue) = fearless, intrepid, valiant

exploit(plic:fold) = heroic act, daring deed, feat vt.

fortitude = bravery, pluck, backbone, valor

* fort, fortress(stronghold), forte(strong point. Singing is her forte. adv.<music>), effort(n. We made every - to help him.), comfort(vt.n. console, consolation), fortify

indomitable = unconquerable, invincible

* animal tamer, dominate(A great man can - others by force of character. The strong usually - the weak.)

plucky = courageous, brave, valiant, valorous

* pluck(pull the feathers off, pick<flowers, fruit>, pull<weeds>, snatch at), perk(I had a cup of coffee to - me up.), perky(cheerful & full of life)

rash = adj.overhasty, impetuous, foolhardy, reckless - deliberate

* dash(v.to move with sudden speed. He -ed across the road. She -ed the books to the ground. The accident -ed John's hopes of playing in the football team. n. I made a - for the door. vigorous action, energy), rush(v.to move or to do sth quickly. There's plenty of time, we needn't -. He was -ed to hospital. Perhaps if we all - him at once he'll drop his gun. You're too young to - into marriage. n. There will be a - for tickets.) gush(Oil -ed out of broken pipe. Blood -ed from his wound. n.a sudden flow of sth, a - of enthusiasm.)

6. CONCEALMENT

alias(alius:other) = assumed name, pen-name # confer alternative

clandestine(celare :hide) = concealed, secret, underhand

* clam(n.a kind of sellfish, vi.to become silent, esp because of fear or unwillingness to give information), cellar(basement), surreptitious(done or experienced secretly, a - kiss / love), recondite(profound)

enigma = riddle, mystery

* baffle (vt.puzzle, confuse someone greatly.a baffling question), perplex(puzzle, bewilder, make more complex or intricate)

latent(latere : lie hidden, lurk)=dormant, potential

lurk(be hidden, lie in ambush)

* murky(dark, gloomy n.murk : darkness, gloom), occult(hidden, secret, supernatural, magical), covert(adj.half-hidden, disguised, - political activities. n. area of thick undergrowth in which animals hide)

seclude = hide # confer exclusively

stealthy(adj.sly, cunning)

7. DISCLOSURE

apprise=inform, notify # confer apprehend

avowal(vow:call) = admission, confession, open acknowledgment, frank declaration

* avow(admit, declare openly, - a fault, He -ed himself a Christian.), advocate(vt.support, n), vow(n.solemn promise, vt), vote, vouch(I've read this report carefully & I can vouch its accuracy.), avouch(<liter;now rare> = assert, guarantee)

divulge(di:apart + vulgare:make public) = make public, disclose, reveal # confer divulge

elicit(lacere:entice, tempt) = bring out, evoke, extract

* delicious(a - cake, Doesn't it smell -! What a - joke!), delectable(delightful, pleasant), dilettante / dilitanti / (one who studies the arts but not seriously & not with real understanding), illicit(licit:permit. illegal), license(n.vt), licentious(immoral <esp in sexual matters>)

enlighten(en:make) =instruct, inform - confuse

* en : en(make) + large + ment enable, enact(make a law, perform on), encamp(settle in a camp, lodge in tents), encash, ennoble, enclose, enclosure, encircle(encompass), encounter, encourage(-discourage), encyclopedia, endear, endanger, enfold, enforce, enframe, engrave < cut or carve(lines, words, designs) (up)on a hard surface>, enthrone, entitle, enshrine, enjoy enjoyable(pleasant), enlighten, enlist(enter the armed forces), entrap(mousetrap), enroll(become a member of a society or institute), enrich, enslave, ensure, entrust, entry(coming or going in, entrance, right of entering)

# b, p, 앞 em embitter, embolden, embus, embattle(to draw up ready for battle), embossed paper, embody, empower

manifest(mani:hand + fest:strike) = vt.show clearly, display, evidence adj. plain, evident, obvious. n.list of a ship's cargo for the use of customs officials

* Communist Manifesto(1860), infest(be present in large numbers, The fields are -ed with snakes), manicure(pedicure), palpable(a - error, a - atmosphere of mistrust, What you say is palpably untrue.)

overt(aperire:open) = public, manifest - covert

* aperture(opening, gap, hole), April

8. AGREEMENT

accede(ad+cedere:go, yield)=agree, assent, consent, acquiesce # confer decease:death

accord(cordis:of the heart) = agreement, harmony -dissension, discord # confer accord

compact(pangere:fix, fasten) = n.accord, covenant, contract (adj.condensed, neatly fitted, taking up very little space. - disc)

* a peace pact, subcompact(mini car), impact(n.collision, strong impression or effect), impinge(collide, infringe, encroach, have an effect on someone or sth. The economic crisis is impinging on every aspect of our lives.)

compatible(pati : endure, suffer) - incompatible # confer impatient:restless

compromise(pro:forward + mise:send, n.v)

* emit (emission), missile(- base, guided -), MISSION(- school, missionary), transmissoin(the parts <clutch, gears, drive> of a vehicle that carry power from the engine to its wheels), admit, admission(- fee, - ticket), commit(to do sth wrong, bad or unlawful), commitee(a group of people chosen to do a particular job or for special duties), commission, permit, permission, submit, submission, intermit, intermission, omit(o:away), omission, dismiss, dismissal = dismission, premise(v.n. The law is based on the - that people are innocent until they are proved to be guilty. No smoking on the premises, please.), remit(send by post, forgive), remittance(an amount of money sent by post as payment for sth), promise

conform=comply n.conformity

* form(figure, shape), formation, formal(informal), formality, format, formular(form of words used regularly, list of instructions for making sth), formulate, formulation, nonconformist, dissident(adj.n), deform(a face -ed by disease), deformity(Lack of essential minerals can cause - in unborn child.), uniform(adj.n), inform(notify), information(ignorance), perform, performance, eform, reformative, reformation, reformer, ransform(change-conserve), ransformation

consistent = in accord, compatible # confer stamina

correspond re:back + spondere:pledge) = be in harmony, agree, match, fit

* despondency(loss of hope, melancholy, adj.despondent<Don't become -.), response(answer), respond, responsible, responsibility, spouse(husband or wife, fiance, fiancee), espouse(give one's support to, <old use> marry), sponsor(n.vt)

dovetail = fit together with, interlock with

reconcile = bring back to harmony # confer reconcile

relent(lentus : flexible, pliant, slow) = become less harsh, severe, or strict, soften in temper, yield

* relentless(cruel, harsh), lax(not strict or severe, negligent, inattentive, - discipline / behaviour), relax(- the muscles, Let's stop working & - for an hour.), slack(dull, inactive, loose, sluggish, - rope), slacken(The ship's speed -ed.), slacks, lenient(tolerant, mild, merciful, gentle, clement), lithe(bending easily, flexible)

9. DISAGREEMENT

altercation(alter:other) = noisy, angry dispute, quarrel, wrangle # confer alternative

antagonize(ant:against + agon:struggle) = make an enemy of # confer Greek roots ant

:against, opposite

* agony(great pain or suffering), agonize(Nina has been agonizing over whether to take the job abroad.), protagonist, antagonist

cleavage(crepare:creak, rattle) = split, division # confer craven

* cleft(crack or split <in the ground or in rock>, opening made by a cleavage), crevice(narrow crack or opening), crevasse, chasm(deep opening or crack in the ground, abyss(the - of despair), schism(the separation of a group into two parts as a result of disagreement), rift(split, crack, dissension), splinter(v.break into small pieces, n.a - of glass. a - group / party)

discord = disagreement, dissension, strife # confer cordiality.

discrepancy = difference, variation, inconsistency # confer craven

dissent(sentire :feel, think) = disagree, object # confer dissent

embroil(broilen:quarrel) = involve in conflict

* broil(v.cook, grill<G.B>, be very hot, n.quarrel, noisy argument), brawl(v.quarrel noisily, n.noisy quarrel or fight, often in a public place), imbroglio(complicated <esp political or dramatic> situation)

estrange = alienate, separate

friction(fricare:rub) = rubbing of two surfaces together, disagreement There's been political - between two contries. afflict(cause severe suffering or pain, -ed by terrible wounds, He was -ed with blindness.), inflict(force sth unwanted or unpleasant on someone, Don't - your own problems on me.), attrition( = detrition, wearing away by rubbing, war of attrition), detriment (n.causing damage to sth, adj.detrimental)

irreconcilable # confer reconcile

litigation(litigare:dispute) = lawsuit, act or process of carrying on a lawsuit,

* legal(my - adviser, the - system, illegal), legitimate(legal or correct, reasonable, n, regitimacy), legislation(the act of making laws, a body of laws), legislative(adj.a - assembly)

at variance = at odds, in disagreement,

* vary(to be, make, or become different, change, alter, The quality of her work never varies.)

wrangle = brawl, dispute angrily, bicker(quarrel about sth small or unimportant)

10. EATING

condiment(con:together + dere:put) =seasoning

devour(avere:desire) # confer avarice

(greed, lust, cupidity)

* nibble(v.take tiny bits, fish nibbling at the bait. n.I felt a - at the bait.), gobble(eat very quickly & noisily), gulp(swallow quickly or greedily, n.), swallow, slurp(drink noisily), sip(drink only a little at a time), munch, lick, suck, gurgle(n.bubbling sound as of water flowing from a narrow-necked bottle, v.The baby was gurgling happily.), guzzle(eat or drink greedily, He's been guzzling beer all evening.)

edible(edere:eat) = eatable, nonpoisonous, consumable, digestible-inedible

glutton = greedy eater

luscious = delicious, juicy & sweet

* relish(n.special flavour or attractive quality, Hunger in the best - for food. vt.enjoy, get pleasure out of. John won't relish having to wash all those dishes!)

palatable = agreeable to the taste, pleasing, savory - unpalatable

slake = satisfy, quench(put out, put an end to, cease)

* quell(put down, overcome, suppress, subdue<a rebellion, revels, opposition> The prime minister -ed disagreement among the ministers.), squelch

succulent = full of juice, juicy

voracious = gluttonous # confer avarice(lust, greed)

11. SIZE, QUANTITY

colossal(huge, enormous, gigantic, mammoth, vast)

commodious(roomy, ample)

* mode(a way of acting, behaving, speaking, writing, living, etc.), accomodate

gamut

infinite(endless, boundless, inexhaustible - finite)

infinitesimal(immeasurably small, very minute)

inflate(expand, puff up) - deflate

inordinate(excessive, immoderate)

* exorbitant(unreasonable, extraordinary)

iota(infinitesimal amount)

magnitude(greatness, largeness, importance)

* magnate, magnify(amplify, enlarge), magnanimous(generous), magna cum laude

picayune(petty, insignificant, slight, trivial)

pittance(small amount, meager wage or allowance)

* pity(compassion, sympathy), piety (deep respect for God & religion - impiety)

puny(worthless, feeble, picayune, petty)

superabundance(surplus, excess. # confer inundate)

12. WEAKNESS

debilitate(debilis:weak, not strong, = enfeeble, weaken, enervate, devitalize -invigorate)

* debility(weakness <of the body>), debris, bruise(n.v.injure, hurt), feeble

decadent (declining, corrupt, immoral, degenerate - flourishing)

* cadaver(corpse, a dead human body), decay(deteriorate), accident, coincidence

decrepit(worn out-sturdy)

dilapidated(falling to pieces, decayed)

* lapidate(to throw stones at), rickety(feeble, shaky), crumbled, shabby, seedy(full of seeds, worn out, shabby), collapse(n.v), elapse(<of time> to pass by)

enervate

flimsy(frail, unsubstantial, fragile)

frail -robust

incapacitate(to make <someone> unable to do sth)

infirmity(weakness, frailty)

13. STRENGTH

bulwark(v.n.rampart, defence, protection)

citadel(fortress, stronghold)

cogent(forcible, compelling, powerful, convincing)

* agenda, agent, agency(Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation), agile, agitate, agitator, agitation

dynamic(forceful, energetic, active)

* dynamite, dynamics(kinetics), dynast, dynasty

formidable(awesome, fearful, dreadful, menacing, terrific)

forte(fortis:strong, = strong point) # confer fortitude  impregnable(im + prehendere:to hold, seize, take, = unconquerable, invincible, indomitable) # confer apprehend

* pregnant

invigorate(animate, strengthen - debilitate)

* vigor(strength, force, energy), vigorous(energetic, active, dynamic, vital, robust, lively, spirited, sturdy)

robust(robustus : strong)

* corroborate(confirm, strengthen)

tenacious(stubborn, strong) # confer content, retain

vehement(vehere:to carry, bring. = forceful, violent, furious)

* vehicle, behemoth(sth very big), vector, inveigh(v. n.invective)

vigor(strength, force, energy)

14. NEGLECT

default(n.neglect, negligence, v.fail to pay or appear when due)

* fault(v.n.flaw, defect, imperfection), fallible, infallible(sure, certain), fallacy, false(incorrect, mistaken), faucet(G.B-tap)

heedless(inattentive, careless, thoughtless, reckless, mindless - heedful)

ignore(in + gnarus : to know = disregard, overlook -heed)

* ignoble(mean, base), ignominious(dishonorable, n.ignominy), agnostic, diagnosis, prognosis(prediction, forecast), connoisseur

inadvertent(heedless, careless)

neglect(neg:not + legere : read, choose, gather v.disregard, n.disregard, negligence)

* negation, self-abnegation, renege (on), deny

remiss(mittere : to send = adj.negligent, careless, lax -scrupulous)

* remit, emit(give off), transmit, dismiss(send away), demise(de : down, away from, fully), premise

slovenly(slipshod, slopppy, untidy, careless - neat, tidy)

* clumsy, messy, unkempt, slob, slobber

15. CARE

discreet(wisely cautious - indiscreet)

* concern(cernere : to separate, sift, distinguish.n.v), excretion, discretion, discretionary power, discriminate(distinguish, differentiate, n.-ion), secret

heed(n.v)

meticulous(fussy - careless, sloppy, negligent)

scrupulous(conscientious, strict, precise - unscrupulous, remiss)

scrutinize(scrutari:to search into carefully=inspect)

* scrutable, inscrutable

solicitude(sollus : whole, all + ciere : to set in motion = concern, anxiety)

* solemn(serious, grave, impressive), excite, insouciant(indifferent, without concern or care)

vigilance(vigilare : to watch, wake = alertness, caution, watchfullness)

* vigor(energy), surveillance, reveille, wake

wary(waru : watchful, care = cautious, vigilant -foolhardy, reckless)

16. RESIDENCE

abroad(adv. study abroad, go abroad, broad-minded)

commute(mutare : to change)

* mutual(reciprocal, common), mutation, mutable(inconstant -immutable), permutation(a through change, transformation)

denizen(inhabitant, dweller, resident, occupant)

domicile(domus :home, house = house, home, dwelling, residence, abode)

* dome, domestic, domestics, - economy, domesticate

inmate

* bedmate, classmate, comate, palymate, roomate, running mate

migrate(migrare : to move from one place to another)

* emigrate, immigrate, transmigration

native(natus : born n.adj. -alien, foreign)

* nature, natal, neonatal, neonate, prenatal, postnatal, innate(inborn, inherent), renascent, Rena(i)ssance, naive(innocent), vernacular(n.adj)

nomad(nomas : roaming about for pasture = roamer, wanderer, drifter, floater, rover.adj.nomadic)

sojourn(temporary stay) # confer adjourn

* diurnal(nocturnal), diary(dairy), dismal(gloomy, miserable)

17. DISOBEDIENCE

defiance(v.defy)

* fidelity(faithfulness, loyalty, truthfulness, exactness, Hi-Fi)

* infidel(n) confide(trust), diffident(timid, shy), bona fide(sincere, genuine), perfidy(n.treachery, betrayal), fiance, fiancee, fealty

infraction(violation, breach)

* fraction, fragment, infringe(violate, breach, transgress, intrude)

insubordinate(disobedient, mutinous, rebellious - subordinate)

* ordinary(usual, regular, normal, common), inordinate(excessive)

insurgent(surgere : to rise =rebel)

insurrection(rebellion, revolt), resurrect(bring back to life, n.the Resurrection =Christ's rising from the grave)

malcontent(mal : bad, ill, evil = discontented person, rebel)

* maladroit(clumsy), malnutrition, malaise, malady(disease, sickness, illness), malignant, malevolent - benignant, benevolent, pregnant

perverse(obstinate)

* pervert(n.v), convert(n.v)

sedition

transgress(ire:to go = violate, break, overstep)

* transition, transient, coition(coitus), exit, circuit, concomitant(adj.n)

trespass(n.v)

* passport, passage, passenger, impasse, passer-by, past, pastime, bypass(n.v), surpass

18. OBEDIENCE

acquiesce(submit quietly, comply)

* quiescent(quiet, at rest, inactive), requiem, acquit (discharge, set free. n.acquittal), tranquil(calm, peaceful, quiet. n.tranquility.tranquilizer)

allegiance(ligare : to bind = loyalty, devotion, fidelity)

* obligation(duty, debt), ligature, liable, league, ally(n.v), alloy(n.v), rally(n.v)

defer(submit politely)

* defer(put off, postpone, delay), differ(disagree), prefer, suffer(endure, bear), infer, fertile, proffer(n.v), confer, indifferent

discipline(n.v)

docile(docere : to teach = obedient, tractable, submissive)

* doctor, doctrine, document, documentary(adj.n), heterodox(n.heterodoxy), orthodox(n.adj)

meek(mitis : mild, soft = submissive, acquiescent-arrogant)

* sleek, mitigate, melt, mild, mollify, smooth

pliable(plicare : to fold, bend = yielding, adaptable, tractable, flexible - obstinate)

* apply, application, imply, implication, plight, exploit(n.v)

submit(yield, surrender - resist, withstand)

* emit, transmit, dismiss(send away), remiss(negligent, careless), emissary(spy), demise, premise, surmise(n.v.)

tractable(tractare : to drag, draw = docile - intractable, unruly)

* contract(n.v), distract, extract, detract, retract, treaty, entreat(beseech, implore, beg), trace

19. TIME

chronic(confirmed, habitual)

* crony(chum), chronicle(annals), anachronism, synchronize

concurrent(simultaneous)

dawdle(waste time, loiter, idle)

imminent(near at hand)

* eminent(remarkable, noteworthy, outstanding), prominent(conspicuous, famous), promenade, menace

incipient(commencing, initial)

* recipient(n.adj), anticipate(forestall), participate, conceive, conception

intermittent(recurrent, periodic - incessant, continuous)

perennial(constant, perpetual, everlasting - annual)

* biennial, biannual, centennial, semiannua

procrastinate(cras : tomorrow) = put off, delay, postpone, defer, tarry, loiter

- expedite, hasten, speed up.

protract(prolong, continue, extend - curtail

sporadic(isolated, infrequent)

20. NECESSITY

compulsory(imperative, obligatory)

* a compulsive eater, repulsive

entail(impose, require)

* curtail(reduce, shorten), retail

essence(fundamental nature, core)

* present, absent, quintessence, entity

gratuitous(unwarrented)

* gratuity(tip), congratulate

imperative(urgent, necessary)

incumbent(cubare :to lie down = obligatory)

* incubate, incubator, concubine

indispensable(essential - dispensable)

necessitate(require, demand)

oblige(ligare :to bind = compel, force)

* allegiance(loyalty)

obviate(ob :before + via :way = (위험, 곤란 등을) 제거하다, (대책을 써서) 미연에 방지하다 make unnecessary, preclude)

* deviate,

trivial,

obvious(plain, evident),

devious(멀리돌아가는, 구불구불한, 정도를 벗어난, roundabout),

pervious(투과시키는, 통과시키는),

previous(earlier, preceeding)

prerequisite

pressing(urgent)

superfluous(surplus, excessive, unnecessary)

GOOD LUCK TO YOU!

* Harold Levine 의 22000 VOCABULARY for the Advanced Learners 를 기본으로 10 여권의 어휘학습서를 참고하였음.

Barron's word list 1

abase	lower; degrade; humiliate; make humble; make (oneself) lose self-respect

abash	embarrass

abate	subside or moderate

abbreviate	shorten

abdicate	renounce; give up (position, right, or responsibility)

aberrant	abnormal or deviant

aberration	deviation from the normal; mental disorder

abet	assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage

abeyance	suspended action

abhor	detest; hate

abject	(of a condition) wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology

abjure	renounce upon oath

ablution	washing

abnegation	renunciation; self-sacrifice; self-abnegation

abolish	cancel; put an end to

abominate	loathe; hate

abominable	detestable; extremely unpleasant

aboriginal	being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine

abortive	unsuccessful; fruitless

abrasive	rubbing away; tending to grind down

abridge	condense or shorten

abrogate	abolish

abscission	cutting off; separation

abscond	depart secretly and hide

absolute	complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism

absolve	pardon (an offense)

abstain	refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one's vote;

abstemious	sparing in eating and drinking; temperate

abstinence	restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote

abstract	theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentationals representational (of a style of art) showing things as they actually appear in real life

abstruse	obscure; profound; difficult to understand

abusive	coarsely insulting; physically harmful

abut	border upon; adjoin

abysmal	bottomless

abyss	enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit

academic	related to a school; not practical or directly useful

accede	agree

accelerate	move faster

accessible	easy to approach; obtainable

accessory	additional object; useful but not essential thing

acclaim	applaud; praise; greet with great approval; announce with great approval; Ex. The new drung has been acclaimed as the most important discoveries for years; N: strong expression of approval and praise

acclimate	adjust to climate or environment; adapt

acclivity	sharp upslope of a hill; OP. declivity

accolade	award of merit; strong praise and approvals merit good quality deserving praise; merits: aspect of character or behavior deserving approval or disapproval; Ex. judge each plan on its own merits; V: deserve; earns demerit fault; bad qualitys earn gain for the performance of service or labor; gain (something that one deserves); deserve

accommodate	oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging

accomplice	partner in crime

accord	agreement

accost	approach and speak first to a person

accoutre	equip; N. accoutrement

accretion	growth or increase in size by gradual addition; growth; increase; increase by natural growth; Ex. towers and other accretions of the castle; V. accrete

accrue	come to one as a gain; accumulate over time; come about by addition; Ex. benefits that accrue from scientific research; Ex. interest accruing in a bank account; N. accrualacerbity	bitterness of speech and temper; ADJ. acerbic: bitter; acrid (in taste, manner, or tone)s bitter having a sharp biting taste; causing sharp pain to the body or mind; filled with resentment, disappointment, or other unpleasant feelings; Ex. bitter wind/sorrow/tearss biting sharply painful to the body or mind; Ex. biting wind/remarks

acetic	vinegary

acidulous	slightly sour (in taste or manner); sharp; caustic

acknowledge	recognize; admit

acme	peak; pinnacle; highest point

acoustics	science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in

acquiesce	assent; agree passively; comply without protest

acquittal	deliverance from a charge; V. acquit: free from a charge or accusation; discharge from a duty; conduct (oneself) in a specified manner

acrid	bitter (to the taste or smell); sharp; bitterly pungent

acrimonious	stinging; caustic; bitter in words or manner; N. acrimony: bitter ill-natured animosity in speech or behavior

acrophobia	fear of heights

actuarial	calculating; pertaining to insurance statistics

actuary	someone who advises insurance companies

actuate	motivate; activate; cause to act

acuity	sharpness (of mind or senses of sight or hearing)

acumen	mental keenness; sharpness of judgment; ability to judge quickly and well; Ex. business acumen

acute	(of the senses) sharp; quickly perceptive; keen; penetrating; brief and severe; Ex. acute sense of smell/analysis/pain

adage	wise saying; proverb s proverb	adage; someone or something well known for notoriety; ADJ. proverbial: of a proverb; widely known; ADV. proverbially

adamant	hard; inflexible

adapt	make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composition recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel.

addendum	addition; appendix to book; something that is added (as at the end of a speech or book)

addiction	compulsive habitual need

addle	make or become confused; muddle; drive crazy; become rotten (egg)

address	direct a speech to; speak to; deal with or discuss; direct one's efforts or attention to; make with a destination; N: formal speech

adept	expert at; very skilled

adhere	stick fast; be a devotd follower; N. adhesion: adhering; devotion; loyality

adherent	supporter; follower

adjacent	adjoining; neighboring; close by

adjoin	be next to

adjourn	suspend until a later time; move from one place to another

adjunct	something attached to but holding an inferior position

adjuration	solemn urging; V. adjure: entreat earnestly; enjoin solemnly

adjutant	staff officer assisting the commander; assistant

admonish	warn or speak to with gentle disapproval; reprove

adore	love deeply and respect highly

adorn	decorate

adroit	skillful (in using mind or hand)

Barron's word list 2

adulation	flattery; admiration that is more than is necessary or deserved

adulterate	make impure or of poorer quality by adding inferior or tainted(contaminated) substances

advent	arrival

adventitious	accidental; casual; happening by chance

adversary	opponent; enemy

adverse	going against; opposing; unfavorable; hostile

adversity	great hardship or affliction; misfortune; calamitous event

advert	refer

advocacy	support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something

advocate	speak in favor of; support (an idea or plan); urge; plead for

aegis	shield; protection; defense

aerie	(aery,eyrie,eyry) nest of a large bird of prey

aesthetic	artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful (of a person or building); CF. aesthete; CF. aesthetics

affable	easily approachable; easy to talk to; warmly friendly

affected	artificial; pretended

affidavit	written statement made under oath (for use as proof in a court of law)

affiliation	joining; associating with

affinity	feeling of kinship; similarity; Ex. strong affinity for her; Ex. many affinities between two languages

affirmation	positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath; V. affirm; ADJ. affirmative; CF. affirmative action: positive discrimination

affliction	state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffering; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on

affluence	abundance; wealth

affront	insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect; V: insult or hurt the feelings of intentionally

agape	openmouthed

agenda	items of business at a meeting

agglomeration	collection; heap; V. agglomerate: gather into a rounded mass; N. aggolmeate: jumbled mass; heap

aggrandize	make greater; increase in power, wealth, rank, or honor; N. aggrandizement

aggregate	sum; total; ADJ. V: gather into a mass or whole; accumulate; add up to; Ex. aggregate 100 dollars

aghast	filled with great surprise or fear; horrified

agility	nimbleness; ability to move quickly

agitate	stir up; disturb

agnostic	one who is skeptical of the existence or knowability of a god or any ultimate reality

agog	highly excited; intensely curious

agrarian	pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform

alacrity	cheerful promptness without reluctance

alchemy	medieval chemistry

alcove	nook; recess

alias	an assumed name esp. by a criminal (usually to mislead people); ADV. alias

alienate	make unfriendly or hostile; estrange; separate; change the ownership of

alimentary	supplying nourishment

alimony	payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce

allay	calm; pacify

allege	state without proof

allegiance	loyalty

allegory	story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols; fable

alleviate	relieve (pain)

alliteration	repetition of beginning sound in poetry

allocate	assign; set apart for a particular purpose

earmark	set aside (money or time) for a particular purpose

alloy	mixture as of metals; something added that lowers in value or purity; V: mix; make less pure; lower in value or quality; spoil; CF. unalloyed: not in mixture with other maetals; pure; complete; unqualified; Ex. unalloyed happiness

allude	refer indirectly; N. allusion: indirect reference

allure	entice; attract; tempt

siren	apparatus for making sounds; womanlike creature

alluvial	pertaining to soil deposits left by running water

aloof	apart; not open in one's relationship with other people; reserved; ADV.

aloft	upward; high up in the air

altercation	noisy quarrel

altruistic	unselfishly generous; concerned for others; N. altiruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; unselfishness; OP. egoism

amalgamate	(of societies or groups) combine; unite in one body

amalgam	combination of different things; mixture of metals (containing mercury) used for filling holes in teeth

amass	collect (gradually, in a very large amount)

amazon	female warrior

ambidextrous	capable of using either hand with equal ease

ambience	environment; atmosphere; Ex. restraurant with a pleasant ambience; ADJ. ambient: completely surrounding; Ex. ambient temperature

ambiguous	unclear or doubtful in meaning; having more than one possible interpretation

ambivalence	the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes or opinions

amble	walking at an easy unhurried pace; V: walk slowly and aimlessly

ambrosia	food of the gods

nectar	drink of the gods; sweet liquid collected by bees

ambulatory	able to walk

ameliorate	improve

amenable	obedient; compliant; readily managed; responsive; willing to be led; answerable or accountable legally; responsible; able to be tested by; Ex. amenable to sensible suggestions; Ex. He is very amenable; Ex. amenable to the usual tests

amend	correct; change ; generally for the better

Barron's word list 3

amenities	convenient features that helps to make life pleasant; social courtesies

amiable	agreeable; lovable; warmly friendly

amicable	peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome; Ex. amicable settlement

amiss	wrong; faulty; Ex. something amiss; ADV.

amity	friendship; peaceful relationship as between nations

amnesia	loss of memory

amnesty	pardon (allowed by government to political criminals)

amoral	nonmoral; having no understanding of right and wrong

amorous	moved by sexual love; loving; of sexual love; Ex. amorous advances

amorphous	formless; lacking shape or definition

amphibian	able to live both on land and in water; N.

amphitheater	oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena

ample	enough; abundant; spacious; large in size; Ex. ample opportunity/garden; N. amplitude: quality of being ample; abundance; largeness of space

amplify	increase in size or effect; expand; broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make stronger; Ex. amplify one's remarks with a graph

amputate	cut off part of body; prune (a limb)

amok(amuck)	in a state of rage; Ex. run amok

amulet	charm; talisman; an object worn believed to protect against evil, bad luck

anachronism	an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time; ADJ. anachronistic

analgesic	causing insensitivity to pain; N.

analgesia	condition of being unable to feel pain

analogous	comparable; similar

analogy	similarity; parallelism; comparing two similar things

anarchist	person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority

anarchy	absence of governing body; state of disorder

anathema	solemn curse; someone or something regarded as a curse; V. anathematize

ancestry	family descent; ADJ. ancestral

anchor	secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; N. anchorage

ancillary	serving as an aid or accessory; auxiliary; N.

anecdote	short story of an amusing or interesting event

anemia	condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic

anesthetic	substance that removes sensation with or without loss of consciousness; N. anesthesia

anguish	acute pain; extreme suffering

angular	sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded (body); bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner

animadversion	critical remark; V. animadvert: comment critically with disapproval

animated	lively; spirited

animosity	active enmity

animus	hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; disposition

annals	records arranged in yearly parts; history

anneal	reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heating and cooling (metal or glass)

annex	attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing	political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one

annihilate	destroy

annotate	comment; make explanatory notes

annuity	yearly allowance

annul	make void

elope	run away secretly with the intention of getting married

anodyne	drug that relieves pain or trouble; opiate; ADJ. Ex. anodyne statement

anoint	consecrate; put oil on (in a religious ceremony)

anomalous	abnormal; irregular

anomaly	irregularity

anonymity	state of being nameless; anonymousness; ADJ. anonymous

antagonism	hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal character in oppostion to the protagonist

protagonist	leader or noticeable supporter of an idea; chief character in a play or story

antecede	precede

antecedents	preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background

antediluvian	antiquated; extremely ancient

anthem	song of praise or patriotism; Ex. national anthem

anthology	book of literary selections by various authors; CF. omnibus

anthropoid	manlike; resembling a human being; N.

anthropologist	student of the history and science of humankind

anthropomorphic	having human form or characteristics

anticlimax	letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting

antidote	remedy to counteract a poison or disease; Ex. antidote to the economic troubles

antipathy	aversion; dislike or opposition

antiquated	obsolete; old-fashioned; outdated

antique	made in an earlier period and usu. valuable; N: object that was made in an earlier period and that is rare or valuable

antiquity	quality of being very old; ancient times; antiseptic	substance that prevents infection in a wound; ADJ.

antithesis	contrast; direct opposite of or to; ADJ. antithetic or antithetical

antler	bony growth on the head of a deer

anvil	iron block used in hammering out metals

apathy	lack of caring; indifference; lack of concern or interest in important matters; Ex. He was sunk in apathy after his failure; ADJ. apathetic

ape	imitate or mimic (a person's behavior or manner)

aperture	opening; hole; adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light

apex	tip; summit; climax; highest point

aphasia	loss of speech due to injury or illness

aphorism	pithy maxim or saying; ADJ. aphoristic

apiary	a place where bees are kept

hive	box for bees; V: cause to go in a hive

apiculture	bee-keeping

apiarist	person who keeps bees

aplomb	poise; composure in difficult situations; assurance; self-confidence

poise	good judgment with composure; balance; V: place in a carefully balanced position

apocalyptic	prophetic; pertaining to revelations especially of disaster; N. apocalypse

apocryphal	(of a story) widely believed but untrue

apogee	highest point; the point farthest from the earth; OP. perigee

apolitical	having an aversion or lack of concern for political affairs

apologist	one who writes in defense of a cause or institution; N. apologia

apoplexy	stroke; loss of consciousness caused by too much blood in the brain

apostate	one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy

apothecary	druggist; pharmacist

Barron's word list 4

apothegm	(apophthegm) pithy, compact saying

apotheosis	elevation to godhood; an ideal example of something

appall	dismay; shock deeply

apparition	ghost; phantom

appease	pacify or soothe; Ex. appease a crying baby; N. appeasement

appellation	name; title

append	attach

application	diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself

apposite	appropriate; fitting

appraise	estimate value of; N. appraisal

appreciate	be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of; ADJ. appreciable: enough to be felt; Ex. appreciable difference

apprehend	arrest (a criminal); dread; perceive; N. apprehension

apprehensive	fearful; discerning

apprise	inform

approbation	approval

appropriate	acquire; take possession of for one's own use without permission; set aside for a particular purpose; allocate; CF. misappropriate

appurtenances	subordinate possessions; something added to a more important thing

apropos	with reference to; regarding; Ex. remarks apropos (of) the present situation; ADJ. ADV.

aptitude	fitness; talent

aquiline	curved; hooked; of or like an eagle; Ex. aquiline nose

arable	fit for growing crops; Ex. arable land

arbiter	person with power to decide a matter in dispute; judge who is in a position ot make influential	judgments; Ex. supreme arbiter of fashion in beachware

arbitrary	unreasonable or capricious; random; tyrannical; Ex. arbitrary ruler

arbitrate	act as judge (at the request of both sides)

arboretum	place where different trees and shrubs are studied and exhibited

arboreal	of or living in trees

arcade	a covered passageway usually lined with shops

arcane	esoteric; secret; mysterious; known only to the initiated; Ex. arcane ritual; Ex. arcane process closed to the uninitiated listener

archaeology	study of artifacts and relics of early mankind

archaic	antiquated; no longer used; belonging to the past; N.

archetype	prototype; primitive pattern

arch-	chief; first; Ex. archbishop

archipelago	group of closely located islands

archives	public records; place where public records are kept

ardor	heat; passion; zeal; ADJ. ardent

arduous	hard; strenuous; Ex. arduous work

argot	slang; speech spoken by only a small group of people

aria	operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio

arid	(of land) dry; barren; unproductive

aristocracy	hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility; N. aristocrat

armada	fleet of warships

aromatic	fragrant; having a sweet smell; N. aroma: strong pleasant smell

arraign	charge in court; indict

array	marshal; draw up in order; arrange in order; clothe splendidly; adorn; N: fine clothes; ordered group; Ex. in battle array

arrears	being in debt; money that should have been paid; work that should have been done

arrhythmic	lacking rhythm or regularity; N. arrhythmia

arrogance	pride; haughtiness; ADJ. arrogant: unpleasantly self-important (with a strong confidence in one's own importance and a lack of respect for other people)

arroyo	gully; narrow channel formed by rainwater

artery	blood-vessel; CF. vein

articulate	effective; distinct; expressing ideas clearly; having clear sounds; having joints; Ex. articulate speech; V: express thoughts and feeling clearly; pronounce clearly; unite by joints

arsenal	storage place for military equipment

artifacts	object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced

artifice	deception; trickery

artisan	a manually skilled worker

artless	without guile; open and honest

ascendancy	controlling influence; position of controlling influence; CF. in the ascendant

ascertain	find out for certain; make certain

ascetic	practicing self-denial; avoiding physical pleasures and comforts; austere; Ex. ascetic life of Buddhist monks; N. asceticism

ascribe	refer; attribute; assign

aseptic	preventing infection; having a cleansing effect

ashen	ash-colored; deadly pale

asinine	stupid; Ex. asinine remarks

askance	with a sideways or indirect look (with disapproval or distruct); Ex. look askance at

askew	crookedly; slanted; at an angle

asperity	sharpness; roughness; severity (of temper or weather); Ex. asperities of a Russian winter

aspersion	slanderous remark; Ex. cast aspersions on

aspirant	seeker after position or status

aspire	seek to attain (position or status); long for; Ex. aspire to become president; Ex. aspire to/after the leadership

assail	assault

assay	analyze (to discover what materials are present); evaluate (soil or ore)

assent	agree; accept; N. assessment

assert	state strongly or positively; demand recognition of (rights, claims, etc.); make a claim to (by forceful action); Ex. assert one's independence

assiduous	diligent

assimilate	absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking)

assuage	mak less severe; ease or lessen (pain); satisfy (hunger); soothe (anger)

assumption	something taken for granted; the taking over or taking possession of;

assurance	firm statement that something is certainly true; promise or pledge; certainty; confidence in one's own ability; self-confidence; Ex. In spite of all his assurances, he did not come back; Ex. assurance of his loyalty; Ex. The teacher lacked assurance in fron of his class; V. assure; tell firmly with confidence; ensure; make (something) certain to heappen; make (someone) feel sure; give confidence to; ADJ. assured: self-assured; confident in one's own ability; showing certainty

asteroid	small planet

astigmatism	eye defect which prevents proper focus; OP. stigmatism

Barron's word list 5

astral	relating to the stars

astringent	binding; causing contraction (stopping bleeding); harsh or severe; stringent; Ex. astringent	criticism

astronomical	enormously large or extensive

astute	wise; shrewd; keen; seeing quickly something that is to one's advantage

asunder	into parts; apart; V. sunder

asylum	place of refuge or shelter; protection (religious or political)

asymmetric	not identical on both sides of a dividing central line

atavism	resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; throwback; ADJ. atavistic

atheistic	denying the existence of God; N. atheism

atone	make amends for; pay for; Ex. atone for

atrocity	brutal deed; ADJ. atrocious

atrophy	wasting away; V: weaken and lose flesh and muscle (through lack of blood or lack of use)

attentive	alert and watchful; listening carefully; paying attention; considerate; thoughtful; politely helpful; Ex. attentive audience; Ex. He was attentive to the old lady; N. attentions: act of courtesy and consideration

attenuate	make thin; weaken

attest	testify; bear witness

attribute	essential quality; V: ascribe; explain

attrition	rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of attrition

atypical	not normal; not typical

audacious	daring; bold; N. audacity

audit	examination of accounts of a business; official examination; V.

augment	increase; add to

augury	omen; prophecy; sign of coming events; V. augur: predict; foretell; be a sign of (something in future)

august	impressive; majestic

aureole	sun's corona; halo; bright circle of light

auroral	pertaining to the aurora borealis; CF. aurora australis

auspicious	favoring success; giving signs of future success; Cf. auspices

austere	forbiddingly stern; ascetic; without comfort or enjoyment; severely simple and unornamented; Ex. a monk's austere life; Ex. austere grandeur of the cathedral; N. austerity

authenticate	prove genuine

authoritarian	subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another's will; Ex. authoritarian regime/father

authoritative	having the weight of authority; regarded as providing knowledge that can be trusted; reliable; peremptory and dictatorial; Ex. authoritative dictionary/manner; CF. definitive

autocratic	having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial; N. autocrat, autocracy

automaton	mechanism that imitates actions of humans; machine that works by itself

autonomous	self-governing; N. autonomy

autopsy	examination of a dead body; postmortem; V.

auxiliary	offering or providing help; additional or subsidiary; N: helper; assistant

avalanche	great mass of falling snow and ice

avarice	greediness for wealth

avenge	take vengence for something or on behalf of someone; Ex. They avenged his death by burning the village; Ex. He swore to avenge his brother; Ex. They avenged themselves on their enemy.

aver	state confidently; declare as true

averse	reluctant; disinclined; not liking or opposed; Ex. averse to cats/doing the house work

aversion	firm dislike

avert	prevent; avoid; turn away (eyes or thought); Ex. An accident was averted by his quick thinking; Ex. She averted her eyes from the terrible sight.

aviary	enclosure for birds; large cage

avid	greedy; extremely eager for; Ex. avid learner; N. avidity

avocation	secondary or minor occupation

avow	declare openly; N. avowal

avuncular	of or like an uncle

awe	solemn wonder; feeling of respect mixed with wonder and fear; V: fill with awe; ADJ. awesome

awful	terrible; very bad

awl	pointed tool used for piercing

awry	distorted; crooked; bent; Ex. Our plans have gone awry.

axiom	self-evident truth requiring no proof

azure	sky blue

babble	chatter idly or foolishly; make continuous sounds like water running gently over rounded stone; N.

bacchanalian	drunken

bacchanal	noisy party with a lot of drinking

Bacchanalia	the ancient Roman festival in honor of Bacchus

badger	pester; annoy continually with demands; persuade by asking again and again; Ex. The children badgered me into taking them into the cinema; N: a kind of mountain animal

badinage	teasing conversation; banter; joking talk

baffle	frustrate; perplex

bait	harass; tease; torment; Ex. badger baiting; N: food or other lure used to catch fish or trap animals

baleful	evil; malignant in intent or effect; deadly; having a malign influence; portending evil; ominous; threatening; Ex. baleful look

balk	stop short, as if faced with an obstacle, and refuse to continue; foil; stop or get in the way of; frustrate

ballast	heavy substance used to add stability or weight; V. supply with ballast

balm	something that relieves pain; oily liquid with a pleasant smell from trees

pang	sudden sharp feeling of pain

balmy	soft and mild (of air); fragrant

banal	hackneyed; commonplace; trite; lacking originality; clich\'ed

bandy	discuss lightly or glibly; discuss in a frivolous manner; exchange (words) heatedly; quarrel; Ex. bandy words with

bane	posion; cause of ruin; ADJ. baneful: harmful; poisonous

bantering	joking talk; good-naturedly ridiculing; N.V. banter

barb	sharp projection from fishhook, arrow, or other object; openly cutting remark

Barron's word list 6

bard	poet

barefaced	shameless and noticeable; blatant; bold; unconcealed; having no covering on the face; Ex. barefaced lie

unregenerate	making no attempt to change one's bad practices

baroque	highly ornate

barrage	barrier laid down by artillery fire; overwhelming profusion; large number of questions or statements; Ex. a barrage of criticism

barrister	counselor-at-law or lawyer in the higher court of law; CF. bar

solicitor	lawyer in the lower court of law

barterer	trader; V. barter: trade; exchange good for other goods rather than money

bask	luxuriate; take pleasure in warmth

luxuriate	take pleasure in great comfort

bastion	stronghold; something seen as a source of protection; Ex. the last bastion of male chauvinism

bate	let down; lessen the force of; moderate; restrain; Ex. with bated breath; CF. abate

bauble	trinket; cheap jewel; trifle

bawdy	indecent; obscene; about sex in a rude funny way; CF. bawd

beatific	giving or showing bliss; blissful

bliss	complete happiness; ADJ. blissful

beatitude	blessedness; state of great happiness

mystic	of hidden meaning and spiritual power; Ex. mystic ceremonies; N. CF. mysticism

bedizen	dress with vulgar finery

finery	beautiful clothes for a special occasion

bedraggle	wet thoroughly; ADJ. bedraggled: draggled

beeline	direct quick route

befuddle	confuse thoroughly

fuddle	make stupid or confused as with alcholic drink; N. in a fuddle: confused

beget	father; become the father of; produce; give rise to

begrudge	envy; give or allow unwillingly; grudge; Ex. We shouldn't begrudge him his success.

grudge	deep feeling of dislike; Ex. grudge fight; V.

beguile	deceive; mislead or delude; cheat; pass time pleasantly; charm or attract; Ex. beguiling smile

behemoth	huge creature; something of monstrous size or power

beholden	obligated; indebted; owing thanks; obliged or indebted from gratitude

behoove(behove)	be suited to; be incumbent upon; be right and necessary; Ex. It behooves one to do.

belabor	harp on; dwell on tediously; explain or go over excessively or to a ridiculous degree; assail verbally; beat severely; attack physically

belated	delayed

beleaguer	besiege or attack (with an army); harass; beset

belie	contradict; give a false impression; disguise; Ex. The poor sales belied our high hopes; Ex. Her smile belies her true feeling of displeasure.

belittle	disparage; depreciate

bellicose	warlike

belligerent	quarrelsome

bemoan	lament; moan for; express sorrow or disapproval of

bemused	confused; lost in thought; preoccupied

benediction	blessing

benefactor	gift giver; patron; person who does good or who gives money for a good purpose

beneficent	kindly; doing good

beneficial	helpful; useful; advantageous

beneficiary	person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an insurance policy or will

benefit	advantage; anything that brings help, advantage, or profit;  money provided by the government to the people; fund-raising public entertainment; Ex. unemployment benefit; V: receive benefits; be beneficial to; give benefits

benevolent	generous; charitable; having a wish to do good

benign	kindly; favorable; not malignant (disease); Ex. benign tumor

benison	blessing

bent	determined; Ex. bent on advancing in the business; N: natural talent or inclination

bequeath	leave to someone by means of a will; hand down in his will; N. bequest

berate	scold strongly

bereavement	state of being deprived of something valuable or beloved; state of being bereaved or bereft

bereaved	deprived of (someone beloved through death)

bereft	deprived of (something valuable); lacking

berserk	mad with violent anger; frenzied; madly excited

beseech	beg; plead with

beset	harass or trouble from all directions; hem in

hem	surround tightly so that movement is impossible; Ex. hem in; N.

besiege	surround with armed forces; harass (with requests); annoy continually

besmirch	soil; defile; make dirty

bestial	beastlike; brutal; inhuman; very cruel

bestow	confer

betoken	signify; indicate; be a sign of

token	outward sign; Ex. a token of our gratitude

betray	be unfaithful; reveal (unconsciously or unwillingly); Ex. Her trembling hands betray her anxiety.

betroth	become engaged to marry

bevy	large group; Ex. a bevy of starlets

bicameral	two-chambered as a legislative body

bicker	quarrel

biennial	every two years

bifurcated	divided into two branches; forked

bigotry	stubborn intolerance

bigot	one who is intolerant (in matters of religion or politics)

intolerant	not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own; CF. tolerant; CF. tolerate

bilious	suffering from indigestion; sick from having too much bile; irritable; easily irritated

bilk	swindle; cheat

billowing	swelling out in waves; surging

billow	large wave of water; a great swell or surge (of smoke); V: surge, swell, roll in billows

swell	long wave of water that moves continuously without breaking; V.

surge	powerful movement of or like a wave; V.

bivouac	temporary encampment; camp without tents; V.

bizarre	fantastic; violently contrasting; noticeably odd; strikingly unconventional

blanch	bleach; whiten; make white or pale

bland	soothing or mild (food); agreeable; causing no trouble or offence

blandishment	flattery

blare	loud or harsh roar or screech; dazzling blaze of light

screech	unpleasant high sharp sound; shriek; V.

dazzle	make blind with a sudden intense light; amaze; fill with wonder

blase	bored with pleasure or dissipation; uninterested or bored

blasphemy	irreverence; sacrilege; cursing; bad language about God or holy things; V. blasphem; ADJ. blasphemous; CF. sacrilege

blatant	extremely (offensively) obvious; loudly offensive; Ex. blatant lie; N. blatancy

bleak	cold or cheerless; frigid; unlikely to be favorable; depressing

blighted	suffering from a disease; destroyed

blight	plant disease; V: infect with blight; ruin; destroy

blithe(blithesome)	gay; joyous

bloated	(unpleasantly) swollen or puffed as with water or air

blowhard	talkative boaster; braggart

bludgeon	club; heavy-headed weapon; V.

bluff	pretense (of strength); deception; high cliff; ADJ: rough but good-natured

Barron's word list 7

blunder	error; stupid mistake

blurt	utter impulsively from nervousness or excitement

bluster	blow in heavy gusts; threaten emptily; bully; speak in a noisy or bullying manner; CF. breeze, gust, gale

bully	one who is habitually cruel to weaker people; V.

bode	foreshadow; portend

bogus	counterfeit; not authentic; intentionally false; Ex. bogus interview

bohemian	unconventional (in an artistic way)

boisterous	violent; rough; noisy

bolster	support; reinforce

bolt	door bar; fastening pin or screw; length of fabric; large roll of cloth; V: dash or dart off; fasten (a	door); gobble down

dart	move or throw suddenly and quickly

gobble	eat very quickly

bombardment	attack (as with missiles or bombs); V. bombard

bombastic	pompous; using inflated language

bombast	grandiloquent, pompous speech

boon	blessing; benefit; something very helpful

boorish	rude; insensitive

boor	rude, insensitive person

bouillon	clear beef (or meat) soup

bountiful	generous; graciously generous; showing bounty

gracious	kind in a generous way (to someone less important)

bourgeois	middle class; selfishly materialistic; too interested in material possessions

bovine	cowlike; placid and dull; slow-thinking; calm

bowdlerize	expurgate; CF. Thomas Bowdler

brackish	somewhat saline

braggadocio	boasting

brag	boast

braggart	boaster; bragger

brandish	wave around (a weapon); flourish

bravado	swagger; assumed air of defiance; false show of bravery

swagger	walk or behave with an over-confident manner

brawn	human muscle; muscular strength; sturdiness

brawny	muscular; having well-developed muscles

sturdy	strong and firm (in the body)

brazen	insolent; without shame; bold; Ex. brazen lie; V: face with bold self-assurance or with unshamed	confidence

brawl	noisy quarrel

breach	breaking of contract or duty; fissure or gap; opening; V.

breadth	width; extent

brevity	conciseness; shortness of duration

brindled	tawny or grayish with streaks or spots (of animals)

tawny	brownish yellow

bristling	rising like bristles; showing irritation

bristle	short stiff hair; V: (hair or fur) stand up stiffly

brittle	hard but easily broken; difficult; unstable; Ex. brittle situation

broach	introduce as a subject; moot; open up

brocade	rich, figured(patterned) fabric

brochure	pamphlet

brooch	ornamental clasp; pin

clasp	hold firmly within arms

brook	tolerate; endure; Ex. brook no interference; N: small stream

browbeat	bully; intimidate

browse	graze; feed on growing grass; skim or glance at casually

graze	(of an animal) feed on growing grass; cause (an animal) to feed on grass; scrape (esp. the skin) or touch lightly in passing; brush; Ex. We can't graze the cattle till summer; N: surface wound

skim	read or glance through quickly; touch lightly in passing; brush; remove from the surface of a liquid

brunt	main impact or shock (of an attack or blow); Ex. brunt of the argument

brusque	blunt; abrupt; curt; not wanting to waste time being nice

buccaneer	pirate

bucolic	rustic; pastoral

buffet	strike forcefully; slap; batter; knock out; N: table with food set out for people to server themselves; meal at which people help themselves to food that's been set

slap	hit quickly with the flat part of the hand; N. CF. smack

buffoonery	clowning

buffoon	stupid person; clown

clown	act stupidly; play the fool; N.

bugaboo	bugbear; object of baseless terror

bullion	gold and silver in the form of bars

bulwark	strong wall built for defense; earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends

bungle	mismanage; blunder; botch; blow; spoil by clumsy behavior

botch	mismanage; blow

buoyant	able to float; cheerful and optimistic; N. buoyancy; Ex. buoyancy of wood/water/American market

bureaucracy	overregulated administrative system marked by red tape; ADJ. bureaucratic

burgeon	grow rapidly; grow forth; send out buds; Ex. burgeoning computer industry; CF. bludgeon

burlesque	give an imitation that ridicules; imitate mockingly

burnish	make shiny by rubbing; polish

buttress	support; prop up; N. stationary structure to support wall; Ex. flying buttress

prop	support placed under or against something; V.

buxom	full-bosomed; plump; jolly

plump	pleasantly fat; nicely rounded

cabal	small group of persons secretly united to promote their own interests

cache	hiding place; V.

cacophonous	discordant; inharmonious; N. cacophony: unpleasant mixture of loud sounds

cadaver	corpse; dead human body

cadaverous	like a corpse; pale

cadence	rhythmic rise and fall (of words or sounds); beat; regular beat of sound; rhythm

cajole	persuade by praise or false promise; coax; wheedle

coax	persuade by flattery

calamity	disaster; misery

calculated	deliberately planned; likely

caldron(cauldron)	large kettle

caliber	ability; quality; diameter of the inside of a round cylinder; Ex. work of very high caliber

calligraphy	beautiful writing; excellent penmanship

callous	hardened; unfeeling; without sympathy for the sufferings of others; unkind

callus	area of thick hard skin

callow	youthful; immature; inexperienced

calorific	heat-producing; N. calorie

calumny	malicious misrepresentation; slander

camaraderie	good-fellowship; CF. comrade

cameo	shell or jewel carved in relief; star's special appearance in a minor role in a film

canard	unfounded false rumor; exaggerated false report

candor	frankness; open honesty; ADJ. candid

canine	related to dogs; doglike

canker	any ulcerous sore; ulcer; any evil; CF. cancer

ulcer	sore place appearing on the skin inside or outside the body; Ex. stomach ulcer; ADJ. ulcerous; V. ulcerate

canny	shrewd in money matters; thrifty

cant	insincere speech or expression of piety; jargon of thieves; special words used by a particular group of people

cantankerous	ill-humored; irritable

cantata	story set to music to be sung by a chorus (shorter than an oratorio)

canter	slow gallop; V. CF. trot

Barron's word list 8

canto	division of a long poem

canvass	determine or seek opinions, votes, etc.; go through (a region) to solicit votes or orders; conduct a survey; N.

capacious	spacious

capacity	mental or physical ability; role; position or duty; ability to accommodate; Ex. in my capacity as president

capillary	having a very fine bore; resembling a hair; fine and slender; Ex. capillary attraction; N: very fine hairlike tube; CF. capillarity

capitulate	surrender; give up all resistance

caprice	whim; sudden change of mind without any real cause

capricious	unpredictable; fickle

caption	title; chapter heading; text under illustration

captious	faultfinding; too critical

carafe	glass water bottle; decanter

carapace	shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.)

carat(karat)	unit of weight for precious stones; measure of the purity of gold

carcinogenic	causing cancer; N. carcinogen

cardinal	chief; most important; N: priest; cardinal number: number that shows quantity rather thatn order

cardiologist	doctor specializing in ailments of the heart

careen	lurch; sway from side to side; move with irregular swinging movement; stagger

career	rush wildly; go at full speed

sway	swing from side to side; influence (someone) to change one's opinion; N.

caricature	distortion; burlesque

carillon	a set of bells (often in a tower) capable of being played

carnage	destruction of life; slaughter; killing of large numbers of people or animals

carnal	fleshly; sensual; concerning the desires of the body

carnivorous	meat-eating; N. carnivore; CF. herbivore

carousal	drunken revel; V. carouse

carping	petty criticism; fault-finding; fretful complaining; quibble

carrion	rotting flesh of a dead body; CF. vulture

cartographer	map-maker

cascade	small waterfall

caste	one of the hereditary classes in Hindu society; social stratification; prestige

castigation	punishment; severe criticism or disapproval

casualty	serious or fatal accident; person killed or wounded in an accident or battle

casual	happening by chance; irregular; occasional; informal; showing or feeling little interest; Ex. casual reader/labor/remark

cataclysm	deluge; upheaval; earthquake; violent and sudden event or change

catalyst	agent which brings about a chemical change while it remains unaffected and unchanged; CF. catalysis

catapult	slingshot; hurling machine; V: fire from catapult

hurl	throw forcefully; shout out violently

cataract	great waterfall; eye abnormality (causing a gradual loss of eyesight)

catastrophe	calamity ; disaster

catcall	shout of disapproval or displeasure (made at the theater or a sports match); boo; V.

catechism	book for religious instruction in question-and-answer form; religious instruction by question and answer; V. catechize

categorical	without exceptions; made without any doubt in mind; unqualified; absolute

qualify	reach a necessary standard; limit the meaning of something stated

catharsis	purging or cleansing of any passage of the body; purging and weakening of strong emotions as a result of experiencing a dramatic work of art

cathartic	purgative; medicine that causes the bowels to empty; ADJ.

catholic	(of likings and interests) universal; general; broad; including many different parts; wide-ranging liberal; Ex. catholic opinions/tastes

caucus	private meeting of a group of people in a political party to select officers or determine policy; CF. the Caucus club of Boston

caulk(calk)	make watertight (by blocking up cracks as in a ship)

causal	implying a cause-and-effect relationship; N. causality

caustic	burning; corrosive; able to burn by chemical action; sarcastically biting; (of remarks) intended to hurt; bitter; harmful; OP. harmless

cauterize	burn (a wound or snakebite, etc.) with hot iron or caustic substance to stop bleeding and prevent infection

cavalcade	procession of riders or horse-drawn carriages; parade; CF. cavalry

cavalier	casual and offhand; arrogant; N: knight

cavil	quibble; make frivolous objections; find fault unnecessarily

cede	yield (title or territory) to (esp. after losing a war); surrender formally; N. cession

celerity	speed; rapidity

celestial	heavenly

hereafter	life after death

afterlife	life after death; later part of one's life

celibate	abstaining from sexual intercourse; unmarried; N. celibacy

censor	(in ancient Rome) overseer of morals (also taking the census); person who eliminates inappropriate matter; V.

censorious	severely critical

censure	blame; criticize; express strong disapproval; N: severe criticism; strong disapproval

centaur	mythical figure, half man and half horse

centigrade	denoting a widely used temperature scale (basically same as Celsius)

centrifugal	radiating; departing from the center

centrifuge	machine that separates substances by whirling them

centripetal	tending toward the center

centurion	Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers)

cerebral	pertaining to the brain or intellect; intellectual rather than emotional; CF. cerebrum

cerebration	thought; working of the brain

ceremonious	marked by formality; extremely formal and polite; CF. ceremony: conventional social courtesy

unceremonious	not done politely without due formalities

certitude	certainty

cessation	stoppage

cession	yielding to another; ceding

chafe	warm by rubbing; make sore by rubbing; N.

chaff	worthless products of an endeavor; husk(outer seed cover) separated from grain; Ex. separate	the wheat from the chaff

chaffing	bantering; joking

chagrin	annoyance and disappointment; vexation (caused by humiliation or injured pride)

chalice	goblet; consecrated cup

chameleon	lizard that changes color in different situations

Barron's word list 9

champion	support militantly; fight for; N: person who fights for or supports strongly (a principle, movement, person, etc.)

championship	position of champion; defense or support; competition held to determine a champion

chaotic	in utter disorder

charisma	divine gift; great popular charm or appeal; magnetism

charlatan	quack; pretender to knowledge (esp. in medicine)

chary	cautious; unwilling to take risks; sparing or restrained about giving; OP. bold

chase	ornament a metal surface by indenting; follow rapidly to catch

chasm	abyss; very deep crack

chassis	framework and working parts of an automobile; framework to which components are attached

chaste	morally pure; virginal; abstaining from illicit sexual acts; modest; simple (of a style of writing); not highly decorated; austere

chasten	discipline; punish in order to correct; CF. castigate

chastise	punish as by beating; criticize severely

chauvinist	blindly devoted patriot; zealous adherent of a group, cause, or sex; ADJ. chauvinistic; CF. chauvinism; Nicolas Chauvin

check	stop motion; curb or restrain

checkered(chequered)	marked by great changes in fortune; with many changes of fortuene; CF. checked: having a pattern of squares

cherubic	angelic; innocent-looking; N. cherub; CF. seraph: winged angel of the highest order

chicanery	trickery; deception

chide	scold; rebuke (someone who has done wrong)

chimerical	fantastically improbable; highly unrealistic; N. chimera: unreal fancy; fire-breathing female creature

chisel	swindle or cheat; N: wedgelike tool for cutting

chip	lose a small piece from the surface or edge; N: small piece broken off something; CF. French fry; Potato chip/crisp

chivalrous	courteous; faithful; brave; N. chivalry

choleric	hot-tempered; bad-tempered; irritable; easily angered; CF. cholera

choreography	art of representing dances in written symbols; arrangement of dances

chore	daily domestic task (such as cleaning, cooking, and shopping); unpleasant task

chortle	huckle with delight; N.

chuckle	laugh quietly

chronic	long established as a disease

chronicle	report; record (in chronological order)

churlish	boorish; rude; N. churl: boor; yahoo

ciliated	having minute hairs; CF. cilium; CF. cilia: eyelash

cipher	nonentity; worthless person or thing; zero; secret code; V.

circlet	small ring; band of gold, silver, jewel, etc. (worn on the head, arms, or neck as decoration)

circuitous	roundabout

circuit	closed circular line around an area; circumference; regularly repeated journey from place to place

circumlocution	indirect or roundabout expression (by using an uncecessarily large number of words esp. when trying to avoid answering a difficult question directly)

circumscribe	limit; confine; draw a line around

circumspect	prudent; cautious; acting after careful thought

circumvent	outwit; defeat by behaving more cleverly; outsmart; baffle; avoid; get around

cistern	reservoir or water tank

citadel	fortress

cite	quote; commend; Ex. cited for bravery in an official record

civil	having to do with citizens; not military or religious; courteous and polite; Ex. married in a civil ceremony; Ex. civil strife/disorder/law; N. civility; CF. civic

clairvoyant	having foresight; fortuneteller; N. clairvoyance

hindsight	understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened

clamber	climb by crawling with difficulties; scramble

clamor	loud continous noise; continuous demand or complaint made by a large number of people; V: make a clamor; express (a demand) continually and loudly; ADJ. clamorous

clandestine	secret

chaperon	older person who accompanies and supervises a young unmarried woman

clangor	loud resounding noise; sound of repeated clanging

clapper	striker (tongue) of a bell

clap	strike the palms of the hands together with a sudden explosive sound; come together suddenly with a sharp sound; put or send promptly; Ex. clap the thief in jail; N: clapping; loud or explosive sound; CF. applause

clarion	shrill, trumpetlike sound; kind of trumpet used in former times

claustrophobia	fear of being locked in

clavicle	collarbone

scrimmage	disorderly fight between two or more people

cleave	split or sever; cling to; remain faithful to; N. cleavage; ADJ. cloven

cleft	N: split

clemency	disposition to be lenient in deciding punishments; mildness as of the weather; ADJ. clement

clich\'e	phrase dulled in meaning by repetition; platitude; ADJ. clich\'ed

bromide	platitude; chemical compound used to calm excitement

clientele	body of customers

climactic	relating to the highest point; N. climax; CF. climatic

clime	climate

clique	small exclusive group of people

cloister	monastery or convent

clout	great influence (especially political or social); hard blow with fist

cloying	distasteful (because excessive); excessively sweet or sentimental; V. cloy: become unpleasant through too much sweetness or excess

coagulate	congeal; thicken; clot; N. coagulant

clot	half-solid lump formed from a liquid (or blood); V.

pudding	hot sweet dish

coalesce	combine; fuse; N. coalescence

coalition	partnership; league; union of separate political parties

coda	concluding section of a musical or literary composition

coddle	treat gently; indulge excessively; pamper; mollycoddle; baby; cook in water just below boiling point; Ex. coddled eggs

codicil	supplement to the body of a will; later addition to a will

codify	arrange (laws or rules) as a code; classify; N. code: system of words used instead of ordinary writing; collection of laws, rules, established social customs

coercion	use of force to get someone to object; compelling; V. coerce

coeval	living at the same time as; existing during the same period of time; contemporary; of the same age

cog	tooth projecting from a wheel

cogent	convincing

cogitate	think over; ponder

cognate	having a common origin; related linguistically; allied by blood; similar or akin in nature; Ex. cognate languages; N.

cognitive	having to do with knowing or perceiving related to the mental processes; N. cognition: the mental process of knowing

cognizance	knowledge; ADJ. cognizant; having knowledge; aware

cohabit	live together

cohere	stick together

cohesion	tendency to keep together

cohorts	group of people who share some common quality; armed band; a group of between 300 and 600 soldiers under one commander (in the ancient Rome)

coiffure	hairstyle

coin	make coins; invent or fabricate (a word or phrase); N. coinage: word or phrase recently invented

coincidence	the chance occurrence, at the same time, of two or more seemingly connected events; V. coincide: happen at the same time; be in agreement; CF. coincident; CF. coincidental

colander	utensil with perforated bottom used for straining

Barron's word list 10

collaborate	work together; cooperate treasonably with the enemy

collage	work of art put together from fragments

scrap	small bit or fragment; discarded waste material; fight; Ex. a scrap of paper/cloth; V: break into parts for disposal; discard as worthless; fight; quarrel

scraps	leftover food

scrappy	quarrelsome

collate	examine and compare in order to verify authenticity; arrange in order (the sheets of a book before they are bound)

collateral	security given for loan; ADJ: secondary; descended from the same person but through different sons or daughters

collation	a	light meal; collating

colloquial	pertaining to conversational or common speech; informal; N. colloquialism: colloquial expression

colloquy	informal discussion; conversation

collusion	conspiring in a fraudulent scheme to cheat or deceive others; V. collude

colossal	huge

colossus	gigantic statue; person or thing of great size or importance

comatose	in a coma; extremely sleepy

coma	deep prolonged unconsciousness caused by disease, poison, or a severe blow

combustible	easily burned; N. CF. combustion

comely	attractive; agreeable; having a pleasing appearance

homely	not good-looking; unattractive

comestible	something fit to be eaten

comeuppance	deserts; well-deserved punishment or misfortune; rebuke

deserts	what someone deserves

comity	courtesy; civility; Ex. comity of nations

commandeer	take (private property) for military use without needing permission or giving payment; draft for military purposes

draft	first rough form; conscription; draught; V: make a draft of; conscript

draught	current of air (through a room or to a fire); act of pulling roads; act of swallowing liquid or amount of liquid swallowed at a time

commemorative	remembering; honoring the memory of; Ex. commemorative stamp

commemorate	honor the memory of; serve as a memorial to; Ex. commemorate the 100th anniversary/those who died in the war

commensurate	equal in extent; of the same size

commiserate	feel or express pity or sympathy for

commodious	spacious and comfortable

communal	held in common; public; of a group of people; of a commune

commune	small (often rural) community whose members share work and income; V: exchange thoughts or feelings; Ex. commune with nature

compact	agreement; contract; ADJ: tightly packed; firm; brief; concise; Ex. compact statement

compatible	harmonious; in harmony with; able to exist together

compelling	overpowering; irresistible in effect; holding one's attention; that compels one to do something; Ex. a compelling adventure story; V. compel

compulsion	compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse

compulsory	obligatory; that must be done

compulsive	resulting from compulsion

compendium	brief, comprehensive summary; ADJ. compendious

compensatory	making up for; repaying

compilation	listing of information in tabular or book form; compiling

compile	assemble; gather; accumulate; make (a report or a book) from facts and information found in various places; Ex. compile a dictionary

complacency	self-satisfaction; smugness; ADJ. complacent

smug	self-satisfied; complacent

complaisant	trying to please; obliging; willing to please others

complement	complete; consummate; make perfect; N.

complementary	serving to complete something

compliance	conformity in fulfilling requirements; readiness to yield; disposition to yield to others; V. comply

compliant	readily acting in accordance with a rule, order, or the wishes or others; yielding; comforming to requirements

complicity	participation; involvement (in a questionable act or a crime)

component	element; ingredient

comport	bear one's self; behave; Ex. comport oneself; N. comportment

deport	send out of the country; behave; N. deportation, deportment

bearing	deportment; connection

composure	mental calmness

compound	combine; produce by combining; increase; make worse by adding to or increasing; exacerbate; Ex. compound an error; ADJ: consisting of two or more parts; N: combination of two or more parts; area enclosed by a wall containing a group of buildings; Ex. factory compound; CF. complex

comprehensive	broad; including a lot or everything; thorough; inclusive

comprehend	include; understand

compress	force into less space; squeeze; contract; put into fewer words; N: thick mass of cloth pressed to part of the body to stop bleeding or swelling, reduce fever, etc.

comprise	include; consist of

compromise	adjust or settle by making mutual concessions; endanger the interests or reputation of; put into danger, disrepute, or a dishonorable position; Ex. compromise one's principle; N.

compunction	remorse; strong uneasiness caused by guilt

compute	reckon; calculate

reckon	count; calculate; regard as; think; suppose

concatenate	link as in a chain

concave	hollow; curved inwards; OP. convex

concede	admit; acknowledge as being true (often reluctantly); yield; grant; Ex. concede a goal

conceit	vanity or self-love; too high opinion of one's own value; extravagant metaphor (in poetry)

vain	full of self-admiration; conceited; without result; unsuccessful; N. vanity

concentric	having a common center

conception	beginning; forming of an idea; fertilization; V. conceive: form an idea in the mind; devise; become pregnant; CF. inception

concerted	mutually agreed on; done together by agreement; Ex. concerted effort; CF. in concert: working together

concession	an act of yielding; conceding; something conceded; point, right, etc. given unwillingly; privilege of maintaining a business in a certain place; Ex. oil concessions in the North sea; CF. concessionaire

conciliatory	reconciling; soothing; V. conciliate: reconcile; soothe; win the friendly feelings (by removing anger)

concise	brief and compact

conclave	private secret meeting

conclusive	decisive; ending all debate

concoct	prepare by mixing or combining; make up in concert; devise (something false) so as to deceive; Ex. concoct an elaborate excuse for being late; N. concoction

concomitant	that which accompanies; Ex. Deafnes is a frequent concommitant of old age; ADJ: existing or happening together with something else

concord	harmony; accord

concordat	formal agreement

concur	agree; coincide; happen at the same time

concurrent	happening at the same time; in agreement

condescend	(derog.) bestow courtesies with a superior air; descend to the level of one considered inferior

condign	adequate; (of punishment) severe and well deserved

condiments	seasonings; spices

condole	express condolences; N. condolence: sympathy for someone who has experienced great sorrow

condone	overlook; forgive; give tacit approval; excuse

conducive	helpful; contributive; V. conduce; Ex. conduce to/towards

conduit	aqueduct; passageway for fluids

confidant(confidante)	trusted friend (to whom one tells one's secret)

confide	tell in confidence (to a person one trusts); be confident about

confidence	self-assurance; calm unworried feeling based on a strong belief in one's abilities; strong belief in the ability of a person or plan; trust or faith in a person or thing; something confided; secret; Ex. confidence in your ability; Ex. I'm telling you this in confidence; Ex. exchange confidences about their boyfriends; ADJ. confides nt

confidential	spoken or written in secret; trusted with private matters; Ex. confidential secretary

confine	shut in an enclosed space; restrict; keep within limits; N. confinement

confiscate	seize; take possession of (private property) by official order (usu. as a punishment); commandeer

conflagration	great fire

confluence	flowing together; the place where two rivers flow together; crowd; gathering together

conformity	harmony; agreement with established rules or customs; similarity; Ex. behave in conformity with; V. conform: be similar; act in agreement; comply; Ex. conform to the rule; CF. conformans ce

conformist	person who uncritically conforms to the customs of a group; OP. nonconformist: one who does not conform to accepted beliefs of norn ms

confound	confuse; puzzle

congeal	freeze; coagulate

congenial	pleasant; friendly; in agreement with one's tastes and nature; Ex. congenial weather

congenital	existing at birth

Barron's word list 11

conglomeration	mass of material sticking together

conglomerate	corporation made up of several different companies in diversified fields; mass of various material gathered together; rock consisting of small stones held together by clay; V.

congruence	correspondence of parts; harmonious relationship; CF. congruity

congruent	in agreement; harmonious; corresponding; coinciding exactly; CF. congruous

conifer	pine tree (usu. evergreen); cone-bearing tree; ADJ. coniferous; CF. deciduous; CF. evergreen

conjecture	surmise; guess; V.

conjugal	pertaining to marriage

conjure	cause to appear by magic; summon (a devil or a spirit) by magical power; practice magic (esp. by very quick movement of the hands); evoke; conjure up: bring into the mind; Ex. The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat.

connivance	pretense of ignorance of something wrong; assistance; permission to offend; V. connive: feign ignorance (of a wrong); cooperate secretly in an illegal action; conspire

connoisseur	person competent to act as a judge of art, etc. (whose judgments are respected); a lover of an art

connotation	suggested or implied meaning of an expression; V. connote

connubial	pertaining to marriage or the matrimonial state

matrimony	state of being married

patrimony	property inherited from a father

consanguinity	kinship; relationship by birth

consanguineous(consanguine)	having a common ancestor

conscientious	scrupulous; through and careful; Ex. conscientious worker

conscript	draftee; person forced into military service; V.

consecrate	dedicate; sanctify; declare as sacred; Ex. consecrate one's life to helping the poor

consensus	general agreement; opinion reached by a group

consequential	self-important; significant; consequent; following as a result; Ex. consequential air; CF. subsequent

conservatory(conservatoire)	school of the fine arts (especially music or drama); glass-enclosed area; CF. conservancy

consign	send to a person or place for sale; deliver officially; entrust; put into the care of another; set apart (for a special purpose); N. consignment; CF. consignor, consignee

consistency	absence of contradictions; uniformity; degree of thickness or firmness; Ex. consistency of thick cream; CF. viscous

console	lessen sadness or disappointment; give comfort; allay the sorrow of; N. consolation

consolidation	unification; process of becoming firmer or stronger; V. consolidate: merge; strengthen

consonance	harmony; agreement

consonant	harmonious; in agreement; N.

consort	associate with; keep company; N: husband or wife (or a ruler)

conspiracy	treacherous plot; secret plan against the law (by two or more people)

conspire	take part in a conspiracy; (of events) work together; combine; Ex. Events conspired to produce great difficulties.

consternation	great shock; dismay

constituent	supporter; voter; member of a constituency; component

constituency	voters represented by an elected official; district so represented; group of supporters (or constituents)

constitution	constituting; system of laws; composition of something; physical makeup or structure of a person; Ex. men with strong constitutions

constraint	restraint; compulsion; repression of feelings; reticence; V. constrain: hold back; restrain; compel; oblige; confine forcibly; imprison

construe	explain; interpret; Ex. construe her silence as meaning that she agreed; CF. misconstrue

consummate	complete; V.

contagion	infection (by contact); ADJ. contagious; CF. infectious: that can be passed by infection in the air

drastic	strong; violent and severe; Ex. drastic changes/measures

contaminate	pollute

contempt	scorn; disdain; ADJ. contemptuous; CF. contemptible

contend	struggle; compete; assert earnestly; state strongly

contention	assertion; claim; thesis; struggling; competition

thesis	opinion put forward and supported by reasoned arguments

boost	lift by pushing up from below; increase; raise; N: push upward; increase

contentious	quarrelsome; controversial; likely to cause arguments

contest	dispute; argue about the rightness of; compete for; try to win; Ex. contest the election results; Ex. contest a seat in Parliament; N.

context	writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs

contiguous	adjacent to; touching upon

continence	self-restraint; sexual chastity; sexual abstinence; voluntary control over bladder and bowel functions; ADJ. continent

contingent	dependent on something uncertain or in the future; conditional; happening by chance; accidental; N: a group of soldiers, ships to a larger force; CF. contingency: future event that may or may not occur; possibility; Ex. prepare for every contingency

contortions	twistings; distortions; V. contort: twist violently out of shape; CF. contortionist

contraband	illegal trade; smuggling; smuggled goods; ADJ.

contravene	contradict; oppose; violate (a rule, law, or custom); N. contravention

contrite	penitent; repentant; N. contrition

contrived	unnatural and forced; artificial; not spontaneous; Ex. The ending was rather contrived.

contrive	invent or fabricate in a clever way (by improvisation); manage; Ex. contrive to attract his attention

contrivance	something contrived; machine or apparatus; clever deceitful plan; scheme

controvert	oppose with arguments; attempt to refute; contradict; ADJ. controversial; N. controversy

contumacious	stubborn and disobedient; resisting authority (esp. disobedient to an order made by a court)

contusion	bruise

bruise	injure without breaking the skin; N.

conundrum	riddle; difficult problem

convene	come together; assemble; call to meet; Ex. convene the council

convention	social or moral custom; established practice; formal meeting; international agreement

conventional	ordinary; typical; not nuclear; Ex. conventional weapons

converge	approach; tend to meet; come together

conversant	familiar with; having knowledge of

converse	opposite; ADJ.

convert	one who has adopted a different religion or opinion; V: change into another form; (persuade to) adopt a particular religion or belief

convex	curving outward

conveyance	vehicle; transfer; act of conveying; Ex. public conveyance

conviction	judgment that someone is guilty of a crime; strongly held belief

convivial	pleasantly merry; festive; joyous; gay; characterized by joviality; jovial

convoke	call together; Ex. convoke Parliament; N. convocation

convoluted	coiled around; twisted; involved; complicated; intricate; complex; N. convolution: twist; one of the convex folds of the surface of the brain

convulsion	violent uncontrollable shaking movement (caused by illness); V. convulse; ADJ. convulsive

copious	plentiful

coquette	flirt; flirtatious woman; woman who tries to attract the admiration of men without sincere feelings; V.

flirt	behave in a way that attracts (sexual) attention; deal triflingly with; N: one (or woman) given to flirting; ADJ. flirtatious

cordial	warmly friendly; gracious; heartfelt; Ex. cordial welcome

cordon	extended line of men or fortifications to prevent access or egress;

cornice	projecting molding on building (usually above columns or pillars);

cornucopia	horn (or horn-shaped container) overflowing with fruit and grain; symbol of abundance; horn of plenty

corollary	natural consequence (which naturally follows from something else)

corporeal	bodily (rather than spiritual); of a bodily form; material; tangible

corpulent	very fat; N. corpulence

corpus	collection (of writings or information); Ex. the corpus of Shakespear's works; Cf. corpse

corpuscle	red or white cell in the blood

correlation	mutual relationship

correlate	either of the correlated things; V.

corroborate	confirm; support; strengthen

corrode	destroy or wear away gradually by chemical action (over a long period)

corrosive	eating away by chemicals or disease; (of language) fierce

corrugated	wrinkled; ridged

wrinkle	small ridge on a smooth surface (face or cloth); V.

crinkle	wrinkle

cosmic	pertaining to the universe; vast

coterie	group that meets socially; select circle; close group of people with shared interests

countenance	approve; support; tolerate; Ex. countenance his rude behavior; N: face; appearance

countermand	cancel; revoke (an order)

Barron's word list 12

counterpart	thing that completes another; things very much alike; thing that has the same purpose in a different system

coup	highly successful action or sudden attack; coup(s) d'\'etat; CF. coup de gr\^ace: deathblow or shot which kills

couple	join; unite; OP. uncouple

courier	messenger

covenant	binding agreement between two groups or people; compact; V: enter into a covenant; promise

bargain	agreement between two groups or people; something for sale at a price advantageous to the buyer; V: negotiate; trade; Ex. bargaining power

covert	secret; hidden; implied; OP. overt

covetous	avaricious; desirous of (someone else's possessions); V. covet: desire eagerly (someone else's possessions)

cow	terrorize; intimidate

cower	shrink quivering as from fear; cringe

coy	shy (flirtatiously); showing a (pretended) lack of self-confidence; modest; coquettish; CF. job offer? ??? ?

cozen	cheat; hoodwink; swindle

crabbed	sour; bad-tempered; peevish; difficult to read as handwriting

peevish	bad-tempered; irritable; V. peeve: make angry

crass	very unrefined; grossly insensible; crude and undiscriminating; Ex. crass behavior

craven	cowardly

credence	belief

credo	creed

credulity	belief on slight evidence; gullibility; naivet\'e; ADJ. credulous

creed	system of religious or ethical belief

crescendo	increase in the volume or intensity as in a musical passage; climax; CF. crescent

far-fetched	too improbable to be believed; implausible; Ex. far-fetched story

overture	musical introduction to a long musical piece; first offer or proposal (to begin talks in the hope of reaching an agreement); Ex. overtures for peace

crestfallen	dejected; dispirited

crest	top (as of a hill or wave); showy feathers on the head of a bird

crevice	crack; fissure

cringe	shrink back as if in fear; cower

criteria	standards used in judging; CF. criterion

crone	hag; ugly old woman

crotchety	(of someone old) eccentric; odd; whimsical; bad-tempered; N. crotchet: odd or whimsical notion

crux	essential or main point; Ex. the crux of the problem; ADJ. crucial: of deciding importance

crypt	secret recess or vault usually used for burial; underground room (under a church)

cryptic	mysterious; hidden; secret

cubicle	small chamber used for sleeping or work

compartment	one of the parts into which an enclosed space is divided

cuisine	style of cooking; Ex. French cuisine

culinary	relating to cooking or kitchen

cull	pick out from others (to kill the weakest members); reject; select; collect (information); N.

culmination	highest point; climax; V. culminate in: reach the highest point in; end in; Ex. a series of minor clashes culminating in war

culpable	deserving blame; blameworthy

culprit	one guilty of a crime

culvert	artificial channel for water; drain crossing under a road

cumbersome	heavy and awkward to carry or wear; burdensome; Ex. cumbersome parcel/uniform

cumulative	growing by addition; accumulative

cupidity	greed (for wealth); CF. cupid; CF. Cupid

curator	superintendent; manager (in charge of a museum or a library)

curmudgeon	churlish, miserly individual; bad-tempered old person

cursive	(of writing) flowing; running; having the successive letters joined

cursory	casual; hastily done with little attention to detail

curtail	shorten; reduce

cynical	skeptical or distrustful of human motives; N. cynicism; CF. cynic: person who believes all people are motivated by selfishness

cynosure	object of general attention; person or thing that is a center of attention; CF. Ursa Minor

dabble	work at in a nonserious fashion; splash around; move noisily in a liquid

dais	raised platform for speakers or other important people

dally	trifle with; toy with; treat without the necessary seriousness; procrastinate; waste time

dank	damp; unpleasantly wet

dapper	neat and trim (in appearance); (of small men) neat in appearance and quick in movements; neat; spry

dappled	spotted

daub	smear (as with paint); cover with something sticky; Ex. daub one's clothes with mud/paint; N: small bit of sticky substance; Ex. a daub of paint

smear	spread or cover with a sticky substance; N: mark made by smearing

smudge	dirty mark with unclear edges made by rubbing; V.

daunt	intimidate; frighten; discourage; dishearten

dauntless	bold; fearless

dawdle	loiter; hang around; waste time doing nothing

deadlock	standstill resulting from the opposition of two unrelenting forces; stalemate

standstill	condition of no movement or activity; stop

deadpan	wooden; impassive; with no show of feeling; with an expressionless face

dearth	scarcity

d\'eb\^acle	sudden disastrous downfall or defeat; complete disaster

debase	degrade; reduce in quality or value; degenerate; lower in esteem; disgrace; N. debasement

kneel	go down on one's knee(s)

debauch	corrupt morally; seduce from virtue; N. debauchery: wild behavior (with sex and alcohol)

seduce	lead away from proper conduct; entice; ADJ. seductive

debilitate	weaken (esp. through heat, hunger, illness); enfeeble

bout	match; short period of great activity; Ex. wrestling bout; bout of drinking/flu

debonair	(of men) friendly, charming, and fashionably dressed; aiming to please; CF. of good disposition

d\'ebris	rubble; wreckage; scattered remains of something broken or destroyed

debunk	expose as false, exaggerated, worthless, etc.; ridicule

debutante	young woman making formal entrance into society

debut	d\'ebut; first public appearance; formal presentation of a young woman to society

decadence	decay; fall to a lower level (of morality, civilization, or art); ADJ. decadent

decant	pour off gently (wine or liquid)

decapitate	behead

decelerate	slow down

Barron's word list 13

deciduous	falling off at a specific season or stage of growth as of leaves; Ex. deciduous tree/teeth

decimate	kill (usually one out of ten or every tenth man); destroy or kill a large part of

decipher	decode; CF. indecipherable

declivity	downward slope

d\'ecollet\'e	(of a dress) having a low-cut neckline; CF. d\'ecolletage: low neckline (on a dress)

decree	authoritative order; edict; judgment of a court of law; V: order or judge by decree

decomposition	decay; V. decompose: decay; break and separate into simple parts

decorum	propriety; orderliness and good taste in manners; appropriateness of behavior or conduct

decorous	proper (in behavior, conduct, or appearance)

decoy	lure or bait; V.

decrepitude	state of collapse or weakness caused by illness or old age

decrepit	weak and in bad condition from old age or hard use; Ex. decrepit old chair/man

n decry	express strong disapproval of; condemn openly (something dangerous to the public); disparage; Ex. decry the violence of modern films

deducible	derived by reasoning; V. deduce: infer; derive by reasoning

deface	mar; disfigure

mar	spoil the appearance of

defame	harm someone's reputation; malign; speak evil of; slander; N. defamation; ADJ. defamatory

default	failure to act; failure to perform a task or be present; V.

defeatist	resigned to defeat or failure; accepting defeat or failure as a natural outcome; N. CF. defeatism

defection	desertion

defect	shortcoming; V: desert (in order to join the opposite one)

defer	give in respectfully; submit; delay till later; exempt temporarily; N. deferment; CF. show respect, comply with, courteous

deference	courteous regard for another's wish; courteous yielding to another's wish or opinion (showing respect); ADJ. deferential; OP. effrontery

defiance	refusal to yield; resistance; V. defy; ADJ. defiant

defile	pollute; make filthy or dirty; corrupt morally; profane; desecrate; N: narrow passage or gorge through mountains

definitive	most reliable; authorative and complete; that cannot be improved; conclusive; decisive; definite; Ex. definitive decision by the supreme court

deflect	turn aside; turn away from a straight course

defoliate	destroy leaves; deprive of leaves (by the use of chemicals); N. defoliant

defray	provide for the payment of; undertake the payment of; pay

defrock	strip a priest or minister of church authority; unfrock

frock	long loose garment (worn by monks)

deft	neat; skillful

defunct	dead; no longer in use or existence

degenerate	become worse in quality; deteriorate; ADJ: having become worse; Ex. a degenerate species; N: depraved or corrupt person

degradation	humiliation; debasement; degeneration; V. degrade: debase; disgrace; degenerate; reduce (something) in worth; demote (someone); reduce in rank

dishonor	disgrace; N. ADJ. dishonorable

n dehydrate	remove water from; dry out

deify	turn into a god; make a god of; idolize; Ex. Kings were deified; CF. deity

deign	condescend; stoop

stoop	bend forward and down; lower or debase oneself; fall to a lower standard of behavior by doing something; condescend; Ex. stoop to lying

delete	erase; strike out

deleterious	harmful

deliberate	consider; ponder; ADJ: done on purpose; slow

delineate	portray; depict; sketch; describe; N. delineation

delirium	mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious

delta	flat plain of mud or sand between branches of a river

delude	deceive

deluge	flood; rush; V.

delusion	false belief; hallucination; deluding; Ex. delusions of grandeur; Ex. under the delusion that

delusive	deceptive; likely to delude; misleading; raising vain hopes; Ex. delusive promises

delve	dig; search deeply; investigate

demagogue	person who appeals to people's prejudice; false leader of people; CF. demagoguery

demean	disgrace; humiliate; debase in dignity; behave

demeanor	behavior; bearing

demented	insane

demise	death

demographic	related to population balance; N. demography: statistical study of human population

demolition	destruction; V. demolish

demoniac(demoniacal)	fiendish; cruel; N. demon: evil supernatural being; devil

fiend	evil spirit; devil

demotic	of or pertaining to the people

demur	object (because of doubts, scruples); raise an objection (showing qualms); hesitate; Ex. demur at the idea of working on Sunday

demure	(of a woman or child) grave; quiet and serious; coy; pretending to be demure

denigrate	blacken; defame

denizen	(animal, person, or plant) inhabitant or resident of a particular place; regular visitor

denotation	meaning; distinguishing by name; V. denote: indicate; refer to directly; mean; CF. connotation

d\'enouement	final outcome; final development of the plot of a play or other literary work; the end of a story when everything is explained

denounce	condemn; criticize; N. denunciation

depict	portray

expos\'e	public revelation of something discreditable

deplete	reduce; exhaust

deplore	regret; express sorrow and severe disapproval for something bad; Ex. deplore their violent behavior; ADJ. deplorable: very bad; deserving severe disapproval; Ex. deplorable living condition

deploy	spread out (troops) in an extended though shallow battle line; distribute (persons or forces) systematically or strategically

battalion	army unit made up of four or more companies

depose	dethrone; remove from office; give a deposition; testify

deposition	testimony under oath; deposing; dethroning

depravity	extreme corruption; wickedness; V. deprave

deprecate	express disapproval of; deplore; protest against; belittle; ADJ. deprecatory

depreciate	lessen in value; belittle; represent as of little value

depredation	plundering; destruction

deranged	insane

institute	organization for a special purpose; V: establish

institution	instituting; (building for the) organization; established custom, practice, or relationship in a society; mental hospital; Ex. institution of marriage

institutionalize	make into an institution; put or confine in an institution

derelict	negligent; (of someone) neglectful of duty; (of something) deserted by an owner; abandoned; N: abandoned property; homeless or vagrant person

dereliction	neglect of duty; abandonment

deride	ridicule; treat with contempt; make fun of; OP. respect

derision	ridicule; ADJ. derisive; CF. derisory

derivative	unoriginal; obtained from another source; Ex. derivative prose style; N.

derivation	deriving; origin or source of something; Ex. the derivation of the word

dermatologist	one who studies the skin and its diseases

acne	skin disease (on the face)

Barron's word list 14

derogatory	expressing a low opinion; disparaging; V. derogate: detract; disparage

descry	catch sight of (something distant)

desecrate	profane; violate the sanctity of

violate	break (a law); defile; desecrate; assault sexually; Ex. violate graves

desiccate	dry up

desolate	(of a place) deserted; unpopulated; (of a person) lonely; forlorn; joyless

desolate	make desolate; forsake; abandon and desert

desperado	reckless, desperate outlaw

desperate	having lost all hope; despairing; reckless and violent because of loss of hope or despair; undertaken as a last resort

despise	look on with scorn; regard as worthless or distasteful; ADJ. despicable: contemptible

despoil	plunder; sack; Ex. despoil the village

despondent	without hope and courage; depressed; gloomy; N. despondency: loss of hope with gloom; dejection

despot	tyrant; harsh, authoritarian ruler; CF. despotism

destitute	extremely poor; lacking means of subsistence; utterly lacking; devoid; Ex. destitute of any experience

impoverish	make poor; deprive of natural strength or something important; Ex. impoverished soil

desultory	aimless; haphazard; digressing at random

detached	emotionally removed; free from emotional involvement; calm and objective; physically separate; N. detachment; CF. attachment

detain	keep waiting; prevent from leaving or going; N. detention

determinate	having a fixed order of procedure; precisely defined; invariable; fixed; conclusive; final

determination	resolve; firmness of purpose; measurement or calculation; decision

deterrent	something that discourages or deters

detonation	explosion

detraction	slandering; aspersion; detracting; CF. detractor

detrimental	harmful; damaging; N. detriment

deviate	turn away from (a principle, norm); move away from an accepted standard; swerve; depart; diverge; N. deviation; Ex. deviation of the path of light by a prism

devious	roundabout; erratic; deviating from the straight course; not straightforward; not completely honest; Ex. devious route

devise	think up; invent; plan; bequeath; N: bequest

devoid	empty; lacking

devolve	deputize; pass or be passed to others (power, work, or property); Ex. devolve on/upon/to

deputize	work or appoint as a deputy; N. deputy: person who has the power to take charge when the leading person is away

devotee	enthusiastic follower; enthusiast; Ex. devotee of Bach

devout	pious; deeply religious; sincere; earnest; Ex. my devout hope

religious	of religion; (of a person) pious; having reverence for a deity

dexterous	skillful; skill in using hands or mind; N. dexterity

diabolical	diabolic; devilish; fiendish

diadem	crown

dialectical	relating to the art of debate; mutual or reciprocal; Ex. dialectical situation; N. dialectic: art of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments

diaphanous	sheer; transparent

diatribe	bitter scolding or denunciation; invective; abuse

dichotomy	division into two opposite parts; split; branching into two parts (especially contradictory ones)

dictum	authoritative and weighty statement (made by a judge in court); saying; maxim; CF. obiter dictum: incidental, nonbinding remark (something said in passing)

didactic	(of speech or writing) intended to teach a moral lesson; teaching; instructional; N. didacticism

die	metal block used for shaping metal or plastic; device for stamping or impressing; mold; CF. dice

diffidence	shyness; lack of self-confidence; timidity; ADJ. diffident

diffuse	wordy; verbose; rambling; spread out (like a gas); V: spread out in all directions; disperse; N. diffusion; CF. suffuse

digression	wandering away from the subject; V. digress

dilapidated	falling to pieces; in a bad condition; ruined because of neglect; Ex. dilapidated old car/castle; N. dilapidation

dilate	expand; dilate on/upon: speak or write at length on (a subject)

dilatory	delaying; tending to delay

dilemma	situation that requires a choice between equally unfavorable options; problem; choice of two unsatisfactory alternatives

dilettante	aimless follower of an art or a field of knowledge (not taking it seriously); amateur; dabbler; CF. delight

diligence	steadiness of effort; persistent hard work

dilute	make (a liquid) less concentrated; reduce in strength; Ex. dilute the influence of the president

diminution	lessening; reduction in size; V. diminish

din	continued loud noise; V: make a din; instill by wearying repetition

weary	tired after long work; V.

dinghy	small boat (often ship's boat)

maroon	leave helpless on a deserted island or coast; ADJ. red brown

dingy	(of things and place) dirty and dull; Ex. dingy street/curtain

dull	(of colors or surfaces) not bright; cloudy; overcast; boring; (of edge or sound) not sharp; not rapid; sluggish; slow in thinking and understanding; stupid; V.

dint	means; effort; Ex. by dint of hard work

diorama	life-size, three-dimensional scene from nature or history; three-dimensional scene with modeled figures against a painted background

dire	warning of disaster; disastrous; (of needs and dangers) very great; urgent; Ex. dire prediction/need of food

dirge	funeral song; slow mournful piece of music (sung over a dead person)

disabuse	correct a false impression; undeceive; free from a wrong belief

disaffected	disloyal; lacking loyality; V. disaffect: cause to lose affection or loyalty

disapprobation	disapproval; condemnation

disarray	state of disorder; a disorderly or untidy state; Ex. with her clothes in disarray

disavowal	denial; disclaiming; repudiating; disowning; V. disavow; CF. disclaim

disband	dissolve; disperse; (of a group) break up and separate; Ex. The club has disbanded.

disburse	pay out (as from a fund); N. disbursement; CF. purse

discernible	distinguishable; perceivable; Ex. discernible improvement

discerning	mentally quick and observant; having insight; perceptive; able to make good judgments; V. discern: perceive

disclaim	disown; renounce claim to; deny; CF. disclaimer

disclose	reveal; N. disclosure

discombobulated	discomposed; confused

discompose	disturb the composure of; confuse

discomfit	frustrate; put to rout; defeat; disconcert; embarrass; perturb

disconcert	confuse; upset; embarrass; perturb

disconsolate	hopelessly sad (at the loss of something)

discord	conflict; lack of harmony; dissonance (when musical notes are played)

discorda	nt	not harmonious; conflicting

discount	disregard; regard (a story or news) as unimportant; deduct from a cost

discourse	serious speech, writing, or conversation; formal discussion (either written or spoken); conversation; V.

discredit	defame; disgrace; destroy confidence in; disbelieve; N. CF. discreditable: causing discredit; shameful

discrepancy	lack of consistency or agreement as between facts; difference; Ex. discrepancy between two descriptions

discrete	separate; unconnected

discretion	prudence; ability to adjust actions to circumstances; freedom of action or judgment; ADJ. discreet; CF. discretionary

discriminating	able to see differences; discerning; prejudiced; N. discrimination

discriminate	distinguish; make distinctions on the basis of preference

brisk	quick and active; marked by liveliness and vigor

discursive	(of a person or writing) digressing; rambling (without any clear plan)

disdain	treat with scorn or contempt

disembark	debark; go ashore (from a ship); unload cargo from a ship; CF. embark

disenfranchise	disfranchise; deprive of a civil right; OP. enfranchise

disengage	uncouple; separate; disconnect; stop fighting; OP. engage

disfigure	mar the appearance of; spoil

disgorge	surrender something (stolen); eject; vomit; OP. gorge

disgruntle	make discontented

Barron's word list 15

dishearten	discourage

disheveled	untidy (of hair or clothing); V. dishevel

disinclination	unwillingness

disingenuous	not naive; not candid; sophisticated; worldly wise; OP. ingenuous

disinter	dig up; unearth; OP. inter

disinterested	unprejudiced; free from bias and self-interest; objective

disjointed	disconnected; lacking coherence; V. disjoint: disconnect; disjoin

disjunction	act or state of separation; disunity; CF. disjunctive: expressing a choice between two ideas; CF. conjunction; CF. conjunctive

dislodge	remove (forcibly); force out of a position; Ex. dislodge the food caught in his throat; CF. lodge

dismantle	take apart; disassemble

mantle	loose sleeveless outer garment; cloak; something that covers or envelops; the layer of the earth between the crust and the core

crust	hard outer covering (as of earth or snow)

dismember	cut into small parts; cut (a body) apart limb from limb

dismiss	eliminate from consideration; no longer consider; put out of court without further hearing; reject; discharge from employment; direct to leave; ADJ. dismissive; N. dismissal

disparage	belittle

maneuver(manoeuver)	strategic military or naval movement (done for training purposes); carefully planned process; stratagem; V: carry out a military maneuver; use maneuvers in gaining an end

disparate	basically different; impossible to compare; unrelated

disparity	difference; condition of inequality; OP. parity

dispassionate	calm; impartial; not influenced by personal feelings

dispatch	speediness; prompt execution; message sent with all due speed; V: send to a specified destination; finish promptly; kill

dispel	scatter; drive away; cause to vanish

dispense	distribute; prepare and give out (medicines); N. dispensation: dispensing; religious system; official exemption from an obligation or a rule

disperse	scatter; Ex. disperse the cloud/crowd

dispirited	lacking in spirit

disport	amuse; Ex. disport oneself; CF. divert

disputatious	argumentative; fond of argument

disquietude	uneasiness; anxiety; V. disquiet: make anxious

disquisition	formal systematic inquiry; explanation of the results of a formal inquiry; long formal speech or written report

dissection	analysis; cutting apart in order to examine

dissemble	disguise; hide the real nature of; pretend

disseminate	distribute; spread; scatter (like seeds)

dissent	disagree

dissertation	formal essay; treatise

dissident	dissenting (with an opinion, a group, or a government); rebellious; N.

dissimulate	pretend; conceal by feigning; dissemble

dissipate	squander; waste foolishly; scatter

dissolution	disintegration; reduction to a liquid form; looseness in morals; sensual indulgence; debauchery; ADJ. dissolute: lacking in moral restraint; leading an immoral life

reduce	diminish; bring to a weaker or more difficult condition; demote; lower in rank; separate into components by analysis; Ex. reduced to the ranks; Ex. reduce the house to rubble; N. reduction

dissuade	persuade not to do; discourage; N. dissuasion

dissonance	discord

distant	reserved or aloof; cold in manner; Ex. distant greeting; ADV. distantly

distend	expand; swell out

distill	refine (a liquid by evaporating and subsequent condensation); concentrate; separate the most important parts from; Ex. distill fresh water from sea water; CF. brew

distinction	honor; excellence; difference; contrast; discrimination; Ex. graduated with distinction; Ex. a writer of real distinction

distinct	clearly different; clearly noticed

distinctive	clearly different from others of the same kind

distort	twist out of shape; give a false account of; misrepresent; N. distortion

distrait	absentminded; distracted

distraught	upset; distracted by anxiety; very anxious and troubled almost to the point of madness; Ex. distraught with grief/worry

distract	take (one's attention) off something; upset emotionally; make anxious; ADJ. distracted

diurnal	daily; occurring during the daytime

diva	operatic singer; prima donna

diverge	vary; go in different directions from the same point; ADJ. divergent: differing; deviating

diverse	differing in some characteristics (from each other); various; N. diversity:	variety; dissimilitude; lack of resemblance

diversion	act of turning aside; pastime; V. divert: turn aside from a course; distract; amuse

divest	strip (as of clothes); deprive (as of rights); dispossess; N. divestiture(divestment)

divine	perceive intuitively (by or as if by magic); foresee the future; foretell; dowse; ADJ. N. divination

dowse	use a divining rod to search for underground water or minerals

divulge	reveal

docile	obedient; easily managed; submissive

ferocious	fierce; violent; N. ferocity

docket	program as for trial; book where such entries are made; list of things to be done; agenda; label fixed to a package listing contents or directions; V: describe in a docket

doctrinaire	unable to compromise about points of doctrine; dogmatic; unyielding; marked by inflexible attachment to a doctrine without regard to its practical difficulties

doctrine	teachings in general; particular principle (religious, legal, etc.) taught; dogma; tenet; ADJ. doctrinal

indoctrinate	cause to accept a doctrine without questioning it; Ex. indoctrinated with mindless anti-communism

document	provide written evidence (for a claim); record with documents; N.

doddering	shaky; infirm from old age; V. dodder

merit	deserve; ADJ. meritorious: deserving reward or praise

doff	take off; OP. don

dogged	determined; stubborn; stubbornly persevering; tenacious; Ex. Inspector Javert's dogged pursuit of Jean Valjean

persevere	continue steadily in spite of difficulties

doggerel	poor verse

dogmatic	opinionated; holding stubbornly to one's opinion; arbitrary; doctrinal

doldrums	blues; listlessness(lack of spirit or energy); slack(inactive) period; period of stagnation; ocean area near the equator where ships cannot move because there is no wind; Ex. in the doldrums

blues	state of depression or melancholy; style of slow, mournful music (evolved from southern Black American songs)

dolorous	sorrowful; N. dolor

dolt	slow-thinking stupid person; CF. dull

domicile	home; V. ADJ. domiciled: having one's domicile; Ex. He is domiciled in Britain.

domineer	rule over tyrannically

dominate	control; rule; enjoy a commanding position in; overlook from a height;

dominant	exercising the most influence; high and easily seen; stronger than the other part of a system; not recessive

don	put on; OP. doff

outfit	clothing or equipment for a special purpose; Ex. cowboy outfit

dormant	sleeping; temporarily inactive; lethargic; latent

dormer	window projecting upright from roof; CF. sleeping room

dorsal	relating to the back of an animal; Ex. dorsal fin

dossier	file of documents on a subject or person; file; CF. bundle of papers labeled on the back

dotage	senility; feeblemindedness of old age; Ex. In one's dotage

dote	be excessively fond of; show signs of mental decline

dour	sullen; gloomy; stubborn

sullen	silently showing ill humor or resentment; dark; gloomy

brood	sit on in order to hatch; think deeply or worry anxiously; N: the young of certain animals; group of young birds hatched at one time

douse	plunge into water or liquid; dip; immerse; drench; wet throughly; extinguish; throw water over; dowse

dowdy	untidy (of a woman or clothes); slovenly; dressed in an unattractive way; shabby; CF. unattractive woman

downcast	disheartened; dejected; sad; directed downward

drab	dull; lacking color; cheerless ; Ex. drab coat/life

draconian	extremely severe; Ex. draconian punishment; CF. Draco: Athenian politician

dregs	sediment in a liquid; lees; worthless residue

drivel	nonsense; foolishness; V: talk nonsense

nonsense	speech or writing with no meaning; foolish behavior or language; Ex. make (a) nonsense of: spoil; cause to fail

dribble	flow or fall in drops; let saliva flow out slowly from the mouth; move a ball; N.

drip	fall or let fall in drops; shed drops; N: action or sound of falling in drops; liquid that falls in drops

trickle	flow in drops or in a thin stream; N.

droll	queer and amusing

queer	strange; eccentric; deviating from the normal

drone	idle person who lives on other people's work; male bee

drone	talk dully; buzz or murmur like a bee; N.

murmur	low, indistinct, continuous sound; V. CF. mumble

dross	waste matter; worthless impurities

drudgery	hard unpleasant work; menial work

drudge	do drudgery; N: person who drudges

dubious	questionable; (of something) causing doubt; (of someone) filled with doubt; N. dubiety

ductile	malleable; pliable; (of metals) easily pulled into shape; flexible; (of someone) easily influenced or controlled

dulcet	sweet sounding; pleasing to the ear; melodious

dumbfound(dumfound)	astonish (making dumb); ADJ. dumbfounded, dumfounded, dumbstruck

dupe	someone easily fooled or deceived; V: deceive

duplicity	double-dealing; hypocrisy; being dishonest and deceitful; ADJ. duplicitous

Barron's word list 16

duration	length of time something lasts

duress	forcible restraint, especially unlawfully; coercion by threat; illegal coercion; Ex. a promise made under duress

dutiful(duteous)	(of people or their behavior) respectful; obedient (filled with a sense of duty)

dwindle	shrink; reduce gradually

dynamic	energetic; vigorously active

dynamo	generator for producing electricity; energetic person

dyspeptic	suffering from indigestion; N. dyspepsia: indigestion; difficulty in digesting food

dys-	abnormal; impaired

dyslexia	word blindness; learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to read

dysentery	inflammatory disorder of the lower intestinal tract

earthy	unrefined; coarse; of earth; Ex. earthy remarks; OP. ethereal

earthly	of this earth; terrestrial; worldly; not divine; possible; Ex. no earthly reason

ebb	(of the tide) recede; lessen; diminish; N. OP. flow: rise of tide

ebullient	showing excitement; overflowing with enthusiasm; boiling; N. ebullience; N. ebullition: state of boiling

eccentric	irregular; odd; unconventional; whimsical; bizarre; not concentric

eccentricity	oddity; idiosyncrasy

ecclesiastic	ecclesiastical; pertaining to the church; N: minister; priest; cleric; clergyman

chapel	small church (in a prison, college, or hospital)

chaplain	clergyman attached to a chapel

padre	chaplain (in the armed forces)

eclectic	selective; composed of elements drawn from disparate sources; selecting individual elements from a variety of sources; N. eclecticism

selective	careful in choosing; having an effect only on certain things; not general; Ex. eclectic weed killer

eclipse	darken; extinguish; outshine; surpass; cause an eclipse

ecliptic	path of the sun and the planets

ecologist	person concerned with the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment; person concerned with the detrimental effects of human civilization on the environment; CF. ecology

ecosystem	ecological community together with its environment

economy	efficiency or conciseness in using something; thrifty management of resources

ecstasy	rapture; very strong feeling of joy and happiness; any overpowering emotion; ADJ. ecstatic: causing or experiencing ecstasy

rapture	great joy and delight; ecstasy; ADJ. rapturous

eddy	swirling current of water, air, etc.; V.

edict	decree (especially one issued by a sovereign); official command

sovereign	ruler in a monarchy; ADJ: (of a country) independent and self-governing; having supreme power; supreme; excellent

sovereignty	complete independence and self-government (of a country); supremacy of authority; power to govern

edify	instruct; correct morally

edifice	building (of imposing size)

eerie	weird; causing fear because strange

efface	rub out; remove the surface of

effectual	able to produce a desired effect; valid

effective	effectual; producing a strong response; striking; in operation; in effect; Ex. effective speech/photograph

effectuate	effect; produce; achieve; Ex. effectuate a reconciliation

effeminate	having womanly traits

emasculate	weaken; castrate

castrate	remove the sex organs (of a male animal or person)

effervescence	inner excitement or exuberance; showing high spirits; emitting bubbles forming inside; bubbling from fermentation or carbonation; ADJ. effervescent; V. effervesce

effete	having lost one's original power; barren; worn out; exhausted

efficacy	power to produce desired effect; ADJ. efficacious: effectual

effigy	dummy; likeness of a person made of wood, paper, or stone; Ex. burn an effigy of the President

dummy	imitation of a real object used as a substitute; effigy

effluvium	noxious(harmful) smell

effrontery	rudeness without any sense of shame; shameless boldness; presumptousness; nerve; cheek

effulgent	shining brightly; brilliant

effusion	pouring forth; unrestrained outpouring of feeling; V. effuse: pour out; ADJ. effusive: pouring forth; gushing

gush	(of liquid) pour out in large quantities from a hole; make an excessive display of feeling (without true feeling); Ex. Blood gushed from the wound.

egoism	excessive interest in one's self; belief that one should be interested in one's self rather than in others; selfishness; ADJ. egoistic, egoistical

ego	one's opinion of oneself; self-esteem

egotistical	egotistic; excessively self-centered(egocentric); self-important; conceited

egotism	tendency to speak or write of oneself excessively; conceit; self-importance

egregious	notorious; conspicuously bad or shocking

egress	exit; opening for going out; act of going out; OP. ingress

ejaculation	exclamation; abrupt ejection (to discharge sperm); V. ejaculate

elaboration	addition of details; intricacy

elaborate	work out carefully; add more detail or information; ADJ.

elated	filled with excited joy and pride; overjoyed; in high spirits; joyful and proud; Ex. elated crowd; V. elate; N. elation

elegy	poem or song expressing lamentation (for the dead); ADJ. elegiacal, elegiac

elicit	draw out fact or information (by discussion or from someone)

elixir	cure-all; panacea; something invigorating

ellipsis	omission of words from a text; mark used to indicate an omission (when the meaning can be understood without them); PL. ellipses

elliptical	elliptic; oval; of an ellipse; containing an ellipsis; ambiguous either purposely or because key words have been left out

eloquence	expressiveness; persuasive speech; ADJ. eloquent: movingly expressive; expressing ideas well so that the hearers can be influeneced

elucidate	explain; make clear; clarify; enlighten; CF. lucid

elusive	evasive; not frank; baffling; hard to grasp, catch, or understand; V. elude: escape from; escape the understanding or grasp of; Ex. elude the hunter; Ex. His name eludes me.

elysian	relating to paradise; blissful

Elysium	place or condition of bliss

emaciated	thin and wasted (from hunger or illness)

emanate	issue forth; come out

emancipate	set free; liberate

embargo	ban on commerce or other activity

embark	commence; go on board a boat; begin a journey

embed(imbed)	enclose; place in something; fix firmly in a surrounding mass

embellish	adorn; ornament; enhance as a story (by adding fictitious details)

embezzlement	taking for one's own use in violation of trust; stealing (of money placed in one's care)

emblazon	ornament richly (a shield or flag); N. emblazonment

embody	give a bodily form to; incorporate; include

emboss	produce a design in raised relief; decorate with a raised design

embrace	hug; clasp with the arms; adopt or espouse; accept readily; encircle; include; Ex. embrace the cause/socialism; Ex. all-embracing; CF. brace; CF. bracelet

encircle	surround

embroider	decorate with needlework; ornament (a story) with fancy or fictitious details; embellish

embroil	throw into confusion; involve in strife, dispute, or quarrel; entangle; CF. imbroglio

embryonic	undeveloped; rudimentary; N. embryo: organism in the early stage of development

emend	correct (usually a text); N. emendation: correction of errors; improvement

emetic	substance causing vomiting; ADJ.

eminent	rising above others; high; lofty; distinguished; Ex. eminent position

emissary	agent (sent on a mission to represent another); messenger

emollient	soothing or softening remedy (for the skin); ADJ.

emolument	salary; payment for an office; compensation

empathy	ability to identify with another's feelings, ideas, etc.; identification with and understanding of another's feelings; V. empathize; CF. sympathy

compassion	sympathy for the suffering of others; ADJ. compassionate

empirical	based on experience

emulate	imitate; rival; try to equal or excel (through imitation)

enamored	in love; Ex. enamored of his own beauty; V. enamor: inspire with love

encipher	encode; convert a message into code; put into cipher

enclave	territory enclosed within an alien land

encomiastic	praising; eulogistic; N. encomium: very high praise; eulogy

encompass	surround; include; Ex. His activities encompass publishing and computers.

encroachment	gradual intrusion; Ex. I resent all these encroachments on my valuable time; V. encroach: take another's possessions or right gradually or stealthily; intrude; Ex. encroach on/upon

Barron's word list 17

encumber	burden; N. encumbrance

endearment	fond word or act; expression of affection

endear	make beloved; Ex. endear her to everyone; ADJ. dear: loved; cherished; high-priced

endemic	prevailing among a specific group of people or in a specific area or country; peculiar to a particular region or people; CF. pandemic

endorse	approve; support; write one's signature on the back of; N. endorsement; CF. dorsal

endue	provide with some quality; endow

enduring	lasting; surviving; V. endure: bear (pain or suffering) for a long time; remain alive (in spite of difficulties); last; survive

energize	invigorate; give energy to; make forceful and active

enervate	weaken; take away energy from

enfranchise	admit to the rights of citizenship (especially the right to vote); CF. franchise

engage	attract; employ; hire; pledge oneself; confront; fight; enter into confliction; interlock; lock together; participate; N. engagement: agreement to marry; arrangement to meet someone or to do something; battle

engaging	charming; attractive

engaged	employed; busy; betrothed; involved in conflict

engender	cause; produce; give rise to

engross	occupy fully; absorb

enhance	increase; make greater (as in value, reputation, or usefulness); improve

enigma	puzzle; mystery; ADJ. enigmatic: obscure; puzzling

puzzle	baffle or confuse by a difficult problem; ponder over a problem in an effort to solve; clarify or solve by reasoning; Ex. puzzle out the answer; N.

enjoin	command; order; forbid

enmity	ill will; hatred; hostility

ennui	boredom; listlessness and dissatisfaction resulting from lack of interest; CF. annoy

enormity	hugeness (in a bad sense); excessive wickedness; Ex. enormity of the crime; ADJ. enormous

enrapture	please intensely; fill with rapture and delight

ensconce	settle comfortably; place comfortably (in a secure place)

ensue	follow (as a result)

entail	make necessary; require; necessitate; involve; limit the inheritance of (property) to a specified succession of heirs; Ex. entail A on/upon B

enterprising	full of initiative; showing enterprise

enterprise	willingness to take new ventures; initiative; business organization; plan (that is difficult or daring); Ex. their latest enterprise to sail round the world in a small boat

enthrall	capture; enslave; captivate; hold the complete attention of (as if magic); hold spellbound

entice	lure; persuade to do (something wrong); attract; tempt

mischief	behavior (of children) causing trouble with no serious harm; damage; harm; Ex. mischief to the crops; ADJ. mischievous: causing mischief; playfully troublesome

entity	real being

entomology	study of insects

entrance	put under a spell(condition caused by magical power); carry away(fill with strong feeling) with emotion; put into a trance; fill with delight

trance	hypnotic state; ecstatic state; detachment from one's physical surrounding (as in contemplation or daydreaming); CF. transition

hypnosis	induced sleeping state; ADJ. hypnotic; V. hypnotize

entreat	plead; ask earnestly

entree(entr\'ee)	entrance; a way in; right to enter; main dish of a meal; Ex. entree into the exclusive circle

entrepreneur	businessperson (who assumes the risk of a business venture); contractor; ADJ. entrepreneurial

enumerate	list; mention one by one

enunciate	announce; proclaim; utter or speak, especially distinctly; pronounce clearly; articulate; Ex. This theory was first enunciated by him.

environ	enclose; surround; N. environs: surrounding area (as of a city)

eon(aeon)	long period of time; an age; longest division of geologic time containing two or more eras

epaulet(epaulette)	ornament worn on the shoulder (of a uniform, etc.)

fringe	decorative edge of hanging threads; edge

ephemeral	short-lived; fleeting

fleet	fast; rapid; N. ADJ. fleeting: passing quickly; ephemeral

epic	long heroic poem, novel, or similar work of art (celebrating the feats of a hero); ADJ: (of stories or events) resembling an epic; grand

epicure	connoisseur of food and drink; gourmet; ADJ. epicurean; CF. Epicurus

Epicurean	believing that pleasure is good and suffering is bad and should be avoided; N.

epigram	witty thought or saying, usually short

epilogue	short speech at conclusion of dramatic work

episodic	(of a story or play) loosely connected; made up of separate and loosely connected parts; N. episode: incident in the course of an experience

epistemologist	philosopher who studies the nature of knowledge; N. epistemology

epitaph	inscription in memory of a dead person (as on a tombstone)

epithet	word or phrase characteristically used to describe a person or thing; descriptive phrase to characterize a person (often contemptous)

epitome	perfect example or embodiment; brief summary; Ex. epitome of good manners; V. epitomize: make an epitome of; be an epitome of; embody

epoch	period of time

equable	tranquil; of even calm temper; (of temperature) steady; uniform

equanimity	calmness of temperament; composure

equestrian	rider on horseback; ADJ.

equilibrium	balance of opposing forces; balance of the mind; equanimity

equine	resembling a horse; Ex. equine face

equinox	period of equal days and nights; the beginning of spring and autumn; Ex. vernal/autumnal equinox; ADJ. equinoctial

equipoise	balance; balancing force; equilibrium

equitable	fair; impartial; OP. inequitable

equity	fairness; justice; OP. inequity

equivocal	(of words or statements) ambiguous; intentionally misleading; (of behavior) questionable; OP. unequivocal

equivocate	use equivocal language to deceive people; lie; mislead; attempt to conceal the truth; N. equivocation

erode	eat away; wear away gradually by abrasion; Ex. The sea erodes the rocks.

erotic	pertaining to passionate love or sexual love

errant	wandering (esp. in search of adventure); straying from proper moral standards; Ex. knight-errant

erratic	odd; irregular in movement or behavior; unpredictable

erroneous	mistaken; wrong; incorrect

erudite	(of a person or book) learned; full of learning; scholarly; N. erudition

scholarly	full of learning; erudite; like a scholar; Ex. scholarly journal

escapade	prank; flighty conduct; reckless adventure that disobeys rules

prank	mischievous trick

flighty	(esp. of a woman's behavior) capricious; often changing, esp. from one lover to another; impulsive

eschew	avoid habitually; Ex. eschew alcoholic drinks

esoteric	hard to understand; known only to the chosen few, esp. initiates; N. esoterica

espionage	spying

espouse	adopt; support (an idea or aim); marry; N. espousal

esteem	respect; value; judge; N.

estimable	(of a person) worthy of esteem; admirable; deserving esteem; possible to estimate

inestimable	impossible to estimate; (apprec) invaluable; of immeasurable worth

estranged	separated; alienated; V. estrange: alienate (people in a family); N. estrangement

ethereal	like a spirit or fairy; unearthly light; heavenly; unusually refined; Ex. She has an ethereal beauty; CF. ether: upper air

airy	of air; high in the air; lofty; immaterial; unreal

ethnic	relating to races

ethnology	study of humankind; study of the different races of human beings; CF. anthropology

ethos	underlying character of a culture, group, etc.; character or ideas peculiar to a specific person, group, or culture; Ex. the company ethos

etymology	study of word parts; study of the origins of words

eugenic	pertaining to the improvement of race; N. eugenics: study of hereditary improvement of the human race

eulogistic	praising; full of eulogy

Barron's word list 18

eulogy	expression of praise, often on the occasion of someone's death; V. eulogize

euphemism	mild expression in place of an unpleasant one; ADJ. euphemistic

euphony	sweet sound; ADJ. euphonious

euphoria	feeling of exaggerated or unfounded(ungrounded; baseless) well-being; feeling of great happiness or well-being (when unreasonable); ADJ. euphoriaric

euthanasia	mercy killing

evanescent	fleeting; vanishing; soon disappearing; V. evanesce

evasive	not frank; trying to hide the truth; eluding; evading; V. evade: avoid (a duty or responsibility) or escape from by deceit

evince	show clearly

evenhanded	impartial; fair

evocative	tending to call up (emotions, memories)

evoke	call forth (memory or feeling); Ex. That old film evoked memories of my childhood; N. evocation

ewe	female sheep

ram	male sheep; V. strike or drive against with a heavy impact

exacerbate	worsen; aggravate; embitter

embitter	make bitter; fill with painful or bitter feelings; make sad and angry; Ex. He was embittered by many disappointments.

exacting	extremely demanding; Ex. exacting standard of safety

exact	demand and obtain by force; Ex. exact a promise from him; N. exaction

exalt	raise in rank or dignity; praise highly; inspire; Ex. exalt the imagination; ADJ. exalted; N. exaltation

exasperate	vex; annoy or make angry (by testing the patience)

exceptionable	objectionable; likely to cause dislike; offensive; CF. unexceptionable: entirely acceptable

except	exclude; N. exception: objection; exclusion; ADJ. exceptional: unusual; of unusually high quality

excerpt	selected passage (written or musical) taken from a longer work; V.

exchequer	treasury; Ex. Chancellor of the exchequer

chancellor	legal official of high rank; CF. chancellery(chancellory): position of a chancellor

treasure	keep as precious; cherish

excise	cut away; cut out; N: government tax on good produced and used inside a country; N. excision

exclaim	cry out suddenly; N. exclamation; ADJ. exclamatory

excoriate	scold with biting harshness; censure strongly; strip the skin off

exculpate	clear from blame or guilt

execrable	very bad; detestable

execrate	curse; express abhorrence for; detest

execute	put into effect; carry out; kill as a lawful punishment; N. execution

executor	person designated to execute the terms of a will;

executioner	person administering capital punishment

executive	person having administrative authority; one branch of government executing laws; ADJ: relating to executing

legislature	legislating branch of government; CF. legislate: make laws

judiciary	judicial branch of government

exegesis	explanation, especially of biblical(of the bible) passages

exemplary	serving as a model; outstanding; Ex. exemplary punishment/behavior; N. exemplar: typical example; model

exemplify	show by example; furnish an example; serve as an example of; Ex. His pictures exemplify that sort of painting.

exempt	not subject to a duty or obligation; free from a duty; V.

exertion	effort; expenditure of much physical work; V. exert oneself: make a great effort

exhale	breathe out; OP. inhale

exhilarating	invigorating and refreshing; cheering; V. exhilarate: make cheerful and excited; Ex. exhilarated by the ride in the sports car

exhort	urge (by strong argument or advice); Ex. The general exhorted his men to fight bravely; N. exhortation

urge	drive or force forward (by causing impulses); drive to take action; impel; entreat earnestly; Ex. urge horses; N: impulse that prompts action

urgent	compelling immediate action; pressing; persistent; importunate; Ex. urgent in his demands

exhume	dig out of the ground; remove from a grave

coroner	public official who investigates any death thought to be of other than natural causes

exigency	urgent situation; ADJ. exigent

exiguous	small in amount; minute

existential	pertaining to existence; pertaining to the philosophy of existentialism

exodus	departure (of a large number of people)

exonerate	acquit; exculpate; free from blame or guilt

exorbitant	(of costs or demands) excessive; exceeding reasonable bounds

exorcise	drive out evil spirits

exotic	not native; from another part of the world; strange; intriguingly unusual; Ex. exotic flower/dress

intrigue	make secret plans; plot; arouse the curiosity of; N: secret scheme; plot; secret love affair

expansive	(of a person) outgoing and sociable; broad and extensive; able to increase in size

outgoing	sociable; eager to mix socially with others

expatiate	talk at length; speak or write in detail

expatriate	exile; someone who has withdrawn from his native land; V: exile; banish; leave one's country

expedient	suitable (for a particular purpose although not necessarily morally correct); practical; politic(prudent); N: something expedient

expedite	hasten; make go faster

expeditious	done with speed; quick; N. expedition

expenditure	payment or expense; expending; something expended; output; Ex. receipt for the expenditure; Ex. expenditure of all the energy

expertise	specialized knowledge (in a particular field); expert skill

expiate	make amends for (a sin)

expletive	meaningless word; interjection; profane oath; swear-word

interjection	exclamation; Ex. ``Ouch''

swear	vow; promise; use profane oaths; use offensive words

swear-word	word considered offensive; Ex. ``bloody''

oath	solemn promise; blasphemous use of sacred words to express strong feelings; swear-word; Ex. ``For Christ's sake''

explicate	explain in detail; interpret; clarify; CF. explicable

explicit	totally clear; definite; outspoken

exploit	brave and successful act; deed or action, particularly a brave deed; CF. crossing the Atlantic ocean

exploit	make use of, sometimes unjustly; N. exploitation

expository	explanatory; serving to explain; N. exposition: explaining; exhibition

expostulation	protest; remonstrance; reasoning with someone to correct or dissuade; V. expostulate

exposure	risk, particularly of being exposed to disease or to the elements; unmasking; act of laying something open; Ex. exposure of governmental corruption

expound	explain

expropriate	take possession of (often for public use and without payment)

expunge	cancel; remove a word or name (from a book or list); erase

expurgate	clean; remove offensive parts of a book

extant	(of something written or painted) still in existence

extemporaneous	not planned; impromptu; extempore

extenuate	weaken; mitigate; lessen the seriousness of (bad behavior)

extirpate	root up; uproot; destroy completely

extol	praise very highly; glorify

extort	wring from; get money by threats, etc.; obtain by force or threats; CF. extortionate: exorbitant

wring	twist (to extract liquid); extract by twisting; wrench painfully (necks or hands)

extradition	surrender of prisoner by one state to another; Ex. extradition treaty; V. extradite

extraneous	not essential; irrelevant; superfluous; external; coming from the outside; Ex. extraneous details/noise/to the subject

extrapolation	projection; conjecture; V. extrapolate: infer (unknown information) from known information

extricate	free from an entanglement or difficulty; disentangle

inextricable	from which it is impossible to get free; that cannot be untied; Ex. inextricable troubles; Ex. inextricable two histories

extrinsic	external; not essential or inherent; extraneous; OP. intrinsic

extrovert	person interested mostly in external objects and actions

mingle	mix together in close association

extrude	force or push out; thrust out; shape (plastic or metal) by forcing through a die

exuberance	overflowing abundance; joyful enthusiasm; flamboyance; lavishness; ADJ. exuberant: high-spirited and lively; growing abundantly and strongly

glow	shine brightly without a flame (as of eyes or metals); show redness and heat (in the face) after hard work or because of strong feelings; N: light produced by a heated body; brilliance of a color

exude	flow out slowly; discharge (gradually); give forth; N. exudation

ooze	(of a thick liquid) pass or flow slowly; N: mud or thick liquid as at the bottom of a river

exult	rejoice

fabricate	build; lie; make up (a story) in order to deceive; Ex. fabricate the whole story; CF. fabric: underlying structure; Ex. fabric of society

facade(fa\c{c}ade)	front or face (of building); superficial or false appearance

facet	small plane surface (of a gem(precious stone)); a side

facetious	joking (often inappropriately); unserious; humorous

facile	easily accomplished; ready or fluent; superficial; not deep; Ex. facile solution to a complex problem; Ex. facile speaker; N. facility: ability to do something easily and well; ease in doing resulting from skill or aptitude; something that facilitates an action; amenity; Ex. with great facility

facilitate	help bring about; make less difficult

facsimile	copy

faction	party; clique (within a large group); dissension

dissension	disagreement of opinions causing strife within a group

factious	inclined to form factions; causing dissension

factitious	artificial; produced artificially; sham; false; Ex. factitious tears

factotum	handyman; person who does all kinds of work; CF. do everything

faculty	mental or bodily powers; teaching staff

Barron's word list 19

fallacious	false; based on a fallacy; misleading; N. fallacy: false idea or notion; false reasoning; Ex. popular fallacy; Ex. fallacy of the argument

fallible	liable to err

falsify	make (something written) false by changing

fallow	(of land) plowed but not sowed (to improve the quality); uncultivated

sow	plant or scatter seed

falter	hesitate; weaken in purpose or action; walk or move unsteadily through weakness; N.

stumble	trip and almost fall; proceed unsteadily; act falteringly; N.

fanaticism	excessive zeal; extreme devotion to a belief or cause; N. fanatic; ADJ. fanatic

fancied	imagined; unreal

fancier	breeder or dealer of animals; one who has a special interest, as for raising  specific plant or animal

fanciful	whimsical; visionary; imaginary; produced by imagination; Ex. fanciful scheme

fancy	imagination (of a whimsical or fantastic nature); capricious liking; V: imagine; be fond of; ADJ. decorative; elaborate

fanfare	call by bugles or trumpets; showy display; spectacular public display

farce	broad comedy; mockery; humorous play full of silly things happening; ADJ. farcical

fastidious	difficult to please; squeamish; fussy; finicky

squeamish	easily shocked or sickened by unpleasant things; fastidious; Ex. A nurse should not be squeamish.

fatalism	belief that events are determined by forces or fates beyond one's control; ADJ. fatalistic; CF. fatal: causing death

fathom	comprehend; investigate; determine the depth of; N. unit of measurement for the depth of water

fathomless	too deep to be measured or understood; unfathomable

fatuous	smugly and unconsciously foolish; inane; silly; N. fatuity, fatuousness

fauna	animals of a period or region; CF. flora

fawning	courting favor by cringing and flattering; V. fawn: exhibit affection as a dog; seek favor or attention by obsequiousness

court	attempt to gain; seek; woo; risk; behave so as to invite; attempt to gain the favor of by attention; Ex. court disaster

faze	disconcert; dismay; embarrass

feasible	practical; able to be carried out; practicable

febrile	feverish

fecundity	fertility; fruitfulness; ADJ. fecund: very productive of crops or young

fertile	producing many young, fruits, or seeds; (of land) producing good crops; V. fertilize

fruitful	producing results; profitable; prolific; producing in abundance

feign	pretend

feint	trick; shift; sham blow; feigned attack to draw away defensive action; V.

shift	change position or place; exchange (one thing) for another; change in direction or position; Ex. shift the stolen goods; N. group of workers which takes turns with other groups; working period of such a group

felicitous	(of a word or remark) apt; suitably expressed; well chosen

felicity	happiness; appropriateness (of a remark, choice, etc.); quality of being felicitous

feline	of a member of the cat family; N.

fell	cruel; (of a disease) deadly

fell	cut or knock down (a tree or a person); bring down (with a missile)

felon	person convicted of a grave crime; CF. felony: serious crime

feral	(of an animal) not domestic; wild

ferment	agitation; commotion(noisy and excited activity); unrest (of a political kind); V. produce by fermentation; undergo fermentation; cause (a state of trouble)

fermentation	chemical reaction that splits complex organic compounds; unrest; agitation

ferret	drive or hunt out of hiding; hunt with ferrets; drive out (as from a hiding place); expel; uncover or discover by searching; Ex. ferret out the secret; N. small fierce animal which catches rats and rabbits by going into their holes

fervent	ardent; zealous; hot

fervid	ardent; zealous; hot

impassioned	(of speech) filled with passion; fervent

fervor	glowing ardor; intensity of feeling; quality of being fervent or fervid; zeal; intense heat

fester	rankle; produce irritation or resentment; (of a cut or wound) generate pus or rot; Ex. His insult festered in my mind for days.

festive	joyous; celebratory; relating to a feast or festival

fete(f\^ete)	honor at a festival; celebrate or honor with a feast; N. (outdoor) festival or feast; CF. feast

fetid(foetid)	malodorous; foul

foul	very bad or disagreeable; very dirty; Ex. foul smell/flavor/temper/language/air/deed/weather/means; N. act against the rules; V. make or become foul; commit a foul

fetish(fetich)	object believed to have spiritual powers; object of excessive attention or reverence; CF. fetishism

fetter	shackle; restrict the freedom of; N. chain or shackle for the foot of a prisoner; CF. foot

fiasco	total failure; CF. bottle

fiat	command; arbitrary order; Ex. presidential fiat; CF. let it be done

fickle	changeable (in affections or friendship); faithless

fictitious	imaginary; non-existent; purposely invented to deceive; untrue; Ex. fictitious name/boyfriend; CF. fictional

fidelity	loyalty; accuracy

figment	invention; something invented; imaginary thing; Ex. figment of your imagination

figurative	not literal but metaphorical; using a figure(impression) of speech

figure	written symbols; number; amount represented in numbers; outline or silhouette of a thing or human body; person (well-known); impression; diagram; pattern; group in a dance; Ex. figure of speech; V. calculate with numbers; adorn with figures; appear; consider; Ex. My name did not figure in the list.

figurine	small ornamental statuette(very small statue)

filch	steal (things of small value)

pilfer	steal things of small value; filch; snitch

filial	pertaining to or befitting a son or daughter; Ex. filial respect

filibuster	block legislation or prevent action in a lawmaking body by making very slow long speeches; N; freebooter

freebooter	pirate or plunderer who makes war in order to grow rich

bust	piece of sculpture showing a person's head, shoulders, and upper chest; V: break up; arrest; Ex. crimebuster

filigree	delicate ornamental lacelike metalwork

lace	cord used to draw and tie together two opposite edges (as of a shoe); delicate fabric made of fine threads; V: draw together by tying a lace

filing	particle removed by a file

finale	conclusion; concluding part

finesse	delicate skill; V: handle with finesse

finicky	too particular; fussy; difficult to please; too concerned with unimportant details or quality; Ex. finicky about her food

fussy	fastidious; finicky; easily upset

fuss:	trouble or worry over trifles; make nervous; pay too much attention to; N: needless concern or worry (about a trivial thing); anxious nervous condition; display of attention; Ex. make a fuss over the baby

finite	limited

firebrand	piece of burning wood; hothead; troublemaker; person who stirs up trouble

hothead	person who does things too quickly without thinking; ADJ. hotheaded

fissure	crevice; crack

fitful	spasmodic; intermittent; irregular

fit	sudden outburst of an illness or feeling; convulsion caused by epilepsy

flaccid	flabby; lacking firmness; weak; Ex. flaccid muscles

limp	walk lamely; ADJ: lacking firmness; weak

flag	droop; grow feeble; decline in vigor or strength; ADJ. flagging; CF. unflagging

droop	bend or hang downward; become weakened; Ex. His shoulders drooped with tiredness; N.

flagrant	conspicuously wicked, bad, or offensive; blatant; outrageous

outrage	act of extreme violence or viciousness; resentful anger; V: commit an outrage on; produce anger in; ADJ. outrageous: offensive

flail	beat with or as if with a flail; move wildly; thresh grain by hand; strike or slap; toss about; N: threshing tool consisting of a stick swinging from the end of a long handle

thresh	beat (cereal plants) with a machine or flail to separate the grains from the straw

toss	throw lightly; move or lift (the head) with a sudden motion; flip (a coin) to decide something

flair	talent

flamboyant	ornate; highly elaborate; richly colored; ostentatious; showy; CF. flame

flaunt	display ostentatiously; Ex. ``Honey, if you've got it, flaunt it !''

flay	strip off skin; plunder; remove the skin from; criticize harshly

fleck	spot; mark with flecks; N: small mark or spot

fledgling(fledgeling)	inexperienced; N: young bird that has acquired wing feathers and is learning to fly; inexperienced person

fleece	wool coat of a sheep; V: shear the fleece from; rob by a trick; swindle; plunder

shear	remove (fleece or hair) by cutting; remove the hair or fleece from; cut with or as if with shears; N: shears; pair of scissors

trickster	person who cheats people

flick	light stroke as with a whip; V: move with a light quick blow; strike with a light quick blow (as from a whip); Ex. flick the switch

flicker	burn unsteadily or fitfully; move waveringly; N: flickering movement or light; brief sensation; Ex. flicker of excitement

flutter	(of a bird with large wings) wave (the wings) lightly, rapidly, and irregularly; vibrate rapidly or erratically; fly by waving quickly; flitter; N.

flinch	hesitate; shrink back (in fear of something unpleasant); Ex. She did not flinch in the face of danger.

Barron's word list 20

flippant	lacking proper seriousness; Ex. flippant remarks about death; N. flippancy

flip	send (something) spinning, often into the air, by striking with a light quick blow; turn over; Ex. flip over

flit	fly; fly or move lightly or quickly; dart lightly; pass swiftly by; Ex. a bee flitting from flower to flower

floe	flat mass of floating ice

flora	plants of a region or era

florescence	condition or period of flowering

florid	ruddy; (of a complexion) reddish; flowery; very ornate; CF. rose

flush	redden; blush; flow suddenly and abundantly; wash out by a rapid brief flow of water; N: reddish tinge; blush; brief rush; rush of strong feeling; Ex. flush of pride; ADJ: having surfaces in the same plane; even; blushing

blush	become red in the face (from embarrassment or shame); become red or rosy; N.

tinge	give a slight degree of a color or quality to; N: slight degree of a color or quality; Ex. tinged with grey/jealousy

tint	slight degree of color; V: give a tint to

flowery	full of flowers; full of ornate expressions

flotsam	drifting wreckage

jetsam	things thrown from a ship (to lighten the ship)

flounder	struggle and thrash about; proceed clumsily or falter (as in water, mud, snow, etc.); proceed in confusion

thrash	beat with a whip or flail; defeat utterly; talk about thoroughly in order to find the answer; move wildly or violently; Ex. The fishes thrashed about in the net.

flourish	grow well; prosper; make sweeping gestures; wave; brandish; Ex. The trees flourished in the sun. N: showy movement or gesture; embellishment or ornamentation (esp. in handwriting)

flout	reject; mock; show contempt for; scorn; Ex. flout the rules

curb	chain or strap used with a bit to restrain a horse; something that checks; V: check; restrain

fluctuate	waver; shift; rise and fall as if in waves; change or vary irregularly

fluency	smoothness of speech; ADJ. fluent

fluke	unlikely occurrence; stroke of fortune; accidental stroke of good luck; ADJ. fluky

fluster	confuse; make nervous and confused; N.

fluted	having vertical parallel grooves (as in a pillar); V. flute: make long parallel inward curves in; N. flute: long rounded groove incised on the shaft of a column

groove	long narrow channel made in a surface to guide the movement of something; Ex. groove of the record

stammer	speak with involuntarily pauses or repetitions

flux	flowing; series of changes; fluctuation; Ex. in a state of flux

fodder	coarse food for cattle, horses, etc.; feed for livestock; CF. food

foible	small weakness of character; slight fault; CF. feeble

foil	contrast; one that by contrast enhances the distinctive characteristics of another

foil	defeat; frustrate; prevent from being successful; thwart; CF. fail

foist	insert improperly; impose upon another by coercion; palm off; pass off as genuine or worthy; CF. fist

palm	conceal in the palm of the hand; palm off: pass off; Ex. palm off some bad oranges onto the lady/the painting as a real Renoir

pass_off	present falsely; represent falsely to be

foliage	masses of leaves; CF. defoliate

foment	stir up; incite; instigate; promote the growth of (something evil or unpleasant)

foolhardy	rash; reckless; foolishly daring

foppish	vain about dress and appearance; N. fop: man who takes too much interest in his clothes and appearance

foray	raid; sudden raid or military advance; V.

forbearance	patience; forgiveness; V. forbear: refrain from (in a generous and forgiving way); be patient; Ex. forbear to send him to prison

ford	place where a river can be crossed on foot; V.

forebears(forbears)	ancestors

foreboding	premonition of evil; feeling of coming evil; V. forebode: be a warning of (something unpleasant)

forensic	suitable to debate or courts of law; of or used in legal proceedings and the tracking of criminals; Ex. forensic science/medicine

forum	public square of an ancient Roman city; public place for open discussion; court of law

foreshadow	give an indication beforehand; be a sign of (what is coming); portend; prefigure

prefigure	be a sign of; foreshadow

forerunner	predecessor; one that comes before and indicates the approach of another

foresight	ability to foresee future happenings; prudence in providing for the future

forestall	prevent by taking action in advance

nuptial	of marriage or the wedding ceremony; N; nuptials; wedding ceremony

forfeit	something surrendered as punishment for a crime or breach of contract; V: lose as a forfeit; N. forfeiture

forge	counterfeit; reproduce fraudulently; form by heating in a forge and hammering into shape; move with a sudden increase of speed or power; Ex. forged ahead in the last two years; N: furnace where metals are heated

forgo(forego)	give up; do without

forlorn	sad and lonely; wretched; desolate

formality	ceremonious quality; ceremonious adherence to rules; something done just for form's sake; Ex. mere formality

formidable	menacing; arousing fear; threatening; difficult to defeat; Ex. formidable foe/question

menace	threat; V: threaten

forsake	desert; abandon; renounce

forswear	renounce under oath; abandon; make a solemn promise to give up; CF. abjure

forte	strong point or special talent in a person's character

forthright	straightforward; direct; frank

forthcoming	happening in the near future; ready; willing to help; Ex. No answer was forthcoming.

fortitude	bravery; courage; strength of mind

fortuitous	accidental; by chance; N. fortuity

foster	rear; bring up (for a certain period only); encourage; promote the development of (feelings or ideas); Ex. help foster friendly relations; ADJ: giving parental care although not related by blood; Ex. foster parents

founder	fail completely; sink; CF. flounder

founder	person who establishes (an organization or business)

fracas	brawl(noisy quarrel or fight) in which a number of people take part; melee

fractious	unruly; peevish; cranky; bad-tempered; Ex. fractious horse

frail	weak; N. frailty

franchise	right or privilege granted by authority; right to vote; license to sell a product in a particular territory

frantic	wild; distraught as from fear or worry; Ex. frantic with fear

fraudulent	cheating; deceitful; Ex. fraudulent means; N. fraud: deception; swindle

fraught	filled (with something unpleasant); full; Ex. fraught with danger and difficulties; CF. freight

fray	brawl; fight; V: wear away or unravel by rubbing; have loose threads developing; cause to become worn out (a person's temper or nerves); CF. rub

frenetic(phrenetic)	frenzied; frantic

frenzied	madly excited; N. frenzy: violent wild excitement

fresco	painting on wet plaster (usually fresh)

paste	smooth viscous mixture as of flour(powder made by crushing grain) and water (used as an adhesive); V: cause to adhere by applying paste

pastry	paste of flour and water (eaten when baked)

plaster	paste that hardens to a smooth solid and is used for coating walls; V.

fret	be annoyed or vexed; Ex. fret over your poor grades; N: irritation of mind; ADJ. fretful

friction	clash or conflict in opinion; rubbing against

frieze	ornamental horizontal band on a wall

frigid	intensely cold; cold in manner; Ex. frigid zone

fritter	waste (time or money on unimportant things)

frivolous	lacking in seriousness; flippant; self-indulgently carefree; unworthy of serious attention; relatively unimportant; trivial

self-indulgence	excessive indulgence of one's own desire

carefree	free from worries; having no problems

frolicsome	prankish; gay; playful; merry; frisky

frolic	play and jump about happily; frisk; Ex. frolicking young lambs

frond	fern leaf; palm or banana leaf

litter	waste material thrown away (as bits of paper scattered untidily); V: cover untidily with scattered litter

fructify	bear fruit; produce fruit

frugality	thrift; economy; ADJ. frugal: practicing economy; costing little; inexpensive

fruition	bearing of fruit; fulfillment; realization; Ex. come to/be brought to fruition

frustrate	thwart; defeat; prevent from accomplishing a purpose

fugitive	fleeting or transitory; lasting only a short time; roving(wandering); running away or fleeing as from the law; N: one who flees; Ex. fugitives at large

fulcrum	support on which a lever rests or pivots

fulminate	thunder; explode; issue a severe denunciation

fulsome	disgustingly excessive; offensively flattering; Ex. fulsome praise/expressions of admire

fumble	move the fingers and hands awkwardly (in search of something); mishandle or drop a ball that is in play; bungle; botch; spoil by mishandling; N.

functionary	official (who performs a particular function)

functional	made for practical use only (without decoration); functioning; Ex. functional modern furniture; CF. functionalism

fundamental	basic; primary; essential

funereal	sad; solemn; suitable for a funeral

furor	frenzy; great anger and excitement; CF. fury

furtive	stealthy; quiet and secret (trying to escape notice); sneaky; Ex. furtive glance

sneak	move, give, or take in a quiet, stealthy way; N: one who sneaks; ADJ. sneaky

underhand(underhanded)	done slyly and secretly (being dishonest)

sly	clever in deceiving; secretive; not telling one's intentions

fusillade	simultaneous firing or outburst (of missiles, questions, etc.)

fusion	union; coalition; V. fuse

futile	seless; hopeless; ineffectual

gadfly	animal-biting fly; irritating person

gaffe	social blunder

Barron's word list 21

gainsay	deny

gait	manner of walking or running; speed

galaxy	large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way; collection of brilliant personalities

gale	windstorm; gust of wind; emotional outburst (laughters, tears); Ex. gale of laughter

gall	bitterness of feeling; nerve; effrontery; ??(bile); CF. gall bladder

gall	annoy; exasperate; chafe; N: skin sore caused by rubbing (as on the skin of a horse); exasperation

galleon	large three-masted sailing ship

galley	low ship with sails (rowed along by slaves)

clipper	sailing vessel built for great speed

pinnace	small boat

clip	cut off with shears; fasten; N: something clipped off (as a short extract from film); clasp or fastener

galvanize	stimulate or shock by an electric current; stimulate by shock; shock into action; stir up; coat with rust-resistant zinc by using electricity

galvanic	of the production of electricity by the action of an acid on a metal; having the effect of an electric shock; Ex. galvanic cell; galvanic effect; CF. Luigi Galvani

gambit	opening in chess in which a piece is sacrificed; action made to produce a future advantage

ploy	strategem to gain an advantage; tactic; Ex. management ploy

gambol	romp; skip about; leap about playfully; frolic; N.

romp	play or frolic boisterously; gambol; N.

zest	outer skin of an orange used for giving a special taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited enjoyment; Ex. add a certain zest to the affair; Ex. zest for life

gamely	in a spirited manner; with courage; Ex. fight gamely against a superior boxer; ADJ. game

gamut	entire range

gape	open widely; open the mouth wide; stare wonderingly with the mouth open; CF. agape

garbled	mixed up; jumbled; distorted; V. garble: mix up or distort (a message) to such an extent as to make misleading or unintelligible

jumble	mix in a confused way

gargantuan	huge; enormous; gigantic; CF. the hero of Gargantua and Pantagruel

gargoyle	waterspout carved in grotesque figures on a building

garish	overbright in color; unpleasantly bright; gaudy

trim	make neat or tidy by clipping; reduce by removing what is unnecessary; ornament; decorate (round the edges); Ex. trim the cost; Ex. jacket trimmed with fur; N. ADJ: tidy; in good order

garner	gather; store up; amass

garnish	decorate; add a garnish to; decorate (food or drink) with small items such as lemon slices; N.

garrulous	loquacious; wordy; talkative; N. garrulity

gastronomy	art and science of preparing and serving good food; CF. gastronome

gauche	clumsy (in social behavior); coarse and uncouth

gaudy	flashy; showy

flashy	showy; gaudy; giving a momentary brilliance

gild	cover with a thin layer of gold

gaunt	lean and angular; thin and bony; emaciated; barren

gavel	hammerlike tool; mallet(wooden hammer) used by a presiding officer or an auctioneer; V.

bid	command; utter (a greeting); offer as a price; N: offer of a price; amount offered; earnest effort to gain something; Ex. bid for freedom

gawk	stare foolishly; look in open-mouthed awe

gazette	official periodical publication; newspaper

genealogy	record of descent; lineage; ancestry; study of ancestry

generality	vague statement; general statement which is not detailed; quality of being general; greater part; most; Ex. generality of people

generate	cause; produce; create

generic	characteristic of an entire class or species; of a genus

genus	division of animals or plants, below a family and above a species

genesis	beginning; origin

geniality	cheerfulness; kindliness; sympathy; ADJ. genial: cheerful and good-tempered

genre	particular variety of art or literature

genteel	well-bred; elegant; striving to convey an appearance of refinement; Ex. genteel poverty

gentility	those of gentle birth; high social class; refinement; quality of being genteel

breed	produce young; rear; bring up; produce (an undesirable condition); N: kind or sort of animal or plant

crossbreed	hybridize; N: hybrid; CF. interbreed; CF. inbreed

well-bred	of good upbringing; well-mannered and refined

gentry	people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility

gentle	kindly; soft; mild; of good family

genuflect	bend the knee as in worship

germane	pertinent; bearing upon(having connection with) the case at hand; appropriate

germinal	pertaining to a germ; creative; Ex. germinal idea

germ	earliest form of an organism; seed or bud; something that may develop into something larger or more important; microbe

germinate	cause to sprout; sprout

sprout	begin to grow; give off shoots or buds; N: new growth on a plant; shoot

shoot	new growth from a plant

gerontocracy	government ruled by old people

gerontology	study of the sociological phenomena associated with old age

geriatrics	medical treatment and care of old age

gerrymander	change voting district lines in order to favor a political party; N. CF. Elbridge Gerry + (sala)mander

gestate	evolve as in prenatal growth; N. gestation: period of development from conception until birth

natal	connected with birth; CF. prenatal; CF. postnatal

gesticulation	motion; gesture; V. gesticulate: make gestures (while speaking)

ghastly	horrible; terrifying; resembling ghosts; CF. aghast

gibberish	nonsense; nonsensical or unintelligible talk or writing; babbling

gibe	mock; make jeering remarks; N: jeering remarks

giddy	light-hearted; not serious; frivolous; dizzy; causing dizziness; Ex. giddy youth; Ex. giddy climb/height

gingerly	very carefully; ADJ.

girth	distance around something; circumference

gist	essence; main point; substance

glacial	like a glacier; of an ice age; extremely cold; Ex. glacial epoch; CF. iceberg

glaring	(of something bad) highly conspicuous; harshly bright; shining intensely and blindingly

glare	shine intensely and blindingly; stare fixedly and angrily; N.

glaze	cover with a thin and shiny surface; apply a glaze to; N: thin, smooth, shiny coating (as for pottery); Ex. unglazed pottery

glean	gather leavings; gather grain left behind by reapers; gather bit by bit (facts or information) often with difficulty

glib	fluent (with insincerity or superficiality); facile; slick

slick	make smooth or glossy; N: smooth surface; Ex. oil slick; ADJ: smooth; glossy; deftly executed; adroit; glib

sleek	smooth and shining (as from good health); V.

glimmer	shine erratically; twinkle; N: dim or unsteady light; faint indication; Ex. glimmer of hope

glitter	shine brightly with flashing points of light; Ex. glittering diamond ring; N: sparkling light; attractiveness; glamor; Ex. glitter of the sun on the waves

glamor	compelling charm; ADJ. glamorous

gloat	express evil satisfaction; look at or think about with evil satisfaction; view malevolently; Ex. The thief gloated over the stolen jewels.

gloss_over	explain away with the intention of deceiving or hiding faults

gloss	brief explanation note or translation of a difficult expression; V.

glossary	brief explanation of words used in the text

glossy	smooth and shining; N. gloss: shiny brightness on a surface; superficially attractive appearance; Ex. gloss of good manners

mat	not shiny; matte; having a dull finish; N: flat piece of material used as a floor covering; V.

finish	surface texture; completeness of execution

finished	properly made and complete; Ex. finished product/performance

glower	scowl; glare; look or stare angrily

scowl	frown angrily; N: angry frown

glut	overstock; fill beyond capacity (with food); fill to excess; N: oversupply

glutinous	sticky; viscous; gluey

glutton	someone who eats too much; ADJ. gluttonous: given to gluttony; greedy; CF. gluttony: habit of eating too much

gnarled	twisted

gnarl	protruding knot on a tree; V.

gnome	dwarf; underground spirit who guards treasure hoards

goad	urge on; drive with a goad; cause (someone) to do something by continued annoyance; Ex. They goaded him into doing it by saying he was a coward; N: sharp-pointed stick for driving cattle; stimulus; CF. annoy continually

gorge	narrow canyon; steep rocky cleft; ravine (made by a stream which runs through it)

gorge	stuff oneself (with food); glut; CF. gorgeous: dazzlingly beautiful

gory	bloody; N. gore: blood (from a wound)

shudder	shake uncontrollably; tremble; V.

gossamer	sheer; very light; like cobwebs; N: soft and sheer fabric; cobweb

sheer	pure; thin and transparent; very steep

Barron's word list 22

gouge	tear out; cut out (as if with a gouge); Ex. gouge his eyes out; N: chisel for cutting out hollow areas in wood

gouge	overcharge (with high price); extort from; Ex. gouge the public; CF. usury

gourmand	epicure; person who takes excessive pleasure in food and drink

gourmet	connoisseur of food and drink; epicure

graduated	arranged by degrees (of height, difficulty, etc.)

graduate	arrange into categories or grades; divide into marked intervals (for use in measurement); Ex. graduated ruler

granary	storehouse for grain

grandeur	impressiveness; stateliness; majesty

stately	formal; ceremonious; grand in style or size; majestic

grandiloquent	(of a person or speech) using high sounding or important-sounding language; pompous; bombastic

grandiose	affectedly grand; pretentious; high-flown; ridiculously exaggerated; impressive; great in size or scope; grand; Ex. grandiose ideas

high-flown	highly pretentious or inflated

matin\'ee(matinee)	dramatic or musical performance given in the afternoon

granulate	form into grains or granules; N. granule: grain or particle

graphic	pertaining to the art of delineating; vividly described

vivid	(of light or color) bright and distinct; evoking lifelike mental images; Ex. vivid red hair/description

graphite	black form of carbon used in lead pencils

grapple	wrestle; come to grips with; take hold of and struggle with; Ex. grapple with the burglar

grate	make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; shred by rubbing against a rough surface; Ex. grated cheese N: framework of metal bars to hold fuel in a fireplace

gratify	please; satisfy; Ex. gratify a desire

gratis	free; without charge; ADJ.

gratuitous	given freely; unwarranted; uncalled for; done without good reason; Ex. gratuitous comment

gratuity	tip

gravity	seriousness; ADJ. grave

gregarious	sociable; (of an animal) tending to form a group

grievance	cause of complaint; complaint

grill	question severely; cook on a grill; broil; N: cooking surface of parallel metal bars

broil	cook by direct heat; N.

grim	causing great fear; unrelenting; determined in spite of fear; Ex. grim smile

grimace	facial distortion to show feeling such as pain, disgust, etc; V.

grisly	ghastly; horrifying; Ex. grisly remains of the bodies

groom	man employed to take care of horses; V: make neat and trim; clean and brush (an animal)

grotesque	fantastic; comically hideous; strange and unnatural (causing fear or amusement)

hideous	repulsive to the sight; ugly; repugnant; Ex. hideous face/scream

grotto	small cavern

grouse	complain; fuss; grumble; grouch; N: plump chickenlike game bird

grumble	complain; mutter discontentedly; grouch; N.

mutter	utter (complaining words) indistinctly in low tones

rumble	make or move with a deep rolling sound (as thunder or stomach)

grovel	crawl or creep on ground; remain prostrate; behave in a servile manner

grudging	unwilling; reluctant; stingy(giving reluctantly)

gruel	thin liquid porridge

porridge	soft food made by boiling oatmeal

oatmeal	crushed oats used for making porridge

grueling	exhausting; Ex. grueling marathon race

gruesome	grisly; horrible

gruff	rough-mannered; (of a voice) rough; hoarse

grunt	utter a deep guttural sound (as a pig does); N.

guffaw	boisterous laughter; V.

guile	deceit; duplicity; wiliness; cunning; Ex. persuade her by guile

cunning	clever in deceiving; sly; N: cleverness in deceiving; deceit

guileless	without deceit

guise	outward appearance; costume; Ex. in a new guise

gull	trick; deceive; hoodwink; N: person who is easily tricked; dupe

gullible	easily deceived

gustatory	affecting or relating to the sense of taste

gusto	eager enjoyment; zest; enthusiasm

gusty	windy

gust	strong abrupt rush of wind; V. CF. bluster

guy	cable or chain attached to something that needs to be braced or steadied; CF. guide

topple	become unsteady and fall down

overthrow	topple; N.

overturn	turn over; capsize; topple

capsize	(of a boat) turn over

gyroscope	apparatus used to maintain balance, ascertain direction, etc.

habituate	accustom or familiarize; addict

hackles	hairs on back and neck, especially of a dog; Ex. make someone's hackles rise

growl	low, guttural, menacing sound (as of a dog)

hackneyed	commonplace; trite

haggard	wasted away; gaunt; Ex. haggard faces of the rescued miners

haggle	argue about prices (in an attempt to bargain)

halcyon	calm; peaceful; Ex. halcyon days

hale	healthy

hail	frozen rain drop; V: salute or greet; precipitate hail

hallowed	blessed; consecrated; Ex. hallowed ground; V. hallow: set apart as holy

hallucination	delusion; false idea; false perception of objects with a compelling sense of their reality; objects so perceived; V. hallucinate; ADJ. hallucinatory

halting	hesitant; faltering; not fluent; Ex. halting steps/voice; V. halt: proceed or act with uncertainty; falter; hesitate; waver; stop

waver	move or swing back and forth; be uncertain or unsteady in decision or movement; Ex. wavering between accepting and refusing

hamper	obstruct; prevent the free movement of; N: ????? ?? ?? ?? ???

hap	chance; luck

haphazard	random; by chance; happening in an unplanned manner; Ex. haphazard growth of the town

hapless	unfortunate; luckless

harangue	long, passionate, and vehement speech; V.

harass	annoy by repeated attacks

harbinger	forerunner (which foreshadows what is to come)

harbor	give protection (by giving food and shelter); provide a refuge for; hide; keep in mind (thoughts or feelings); Ex. harbor a grudge/criminal; N: place of shelter; refuge

habitat	natural home of a plant or animal; CF. habitation

hardy	(of people or animals) sturdy; robust; (of plants) able to stand inclement(stormy) weather

harping	tiresome dwelling on a subject; V. harp: dwell on(think or speak a lot about) tediously

harrowing	agonizing; distressing; traumatic; V. harrow: break up and level (soil) with a harrow; inflict great distress on; agonize; N: farming machine to break up the earth

harry	harass, annoy, torment (by repeated attacks); raid

hatch	deck opening; lid covering a deck opening; V: emerge from an egg; produce (young) from an egg

latch	fastening or lock consisting of a movable bar that fits into a notch; V: close with a latch

notch	V-shaped cut in a surface; V.

haughtiness	pride; arrogance; ADJ. haughty

haunt	(of a spirit) visit (a place); come to mind continually; visit (a place) regularly; frequent; Ex. haunted house; Ex. haunted by his last words; N: place much frequented

haven	place of safety; refuge; harbor; Ex. tax haven

havoc	widespread damage; disorder; chaos

hazardous	dangerous

hazard	venture; put in danger; risk; Ex. hazard a guess; N: possible source of danger

hazy	slightly obscure; misty; unclear; N. haze: light mist or smoke; confused state of mind

headlong	hasty; rash; headfirst; ADV.

headfirst	moving with the head leading; headlong

headstrong	willful; stubborn; unyielding; determined to have one's own way; CF. no 'excessive'

heckler	person who verbally harasses others; V. heckle: verbally harass as with gibes (by interrupting a speaker or speech)

hedonist	one who believes that pleasure is the sole aim in life; CF. hedonism: practice of living one's life purely for pleasure

heedless	not noticing; disregarding

heed	pay attention to; N: close attention

hegemony	dominance especially of one nation over others

heinous	atrocious; wicked; hatefully bad; Ex. heinous crime

gross	total; fragrant; clearly wrong; (of people's behavior) coarse; corpulent; Ex. gross insolence/behavior; V: earn as a total amount; N: 12 dozens

helm	steering wheel of a ship; position of control

herbivorous	grain-eating; CF. herbivore

heresy	opinion contrary to popular belief; opinion contrary to accepted religion; ADJ. heretical; CF. heretic

hermetic	sealed by fusion so as to be airtight; airtight

hermetic	concerning alchemy or magic; obscure and mysterious; occult

sterile	incapable of producing young; free from microorganism; V. sterilize

hermitage	home of a hermit

herpetologist	one who studies reptiles; CF. herpetology: branch of zoology that deals with reptiles and amphibians

heterodox	(of beliefs) against accepted opinion; unorthodox; unconventional

heterogeneous	dissimilar; mixed; not homogeneous; consisting of dissimilar elements or plants

hew	cut to pieces with ax or sword; chop; N.

heyday	time of greatest success or power; prime

prime	period of ideal or peak condition; earliest or beginning stage; Ex. in the prime of life; Ex. prime of the year(spring); ADJ: first in importance or rank; first; V: make ready; prepare

primary	first in rank or importance; principal; earliest in time; Ex. primary stages; N. CF. first

primal	first in rank or importance; being first in time; original; Ex. man's primal innocence

primate	group of mammals including humans

hiatus	gap; pause; gap or interruption in space or time; break

Barron's word list 23

hibernal	wintry; wintery; of or like winter

hibernate	sleep throughout the winter; N. hibernation

hierarchy	arrangement by rank or standing; authoritarian body divided into ranks; body of persons having authority

totem	animal, plant, or natural object serving as a symbol of a clan or family; representation of this; Ex. totem pole

hieroglyphic	picture writing; ADJ.

hilarity	boisterous mirth(merriment; laughter); ADJ. hilarious: full of laughter

hindmost	furthest behind; farthest to the rear

wage	begin and continue (a war)

hindrance	block; obstacle; V. hinder

hinterlands	back country; inner part of a country; OP. foreland

hireling	one who serves for hire (usually used contemptuously); one who works solely for compensation; Ex. hireling politician

hirsute	hairy; having a lot of hair

histrionic	theatrical; excessively dramatic or emotional; affected; of actors or acting; N. histrionics: histrionic behavior

historic	important in history; Ex. historic battle

historical	connected with history; based on events in history (whether regarded as important or not)

hoard	stockpile; accumulate for future use; N: supply stored for future use

hoary	white with age

hoax	trick which makes someone take action; practical joke; Ex. hoax mail; V.

holocaust	destruction by fire; CF. burnt whole; CF. Holocaust

holster	leather pistol case (that hangs on a belt around the waist)

homage	honor; tribute; great respect; Ex. pay/do homage to

homeostasis	tendency of a system or organism to maintain relative stability or internal equilibrium; CF. homeo-: constant; Ex. homeotherm

homespun	domestic; made at home; spun or woven at home; simple and ordinary; Ex. homespun philosophy

spin	rotate swiftly; make (thread) by twisting (cotton, wool, etc.); N.

homily	sermon; tedious moralizing lecture; serious warning; ADJ. homiletic

homogeneous	of the same kind; uniform in composition throughout

hone	sharpen (a tool); N: whetstone for sharpening a tool

hoodwink	deceive; delude

horde	crowd; swarm

swarm	large group of insects moving in a mass; crowd of people or animals; V: move in a crowd or mass

hortatory	encouraging; exhortive; marked by exhortation; CF. exhort

horticultural	pertaining to cultivation of gardens; N. horticulture: science or art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants; CF. agriculture: science or art of farming or growing crops

hostility	unfriendliness; hatred; enmity; ADJ. hostile

hovel	shack; small wretched house

hut	crude dwelling; shack

shack	crude cabin

shed	small roofed structure for storage and shelter; V: pour forth; lose by natural process; repel without allowing penetration; radiate; cast; Ex. shed tears/light/water/skin/leaves

hover	hang about; (of birds or aircraft) stay in the air in one place; (of people) wait nearby; stay around one place; waver; be in an uncertain state

hubbub	confused uproar; loud noise; din

hubris	arrogance; excessive self-conceit

hue	color; aspect; Ex. opinions of every hue

hue_and_cry	outcry; loud cry or clamor; strong protest; Ex. hue and cry against the new rule

humane	marked by kindness or consideration; kind and compassionate; humanitarian

humanitarian	one devoted to the promotion of human welfare; CF. humanism

humdrum	dull; monotonous

humid	damp; N. humidity

humility	humbleness of spirit

humble	of low rank or position; modest; having a low opinion of oneself and a high opinion of others; unassuming; not proud; V. humiliate: make humble; cause to feel ashamed or to lose the respect of others

hummock	small hill; hillock

humus	substance or rich soil formed by decaying vegetable matter; CF. soil

hurtle	crash; rush; move with great speed; Ex. hurtling runaway train

husband	use sparingly; conserve; save; Ex. husband one's energy; CF. house holder

husbandry	frugality; thrift; economy; agriculture; farming; Ex. animal husbandry; CF. husbandman

hybrid	mongrel; mixed breed; V. hybridize

mongrel	plant or animal (esp. a dog) of mixed breed; ADJ.

pedigree	line of ancestors; ancestry; lineage; ADJ. (of an animal) descended from of a chosen family; Ex. pedigree dog; CF. crane's foot

hydrophobia	fear of water; rabies

rabies	disease passed on by the bite of an infected animal (causing madness and death)

hygiene	science and practice of the promotion and preservation of health; ADJ. hygienic: showing careful attention to cleanness (to prevent disease); Ex. hygienic condition

hyperbole	exaggeration; overstatement; ADJ. hyperbolic: of hyperbole; of a hyperbola

hypercritical	excessively exacting; too critical (without noticing good qualities)

hypochondriac	person unduly worried about his health; worrier without cause about illness; ADJ. CF. hypochondria: neurosis that one is or is becoming ill; CF. abdomen

hypocritical	pretending to be virtuous; deceiving; N. hypocrisy: profession of beliefs one does not possess; CF. hypocrite

hypothetical	based on assumptions or hypotheses; supposed; N. hypothesis

ichthyology	study of fish; CF. ichthyo-: fish

icon(ikon)	religious image; idol; image or representation

iconoclastic	attacking cherished traditions; N. iconoclast: one who attacks traditional ideas; one who destroys sacred images

ideology	system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture

idiom	expression whose meaning as a whole differs from the meanings of its individual words; distinctive style (of expression); Ex. idiom of the modern popular music; ADJ. idiomatic

idiosyncrasy	individual trait usually odd in nature; behavioral peculiarity; eccentricity; attitude, behavior, or opinion peculiar to a person; anything highly individual or eccentric; ADJ. idiosyncratic

idolatry	worship of idols; excessive admiration or devotion; ADJ. idolatrous

idyllic	charmingly carefree; simple and happy; Ex. idyllic scene

idyll(idyl)	short poem idealizing rural life; simple happy period of life (in the country); scene from such a time; Ex. idyll of two young lovers

igneous	produced by fire; of fire; volcanic; (of rocks) formed from lava; Ex. igneous meteorite

ignite	kindle; light; catch fire or set fire to

ignoble	unworthy; not noble; dishonorable; Ex. ignoble deed

ignominy	deep disgrace; shame or dishonor; ADJ. ignominious; Ex. ignominous defeat

illicit	illegal

illimitable	infinite; limitless

illuminate	brighten; clear up or make understandable; enlighten; enable to understand; Ex. illuminating remarks

illusion	misleading vision or visual image; false idea or belief; CF. delusion

illusive	deceiving; based on illusion; causing illusion; deceptive

illusory	illusive; deceptive; not real

imbalance	lack of balance or symmetry; disproportion

disproportion	lack of proportion (between the parts); ADJ. disproportionate

imbecility	weakness of mind; state of being an imbecile; N. imbecile: stupid person; fool

imbibe	drink in

imbroglio	complicated situation (as in a play); painful or complex misunderstanding (as in a play); entanglement; confused mass (as of papers); V. embroil

imbue	saturate(soak thoroughly); fill; Ex. imbue someone with feelings

Barron's word list 24

immaculate	spotless; flawless; absolutely clean

tenant	one that pays rent to use property owned by another

tenancy	possession of land or building by rent; period of a tenant's occupancy

imminent	impending; near at hand

immobility	state of being immovable

immolate	offer or kill as a sacrifice (by fire)

immune	resistant to; free or exempt from; N. immunity

immure	imprison; shut up in confinement; CF. wall

immutable	unchangeable

impair	injure; hurt; damage

impale	pierce (with a sharp point); Ex. impaled by the spear

impalpable	imperceptible(not easily understood); intangible; OP. palpable: tangible; easily perceptible

impartial	not biased; fair; N. impartiality

impart	grant a share of; make known; Ex. news to impart

impassable	not able to be traveled or crossed

impasse	predicament(dangerous condition) from which there is no escape; situation allowing for no further progress

impassive	without feeling; expressionless; imperturbable; stoical; Ex. impassive face

impeach	charge (a public official) with crime in office; raise doubts about; indict; Ex. impeach a witness's credibility

impeccable	faultless

credential	evidence concerning one's authority; written proof of a person's position; Ex. The new ambassador presented his credentials to the court.

impecunious	without money

impede	hide; retard or obstruct the progress of; block

retard	delay (in development); ADJ. retarded: (as of a child) slower in development

impediment	hindrance; stumbling-block; speech defect preventing clear articulation; Ex. speech impediment

impel	drive or force onward; drive to take action; urge to action

impending	nearing; approaching; about to happen

impenetrable	not able to be pierced or entered; beyond understanding; impossible to understand; Ex. impenetrable mystery

impenitent	not repentant

imperative	absolutely necessary; that must be done; critically important; expressing command; Ex. It is imperative that; N: something that must be done

imperceptible	unnoticeable; impossible to perceive; undetectable

imperial	like an emperor; related to an empire; CF. imperialism

imperil	put in danger

imperious	domineering; too commanding; haughty; CF. imperial/emperor

impermeable	impervious; not permitting passage through its substance; impossible to permeate

impertinent	insolent; rude; not pertinent; N. impertinence

imperturbable	unshakably calm; placid

collected	composed; calm; self-possessed

impervious	impenetrable; incapable of being damaged or distressed; incapable of being affected (in one's opinions); Ex. impervious to water/criticism

impetuous	violent; hasty; rash; impulsive; without careful thought; Ex. impetuous decision

impetus	moving force; momentum; force of a moving body; incentive; stimulus; impulse

impiety	irreverence; lack of respect for God or piety

impinge	infringe; encroach; influence; touch; collide with; Ex. The effects are impinging on every aspect of our lives.

impious	irreverent

implacable	incapable of being pacified; impossible to appease; Ex. implacable enemy

implausible	unlikely (to be true); unbelievable; Ex. implausible alibi

implement	put into effect; enforce; carry out; supply with tools; Ex. implement the plan/suggestion; N: tool or instrument

implicate	incriminate; involve incriminatingly; show to be involved (in a crime); Ex. implicate someone in the crime

implication	something hinted at or suggested; implying; implicating

implicit	understood but not stated; implied; unquestioning and complete; Ex. implicit trust

implode	burst inward; CF. vaccum tube

implore	beg

imply	suggest a meaning not expressed; signify

impolitic	not wise; not expedient; not politic

imponderable	weightless; that cannot undergo precise evaluation; CF. pound

import	significance; importance; meaning

significant	expressing a meaning; important; Ex. significant smile; N. significance: importance; meaning; V. signify: denote; mean; signal; make known; matter; be significant

importunate	urging; always demanding; troublesomely urgent or persistent

importune	beg persistently; make repeated requests (in an annoying way)

imposture	assuming a false identity; masquerade; CF. impostor

masquerade	wear a mask or disguise; pretend; N: costume party or ball at which masks are worn; pretense; disguise

impotent	weak; ineffective; lacking in physical strength or power

crave	desire; want intensely

imprecation	curse; swearword

impregnable	invulnerable; impossible to capture or enter by force; Ex. impregnable fort/argument; CF. take

impregnate	make pregnant; fill thoroughly; saturate

impromptu	without previous preparation; off the cuff(end of a sleeve); on the spur of the moment

impropriety	improperness; unsuitableness

improvident	thriftless; not providing for the future

improvise	compose on the spur of the moment

imprudent	lacking caution; not prudent; injudicious

impudence	impertinence; insolence

impugn	dispute or contradict (often in an insulting way); attack as false or questionable; challenge; gainsay; CF. fight

impuissance	powerlessness; feebleness

impunity	freedom from punishment or harm; CF. punish

impute	attribute; ascribe; charge; N. imputation

inadvertently	unintentionally; by oversight; carelessly

oversee	watch over and direct; supervise; N. oversight: unintentional failure to notice or do something; supervision

inalienable	not to be taken away; nontransferable; Ex. inalienable rights

inane	silly; senseless; Ex. inane remarks; N. inanity

inanimate	lifeless; not animate

inarticulate	speechless; producing indistinct speech; not articulate; not expressing oneself clearly

speechless	unable for the moment to speak (because of strong feeling); Ex. speechless with anger

inaugurate	begin formally; install in office; induct into office by a formal ceremony; N. inauguration; ADJ. inaugural

incandescent	strikingly bright; shining with intense heat; emitting visible light when heated; Ex. incandescent light bulb; CF. candle

incantation	singing or chanting of magic spells; magical formula; (the saying of) words used in magic; CF. enchant

chant	tune(melody) in which a number of words are sung on the same note; V: sing (a chant); utter (a slogan) in the manner of a chant

charm	quality of pleasing; amulet; action or formula thought to have magical power; spell; V: attract; cast a spell on; bewitch

bewitch	cast a spell over; captivate completely

recite	repeat aloud (something learned); describe; Ex. recite his complaints; N. recitation

recital	act of reciting publicly; detailed account; performance of music or dance (by a solo performer)

incapacitate	disable; N. incapacity: lack of capacity

incarcerate	imprison

incarnate	endowed with flesh; invested with bodily form; personified; Ex. devil incarnate; V: give bodily form to; embody

incarnation	act of assuming a human body and human nature; one who personifies something; personification; Ex. previous incarnation/reincarnation

personify	represent (an inanimate object) as a person; be the embodiment or perfect example of; Ex. She is evil/patience personified; N. personification

incendiary	arsonist; ADJ: causing fire; of arson; Ex. incendiary bomb

incense	enrage; infuriate(make furious); make extremely angry; outrage; N: aromatic substance burned to produce a pleasant odor

incentive	spur; motive; something which encourages one to greater activity

inception	start; beginning

incessant	uninterrupted; unceasing

Barron's word list 25

inchoate	(of desire, wish, plan) recently begun; not explicit; at the beginning of development; rudimentary; elementary; Ex. inchoate mass

incidence	rate of occurrence; particular occurrence; Ex. high incidence of infant mortality

incidental	not essential; minor; N: something incidental

incident	event; event that causes a crisis

incinerate	burn to ashes

incipient	beginning; in an early stage

incisive	(appreciatively) cutting; sharp; Ex. incisive remarks; V. incise: make a cut into

incite	arouse to action; goad; motivate; induce to exist; Ex. incite a riot/the crowd to rebellion

inclement	stormy; unkind; unmerciful; CF. clement

incline	slope; slant; Ex. steep incline

inclined	tending or leaning toward; bent; V. incline: slant; dispose; be disposed; tend

tend	have a tendency; take care of; minister; serve at; apply one's attention; attend

inclusive	tending to include all; all-inclusive; Ex. inclusive charge

incognito	with identity concealed; using an assumed name; ADJ.

incoherent	unintelligible; muddled; unable to express one's thoughts in an orderly manner; illogical; lacking cohesion; not coherent

incommodious	not spacious; inconvenient

incompatible	inharmonious; N. incompatibility

incongruity	lack of harmony; absurdity; ADJ. incongruous: lacking in harmony; inappropriate

attire	clothe; N: clothing; array; apparel

inconsequential	insignificant; unimportant

inconsistency	state of being self-contradictory; lack of uniformity or steadiness; ADJ. inconsistent: displaying a lack of consistency; erratic; contradictory; incompatible

incontinent	lacking self-restraint; not continent; licentious

incontrovertible	indisputable; impossible to dispute; not open to question; unquestionable

incorporate	introduce something into a larger whole; include; embody; give material form to; ADJ.

incorporeal	without a material body; insubstantial

incorrigible	uncorrectable

incredulity	tendency to disbelief

incredulous	withholding belief; skeptical; showing disbelief

increment	increase

incriminate	accuse of or implicate in a crime; serve as evidence against; cause to seem or make guilty of a crime; Ex. incriminating evidence

incrustation	hard coating or crust; V. incrust: encrust; cover with a crust

incubate	hatch; warm (eggs) with the body to promote hatching; maintain at optimal environment conditions for development; be holding in one's body an infection which is going to develop into a disease; N. incubation; CF. incubation:disease

inasmuch_as	since; owing to the fact that

incubus	burden; very worriying problem; mental care; nightmare; male devil; CF. succubus

inculcate	teach (ideas or principles); instill

incumbent	obligatory; imposed as an obligation; currently holding an office; N: person who holds an office

incur	bring upon oneself

incursion	temporary invasion; CF. excursion: short journey

inroad	hostile invasion; advance that lessens the quantity or difficulty of something; Ex. The long illness made serious inroads on his savings; CF. raid

indefatigable	tireless; untiring; showing no sign of getting tired

indelible	not able to be erased

indemnify	make secure against damage or loss; compensate for damage or loss; CF. make uninjured

indentation	notch; deep recess; V. indent; CF. tooth

indenture	bind as servant or apprentice to master; bind by indenture; N: contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified time (as between an apprentice and his master)

indeterminate	uncertain; not clearly fixed; indefinite

indicative	suggestive; implying; serving to indicate

indices	signs; indications; Ex. indices of a student's potential; CF. index: something that reveals or indicates; sign; Ex. cost-of-living index

indict	charge; N. indictment

indifferent	unmoved or unconcerned by; having no interest in; mediocre; neither good nor bad

indigence	poverty

indigenous	native; Ex. plant indigenous to the New World

indigent	poor; destitute

indignation	anger at an injustice; Ex. righteous indignation; ADJ. indignant

righteous	morally upright; just

rightful	legally correct; Ex. rightful owner

indignity	treatment or situation that causes shame or loss of dignity, respect; offensive or insulting treatment; humiliating or degrading treatment; Ex. I suffered the indignity of having to say that in front of them.

indiscriminate	choosing at random; confused; not based on careful distinctions

indisputable	too certain to be disputed; beyond doubt

indissoluble	permanent; impossible to dissolve or disintegrate

indite	write; compose

indolent	lazy

indomitable	unconquerable; unyielding

indubitable	unable to be doubted; which cannot be doubted; unquestionable

induce	persuade; lead to do something; bring about; N. inducement

inductive	pertaining to induction or proceeding from the  specific  to the general

induct	place formally in office; install; admit as a member; initiate; N. induction: inducting; process of deriving general principles from particular facts

indulgent	humoring; yielding; lenient; showing indulgence

indulge	yield to; gratify; allow oneself a special pleasure; Ex. indulge one's every whim/a child/in a big cigarette; N. indulgence

humor	indulge; comply with the wishes of; N. quality that makes something amusing; state of mind; mood; Ex. in a bad humor; Ex. out of humor

industrious	diligent; hard-working; N. industry

inebriated	habitually intoxicated; drunk; N. inebriety

inebriate	make drunk; intoxicate; N. intoxicated person

intoxicate	make drunk; stimulate or excite; Ex. intoxicated by all the money he might win

ineffable	unutterable; not to be uttered; taboo; that cannot be expressed in speech; indescribable; unspeakable; inexpressible; Ex. ineffable name/joy

ineffectual	not effective; not having a desired effect; weak

ineluctable	irresistible; not to be escaped; unavoidable

inept	unsuited; inappropriate; lacking skill; incompetent; CF. inapt: (of statements or ideas) inappropriate

inequity	unfairness; ADJ. inequitable

inerrancy	infallibility

inert	inactive; lacking power to move; unable to move or act; Ex. chemically inert; N. inertia: state of being inert; force which keeps a thing in the position or state

inevitable	unavoidable

inexorable	relentless; unyielding; implacable; not capable of being changed by entreaty or efforts; Ex. inexorable price rises

infallible	unerring; never making mistakes

infamous	notoriously bad; notorious; well known for being bad; Ex. infamous behavior; N: infamy: infamous act; evil fame or reputation

infantile	childish; infantlike

infer	deduce; conclude; N. inference

infernal	pertaining to hell; devilish; N. inferno: place of fiery heat or destruction

infidel	unbeliever (with respect to a particular religion)

infiltrate	pass into or through; penetrate or enter (an organization) sneakily; Ex. infiltrate the troops into enemy territory; CF. infiltrator

penetrate	enter into; pierce; permeate; see through; grasp the inner significance of; understand

infinitesimal	very small

infirmity	weakness

inflated	exaggerated; pompous; enlarged (with air or gas)

influx	flowing into

infraction	violation (of a rule or regulation); breach

Barron's word list 26

infringe	violate (a law); encroach (the right of another person)

ingenious	marked by inventive skill; clever; resourceful; N. ingenuity

resourceful	clever and imaginative (in dealing with difficult situations); N. resource, resourcefulness

ingenuous	naive and trusting; young; unsophisticated; candid

ingenue	ing\'enue; young innocent girl

ingrained	deeply established; firmly rooted; Ex. ingrained dirt/prejudice

ingrate	ungrateful person (not expressing thanks)

ingratiate	become popular with; bring (oneself) in favor of another; Ex. ingratiate himself with the boss

inherent	firmly established by nature or habit; intrinsic

inhibit	restrain; prohibit; retard or prevent; N. inhibition

inhibited	(of a person) unable to express what one really feels

uninhibited	having no inhibitions; free in behavior and feelings

inimical	(of someone) unfriendly; hostile; (of something) harmful; detrimental; CF. enemy

inimitable	matchless; not able to be imitated

iniquitous	wicked; immoral; unrighteous; N. iniquity; Ex. den of iniquity

initiate	begin; originate; receive into a group; introduce to a new field or activity; Ex. initiate someone into the mysteries of a secret religion; N: one who has been initiated

injurious	harmful; causing injury

inkling	hint; slight indication

innate	inborn

innocuous	harmless

innovation	change; something newly introduced; introduction of something new; V. innovate: begin or introduce (something new); be creative; ADJ. innovative

innuendo	indirect or subtle (derogatory) hint; insinuation; Ex. sexual innuendo

inopportune	untimely; inappropriate or ill-timed; poorly chosen

inordinate	beyond reasonable limits; unrestrained; excessive; Ex. inordinate demands

inquisitor	questioner (especially harsh); investigator; person making an inquisition

inquisitive	eager for knowledge; unduly curious

insalubrious	unwholesome; not healthful; Ex. insalubrious place

healthful	conducive to good health; Ex. healthful mountain air

healthy	possessing good health; healthful

wholesome	conducive to mental or physical health; healthful

insatiable	not easily satisfied; unquenchable; Ex. insatiable appetite

inscrutable	difficult to understand; impenetrable; not readily understood; mysterious

insensate	without feeling; lacking sense; foolish

insensible	unconscious; unresponsive; insensitive; unaware; imperceptible; Ex. insensible of his danger/to pain; Ex. insensible change; CF. not the opposite of sensible

insidious	treacherous; stealthy; sly; working or spreading harmfully in a stealthy manner; Ex. insidious spreading of dry rot

insightful	discerning; perceptive

insinuate	hint; imply; suggest indirectly; creep in; introduce or insert (oneself) by artful means; Ex. insinuate himself into the boss's favor; CF. ingratiate

creep	move with body close to the ground; move stealthily or slowly; N.

artful	exhibiting art or skill; deceitful; cunning; CF. artifice

insipid	lacking in flavor; lacking interest; dull; Ex. insipid food/character

insolence	impudent disrespect; haughtiness; ADJ. insolent; CF. haughty + rude

insolvent	bankrupt; lacking money to pay; N. insolvency

insomnia	wakefulness; inability to sleep

insouciant	without concern or care; unconcerned; indifferent

instigate	start; urge; provoke; incite; Ex. instigate a search/quarrel

insubordination	disobedience; rebelliousness; ADJ. insubordinate

insubstantial	lacking substance; insignificant; frail; immaterial

insularity	narrow-mindedness; isolation; ADJ. insular: of an island; isolated; narrow-minded; CF. peninsula

insuperable	insurmountable; unbeatable; Ex. insuperable difficulties

odds	chances; probability; disagreement; Ex. The odds are that it will rain. Ex. at odds with

insurgent	rebellious; N.

insurmountable	overwhelming; unbeatable; insuperable

insurrection	rebellion; uprising

intangible	not able to be perceived by touch; vague

integral	complete; necessary for completeness; Ex. integral part

integrate	make whole; combine; make into one unit

integrity	honesty; uprightness; wholeness; state of being whole and undivided; completeness

upright	(sitting or standing) straight up; honest; moral

intellect	higher mental powers; person of great intellectual ability

intelligentsia	intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily)

inter	bury; N. interment

cemetery	place for burying the dead

interdict	prohibit; forbid; N.

interim	meantime; Ex. in the interim; ADJ. taking place during an interim; Ex. interim paper

interloper	intruder; one who interferes

interminable	endless

intermittent	periodic; on and off; stopping and starting at intervals

internecine	mutually destructive

interpolate	insert between

interregnum	period between two successive reigns or governments

interrogate	question closely; cross-examine; cross-question

intervene	come between; interfere; Ex. intervened to prevent a fight; N. intervention

intimate	hint; suggest; imply; ADJ: marked by close relationship; familiar; private; personal; Ex. intimate knowledge/thoughts in the diary; N: close friend or confidant; CF. intimacy

intimidate	frighten; N. intimidation

intractable	unruly; difficult to manage; Ex. intractable problem/child

intransigence	refusal of any compromise; stubbornness; ADJ. intransigent: uncompromising

intrepid	fearless

intrinsic	essential; inherent; built-in

introspective	looking within oneself; N. introspection: self-examination

introvert	one who  is  introspective or inclined  to  think  more  about oneself; ADJ. introverted

intrude	put or force in without being asked; trespass; enter as an uninvited person; Ex. intrude one's own opinion into the report; CF. thrust in

intuition	immediate insight; power of knowing without reasoning; ADJ. intuitive; V. intuit: know by intuition

inundate	flood; overflow; submerge; cover completely; Ex. inundated with work

overwhelm	(of water) cover completely; defeat completely by much greater force; Ex. overwhelmed by grief

submerge	place under water; dip; go under water; cover completely (as with water); Ex. submerged in work

engulf	surround and swallow up

inured	accustomed; hardened; Ex. inured to the Alaskan cold; V. inure: make used to something undesirable; harden; CF. unfeeling

invalidate	weaken; destroy; make invalid; nullify

invalid	one incapacitated(disabled) by a chronic illness; ADJ: incapacitated by illness; not valid; null; V: allow to leave (a military force) because of ill-health

invective	abuse

inveigh	denounce; utter censure or invective; Ex. inveigh against the evils of drink

inveigle	deceive; lead astray by deception; wheedle(cajole); Ex. inveigle her into joining the club; CF. interest dishonestly

inverse	opposite

invert	turn upside down or inside out; reverse the position or condition of

Barron's word list 27

inveterate	deep-rooted; habitual; CF. grow old

invidious	designed to create ill will or envy; tending to rouse ill will or envy; Ex. invidious comparison

invincible	unconquerable

inviolable	secure from corruption, attack, or violation(or profanation); unassailable; Ex. inviolable oath/rights; N. inviolability

invocation	prayer for help (used in invoking); calling upon as a reference or support; act of invoking

invoke	call and bring into use (a right or law); call on/upon (a higher power or god) for help; ask for; beg for; conjure (a spirit); Ex. invoke the veto power; Ex. invoke one's advisor/God

invulnerable	incapable of injury; impossible to damage or injure

iota	very small quantity

irascible	irritable; easily angered

irate	angry; CF. ire: anger; wrath

iridescent	exhibiting rainbowlike colors; Ex. iridescent oil slick; N. iridescence

irksome	annoying; tedious; V. irk: annoy

ironic	expressing irony; occurring in an unexpected and contrary manner

irony	hidden sarcasm or satire; use of words that seem to mean the opposite of what they actually mean; use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning

irreconcilable	impossible to reconcile; incompatible; not able to be resolved

irrefutable	indisputable; incontrovertible; undeniable

irrelevant	not applicable; unrelated

irremediable	incurable; uncorrectable; impossible to remedy

irreparable	not able to be corrected or repaired; impossible to repair

irrepressible	unable to be restrained or held back; impossible to hold back

irreproachable	beyond reproach; blameless; impeccable; Ex. irreproachable conduct

irresolute	uncertain how to act; weak; lacking in resolution; indecisive; N. irresolution

indecisive	marked by indecision; inconclusive; Ex. indecisive battle

indecision	irresolution; inability to make up one's mind

irretrievable	impossible to recover or regain; CF. retrieve

irreverence	lack of proper respect or reverence; ADJ. irreverent

irrevocable	unalterable; irreversible; impossible to revoke

isotope	varying from of an element

isthmus	narrow neck of land connecting two larger bodies of land

itinerant	wandering; traveling from place to place (to perform work); Ex. itinerant preacher

itinerary	plan of a trip; record of a trip

jabber	chatter rapidly or unintelligibly

jab	poke abruptly with something sharp; punch with short blows

jaded	tired or uninterested by surfeit; fatigued; surfeited; worn out; wearied; Ex. jaded appetite

jargon	language used by special group; technical terminology; gibberish; nonsensical or incoherent talk

jaundiced	yellowed; prejudiced (envious, hostile, or resentful) from long and disappointing experience of human affairs; Ex. with a jaundiced eye

jaundice	medical condition in which the skin, the white part of the eyes, etc. turn yellow; V: affect with jaundice; affect with prejudice, envy, or hostility; bias

jaunt	trip; short journey

jaunty	cheerful and pleased with life; lighthearted; animated; easy and carefree; dapper in appearance; Ex. jaunty person/hat

jeopardize	endanger; imperil; put at risk; N. jeopardy: danger

jettison	throw overboard (from a ship or plane)

jibe	agree; be in harmony with; gibe

jingoist	extremely aggressive and militant patriot; warlike chauvinist; N. jingoism: extreme nationalism

jocose	given to(having a tendency of) joking

jocular	said or done in jest or playfully; marked by joking

jest	playful remark or act; V. act or speak playfully

jocund	merry

jollity	gaiety; cheerfulness; ADJ. jolly: merry; gay

jostle	shove; bump; push against (someone) rather roughly; Ex. jostled by the crowds

shove	push forward; push roughly; Ex. pushing and shoving to get on the bus; N.

bump	hit or knock against with force; N.

jovial	good-natured; merry; cheerful

jubilation	rejoicing; great joy

judicious	sound on judgment; wise

juggernaut	irresistible crushing force; overwhelming advancing force that crushes everything in its path

jug	pitcher; container for holding liquids

juncture	crisis; point in time; joining point; joint; act of joining

junket	trip especially one taken for pleasure by an official at public expense

unta	group of persons joined in political intrigue; cabal; group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power (by force)

jurisprudence	science of law

jurisdiction	right and power to apply the law; authority

juridical	of the law and its administration; CF. judicial: of courts of law; CF. judiciary

juxtapose	place side by side; CF. next

kaleidoscope	tube in which patterns made by the reflection in mirrors of colored pieces of glass, etc. produce interesting symmetrical effects; series of changing events; Ex. kaleidoscope of European history; CF. beautiful

ken	range of knowledge; Ex. beyond one's ken

kernel	central or vital part; core; whole seed (as of corn)

killjoy	grouch; spoilsport; one who intentionally spoils the pleasure of others

grouch	bad-tempered complaint; person who keeps complaining; V: complain; grumble

spoilsport	one who spoils the pleasure of others

kindle	start a fire; ignite; inspire; arouse

kindred	related; belonging to the same group; similar in nature or character; Ex. kindred languages; N: relative; kin; kinship

kinetic	producing motion; of motion

kismet	fate; destiny; Ex. Kismet is the Arabic word for fate.

kleptomaniac	person who has a compulsive desire to steal

knave	untrustworthy person; rogue; scoundrel; jack; N. knavery

knead	mix; work dough; mix and work into a uniform mass (with the hands); Ex. knead dough

knell	tolling of a bell especially to indicate a funeral, disaster, etc.; sound of the funeral bell; V.

toll	sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals; N: sound of a bell; fixed tax or charge

curfew	regulation requiring all people to leave the streets at stated times; signal (as a bell) announcing the hour of a curfew

knit	contract into wrinkles; grow together; join together closely; make (a fabric or garment) by interwining yarn or thread; Ex. knit the brow; Ex. The bones should knit together in a few weeks.

crochet	make (a piece of needlework) by looping thread with a hooked needle; N. CF. crotchet

knoll	little round hill; hillock

knotty	intricate; difficult; tangled; CF. knot

kudos	honor; glory; acclaim or praise for exceptional achievement

entourage	group of attendants; retinue; CF. surround

labile	likely to change; unstable; Ex. emotionally labile; N. lability

laborious	demanding much work or care; tedious

labyrinth	maze

laceration	torn ragged wound; V. lacerate: tear (the skin as with broken glass); wound

rip	tear or be torn quickly and violently; Ex. The sail ripped under the force of the wind; N.

rag	scrap of cloth; ADJ. ragged: old and torn; seeming unfinished and imperfect; Ex. ragged debut/performance

lachrymose	producing tears; tearful

lackadaisical	lacking interest or effort; lacking purpose or zest; lazy; halfhearted; languid

halfhearted	exhibiting little interest or enthusiasm

lackluster	lacking luster(shine; gloss); dull

laconic	brief and to the point; using few words; terse

laggard	slow; sluggish; N: one who lags; straggler

lag	move or develop more slowly; straggle; Ex. lag behind the rest; N.

straggle	stray or fall behind (a main group); spread out in a scattered group; Ex. straggling marathon racer; Ex. straggling branch

Barron's word list 28

lagoon	shallow body of water or lake near a sea; lake separated from a sea by sandbars or coral reefs

laity	laypersons; laymen; persons not connected with the clergy

layman	man who is not a cleric; man who is nonprofessional

lament	grieve; express sorrow; N. lamentation

lampoon	ridicule; N: written attack ridiculing or satirizing a person, group, or institution

lancet	small surgical tool for making incisions

lance	pierce with a lance; cut into; N: spearlike weapon

languid	lacking energy or vitality; weary; sluggish; listless

languish	lose animation or strength

languor	lack of physical or mental energy; lassitude; depression

lank	long and thin; Ex. Lank, gaunt, Abraham Lincoln

lap	take in food or drink with one's tongue; splash gently; Ex. waves lapping the shore; N: front area from the waist to the knees of a seated person

larceny	theft; Ex. petit larceny

larder	pantry; place where food is kept

largess	generous gift (given to people who do not have enough)

lascivious	lustful

lust	intense sexual desire; intense eagerness; V.

lassitude	languor; weariness; listlessness

latent	present but not yet noticeable or active; dormant; hidden; N. latency; CF. potential

lateral	of or coming from the side

latitude	freedom from narrow limitations

laud	praise; N. ADJ. laudable: praiseworthy; ADJ. laudatory: expressing praise

lavish	liberal; wasteful; generous or wasteful in giving or using; abundant; profuse; great; Ex. decorated lavishly; V. give in abundance

lax	careless; negligent; not paying enough attention; Ex. lax service

leaven	add leaven to; cause to rise or grow lighter; enliven; N: agent, such as yeast, that causes dough to rise (by fermentation); element that lightens or enlivens

enliven	make lively or spirited; animate

lechery	gross lewdness; lustfulness; ADJ. lecherous; N. lecher: lecherous man

lectern	reading desk or stand for a public speaker

leery	(of someone) suspicious; wary; cautious

leeway	room to move; margin; latitude; Ex. leeway for the deadline

margin	border; room; allowance beyond what is needed; Ex. margin of safety

marginal	of a margin; barely within a limit; Ex. marginal effect/writing ability

legacy	gift made by a will; something handed down from an ancestor

legend	explanatory list of symbols on a map

legerdemain	sleight(dexterity) of hand; CF. light of hand

leniency	mildness; permissiveness; ADJ. lenient: not severe in judgment or punishment

permissive	allowing much freedom; lenient; Ex. permissive society

leonine	like a lion

lethal	deadly

lethargic	drowsy; dull; N. lethargy: state of sluggishness and inactivity

levee	earthen or stone embankment to prevent flooding; CF. raise

levitate	rise and float in the air (especially by magical means); CF. light

levity	lack of seriousness or steadiness; frivolity; lightness of manner

levy	impose (a fine); collect (a payment); impose or collect (a tax); Ex. levy a tax on tobacco

lewd	lustful

lexicographer	compiler of a dictionary; CF. lexicography: work of compiling a dictionary

lexicon	dictionary

liability	drawback; handicap; debts; obligation; responsibility; condition of being liable; ADJ. liable: likely; responsible (for paying)

liaison	contact that keeps parties in communication; communication between groups; one that maintains communication; go-between; secret love affair; V. liaise: keep a connection

libel	defamatory written statement; act of writing something that smears a person's character; V. ADJ. libelous

libertine	debauched person; dissolute or licentious person; rou\'e; CF. free

rou\'e	lecherous man

libidinous	lustful

libido	psychic and emotional energy or urges behind human activity; sexual desire

libretto	text of an opera or oratorio; CF. book

licentious	amoral; lewd and lascivious; unrestrained

license	official or legal permission; latitude of action or speech; excessive freedom that causes harm or damage; V.

lien	legal claim or right on a property

ligneous	like wood

lilliputian	extremely small; CF. Lilliput in Gulliver's Travels

limber	flexible; supple; pliable; V.

limbo	region near heaven or hell where certain souls are kept; prison (slang); Ex. Purgatory and Limbo

abode	dwelling place; home

abide	dwell; abide by: comply with; put up with; tolerate; Ex. abide by the rules; Ex. I can't abide rude people.

limn	draw; outline; describe; CF. line ?

limpid	crystal clear

lineage	descent; ancestry

lineaments	features especially of the face; distinctive shape or contour of the face; CF. line

feature	distinctive part of the faces (as the eyes or mouth); features: overall appearance of the face; prominent or distinctive quality; prominent article; film; V: make prominent

linger	loiter or dawdle; be slow in leaving; delay going; continue or persist; be slow to disappear; Ex. The smell lingered for days.

persist	continue in existence; last; continue in a course of action in spite of opposition; Ex. persist in/with something; ADJ. persistent

linguistic	pertaining to language

lionize	treat (a person) as a celebrity

liquidate	settle accounts; pay off (a debt); clear up; eliminate; kill or abolish

list	tilt (as of a ship); lean over (to one side)

listless	lacking in spirit or energy; languid

litany	supplicatory prayer; prayer in which the priest calls out and the people replies in the same words

lithe	flexible; supple; CF. limber

willowy	flexible; pliant; slender; CF. willow

litigation	lawsuit; N. litigant: one party in a lawsuit; V. litigate

litotes	understatement for emphasis; Ex. ``not bad(=pretty good)''

understate	state with less truth than seems warranted by the facts; Ex. He understated the seriousness of the crime; N. understatement; OP. overstate

livid	lead-colored; black and blue (as from a bruise); ashen; enraged; extremely angry

loath	reluctant; unwilling; disinclined; Ex. Romeo and Juliet were both loath for him to go.

loathe	detest; ADJ. loathsome: arousing loathing; offensive; Ex. loathsome smell

lode	metal-bearing vein(long deposit of an ore)

lofty	very high

loft	room or space under the roof; attic

log	record of a voyage or flight; record of day-to-day activities; section of a trunk; V.

loiter	hang about/around; stand idly about; linger

loll	lounge about

lounge	stand, sit, or lie in a lazy, relaxed way

longevity	long life; long duration

loom	appear or take shape (usually in an enlarged, indistinct, or distorted form); Ex. The shadow of the gallows loomed threateningly. N: apparatus for making thread into cloth

gallows	framework from which a noose is suspended (used for execution by hanging)

noose	loop formed in a rope

lope	gallop slowly

loquacious	talkative; N. loquacity

Barron's word list 29

lout	clumsy person; ADJ. loutish; CF. from countrysides ?

low	moo; make the sound of a cow

lubricate	apply a lubricant to; N. lubricant: substance that reduces friction

lucid	easily understood; clear; intelligible; N. lucidity

lucrative	profitable; producing wealth

lucre	money; profit; Ex. filthy lucre

filth	dirty matter; ADJ. filthy

ludicrous	laughable; ridiculous; trifling

lugubrious	mournful; sorrowful

lull	moment of calm; period of reduced activity; Ex. a lull in the rain; V: cause to become less active; cause to sleep or rest; Ex. lull the opponents into a false sense of security; CF. lullaby

lumber	move heavily or clumsily; Ex. The bear lumbered through the woods; N: timber

lumen	unit of light energy (one candle's worth)

luminary	celebrity (in a specific field); dignitary; object that gives light (as a celestial body)

dignitary	person of high rank or position

luminous	shining (esp. in the dark); issuing light; Ex. luminous paint/road signs

lunar	pertaining to the moon

lunatic	insane; Ex. lunatic asylum

lurid	wild; sensational; graphic; gruesome; horrible; Ex. lurid details of the murder

lurk	stealthily lie in waiting; slink; exist unperceived

slink	move furtively; ADJ. slinky: stealthy; furtive; sneaky (as in ambush)

luscious	pleasing to taste or smell; delicious

luster	shine; gloss (of a polished surface)

lustrous	shining; brilliant; Ex. lustrous hair

luxuriant	abundant; growing healthily and in large amounts; excessively ornate; rich and splendid; fertile; Ex. luxuriant forests/prose; CF. luxurious, luxuriate

macabre	gruesome; grisly; ghastly; CF. of death

morgue	mortuary; place where bodies are kept before burial or cremation

cremate	incinerate (a corpse); N. crematory, crematorium

mace	ceremonial staff used as a symbol of authority; clublike medieval weapon

macerate	soften by soaking in liquid; waste away; Ex. macerate powdered wood to make paper

Machiavellian	crafty; double-dealing; of the political doctrine of Machiavelli, which holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing political power

machinations	evil schemes or plots; schemes or plots to achieve an evil end; V. machinate

maculated	spotted; stained; CF. immaculate

madrigal	pastoral song; song for several singers without instruments

maelstrom	violent whirlpool; violent or tublent situation; CF. stream

magisterial	authoritative; imperious; commanding; of a magistrate; Ex. magisterial study of Roman law; Ex. magisterial manner

magistrate	official with power to administer the law

magnanimity	generosity; ADJ. magnanimous: generous

magnate	person of prominence or influence; powerful or influential person (in business or industry); Ex. oil magnate

magniloquent	boastful; pompous

magnitude	greatness (in size or extent); extent

maim	mutilate; injure lastingly; disable; cripple; Ex. maimed for life

mangle	tear or cut to pieces; mutilate or disfigure; Ex. badly mangled bodies

maladroit	clumsy; not skillful; awkward; bungling

malady	illness

malaise	uneasiness; vague feeling of ill health (without any particular pain or appearance of disease)

malapropism	comic misuse of a word; CF. Mrs. Malaprop

malapropos	inappropriate; ADV.

malcontent	person dissatisfied with existing state of affairs; discontented person; ADJ: discontented

malediction	curse

malefactor	evildoer; criminal

maleficient	doing evil; N. maleficience

malevolent	wishing evil; exhibiting ill will; N. malevolence

malfeasance	wrongdoing; misconduct (by a public official)

malicious	hateful; spiteful; expressing malice; N. malice: desire to harm others; spite

malign	speak evil of; bad-mouth(criticize spitefully); defame; ADJ: harmful; Ex. malign influence

malignant	tending to cause death; highly injurious; aggressively malevolent; Ex. malignant tumor

malingerer	one who feigns illness to escape duty; V. malinger: feign illness to avoid work

malleable	(of a metal) capable of being shaped by pounding(beating); pliable; (of someone) impressionable(easily influenced); easily controlled; tractable

malodorous	foul-smelling

compost	mixture of decaying organic matter used as fertilizer; V: put or make compost

mammal	vertebrate animal whose female suckles its young

vertebrate	having a backbone or spinal column; N: group of animals having a segmented spinal column

suckle	give or take milk at the breast or udder

nurse	suckle; take care of (as a nurse); bear in mind; Ex. nursing mother; Ex. nurse a hope/grudge against someone

mammoth	gigantic; enormous

manacle	restrain; handcuff; N.

mandate	order; charge; authoritative command; power to govern another country; power to given to a government; region under administration; V: give a mandate to; place under a mandate; Ex. mandated territory

mandatory	obligatory; compulsory; of a mandate

mangy	shabby; wretched; suffering from mange; of bad appearance

mange	skin disease (esp. of domestic animals) marked by loss of hair

maniacal	raging mad; insane; N. maniac: insane person; CF. mania: disorder of the mind; intense enthusiasm

manifest	evident; visible; obvious; V: show plainly

manifestation	outward demonstration; manifesting; indication of the presence of something; Ex. manifestation of his pronounced musical bent

pronounced	distinct; very noticeable; Ex. pronounced limp

manifesto	public declaration of principles; statement of policy

manifold	many in number or kind; numerous; varied

manipulate	operate with one's hands; control or play upon (people, forces, etc.) artfully; maneuver; Ex. how to manipulate publicity and men; ADJ. manipulative

mannered	affected; not natural; Ex. mannered way of speech

mannerism	distinctive behavioral trait; affected style in art (according to a set of styles)

manumit	emancipate; free from slavery or bondage

marital	pertaining to marriage

maritime	bordering on(adjacent to) the sea; nautical; of the ships or the sea; Ex. Maritime Provinces

marked	noticeable; targeted for vengeance or attack; Ex. marked improvement/man

marred	damaged; disfigured; V. mar: spoil; disfigure

marshal	put in order; guide ceremoniously to the correct place; Ex. marshal the children into the museum; N: military officer; official

enlist	(cause to) join the armed forces; obtain (help, sympathy, or support)

marsupial	one of a family of mammals that nurse their offspring in a pouch(pocket of skin or leather); CF. kangaroo, opossum, wombat

martial	warlike; of war; Ex. martial art/law

cadet	student at a military school

martinet	strict disciplinarian; person who demands total obedience to rules and orders; CF. Jean Martinet

martyr	one who voluntarily suffers death for his or her religion or cause; great sufferer; Ex. martyr to his rheumatism

masochist	person who enjoys his own pain; CF. masochism

masticate	chew

materialism	preoccupation with physical comforts and things; excessive regard for worldly concerns (rather than spiritual matters)

maternal	motherly; N. maternity: motherhood

matriarch	woman who rules a family or larger social group

matriculate	enroll (in college or graduate school); CF. matrix

matrix	point of origin; array of numbers or algebraic symbols; mold or die; Ex. the matrix of Western civilization

maudlin	effusively sentimental

sentimental	swayed by sentiment; appealing to the sentiments

maul	handle roughly; batter; injure by beating; Ex. mauled by his overexcited fans; N: heavy long-handled hammer

Barron's word list 30

mausoleum	monumental tomb; large stately tomb; CF. Mausolos

mauve	pale purple

maverick	rebel; nonconformist (in a group)

mawkish	mushy(sentimental) and gushy; icky-sticky sentimental; excessively and objectionably sentimental

maxim	proverb; truth pithily stated

mayhem	injury to body; crime of willfully maiming or crippling a person; violent disorder; Ex. mayhem in the zoo; CF. maim

meager	scanty; inadequate

mealymouthed	indirect in speech (when something unpleasant must be said); hypocritical; evasive

meander	wind or turn in its course; follow a winding or turning course; move aimlessly and idly

meddlesome	interfering; V. meddle: interfere

mediate	settle a dispute through the services of an outsider; act as an intermediary; produce by mediating; Ex. mediate a cease-fire

intermediary	intermediate; acting as a mediator; N: mediator; go-between

mediocre	ordinary; commonplace; neither good nor bad

meditation	reflection; thought; V. meditate

medium	element that is a creature's natural environment; nutrient setting in which microorganisms are cultivated; appropriate occupation or means of expression; channel of communication; compromise; middle position between extremes; intervening substance through which something else is transmitted

medley	mixture

meek	submissive; patient and long-suffering

suitor	man who is courting a woman

megalomania	mania for doing grandiose things; mental disorder characterized by delusions of wealth, power, or importance

melancholy	gloomy; morose; blue; N. ADJ. melancholic; CF. melancholia

blue	gloomy; depressed

melee	fight

mellifluous	(of words or a voice) sweetly or smoothly flowing; melodious; having a pleasant tune

memento	token; reminder of the past; keepsake; Ex. memento of your visit

memorialize	commemorate

memorial	something, such as a monument or holiday, intended to honor the memory of a person or event; ADJ: commemorative

menagerie	collection of wild animals on exhibition; zoo

mendacious	lying; habitually dishonest; N. mendacity

mendicant	beggar; ADJ: living as a beggar

alms	money or goods given to the poor

menial	suitable for servants; lowly; mean; N: someone who does menial work (esp. servant in a house)

mentor	counselor; teacher

mercantile	concerning trade or merchants

mercenary	motivated solely by money or gain; N.

mercurial	capricious; quick and changing; fickle; containing the element mercury; Ex. mercurial temper; CF. mood

quicksilver	mercury

meretricious	flashy; tawdry; attractive on the surface but of no real value; Ex. metericious argument/jewel; CF. prostitute

vulgar	of the common people; deficient in refinement; not refined; coarse; Ex. vulgar display of wealth; N. vulgarism: vulgarity; crudely indecent word; CF. vulgarian: vulgar person; boor; lout

merger	combination (of two business corporations); act of merging

mesmerize	hypnotize; N. mesmerism; CF. Franz Mesmer

metallurgical	pertaining to the art of removing metals from ores; N. metallurgy: science that deals with extracting metals from ores

metamorphosis	change of form; Ex. metamorphosis of caterpillar to butterfly; V. metamorphose: change by metamorphosis

metaphor	implied comparison; CF. simile

soar	rise or fly high in the air; Ex. The rocket soared into the sky.

metaphysical	pertaining to speculative philosophy; of metaphysics; N. metaphysics: branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality

mete	measure; distribute; administer; Ex. mete out justice/punishment

meteoric	like a meteor; swift; momentarily brilliant; Ex. meteoric rise to fame; N. meteor

methodical	systematic; N. method: systematic method of procedure

meticulous	excessively careful (with great attention to detail); painstaking; scrupulous

metropolis	large city

mettle	courage (to continue bravely in spite of difficulties); spirit; ADJ. mettlesome

miasma	swamp gas; heavy vaporous atmosphere often emanating from decaying matter; pervasive corrupting influence; noxious atmosphere or influence

swamp	wetland; marsh; V: flood; overwhelm; drench in with liquid

microcosm	small representative world; world in miniature; Ex. microcosm of English society

s miniature	small model; small painting; ADJ: small

migrant	changing its habitat; wandering; Ex. migrant birds/workers; N: one that migrates

migratory	wandering; V. migrate: move from one region and settle in another; move periodically from one region to another

milieu	social environment; means of expression; Ex. feel out of one's milieu; Ex. His proper milieu is watercolor.

militant	combative; bellicose; N.

militate	work against; Ex. militate against the chances of promotion; CF. serve as a soldier

militia	army composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers

millennium	thousand-year period (as in the New Testament); hoped-for period of happiness and prosperity

mimicry	imitation

mime	pantomime(act without dialogue); mimicry; mimer; V: mimic; pantomime

minatory	menacing; threatening

mincing	affectedly dainty(delicate); V. mince: cut (esp. meat) into very small pieces; walk with exaggerated primness; walk in an unnatural way, taking little short steps; Ex. The actor minced across the stage; CF. mincemeat; CF. mincer

dainty	delicate; delicately beautiful; fastidious; not easy to please; Ex. dainty movement/dress

exquisite	delicate; very finely made; extremely beautiful; Ex. exquisite piece of jewelry

choice	delicate; of very fine quality

minion	servile dependent; obsequious follower

minuscule(miniscule)	extremely small

minute	extremely small; CF. minutes: official record of the proceedings at a meeting

minutiae	petty or trivial details; CF. minutia

mirage	unreal reflection; optical illusion

mire	entangle; stick in swampy ground; stick or sink in mire; N: bog; deep mud; Ex. sucked deeper into the mire

mirth	merriment; laughter

misadventure	mischance; ill luck; Ex. death by misadventure

misanthrope	one who hates mankind; misanthropist

vile	despicable; unpleasant; disgusting; Ex. vile slander

misapprehension	error; misunderstanding; V. misapprehend

miscellany	mixture of writings on various subjects; collection of various items

miscellaneous	made up of a variety of parts

mischance	ill luck

misconstrue	interpret incorrectly; misinterpret; misjudge

miscreant	wretch; wrongdoer; villain; Ex. kindness to the miscreant; CF. believe

wretch	miserable person; bad or despicable person; ADJ. wretched: miserable; bad; contemptible; vile

misdemeanor	minor crime; misdeed; wrongdoing

misconduct	immoral behavior; bad management; V.

miserly	stingy; mean

misgivings	doubts

mishap	unfortunate accident

misnomer	wrong or improper name; incorrect designation

Barron's word list 31

misogamy	hatred of marriage

misogynist	hater of woman; CF. misogyny

missile	object to be thrown or projected

missive	letter; written statement; CF. sent

mite	very small object or insect-like creature; small coin

mitigate	appease; moderate; make or become less in force or intensity

mnemonic	pertaining to memory; assisting the memory; N: device, such as as formula or rhyme, used as a mnemonic aid

mobile	movable; not fixed; N. mobility

mock	ridicule; deride; imitate often in derision

mode	prevailing style; current fashion; manner; way of doing something; Ex. in the latest mode; Ex. simple mode of life

modicum	limited quantity; small amount; Ex. He does not have a modicum of sense; CF. moderate

modish	fashionable; conforming to the current fashion

modulate	tone down in intensity; change the intensity or tone of; regulate; change from one musical key to another; Ex. modulate from E to G

mogul	powerful person; Ex. oil moguls; CF. Mogol, Moghul; CF. Mongolian

molecule	the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance

mollify	soothe an angry person

mollycoddle	pamper; coddle; baby; indulge excessively

molt(moult)	periodically shed or cast off hairs or feathers (for replacement by a new growth)

molten	melted; Ex. molten lava

momentous	very important; N. moment; CF. momentary

momentum	quantity of motion of a moving body; impetus; moving force

monarchy	government under a single ruler

monastic	related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns

monetary	pertaining to money

monochromatic	having only one color

monochrome	painting in only one color; ADJ.

monogram	design composed of one or more initials of a name; V.

monograph	scholarly article

monolithic	solidly uniform; unchangeable; unyielding; N. monolith: large block of stone

monotheism	belief in one God

monotony	sameness leading to boredom; monotonousness; ADJ. monotonous; CF. monotone

monumental	massive; impressively large; built as a monument

moodiness	fits of depression or gloom; ADJ. moody: given to changeable moods; subject to periods of depression; gloomy CF. mood:	state of mind or emotion

moratorium	legal delay of payment or action; Ex. declare moratorium on the building of new houses

morbid	given to unwholesome or unhealthy thought; moody; characteristic of disease; Ex. morbid curiosity; N. morbidity; CF. disease

mordant	biting; sarcastic; stinging; (apprec.) incisive; cutting; Ex. mordant pen/wit

mores	conventions; moral standards; moral customs

moribund	dying; at the point of death; CF. death

morose	ill-humored; sullen; sullenly melancholy

mortician	undertaker; CF. death

undertaker	funeral director; one whose business is to arrange burials

mortify	humiliate by embarassing excessively; shame; punish the flesh; discipline (one's body) by self-denial; Ex. mortified by her blunder; Ex. mortify the flesh; CF. cause to die

mosaic	picture made of small colorful inlaid tiles; ADJ.

mote	small speck (esp. of dust)

speck	small piece or mark; Ex. speck of dust in the eye

motif	theme; recurrent thematic element in a musical or literary work; single or repeated pattern; figure

motility	ability to move spontaneously; ADJ. motile: moving spontaneously

motley	multi-colored (as of a garment worn by a jester); mixed; heterogeneous; CF. jester: one who jests (as a paid fool at medieval courts)

motto	brief statement used to express a principle

mottled	blotched in coloring; spotted; Ex. mottled face; V. mottle: mark with blotches of different colors

blotch	spot; blot; CF. blot+botch

blemish	mar; spoil the beauty or perfection of; N: flaw or defect (that spoils perfection); Ex. blemishes in the crystal; CF. unblemished

mountebank	charlatan; boastful pretender

peddle	travel about selling (wares); CF. foot

muddle	confuse; mix up confusedly; N: state of confusion

muggy	(of weather) warm and damp

mulct	defraud a person of something; swindle; Ex. mulct the boy of his legacy

multifarious	varied; greatly diversified; Ex. multifarious activities

multiform	having many forms

multilingual	having many languages; fluent in several languages

multiplicity	state of being numerous or multiple; large number; Ex. multiplicity of details; ADJ. multiple: of more than one element

mundane	worldly as opposed to spiritual; everyday; of the ordinary; Ex. mundane existence; CF. world

munificent	very generous in giving; Ex. munificent benefactor; N. munificience

mural	wall painting

murky	dark and gloomy; thick with fog; vague; Ex. murky night/fog; N. murk: partial or complete darkness; gloom

muse	ponder at length; N: source of inspiration (esp. of a poet)

musky	having the odor of musk; N. musk: odorous substance secreted by an Asian deer

muster	gather; assemble (troops); Ex. muster up one's strength for the ordeal; N.

musty	stale (in odor or taste); spoiled by age; CF. moist

mutablility	ability to change in form; fickleness; ADJ. mutable: able to change; fickle; CF. mutate; CF. mutant

muted	silent; muffled; toned down; Ex. muted traffic noise

mute	silent; without speech; not pronounced; unable to speak; N: one who is incapable of speech; V: soften the sound, color, shade of

mutilate	maim; injure lastingly; deprive of a limb or an essential part

mutinous	unruly; rebellious; Ex. mutinous teenagers; N. mutiny: open rebellion; CF. mutineer

myopic	nearsighted; lacking foresight; N. myopia

myriad	very large number; ADJ. CF. ten thousand

nadir	lowest point; point on the celestial sphere diametrically opposite the zenith

naivet\'e(naivety)	quality of being unsophisticated; simplicity; artlessness; gullibility; ADJ. naive(na\"ive): ingenuous; lacking worldliness; simple; credulous

narcissist	conceited person; N. narcissism; CF. narcissus

narrative	related to telling a story; N: narrated account; story; V. narrate: tell (a story); CF. narration

nascent	incipient; coming into being or existence; Ex. nascent ability in music

Barron's word list 32

natation	swimming

natty	neatly or smartly dressed; dapper; smart; Ex. natty dresser

smart	intelligent; quick and energetic; fashionable; Ex. smart pace/restaurant; V: cause or feel a sharp pain; N: smarting pain

nauseate	cause to become sick; fill with disgust; fill nausea

nausea	feeling of sickness and desire to vomit; disgust; CF. seasickness

nauseous	causing nausea; feeling nausea

nautical	pertaining to ships or navigation

navigable	(of a body of water) wide and deep enough to allow ships to pass through; (of a ship or aircraft) able to be steered

nebulous	vague; hazy; cloudy; of a nebula; Ex. nebulous proposal

nebula	diffuse mass of interstellar dust or gas; galaxy

necromancy	black magic; sorcery; dealings with the dead; art that professes to communicate with the spirits of the dead so as to predict the future; CF. necromancer; CF. necro+divination; CF. necro-: death; Ex. necropolis

nefarious	very wicked

negate	cancel out; nullify; cause to have no effect; deny; N. negation

negligence	neglect; failure to take reasonable care; ADJ. negligent: neglectful; lax; not taking enough care

negligible	so small, trifling, or unimportant as to be easily disregarded

nemesis	someone seeking revenge; source of downfall or ruin; CF. Nemesis

neologism	new or newly coined word or phrase

neophyte	recent convert; new member of a religious group; beginner; CF. plant

nepotism	favoritism (to a relative); CF. nephew

favoritism	display of partiality toward a favored person

nether	lower; Ex. nether garments/regions

nettle	irritate; annoy; vex; ADJ. nettlesome

nexus	connection

nib	beak(bill); pen point

nicety	precision; accuracy; minute distinction or difference; Ex. to a nicety: exactly; precisely; Ex. distinguish between niceties

niggardly	meanly stingy; parsimonious; N. niggard: stingy person

niggle	spend too much time on minor points (esp. when finding fault); find fault; Ex. niggle over details; ADJ. niggling

nihilist	one who considers traditional beliefs to be groundless and existence meaningless; absolute skeptic; revolutionary terrorist; CF. nihilism: belief that nothing has meaning or value; belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement

nip	snip off; stop something's growth or development; bite; make numb with cold; Ex. nip the plan; Ex. A guard dog nipped the postman; Ex. fingers nipped by the extreme chill

snip	short quick cut with scissors; V: cut with scissors

pinch	squeeze between the thumb and a finger, or other edges; Ex. I had to pinch myself to make sure I wasn't dreaming. N: amount that can be held between the thumb and a finger

nirvana	in Buddhist teachings, the ideal state in which the individual loses himself in the attainment of an impersonal beatitude

impersonal	not being a person; not showing personal feelings; Ex. impersonal force/manner/organization

nocturnal	done or active at night; Ex. nocturnal animals/raids; CF. nocturne

noisome	foul smelling; very unpleasant; unwholesome

nomadic	wandering; N. nomad: tribe who migrates from place to place

nomenclature	terminology(system of specialized words); system of names or naming things

nominal	in name only; of a name; trifling; (of a sum of money) very small; CF. nominate: propose as a candidate; appoint

nonchalance	indifference; lack of concern; composure; ADJ. nonchalant: unconcerned; cool; indifferent; Ex. nonchalant attitude to his debts

noncommittal	neutral; refusing commitment to a particular opinion;  unpledged; undecided

nondescript	undistinctive; ordinary; ordinary-looking; Ex. nondescript fellow in a crowd

nonentity	person of no importance; nonexistence

nonplus	put at a loss; bring to a halt by confusion; perplex; CF. no more

nostalgia	homesickness; longing for the past; Ex. nostalgia for the clothes of 1920s; ADJ. nostalgic

nostrum	questionable medicine; quack medicine; CF. our (remedy)

notable	conspicuous; worthy of note; remarkable; important; distinguished; noted

notoriety	disrepute; ill fame

nova	star that suddenly becomes much brighter and then returns to its original brightness

novelty	something new; newness; ADJ. novel: new; original

novice	beginner

noxious	harmful; CF. obnoxious

nuance	shade of slight difference in meaning or color; subtle distinction

shade	slight difference in degree; nuance; degree of color; Ex. shades of meaning/grey

gradation	series of gradual stages; degree in such a progression

nubile	marriageable; of marriageable age; CF. connubial

nugatory	worthless; futile

nullify	make invalid; make null; invalidate

numismatist	person who collects coins; N. numismatics: study or collection of money, coins, and medals

nuptial	related to marriage or the wedding ceremony; N. nuptials: wedding ceremony

nurture	nourish; feed; educate; rear; care for while it is growing or developing; foster; cultivate; N: something that nourishes; rearing

nutrient	nourishing substance; ADJ: providing nourishment

nutrition	process of nourishing or being nourished; CF. malnutrition

nutritious	providing nourishment

nourish	provide with food necessary for life and growth

nourishment	something that nourishes; food

oaf	stupid awkward person; CF. elf

obdurate	stubborn; refusing to change one's belief

obeisance	bow (to show respect and obedience)

obelisk	tall column tapering(becoming gradually narrower toward the end) and ending in a pyramid

obese	excessively fat; N. obesity

obfuscate	confuse; muddle; cause confusion; make needlessly complex; make so confused as to be difficult to understand

obituary	death notice (esp. in a newspaper); ADJ.

objective	not influenced by emotions; fair; N: goal; aim

obligatory	binding; required; compulsory; V. oblige: constrain; make grateful; do a favor; accommodate

oblique	indirect; slanting (deviating from the perpendicular or from a straight line); Ex. oblique reference

obliterate	destroy completely; wipe out; Ex. obliterate the village

oblivion	obscurity; condition of being completely forgotten; forgetfulness

oblivious	inattentive or unmindful; unaware; wholly absorbed; forgetful(having the habit of forgetting)

obloquy	slander; disgrace; infamy

obnoxious	offensive; disagreeable; Ex. obnoxious smell

obscure	dark; vague; unclear; not well known; Ex. obscure meaning/village; V: darken; cover; make unclear; Ex. obscure the moon/meaning

obsequious	slavishly attentive; servile; full of servile compliance; sycophantic

slavish	of or like a slave; servile; showing no originality; copied very closely; Ex. slavish devotion/copy of the original

obsequy	funeral ceremony

obsessive	related to thinking about something constantly; of an obsession; preoccupying; N. obsession: compulsive preoccupation with a fixed idea; compulsive idea; V. obsess: preoccupy the mind of excessively

obsidian	black volcanic rock

scion	detached plant shoot used in grafting; descendant

Barron's word list 33

obsolete	outmoded; no longer used

obstetrician	physician specializing in delivery(assisting in giving birth) of babies; N. obstetrics; CF. midwife

obstinate	stubborn; hard to control or treat; Ex. obstinate cough; N. obstinacy

obstreperous	boisterous; noisy and uncontrollable

obtrude	push (oneself or one's ideas) forward or intrude; impose (oneself or one's ideas) on others; butt in; stick out or extrude; thrust out; Ex. obtrude A on B; ADJ. obtrusive; N. obtrusion; CF. unobtrusive

obtuse	blunt; not sharp; stupid; slow in understanding

obviate	make unnecessary; get rid of; Ex. obviate the need

Occident	the West

occlude	shut; close; obstruct; Ex. A blood clot occluded an artery.

occult	mysterious; secret; supernatural; beyond human comprehension; CF. mysterious to human ?; OP. bare

oculist	physician who specializes in treatment of the eyes

odious	arousing strong dislike; hateful(causing hatred); vile

odium	detestation; quality of being odious; hatefulness; disrepute (resulting from hateful conduct)

odoriferous	giving off an odor

odorous	having an odor

odyssey	long, eventful, adventurous journey

offensive	attacking; insulting; distasteful; V. offend: violate; hurt the feelings of; N. offense: offending; violating of a moral or social code; crime; attack; Ex. first offense

offhand	casual; done without prior thought or preparation

officious	meddlesome; excessively pushy in offering one's services; overly eager in offering unwanted services or advices; Ex. officious bellboy

pushy	disagreeably aggressive

ogle	look at amorously; make eyes at; Ex. old men ogling young girls

olfactory	concerning the sense of smell

oligarchy	government by a privileged few

ominous	threatening; of an evil omen

threat	sign or warning (of coming danger); Ex. threat of rain; V: express a threat; give warning of (something bad); Ex. The cloud threatens rain.

omnipotent	all-powerful; having unlimited power

omnipresent	universally present; ubiquitous

omniscient	all-knowing

omnivorous	eating both plant and animal food; devouring everything

onerous	burdensome

onomatopoeia	words formed in imitation of natural sounds

rustle	make slight sounds like silk moving or being rubbed together

onslaught	vicious assault; fierce attack; Ex. unexpected onslaught of the enemy

slaughter	killing of animals for food; massacre; V: butcher (animals) for food; kill in large numbers

onus	burden; responsibility

spare	give; use; refrain from harming; save from experiencing; exempt; Ex. spare me 5 minutes; Ex. Take this money and spare my life; Ex. The emperor was spared the onus; ADJ: kept in reserve; free for other use; unoccupied; Ex. spare time

opalescent	iridescent; lustrous; like an opal; N. opalescence

opaque	dark; not transparent; N. opacity

opiate	medicine to induce sleep or deaden pain; something that relieves emotions or causes inaction; sleep-producing drug containing opium

opportune	timely; well-chosen

opportunist	individual who sacrifices principles for expediency by taking advantage of circumstances; N. opportunism

opprobrium	infamy; disgrace arising from shameful conduct; vilification(slander); scorn; contempt; Ex. opprobrium hurled against him; ADJ. opprobrious: expressing contempt; shameful or infamous

optician	maker and seller of eyeglasses

optimist	person who looks on the bright side; N. optimism

optimum	most favorable; optimal; N: most favorable condition

optional	not compulsory; left to one's choice; N. option: act of choosing; choice; freedom or power to choose; something available as a choice; Ex. have no option; Ex. two options

optometrist	one who fits glasses to remedy visual defects

opulence	extreme wealth; luxuriousness; abundance; ADJ. opulent: possessing great wealth; abundant

opus	work (esp. musical composition); Ex. magnum opus: masterpiece; CF. opera

oracular	of an oracle; prophetic; uttered as if with divine authority; mysterious or ambiguous; hard to understand; N. oracle: wiser person; prophecy made by an oracle

orator	public speaker

oratorio	dramatic poem set to music; long musical work with singing but without acting; CF. cantata

ordain	decree or command; grant holy orders; predestine; install as a minister, priest, or rabbi; N. ordainment; CF. ordination

ordeal	severe trial or affliction; difficult experience; trial(test of patience or endurance); affliction

ordinance	decree; authoritative order

ordination	ceremony conferring holy orders; ceremony of ordaining a priest

orgy	wild drunken revelry; unrestrained indulgence in an activity; Ex. orgy of shopping

orient	get one's bearings; adjust; make familiar with a situation; orientate

orientation	act of finding oneself in society; orienting

orifice	mouthlike opening; small opening (esp. to a cavern or passage of the body); CF. mouth

ornate	excessively or elaborately decorated

ornithologist	scientific student of birds; N. ornithology: scientific study of birds

orthodox	traditional; (of someone) conservative in belief; adhering to an established doctrine

orthography	correct spelling; CF. ortho-: straight; correct; Ex. orthodontics

oscillate	vibrate pendulumlike; waver

osseous	made of bone; bony

ossify	change or harden into bone; become hard and unchanging in one's ideas

ostensible	apparent; appearing as such; professed(pretended); pretended; Ex. ostensible purpose of the expedition

apparent	evident; easily seen or understood; appearing as such; Ex. apparent improvement

ostentatious	showy; trying to attract attention; pretentious; N. ostentation: showy display

ostracize	banish from a group; exclude from public favor; ban; Ex. His friends ostracized him. N. ostracism

blackball	vote against (an applicant); ostracize; N: negative vote

oust	expel; drive out; force out; N. ouster: ousting

outlandish	bizzare; peculiar; unconventional

outmoded	no longer in fashion or use; no longer stylish; old-fashioned

outskirts	fringes; outer borders (as of a city); Ex. outskirts of Boston

outspoken	candid; blunt

blunt	having a dull edge; abrupt and frank in speech or manner; brusque; V: make or become blunt

outstrip	outrun; surpass; outdo

outwit	outsmart; defeat by behaving more cleverly

n ovation	enthusiastic applause

overbearing	bossy; domineering and arrogant; decisively important; Ex. overbearing manner/importance; V. overbear: dominate

overt	open to view; public; not secret; CF. covert

overweening	arrogant; presumptuous

Barron's word list 34

overwrought	nervous or excited; extremely agitated; hysterical; wrought-up; CF. wrought: made or done

hysteria	excessive or uncontrollable excitement; N. hysteric: person suffering from hysteria; CF. hysterics: attack of hysteria

ovoid	egg-shaped; CF. ovum; CF. ovulate

pachyderm	thick-skinned animal

pacifist	one opposed to force; antimilitarist; ADJ. N. pacifism: opposition to war as a means of resolving disputes

pacify	soothe; make calm or quiet; subdue; bring peace to

paean	song of praise or joy; Ex. paeans celebrating the victory

painstaking	taking pains; showing hard work; taking great care; very careful and through

palatable	agreeable; pleasing to the taste

palate	roof of the mouth; sense of the taste

palatial	of or suitable for a palace; magnificent

paleontology	study of prehistoric life or fossils; CF. paleo-: ancient or prehistoric; Ex. paleography: study of ancient written documents

palette	board on which painter mixes pigments(coloring matters)

palimpsest	parchment or piece of writing material used for second time after original writing has been erased

parchment	writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat

pall	become boring; grow tiresome

pallet	small poor bed; Ex. straw pallet

palliate	ease pain (without curing); make less severe or offensive (a crime or illness)

pallid	pale; wan; Ex. pallid complexion

palpable	tangible; (of something bad) easily perceptible; obvious; Ex. palpable blunder

palpitate	throb; beat rapidly; flutter; tremble; Ex. Her heart began to palpitate.

throb	(of a heart or machine) beat rapidly or violently; N. Ex. hearthrob: heartbeat; sweetheart

paltry	insignificant; petty; trifling; contemptible; Ex. paltry sum; CF. trash

pan	criticize harshly

panacea	cure-all; remedy for all diseases

panache	flair; manner of doing things without any difficulty (causing admiration); flamboyance; bunch of feathers (on a helmet); Ex. with great panache; CF. ? ??? ?? ??? ??

pandemic	widespread; affecting the majority of people; N: pandemic disease; CF. all people

pandemonium	wild tumult(commotion); wild noisy disorder; CF. Paradise Lost

pander	cater to (the low desires of others)

cater	provide food and drink (for); cater to: try to satisfy (desires of a bad kind)

panegyric	formal praise; encomium; Ex. I don't deserve such panegyrics.

panoramic	denoting an unobstructed and comprehensive view; N. panorama: unbroken view of a wide area

pantomime	acting without dialogue; V.

papyrus	ancient paper made from stem of papyrus plant

parable	short simple story teaching a moral

paradigm	model; example that serves as a model; pattern; list of all the inflectional forms of a word

paradox	something apparently contradictory in nature (that may nonetheless be true); statement that looks false but is actually correct

paragon	model of perfection; Ex. paragon of virtue

parallelism	state of being parallel; similarity; analogy

parallel	similar; analogous; corresponding; N: parallel line; person or thing that is parallel (to another); similarity; Ex. know of no parallel to the case; Ex. without parallel; V: be similar to; make parallel; Ex. Your experience parallels mine; CF. unparalleled

parameter	limit; independent variable; Ex. parameters of the problem; Ex. within the parameters of the budget

paramount	foremost in importance; supreme; CF. para-: beyond; above; Ex. paranormal

paramour	illicit lover

inamorata	woman whom a man loves

paranoia	psychosis marked by delusions of grandeur or persecution; N: ADJ: paranoid, paranoiac

paraphernalia	equipment; odds and ends used in a particular activity; personal belongings; Ex. photographic paraphernalia; CF. married woman's property exclusive of her dowry

dowry	money or property brought by a bride to her husband at marriage

paraphrase	restate a passage in one's own words while retaining thought of author; N: restatement of a text in other words

parasite	animal or plant living on another; toady; sycophant; CF. para-: beside

infest	inhabit in numbers large enough to be harmful; Ex. Mice infested the house; Ex. shark-infested waters

parched	extremely dry; very thirsty; V. parch: make or become extremely dry (by exposure to heat)

pariah	social outcast; Ex. Mariah the pariah

outcast	one that has been excluded from a society; ADJ.

parity	equality; close resemblance; CF. disparate

parlance	language; manner of speaking; idiom; Ex. in legal/common parlance

parley	conference (between opponents); CF. speak

parochial	narrow in scope or outlook; provincial; related to parishes

parish	area in the care of a single priest and served by one main church

outlook	point of view; view from a particular place; expectation for the future; prospect; Ex. outlook on life; Ex. pleasing outlook; Ex. weather outlook

parody	humorous imitation; spoof; takeoff; travesty; V.

spoof	parody

takeoff	burlesque; act of leaving the ground

paroxysm	fit or attack of pain, laughter, rage; sudden outburst

parquet	floor made of wood strips inlaid in a mosaic like matter; CF. strip: long narrow piece

parry	ward off a blow; deflect; Ex. He parried the unwelcome question very skillfully; N. CF. ???? ??? ??

ward	administrative division of a city; division in a hospital or prison; incompetent person placed under the protection of a guardian; V: guard; ward off: avert

parsimony	stinginess; excessive frugality; ADJ. parsimonious

partial	incomplete; favoring one side over another; having a liking for something

partiality	state of being partial; inclination; favorable bias; special fondness; preference

partisan	one-sided; prejudiced; committed to a party (with dislike of any others); N: strong supporter of a party; guerrilla

parvenu	upstart; newly rich person

partition	divide into parts

pass\'e	old-fashioned; past the prime

passive	not active; acted upon; receiving an action without acting in return; accepting without resistance

pastiche	imitation of another's style in musical composition or in writing; work of art openly imitating the works of other artists

pastoral	rural; of rural life; idyllic; of a pastor

patent	obvious; easily seen; open for the public to read; of or protected by a patent; Ex. patent to everyone; N.

pathetic	causing sadness, compassion, pity; touching

touching	causing a feeling of pity or sympathy; pathetic; V. touch: cause to feel pity or sympathy; ADJ. touched

pathological	pertaining to disease; N. pathology: study of disease

pathos	tender sorrow; pity; quality in art or literature that produces these feelings; Ex. pathos that runs through the novel

patina	green crust on old bronze works or copper; tone slowly taken by varnished painting

varnish	paint used to coat a surface with a glossy film; glossy coating produced by using this substance; Ex. nail varnish; V.

patois	local or provincial dialect

patriarch	father and ruler of a family or tribe

patrician	noble; aristocratic; N: person of high rank; aristocrat; CF. member of the governing classes in ancient Rome; CF. plebian

patronize	support; act superior toward; treat in a condescending manner; be a customer of; N. patron: one that supports; regular customer; N. patronage; CF. boycott

paucity	scarcity; dearth

pauper	very poor person

peccadillo	slight offense or fault; CF. sin

swipe	hit with a sweeping motion; N.

Barron's word list 35

pecuniary	pertaining to money

pedagogue	teacher; CF. child leader

pedagogy	teaching; art of education

pedant	scholar who overemphasizes book learning, trivial details of learning, or technicalities

pedantic	bookish; showing off learning; marked by an excessive ostentatious concern for book learning; N. pedantry

bookish	fond of books and reading

studious	given to diligent study

pedestrian	ordinary; dull; unimaginative(lacking in imagination); going on foot; Ex. pedestrian prose; N.

precinct	division of a city for election or police purposes; precincts: space that surrounds a building; Ex. precincts of the college

pedigree	ancestry; lineage

pediatrician	physician specializing in children's diseases; N. pediatrics

peerless	having no equal; incomparable

peer	one who has equal standing with another; nobleman; V: look intently; N. peerage; CF. peeress

pejorative	(of a word or phrase) suggesting that someone is of little value; negative in connotation; having a belittling effect; Ex. Many women now considers ``housewife'' a pejorative expression, because it patronized them.

pell-mell	in confusion; disorderly; Ex. dash pell-mell

pellucid	transparent; limpid(crystal clear); clear in meaning; easy to understand

penance	self-imposed punishment for sin; Ex. do penance for one's sins; CF. penitent

penchant	strong inclination; strong liking (esp. for something that is disapproved of by other people); Ex. penchant for fast cars

pendant(pendent)	hanging down from something; pending; N: ornament (hanging from a necklace etc.)

pending	not yet decided or settled; impending; Ex. pending decision; PREP. while awaiting; until; Ex. delay the decision pending his return

pendulous	hanging; suspended

suspend	cause to stop for a period; interrupt; hold in abeyance; defer; hang from above; exclude for a period from a position; Ex. suspended state; Ex. suspend judgment; Ex. suspended from the team; N. suspension

suspense	state of being undecided; anxiety or apprehension resulting from uncertainty

penitent	repentant; N.

pensive	dreamily or deeply thoughtful; sadly thoughtful; thoughtful with a hint of sadness; contemplative; CF. think over

penumbra	partial shadow (in an eclipse); CF. almost shadow

penury	extreme poverty; stinginess; ADJ. penurious: very poor; stingy

peon	landless agricultural worker; bond servant; menial worker; N. peonage

perceptive	insightful; showing a good ability at perceiving and understanding; aware; wise; of perception

percussion	striking one object against another sharply; Ex. percussion instrument; N: striking together of two bodies; sound caused by percussion

perdition	damnation; complete ruin; hell

damn	condemn; criticize severely; condemn to everlasting punishment; doom; bring to ruin; N. damnation

doom	condemnation to a severe penalty; ruin; fate (esp. a tragic or ruinous one); V.

peregrination	journey; V. peregrinate

peremptory	demanding and leaving no choice; imperative; Ex. peremptory decree/knock

perennial	something long-lasting; perennial plant; ADJ: lasting through the year or many years; lasting for a long time; enduring

perfidious	treacherous; disloyal; N. perfidy: treachery

perforate	pierce; put a hole through

perfunctory	done routinely and with little care; superficial; not thorough; lacking interest, care, or enthusiasm; Ex. perfunctory kiss

perigee	point of moon's orbit when it is nearest the earth; CF. apogee

perimeter	outer boundary; length of the outer boundary; circumference

bound	leap or spring; limit or confine; constitute the limit of; Ex. bounded by Canada; N: leap or jumping; boundary; ADJ: certain; having a duty to do something (legally or morally); confined by bonds; Ex. We are bound to be late; Ex. I am bound to say my opinion; CF. bounce, rebound

peripatetic	walking about from place to place (to work); moving; Ex. peripatetic school of philosophy

peripheral	of a periphery; marginal; outer; of minor importance; not central; Ex. peripheral nerve/interest

periphery	outside edge especially of a round surface; perimeter; Ex. periphery of the town

perjury	false testimony while under oath; V. perjure oneself: testify falsely under oath

permeable	that can be permeated; penetrable; porous; allowing liquids or gas to pass through; V. permeate: spread or flow throughout; charge

pernicious	very harmful; deadly; very destructive; Ex. pernicious effect/anemia

peroration	conclusion of an oration; perorating; V. perorate: conclude a speech; speak at great length

perpetrate	commit an offense; do (something wrong)

perpetual	everlasting

perpetuate	make perpetual; make something last for a long time; preserve from extinction; N. perpetuity

perquisite(perk)	any gain above stipulated salary; Ex. perquisites such as free meals and a car

personable	attractive (in personality or appearance)

perspicacious	(of someone) having insight; penetrating; astute

perspicuity	clearness of expression; freedom from ambiguity

perspicuous	(of something) plainly expressed; easy to understand; Ex. perspicuous comments

pert	(esp. of a girl or young woman) impertinent; forward; trim; jaunty; Ex. pert young miss/hat

forward	presumptuous or bold

pertinacious	holding tenaciously to an action; stubborn; persistent

pertinent	suitable; to the point; relevant

perturb	disturb greatly

peruse	read through with care; N. perusal

pervasive	spread throughout; V. pervade: (of smells, ideas, feelings) spread throughout; charge; permeate

perverse	purposely continuing to do something wrong; stubbornly wrongheaded; perverted; directed away from what is right; wicked and unacceptable; Ex. perverse satisfaction; Ex. Hannibal Lecter in a perverse mood; N. perversity

perversion	corruption; turning from right to wrong

pervert	corrupt; turn from right to wrong; misuse; Ex. perverted sexual desire/scientific knowledge; N: person whose sexual behavior is not natural

wrongheaded	stubbornly wrong

pessimism	belief that life is basically bad or evil; gloominess; tendency to take the gloomiest possible view of a situation; ADJ. pessimistic

pestilential(pestilent)	causing plague; tending to cause death; baneful; N. pestilence: fatal epidemic disease (esp. bubonic plague)

pestle	tool for mashing or grinding substances in a hard bowl or mortar

mortar	vessel in which substances are crushed with a pestle

mash	crush into mash; convert into mash; N: mixture of ground grain and nutrients fed to livestock and fowl

petrify	turn to stone; cause to become stonelike; stun or paralyze

petty	trivial; unimportant; very small; small-minded; petty-minded

petulant	touchy; peevish; ill-tempered

phalanx	formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense)

pharisaical	pertaining to the Pharisees, who paid scrupulous attention to tradition; self-righteous; hypocritical

pharisee	Pharisee: member of an ancient Jewish group that emphasized strict observance of the Mosaic law (considering themselves very holy); hypocritical self-righteous person

self-righteous	sure of one's own righteousness; moralistic

phenomena	observable facts; subjects of scientific investigation; SG. phenomenon: observable fact; very unusual person, thing, or event; marvel; wonder; CF. phenomenons; ADJ. phenomenal: very unusual; extraordinary; of a phenomenon; Ex. phenomenal strength

philanderer	faithless lover; flirt

Barron's word list 36

philanthropist	lover of mankind; doer of good; N. philanthropy

philatelist	stamp-collector; N. philately: stamp collecting

philistine	narrow-minded person, uncultured and exclusively interested in material gain; uncultured person who is indifferent to artistic and cultural values; member of an ancient people in Palestine; OP. aesthete

philology	study of language or words

phlegmatic	calm and unexcitable; not easily disturbed; CF. phlegm: sticky mucus produced in the respiratory tract

phobia	morbid fear

phoenix	symbol of immortality or rebirth; Ex. phoenix rising from its ashes

phylum	major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division

physiognomy	face (as showing the character and the mind); art of judging human character from facial features

physiological	pertaining to the science of the function of living organisms; N. physiology

piebald	of different colors; mottled; spotted in different colors (esp. in black and white); Ex. piebald horse; CF. pie+bald

piecemeal	one part at a time; gradually; in stages; Ex. read a novel piecemeal

pied	piebald; variegated(many-colored); multicolored

piety	devoutness; reverence for God; ADJ. pious

pigment	coloring matter (usually powder to be mixed with water or oil)

pillage	plunder

pillory	punish by placing in a wooden frame or pillory; subject or expose to criticism and ridicule; N.

pine	long for; yearn; languish from longing or grief; decline

pinion	restrain or immobilize by binding the wings or legs; N: bird's wing

pinnacle	peak; highest point; acme; Ex. pinnacle of fame

pious	devout; religious; N. piety

piquant	pleasantly tart-tasting; spicy; pleasantly stimulating; Ex. piquant situation when my old enemy asked for my help

tart	sharp to the taste; acid-tasting; caustic; sarcastic; Ex. tart apple/reply

sour	having a sharp or acid taste; acid; tart; bad-tempered; V.

pique	irritation; resentment from wounded pride (eg. loss in a contest); V: provoke; arouse; annoy; cause to feel resentment; Ex. pique her curiosity

piscatorial	pertaining to fishing; CF. Pisces

pitfall	hidden danger; concealed trap

beware	be cautious (of)

pith	core or marrow; spongelike substance in the center of stems; essence; substance

marrow	soft fatty tissue that fills most bone cavities and is the source of blood cells

pithy	concise and meaningful; substantial; meaty

pittance	small amount (of money); small allowance or wage

pivotal	of a pivot; central; critical; crucial

placate	pacify; bring peace to; conciliate; appease

placebo	harmless substance prescribed as a dummy pill

tablet	small round piece of medicine; flat piece of stone or metal bearing an inscription; Ex. stone tablet on the wall

placid	peaceful; calm; Ex. placid child/lake

plagiarize	steal another's ideas or writings and pass them off as one's own; Ex. ideas plagiarized from my article; N. plagiarism; CF. kidnap

plaintive	expressing sorrow; mournful; Ex. plaintive song

plait	braid; interwine; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; Ex. plaited hair; N: braided length as of hair o fabric; CF. pigtail, ponytail

plasticity	ability to be molded; ADJ. plastic: capable of being shaped or molded; Ex. plastic material such as clay

platitude	trite remark; commonplace statement; ADJ. platitudinous

commonplace	ordinary; N: something ordinary or common; trite remark

commonwealth	nation governed by the people; republic; people of a nation

platonic	purely spiritual; theoretical; without sensual desire

plaudit	praise; enthusiastic approval; round(succession or series) of applause; ADJ. plauditory; CF. applaud

plausible	conceivably true; having a show of truth but open to doubt; specious

plebeian	common; vulgar; pertaining to the common people; N: common people in ancient Rome; CF. patrician

plebiscite	direct vote by the entire electorate (on an important issue)

referendum	direct vote by all the people

plenary	(of power) complete; full; fully attended by all qualified members; Ex. plenary power

plenitude	abundance; plenty; great amount; completeness; fullness; CF. plenary, plenty

plethora	excess; overabundance; Ex. a plethora of excuses

pliable	flexible; easily influenced; yielding; adaptable

pliant	flexible; easily influenced

plight	difficult condition; condition or state (esp. a bad state or condition); predicament

pluck	courage; V: pull off or out; pull out the hair or feathers of; ADJ. plucky: courageous; brave

plumage	feathers of a bird;

plume	feather, esp. large or showy one; something that rises into the air (like the shape of a feather); Ex. plume of smoke: ?? ??

plumb	exactly vertical; N: weight on the end of a line; V: examine very carefully or critically in order to understand; measure depth (by sounding); Ex. plumb the depth of

plumber	one who installs and repairs pipes and plumbing(pipes)

plummet	fall sharply; fall straight down; Ex. Stock prices plummeted.

plutocracy	society ruled by the wealthy

podiatrist	doctor who treats ailments of the feet; chiropodist; N. podiatrics

podium	pedestal; raised platform

pedestal	support or base as for a pillar or statue

poignancy	quality of being deeply moving; keenness of emotion; ADJ. poignant: touching; deeply moving; (of sorrow, grief, etc.) painful; keenly distressing to the mind; Ex. poignant memory/anxiety; CF. prick

polarize	split into opposite extremes or camps

polarity	state of having two opposite qualities

polar	of a pole; characterized by opposite extremes; Ex. polar opposites

camp	group sharing a common cause or opinion

polemic	attack or defense of an opinion; controversy or refutation; argument in support of point of view; N. polemics: art of debate or controversy

polemical(polemic)	aggressive in verbal attack; disputatious (rather than simply expressing opinions)

politic	prudent; judicious; well judged; expedient; well devised

polity	(particular form of) political organization; form of government of nation or state; Ex. student polity

polygamist	one who has more than one spouse at a time; CF. bigamy; CF. polyandry

polyglot	speaking several languages; multilingual; Ex. polyglot person/society; N.

pomposity	self-important behavior; acting like a stuffed shirt(pompous person); ADJ. pompous: self-important

ponderous	having great weight; weighty; unwieldy; lacking lightness; dull; Ex. ponderous body/style of writing

pontifical	pertaining to a bishop or pope; pompous or pretentious; CF. pontiff: pope; bishop

pore	study industriously; ponder; scrutinize; Ex. pore over the book; N.

orous	full of pores; like a sieve

interstice	narrow space between things

portend	foretell; presage; be a sign or warning of; N. portent: sign; omen; forewarning

soothsayer	one who foretells the future

portly	stout; corpulent

stout	rather fat; strong in body; sturdy; resolute; determined; strong in determination; Ex. stout stick/supporter

poseur	person who pretends to be sophisticated, elegant, etc., to impress others; person who poses; CF. pose

pose	assume a particular posture; put forward; present; affect a particular attitude (to impress others); Ex. pose a threat; N.

posterity	descendants; future generations; Ex. go down to posterity; CF. posterior, anterior

posthumous	after death (as of child born after father's death or book published after author's death); coming or occurring after one's death; Ex. posthumous fame/novel

postmortem	autopsy; ADJ: occurring after death; of a postmortem

postulate	self-evident truth; something assumed without proof; V: assume the truth of (as a basis of an argument)

posture	assume an affected pose; act artificially; N: pose; attitude

potable	suitable for drinking; drinkable

potent	powerful; convincing; persuasive; greatly influential

potentate	monarch; sovereign

potential	expressing possibility; latent; N: capacity for growth

potion	dose (of liquids); liquid dose

potpourri	heterogeneous mixture; medley; mixture of dried flower petals a pot (to give a pleasant smell to a room)

poultice	soothing application applied to sore and inflamed portions of the body

practicable	feasible

practical	based on experience; of or acquired through practice (rather than theory); useful; Ex. practical man

pragmatic	practical (as opposed to idealistic); concerned with practical worth or impact of something; Ex. pragmatic test of the skill

pragmatist	practical person; N. pragmatism: pragmatic way of dealing with things

prance	move about in a spirited manner (proudly and confidently)

prate	talk idly; speak foolishly; boast idly

prattle	talk idly; babble; N. CF. prate

idle	not working; not employed or busy; lazy; without purpose; useless; lacking substance; baseless; not based on truth; Ex. idle worker; Ex. talk idly; V.

preamble	introductory statement

precarious	unsafe; lacking in stability; uncertain; risky; Ex. precarious living

precedent	something preceding in time which may be used as an authority or guide for future action; V. precede; CF. unprecedented

precedent	preceding (in time, rank, etc.)

Barron's word list 37

precept	practical rule guiding conduct; Ex. mother's precept

precipice	cliff; dangerous position; Ex. on the edge of the precipice

brink	edge (at the top of a cliff); Ex. on the brink of the Grand Canyon

precipitant	something that causes a substance in a chemical solution to separate out in solid form; ???; OP. solvent

precipitate	hurl downward; throw headlong; hasten; cause to happen sooner; condense and fall as rain or snow; cause (a solid substance) to be separated from a solution; ADJ. hasty; rash; premature; sudden

precipitous	steep; overhasty; precipitate

pr\'ecis	abstract; concise summing up of main points; concise summary of a text

precise	exact

preclude	make impossible; prevent; exclude; eliminate

precocious	advanced in development; N. precocity

precursor	forerunner; predecessor

predator	predatory animal or bird; predatory person; creature that seizes and devours another animal; person who robs or exploits others; ADJ. predatory: living by preying on other organisms; plundering; N. predation

predecessor	former occupant of a post

predetermine	determine in advance; predestine; settle or decide beforehand; influence markedly

predicament	difficult situation; tricky or dangerous situation; dilemma

predilection	preference; partiality

predispose	give an inclination toward (in advance); make susceptible to; Ex. predispose people to certain cancer; N. predisposition

preeminent	outstanding; superior

preempt	prevent in advance; head off(forestall); forestall by acting first; appropriate for oneself before others; supplant; take the place of; displace; Ex. preempt any attempts; ADJ. preemptive

preen	make oneself tidy in appearance; feel self-satisfaction or pride; (of a bird) smooth or clean (feathers) with the beak; Ex. preen oneself on; CF. prune

prefatory	introductory; of a preface

prehensile	capable of grasping or holding (esp. by wrapping around); Ex. prehensile tails

prelate	church dignitary; priest of high position in the church (esp. bishop)

prelude	introduction; introductory performance or event; forerunner

premeditate	plan in advance; Ex. premeditated murder

premise	assumption; postulate; proposition upon which an argument is based

premonition	forewarning; presentiment; foreboding

premonitory	serving to warn

preponderance	superiority of power, quantity, etc.; V. preponderate: be greater in power, weight, or importance; ADJ. preponderant

preposterous	absurd; completely unreasonable; ridiculous

prerogative	privilege; unquestionable right; CF. ask before

presage	foretell; be a warning or sign of; N: presentiment; foreboding; omen

prescience	ability to foretell the future; knowledge of actions before they occur; ADJ. prescient

presentiment	premonition; foreboding; feeling something will happen; anticipatory fear

prestige	respect or admiration; impression produced by achievements or reputation; ADJ: causing admiration; ADJ. prestigious: having prestige

presumptuous	going beyond what is right; excessively forward; arrogant; taking liberties

presume	take for granted; assume; act overconfidently; take liberties; presume on/upon: take unfair advantage of (someone's kindness or connection); N. presumption

pretentious	ostentatious; showy; pompous; making unjustified claims; overambitious; Ex. pretentious films that claim to be art

pretend	feign; pretend to: claim to possess; make pretensions to; Ex. I don't pretend to much expertise; N. pretense

pretension	pretentiousness; claim (without foundation); Ex. I make no pretensions to skill as an artist.

preternatural	beyond what is normal in nature; supernatural; Ex. preternatural strength/forces

pretext	excuse

prevail	be widespread; triumph over; gain victory; prevail on: persuade; induce; Ex. Justice has prevailed; Ex. prevail on someone to do something

prevalent	widespread; generally accepted

prevaricate	lie; hide the truth (by equivocating)

prey	target of a hunt; victim; V: hunt and eat as prey; victimize; Ex. Cats prey on mice.

prim	proper to the point of affectation; very precise and formal; exceedingly proper

primogeniture	seniority by birth; state of being the first-born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents)

primordial	existing at the beginning (of time); rudimentary

primp	groom oneself with care; adorn oneself

pristine	unspoiled; remaining in a pure state; characteristic of earlier times; primitive; Ex. an old book in pristine condition

privation	lack of the basic necessities or comforts of life; hardship; want; CF. deprive

privy	secret; hidden; not public; made a participant in something secret; Ex. privy chamber government; Ex. be privy to a discussion; CF. private

probe	explore with a probe or tools; investigate; N: slender instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; device designed to investigate an unknown region; thorough investigation; Ex. space probe

probity	uprightness; honesty; incorruptibility

defalcate	embezzle

problematic	causing a problem; open to doubt; doubtful; unsettled; questionable; Ex. Whether the arena will ever be completed is problematic.

proclivity	inclination; natural tendency (esp. towards something bad)

procrastinate	postpone; delay or put off

procurement	obtaining; V. procure: obtain by effort; obtain (a prostitute) for another

prod	poke (with a pointed object); stir up; urge; goad to action; N: pointed object used to prod; prodding

prodigal	wasteful; reckless with money; profuse; Ex. a mind prodigal of ideas; N. prodigality

prodigious	enormous; marvelous; extraordinary; Ex. prodigious amount/memory

prodigy	highly gifted child; person with exceptional talents; marvel; wonder

profane	violate; desecrate (something holy); treat unworthily; be profane for; ADJ: secular; nonreligious; irreverent for holy things

profligate	wasteful (of money); dissipated; wildly immoral; dissolute; N: profligate person; N. profligacy

profound	deep; not superficial; complete; Ex. profound thinker/remark/silence/deafness; N. profundity

profusion	great amount; plenty; overabundance; excess; lavish expenditure; Ex. profusion of choices; ADJ. profuse: plentiful; copious; giving or given abundantly; extravagant

progenitor	ancestor

progeny	children; offspring; descendants

prognosis	forecasted course of a disease; prediction; CF. prognostic

prognosticate	predict (according to present indications)

prohibitive	so high as to prohibit purchase or use; tending to prevent the purchase or use of something; prohibiting; inclined to prevent or forbid; Ex. prohibitive tax

projectile	missile; fired or thrown object (such as stone or bullet)

proletarian	member of the working class; blue collar guy; N. proletariat: working class (who have to work for wages)

proliferate	grow rapidly (in numbers); spread; multiply; N. proliferation

prolific	producing offspring or fruit in abundance; fertile; fecund; abundantly fruitful; producing abundant works; Ex. prolific writer

prolixity	tedious wordiness; verbosity; ADJ. prolix: wordy; verbose; diffuse

prologue	introduction (to a poem or play)

feud	bitter prolonged quarrel (usually between two peoples or families); V. CF. Romeo and Juliet; CF. feudal, feudalism

prolong	lengthen; extend; draw out

prominent	protruding(sticking out); conspicuous; notable; eminent

promiscuous	mixed indiscriminately; indiscriminate; not choosing carefully; indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners; irregular, particularly sexually; Ex. promiscuous life/girl; N. promiscuity

promontory	headland

promote	advance in rank; advance; help to flourish; advocate; help actively in forming; publicize or popularize; Ex. Milk promotes health; Ex. promote a match/bill; Ex. promote a new product

prompt	cause; urge; provoke; provide a cue (for an actor); ADJ: done without delay; done at the right time; punctual; on time; N: reminder or cue

cue	word or signal (as in a play to prompt another actor's speech or entrance); reminder or hint; V: give a cue to

promulgate	announce; proclaim a doctrine or law; make known by official publication

prone	inclined to; likely to (suffer); prostrate; lying with the front downward; Ex. prone to disease/make mistakes; Ex. accident-prone

propagate	increase in number by producing young; multiply; spread; Ex. Most plants propagate by seed; Ex. newspaper propagating their ideas

propellant(propellent)	substance which propels or drives forward (such as an explosive charge or a rocket fuel)

propensity	natural inclination

prophetic	of a prophet or prophecy; having to do with predicting the future; N. prophecy; V. prophesy; N. prophet

prophylactic	used to prevent disease; N: something prophylactic; condom; N. prophylaxis: prevention of disease

propinquity	nearness (in space or relationship); proximity; kinship

propitiate	appease; conciliate; make peaceful; ADJ. propitiatory

Barron's word list 38

propitious	favorable; auspicious; advantageous; fortunate; Ex. propitious day/sign

horoscope	diagram of the positions of stars at a given moment (eg. of a person's birth) used by astrologers

proponent	supporter; backer; opposite of opponent

propound	put forth for consideration or analysis; set forth; Ex. propound a problem/theory

propriety	fitness; quality of being proper; correct conduct; conformity to prevailing customs and usages; CF. proprietor, proprietary

usage	act or manner of using; accepted practice; way in which words are actually used

propulsive	driving forward; N. propulsion

prosaic	lacking in imagination; dull and unimaginative; matter-of-fact(concerned with facts, not imagination or feelings); factual; CF. prose

proscenium	part of stage in front of curtain; front arch of a stage

proscribe	prohibit; ostracize; banish; outlaw

outlaw	fugitive from the law (excluded from legal protection); V: declare (someone) to be an outlaw; deprive of the protection of the law; declare illegal; Ex. Drinking has been outlawed.

proselytize	(induce someone to) convert to a religion or belief; N. proselyte: new convert to a doctrine or religion

prosody	art of versification; study of the metrical structure of verse

metrical	metric; written in the form of poetry; Ex. metrical translation of Homer

meter	arrangement of words in the form of poetry (by accentual rhythm)

prosperity	good fortune and financial success; physical well-being

prosper	become successful (esp. financially); thrive; grow well; Ex. children prospering under his care

prosperous	successful; rich; affluent; well-to-do; well-off

prostrate	stretch out full on ground; make prostrate; enervate; Ex. prostrating illness; ADJ: lying face down; having lost all strength

protean	able to take on many forms; versatile; CF. Proteus: sea god to change his shape at will

prot\'eg\'e	person receiving protection and support from a patron

protocol	diplomatic etiquette; ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats; first copy of a treaty before its ratification; Ex. Protocol demands that the queen meet him at the airport.

prototype	original work used as a model by others

protract	prolong; lengthen in time; draw out

protrude	stick out; jut; project; Ex. protruding teeth

protuberance	protrusion; swelling; bulge

bulge	protruding part; swelling of a surface; Ex. The apple made a bulge in his pocket; V: swell outward; protrude

provenance	place of origin; origin or source of something; Ex. Gunpowder is of Chinese provenance; CF. come

provender	dry food for livestock; fodder

provident	providing for future needs; displaying foresight; thrifty; preparing for emergencies; OP. improvident

providence	quality of being provident; divine care; god's care; Providence: god; Ex. It seemed like providence that the doctor happened to be there; ADJ. providential: of divine providence; fortunate

provincial	pertaining to a province; limited in outlook; narrow; unsophisticated

provisional	tentative; temporary

proviso	stipulation; condition in an agreement; provision

provision	act of providing; something provided; preparatory measure; provisions: necessary supplies (esp. food); stipulation; condition in an agreement; Ex. According to the provisions of the agreement

provocative	arousing anger or sexual interest; annoying; Ex. provocative in tight jeans; V. provoke: incite to anger; cause (an unpleasant action or feeling); N. provocation

prowess	extraordinary ability; military bravery; Ex. prowess in battle

proximity	nearness; ADJ. proximate

proxy	authorized agent; authority to act for another

prude	excessively modest or proper person (who is easily shocked by improper things, esp. of a sexual nature); N. prudery; ADJ. prudish: excessively concerned with propriety

prudent	cautious; careful; prudential

prune	cut away; trim

prurient	having or causing lustful desires and thoughts; arousing immoderate sexual desire

pry	inquire impertinently (someone else's private affairs); use leverage to raise or open something; prize; N. pries: tool for prying

prize	pry; move with a lever; value highly; esteem; Ex. his most prized possession; N: something captured during war-time (esp. an enemy ship)

pseudonym	pen name; fictitious name assumed by an author; ADJ. pseudonymous

psyche	soul; mind

psychiatrist	doctor who treats mental diseases

psychic	of psyche; mental; of or possessing extraordinary mental powers

psychopathic	pertaining to mental dearrangement; N. psychopath: person with an antisocial personality disorder

psychosis	mental disorder; ADJ. N. psychotic

psychosomatic	of the influence of the mind on the body (esp. with respect to disease)

pterodactyl	extinct flying reptile; CF. wing+finger

puerile	childish; immature; CF. puer: boy

pugilist	boxer; CF. pugilism: boxing

pugnacity	combativeness; disposition to fight; ADJ. pugnacious: (of people) belligerent; combative in nature

puissant	powerful; strong; potent; N. puissance: power

pulchritude	beauty; comeliness; ADJ. pulchritudinous

pulmonary	pertaining to the lungs

pulsate	throb; beat regularly; vibrate regularly

pulse	rhythmical throbbing of arteries; brief sudden change in a normally constant quantity; V: pulsate

pulverize	crush or grind into very small particles

pummel	pommel; beat or pound with fists

punctilious	minutely attentive (perhaps too much so) to fine points; stressing niceties of conduct or form; N. punctilio, punctiliousness: careful attention payed to every small exact detail

pundit	authority on a subject; expert; learned person

pungent	stinging; acrid; sharp in taste or smell; (of speech or writing) caustic; N. pungency

punitive	punishing; Ex. punitive measures

puny	tiny; weak; insignificant

purchase	secure grasp or hold; firm grasp or footing

purgatory	place of spiritual expiation; temporary state or place in which the souls must expiate their sins

purge	remove or get rid of something or someone unwanted; eliminate; free from blame or guilt; cleanse or purify (esp. of sin, guilt, or defilement); N.

purport	intention; purpose; meaning; V: claim; profess; Ex. order which purports to be signed by the general

purported	alleged; claimed; reputed or rumored; Ex. purported Satanists

rooster	cock; adult male chicken

rabble	mob; noisy crowd

purse	pucker; contract (lips) into wrinkles; N: wallet

pucker	gather into wrinkles or folds; N: wrinkle or fold

purveyor	furnisher of foodstuffs; caterer; V. purvey: supply (eg. food); furnish; CF. provide

pusillanimous	cowardly; lacking courage; fainthearted

putative	supposed; reputed; generally regarded as such; Ex. putative father of the child

putrid	decayed and foul-smelling; foul; rotten; decayed; N. putridity

putrefy	make or become putrid; N. putrefaction

putrescent	becoming putrid; putrefying

gangrene	decay of body tissue caused by insufficient blood supply (usually following injury); ADJ. gangrenous

pyromaniac	person with an insane desire to set things on fire

quack	charlatan; impostor

quadruped	four-footed animal; ADJ. CF. biped

quaff	drink with zest; drink with relish(zest; hearty enjoyment); ???? ???; CF. sip

quagmire	bog; marsh; soft, wet, boggy land; predicament; complex or dangerous situation from which it is difficult to free oneself

bog	soft wet land; V: hinder or be hindered; Ex. bogged down in the mud

quail	cower; shrink back in fear; lose heart

quaint	odd in an old-fashioned way; odd; old-fashioned; picturesque

qualified	limited; restricted; V. qualify: limit the meaning of; modify

qualms	uneasy feelings; misgivings; uneasy fears especially about matters of conscience; Ex. I have no qualms about giving this assignment to Helen.

quandary	dilemma; state of uncertainty; Ex. She is in a quandary about whether to go.

quarantine	isolation of a person, place, or ship to prevent spread of infection; V: isolate in quarantine

quarry	person or animal of pursuit; victim; object of a hunt; prey

quarry	dig into (to get stone); N: mine; ???

bank	heap; piled-up mass; embankment; lateral tilting (as of an aircraft in turning); V: pile up; protect with a bank; tilt in turning

Barron's word list 39

quash	crush; suppress; squash; subdue; annul; Ex. quash a rebellion/the decision of the low court

squash	crush; quash; suppress

quay	dock; wharf; pier; landing place (for boats)

queasy	experiencing nausea; nauseated; easily nauseated; squeamish; Ex. feel a little queasy

quell	suppress; put an end to; put down forcibly; extinguish; quiet; Ex. ``Army Quells Rebellion'' in newspaper; CF. kill

quench	assuage or satisfy (thrust); slake; douse or extinguish; put out; suppress

squelch	produce a splashing sound (when stepping through mud); crush; squash; CF. ??? ??? ?? ?

querulous	given to complaining; complaining; fretful; whining

whine	complain (in a sad voice); make a high sad sound (as in pain or supplication)

query	inquiry; question; V.

queue	line (of waiting people or vehicles)

quibble	minor objection or complaint; V: raise minor objections; carp; cavil

quiescent	dormant; temporarily inactive; at rest; N. quiescence

quietude	tranquillity; calmness

quintessence	purest and highest embodiment; perfect example; apotheosis; most essential element; Ex. quintessence of wit; ADJ. quintessential; CF. fifth essence

quip	taunt; clever sarcastic remark; V.

taunt	deride or provoke; challenge in derision; N.

quirk	sudden sharp turn or twist; startling twist; caprice; idiosyncrasy; peculiarity of behavior; Ex. by a quirk of fate

quisling	traitor who aids invaders; CF. Vidkun Quisling

quiver	case for arrows

quiver	tremble; shake; N.

leash	restraining rope fastened to the collar of an animal (to control it); Ex. a dog on a leash

quixotic	idealistic but impractical; CF. Don Quixote

quizzical	curious; suggesting puzzlement (without saying); questioning; teasing; mocking; bantering; Ex. quizzical glance

quorum	minimal number of members necessary to conduct a meeting

quotidian	daily; commonplace; customary; Ex. quotidian routine

rabid	of or suffering rabies; like a fanatic; extremely zealous; furious; CF. rabies: hydrophobia

raconteur	story-teller; one who tells stories with wit and skill

ragamuffin	dirty child in torn clothes; person wearing tattered clothes

tatter	torn piece of cloth; ADJ. tattered: (of clothes) old and torn; (of a person) dressed in old torn clothes

rail	complain bitterly; scold; rant; Ex. the weaker railing against injustices

raiment	clothing; garments; Ex. I have no raiment fit to wear.

rakish	jaunty; stylish; sporty; morally corrupt; dissolute; Ex. He wore his hat at a rakish and jaunty angle.

rake	angle of a slope; V: slant from the perpendicular

rake	immoral or dissolute person

rally	come or bring together; call up or summon (forces, vital powers, etc.); revive or recuperate (after illness or difficulty); N: act of rallying; mass gathering

ramble	wander aimlessly (physically or mentally); digress

ramification	branching out; subdivision; one branch of a system; one of the results following from an action or decision; Ex. ramifications of a business/the decision

ramify	branch out; divide into branches or subdivisions

ramp	slope; inclined plane or roadway (connecting two levels)

rampant	growing or spreading uncontrollably; growing in profusion; unrestrained; Ex. rampant lawlessness/weed

rampart	defensive mound of earth

ramshackle	(of a building or vehicle) poorly constructed; rickety; falling apart

rickety	(of buildings) likely to break or fall apart; of rickets; CF. rickets; CF. vitamin D

ransack	search thoroughly; pillage (going through a place); Ex. Enemy soldiers ransacked the town.

rancid	having the odor of stale or decomposing fat; rank

rank	offensive in odor or flavor

rancor	long-lasting hatred; bitterness; Ex. negotiation without rancor; ADJ. rancorous

random	without definite purpose, plan, or aim; haphazard; Ex. random shots; Ex. chosen at random

lot	object used in making a determination at random; fate; piece of land

draw	choosing of a lot or card

lottery	contest in which winners are selected in a drawing of lots

raffle	lottery; V: award as a prize in a raffle; Ex. raffle off a new car

rankle	irritate; fester; annoy

rant	speak violently or excitedly; rave; talk excitedly showing anger; scold; make a grandiloquent speech; Ex. The priest ranted about the devil.

rapacious	voracious; ravenous; taking everything one can; excessively grasping; plundering; subsisting on live prey; Ex. rapacious birds

rapport	close relationship; emotional closeness; harmony

rapt	engrossed; absorbed; enchanted; Ex. rapt listener

rarefied	made less dense (of a gas); V. rarefy: make less dense; N. rarefaction

rare	(of air) thin in density; rarefied; Ex. rare air of the mountains

raspy	making a harsh noise; grating; harsh

rasp	(of a sound) grate on (eg. nerves); make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; rub with something rough; Ex. The cat's tongue rasped my hand.

ratify	approve formally; confirm; verify

ratiocination	reasoning; act of drawing conclusions from premises; V. ratiocinate: reason logically

rationale	fundamental reason or principle (on which a system or principle is based); fundamental reason or justification; grounds for an action

rationalize	make rational; devise false reasons for (one's behavior); offer an excuse; give a plausible reason for an action in place of a true, less admirable ones; N. rationalization

rational	(of a person) having reason; (of ideas) based on reason; logical

ration	fixed portion; V: distribute as rations

raucous	(of voice) harsh and unpleasant; (of people) disorderly and boisterous; Ex. raucous shouts

ravage	devastate; plunder; despoil; Ex. crops ravaged by storms

maraud	move in search of plunder; Ex. marauding army

rave	overwhelmingly favorable review; V: talk wildly as if mad; Ex. raving lunatic

ravel	fall apart into tangles; entangle; unravel or untwist

ravenous	extremely hungry; voracious

ravine	narrow valley with steep sides; gorge; CF. gully, canyon

raze	destroy completely; Ex. raze the city to the ground

reactionary	strongly opposed to social or political change; opposing progress; politically ultraconservative; N. OP. radical

reinstate	restore to a previous condition or position

realm	kingdom; field or sphere; Ex. not within the realms of possibility

reaper	one who harvests grain; Ex. the Grim Reaper; V. reap: cut and gather (crop); harvest a crop

rebate	return of part of a payment; discount; V.

rebuff	reject bluntly; snub; beat back; Ex. She rebuffed his invitation; N.

snub	ignore or behave coldly toward; Ex. I made a suggestion but she snubbed me; N.

rebuke	scold harshly; criticize severely

rebus	representation of words in the form of pictures or symbols; puzzle in which pictures or letters stand for words; Ex. ``R U 18'' is a rebus for ``Are you 18''.

rebuttal	refutation; response with contrary evidence; V. rebut: refute; disprove

recalcitrant	disobedient or resisting authority even after being punished; obstinately stubborn; determined to resist authority; unruly; Ex. recalcitrant child

recant	disclaim or disavow; retract a previous statement; openly confess error; Ex. recant one's faith/a statement

recapitulate	summarize

recast	reconstruct (a sentence, story, statue, etc.); fashion again

fashion	give shape to; make; Ex. fashion the pot out of clay

receptive	quick or willing to receive (ideas, suggestions, etc.); Ex. receptive to the proposal

recession	withdrawal; retreat; time of low economic activity

recess	pause; temporary cessation; alcove; secret inner place; Ex. parliament in recess; V. CF. recessive

recidivism	habitual return to crime (even after being punished); N. recidivist

recipient	receiver

reciprocal	mutual; given and received in return; exchangeable; interacting; Ex. reciprocal trade agreement

reciprocate	do or give something in return; repay in kind; give or take mutually; interchange; move backwards and forwards; Ex. reciprocate his invitation by inviting him; N. reciprocity: reciprocal relationship; mutual interchange of advantages between two groups; Ex. reciprocity in trading rights

recluse	hermit; loner; ADJ. reclusive

reconcile	make friendly again (after quarrel); make consistent (two ideas in opposition); correct inconsistencies; Ex. reconcile one's political principles with one's religious beliefs

recondite	abstruse; not easily understood; profound; secret

reconnaissance	survey of enemy by soldiers; reconnoitering; V. reconnoiter: make a preliminary inspection of (esp. to gather military information)

recount	narrate or tell (a story); count over again

recourse	resorting to help when in trouble; Ex. without recourse to

resort	turn to for help; Ex. resort to violence; N.

makeshift	temporary expedient or substitute (in the case of urgent need); Ex. makeshift shelter

recreant	disloyal; cowardly; N: disloyal and cowardly person

recrimination	countercharges; V. recriminate

rectify	set right; correct; CF. rect-: right

rectitude	moral correctness; moral uprightness; moral virtue; correctness of judgment

recumbent	reclining; lying down completely or in part

recline	lie down

recuperate	recover; return to health; regain; Ex. recuperate losses

recurrent	occurring again and again

Barron's word list 40

redolent	odorous; fragrant; suggestive (of an odor); Ex. redolent of onions/mystery

redoubtable	formidable; causing fear

redress	remedy; compensation; Ex. seek redress for the damage to your car; V: put right; remedy or rectify (a wrong); make amends for

redundant	superfluous; more than is necessary; verbose; excessively wordy; repetitious

reek	emit (an unpleasant odor or smoke); give off an unpleasant odor; give out smoke; Ex. reeking chimney; N: unpleasant odor; stench

stench	strong foul odor; reek; stink

stink	stench; V: emit a strong foul odor

refectory	dining hall; room where meals are served (in a school)

refraction	bending of a ray of light

refractory	unmanageable; disobedient and stubborn; Ex. refractory horse

refrain	abstain from; resist; forbear; N: chorus

chorus	phrase repeated throughout a song or poem

refulgent	effulgent; brilliant; brightly shining; gleaming; Ex. refulgent moon

gleam	brief flash of light; glow; V.

refurbish	renovate; make clean, bright, or fresh (make new) again; make bright by polishing; Ex. refurbish an old theater; CF. furbish: polish

refute	disprove; prove to be false; N. refutation

regal	royal; of a monarch; Ex. regal manner

regale	entertain

regatta	boat or yacht race

regeneration	spiritual rebirth; Ex. regeneration of the prisoners; V. regenerate: give or obtain new life; reform spiritually

penology	study of prison management and criminal rehabilitation

regicide	murder of a king or queen

regime	method of system or government

regimen	prescribed course of diet or exercise; prescribed diet and habits; Ex. daily regimen of a dancer

regiment	military unit; V: subject to strict order; Ex. regimented society

rehabilitate	restore to proper condition (health or useful life); restore the former rank of

reimburse	repay; pay back

reiterate	repeat

rejoinder	reply; retort; comeback; V. rejoin: say in reply

comeback	retort; quick clever reply; return to former status

rejuvenate	make young again

relegate	put into a lower or worse place; banish to an inferior position; delegate; assign; Ex. relegate the old furniture to the children's room; Ex. relegated to the second division

relent	become less severe; give in(surrender); ADJ. relentless: unyielding; continuously severe

relevant	having importance; pertinent; referring to the case in hand; N. relevance, relevancy

relic	surviving remnant (from an extinct culture); memento; keepsake; relics: corpse; Ex. ancient relics; Ex. relics of his travel; Ex. His relics are buried at X.

relinquish	give up something (with reluctance); yield; release; Ex. relinquish power/the claim to the land/his hold on my arm

relish	enjoy; savor; N: enjoyment; zest

remediable	reparable

reminiscence	recollection; V. reminisce: recollect the past

reminiscent	suggestive of something (in the past); of reminiscence

remiss	negligent; careless about a duty

remission	temporary moderation (of disease symptoms); remitting of a debt or punishment; cancelation of a debt; pardon; Ex. The disease went into remission; Ex. Christians pray for the remission of sins.

remit	transmit (money) in payment; free someone from a debt or punishment

remittance	remitting of money; amount of money remitted

remnant	remainder

remonstrate	protest; objection; V. remonstrate: say in protest

remorse	deep regret for wrongdoing; guilt; self-reproach

remunerative	(of work) compensating; rewarding; profitable; well-paid; V. remunerate: reward; pay (someone) for work or trouble

rend	split; tear apart; N. rent; CF. heartrending: causing deep sorrow

render	give; deliver; provide; represent in verbal or artistic form; depict; perform; make; translate; Ex. render the song beautifully

rendezvous	meeting place; meeting at a set time or place; V.

rendition	rendering; translation; artistic interpretation of a song, etc

renegade	deserter; traitor; ADJ.

renege	break a promise; deny; go back on; Ex. renege on the contract/paying off the debt

renounce	abandon; give up (by formal announcement); disown; repudiate; Ex. renounce one's claim to the property/one's religion; N. renunciation

renovate	restore to good condition; renew

renown	fame; ADJ. renowned

herald	messenger; sign of something to come; V: announce; proclaim; Ex. unheralded researcher

rent	tear made by rending; rip; split

reparable	capable of being repaired

reparation	compensation (for loss or wrong); amends; Ex. make reparation for the damage; CF. repair

repartee	quick clever reply

repast	meal; feast; banquet

repeal	revoke; annul

repel	drive away; disgust; Ex. repel the attack/moisture; Ex. repelled by the dirty room; CF. repulsion

repellent	driving away; disgusting; offensive; repulsive; unattractive; N.

repercussion	rebound; reaction; reverberation; Ex. serious repercussion

repertoire	list of works of music, drama, etc., a performer is prepared to present; CF. repertory

repine	fret; complain; be annoyed; Ex. repine over the undone work

replenish	fill up again

replete	fully filled; filled to the brim or to the point of being stuffed; abundantly supplied; Ex. report replete with errors

memoir	memoirs; autobiography; biography

brim	uppermost edge of a cup; projecting rim (as on a hat); Ex. The glass was full to the brim; V: be full to the brim

replica	copy

replicate	reproduce; duplicate

repository	storehouse

repose	resting; state of being at rest; calmness; V: lie at rest; relax; put or place; Ex. repose our hopes in a single man

reprehensible	deserving blame; blameworthy; V. reprehend: blame

repress	hold back (the natural expression of); restrain; crush; oppress; Ex. repressed child; Ex. repress a laugh/rebellion

reprieve	postponement or cancelation of a punishment; temporary stay; V: postpone or cancel the punishment of

reprimand	reprove severely; rebuke; N.

reprisal	retaliation

reprise	musical repetition; repeating of a piece of music; repeat performance; recurrent action; Ex. reprise in the finale; Ex. constant reprises

reproach	blame (not angrily but sadly); express disapproval or disappointment; N. ADJ. reproachful

reprobate	morally disapproved person; person hardened in sin, devoid of a sense of decency; CF. disapproved by God ?

reprobation	severe disapproval; CF. approbation

reprove	censure; rebuke; N. reproof

repudiate	disown; disavow; deny

repugnance	disgust; strong dislike; loathing; ADJ. repugnant: arousing disgust; repulsive

repulsion	distaste; disgust; act of driving back; ADJ. repulsive: causing disgust; tending to drive away; V. repel (not `repulse')

repulse	reject with rudeness or coldness (an offer or friendship); drive back (an enemy attack); CF. repulse $\neq$ cause repulsion

reputable	respectable; having a good reputation

reputed	supposed; Ex. reputed father of the child; V. repute: consider; N. repute: reputation; esteem

requiem	mass for the dead; dirge

mass	Christian religious ceremony; CF. Mass: ceremony of the Eucharist

requisite	necessary requirement; something required; ADJ: required; necessary

requisition	formal demand or request; Ex. requisition for more computing equipment; V.

requite	make return for; repay; reciprocate; revenge; N. requittal

Barron's word list 41

rescind	repeal; annul; cancel (a law, decision, or agreement)

resentment	indignation; bitterness; displeasure; V. resent: feel anger about

reserve	self-control; self-restraint; formal but distant manner; reticence; Ex. without reserve: freely and openly; ADJ. reserved: shy and uncommunicative

residue	remainder; balance

residual	remaining; left over; of a residue; N: residue

resignation	patiently submissiveness; statement that one is quitting a job; ADJ. resigned: acquiescent

resign	give up (a position, right, or claim); submit (oneself) passively

resilient	elastic; having the power of springing back; able to recover quickly (as from misfortune)

elastic	able to spring back into shape; quick to recover (as from disappointment); able to adapt to change; Ex. elastic plans; N: elastic material

resolution	determination; resoluteness; ADJ. resolute: firm or determined in purpose

resolve	determination; resolution; firmness of purpose

resolve	decide; settle; solve; separate; make a determined decision; N. resolution

resonant	(of a sound) echoing; resounding(sounding loudly); deep and full in sound; producing resonance; Ex. resonant voice; N. resonance

resound	(of a place) be filled with sound; (of a sound) sound loudly; sound back; echo; Ex. hall resounded with laughter

respiration	breathing; exhalation; ADJ. respiratory

respite	time for rest; interval of relief; delay in punishment; reprieve

resplendent	brilliant; splendid in appearance; dazzling; glorious

responsiveness	state of reacting readily to appeals, orders, etc.; ADJ. responsive: readily reacting; Ex. responsive to treatment

restitution	returning something (lost or stolen) to the rightful owner; reparation; indemnification; compensation for loss, damage, or injury

restive	impatiently restless (induced by external coercion or restriction); restlessly impatient; obstinately resisting control; Ex. restive horses because of wolves; CF. not a general synonym for `restless'

restraint	moderation or self-control; controlling force; restriction

resumption	taking up again; recommencement; V. resume: begin or take up again; take or occupy again; Ex. Kindly resume your seats.

resurge	rise again; flow to and fro; N. resurgence; ADJ. resurgent: (of ideas or beliefs) experiencing revival; surging again

resurrect	revive

resuscitate	revive; bring back to life or consciousness; Ex. resuscitate the drowned child

retain	keep; maintain possession of; employ (esp. a lawyer or advisor); N. retainer: servant; fee paid to retain an advisor

retaliate	repay in kind (usually for bad treatment); V. retaliate

retentive	holding; able to retain things (esp. facts in the mind); having a good memory

reticent	inclined to silence; uncommunicative; reserved; Ex. He was reticent about the reasons; N. reticence

retinue	following; attendants

retiring	shy and reserved (of a person); modest; Ex. her retiring personality

retort	quick sharp reply; V.

retract	withdraw; take back; draw back; Ex. retract a statement/an offer/claws; N. retraction; CF. retractile

retrench	cut down; cut down expenses; economize

retribution	deserved punishment for wrongdoing; punishment for offenses; compensation; vengeance; CF. pay back

retrieve	recover; put right; find and bring in; regain; Ex. retrieve the situation

retroactive	taking effect before its enactment (as a law) or imposition (as a tax); (of a law) having effect on the past as well as the future

enact	make (a bill) into law

retrograde	go backwards; recede; degenerate; deteriorate; ADJ.

retrospective	looking back on the past; N. retrospection; V. retrospect

revelry	boisterous merrymaking; V. revel: engage boisterous festivities; enjoy greatly; N: boisterous festivity or celebration

reverberate	echo repeatedly; resound; Ex. The thunder reverberated across the valley.

reverent	respectful; worshipful; V. revere: regard with reverence; N. reverence: profound respect

reverend	deserving reverence; N: priest

reverie	daydream; abstracted musing

revert	relapse; backslide; turn back to; return to the former owner; N. reversion

relapse	return to a former state (esp. after improvement); N.

backslide	revert (to bad habits); N. reverter

revile	attack with abusive language; vilify(slander)

revoke	cancel; retract; CF. irrevocable

revulsion	sudden strong feeling of disgust; sudden violent change of feeling; negative reaction; Ex. revulsion from the scenes of torture

rhapsodize	speak or write in an exaggeratedly enthusiastic manner; Ex. rhapsodize over the beauty of the scenery

rhapsody	excessively enthusiastic expression of feeling; musical composition of irregular form (as if made up as one plays it)

rhetoric	art of effective communication; art of using language effectively and persuasively; style of speaking or writing; grandiloquent language; Ex. political rhetoric; ADJ. rhetorical; CF. rhetorical question: question to which no answer is expected as ``Who knows it ?''

ribald	marked by vulgar lewd humor; wanton; profane; N. ribaldry: ribald language or joke

riddle	pierce with holes; permeate or spread throughout; Ex. The gunman riddled the car with bullets; Ex. The whole report is riddled with errors; N. large sieve (separating earth from stone)

rider	amendment or clause added to a legislative bill

rife	(of something bad) widespread; abundant; current

rift	narrow opening in a large mass; break in a friendly relation; Ex. through a rift in the clouds; OP. reconcilation

rig	fix or manipulate; manipulate dishonestly for personal gain; Ex. rig the election

rig	arrangement of masts and sails; V: equip (a ship) with rigging; ADJ. rigging: ropes that hold up a ship's sails

rigid	hard and unbending; stiff and unyielding; fixed in behavior or views; strict; rigorous; Ex. rigid rule

rigor	severity; Ex. rigors of the Russian winter

rile	irritate; vex; muddy

riveting	holding one's attention; absorbing; engrossing

rivet	metal pin used for fastening metal plates together; V: fasten with a rivet; engross

rivulet	small stream; CF. rill < rivulet < river

robust	strong; vigorous

rococo	ornate; highly decorated; N. CF. 18th century

roil	make liquids murky by stirring up sediment; disturb

roseate	rosy; optimistic; Ex. roseate views

roster	list (of names)

rostrum	raised platform for speech-making; pulpit

pulpit	raised platform used in preaching (in a church)

rote	repetition; memorization through repetition without understanding; Ex. learn poetry by rote

rotunda	circular building or hall covered with a dome

rotundity	roundness; sonorousness of speech

rotund	(of a person) fat and round

rousing	lively; inducing excitement; stirring; V. rouse: waken; arouse from sleep or depression; excite; stir up

rout	put to rout; stampede; drive out; N: complete defeat and disorderly retreat

stampede	sudden frenzied rush (of panic-stricken animals or people); V: participate in or cause stampede; Ex. stampede before the price rises

rubble	fragments (esp. from a destroyed building)

mason	one who builds or works with stone or brick; N. masonry: work of a mason; stonework or brickwork

rubric	title or heading (in red print); directions for religious ceremony; protocol

ruddy	reddish; (of the face) reddish and healthy-looking

rudimentary	elementary; not developed; crude; N. rudiment: fundamental element or principle; Ex. rudiments of the language

rue	regret; lament; mourn; Ex. He will rue the day; N. ADJ. rueful

ruffian	violent scoundrel; bully

ruminate	chew over and over (mentally or, like cows, physically); mull over(ponder)

ruminant	animal that ruminates; ADJ.

rummage	ransack; thoroughly search

runic	mysterious; set down in an ancient alphabet; N. rune: one of the letters of an alphabet used by ancient Germanic peoples (cut on stone or wood); magic charm

ruse	trick to deceive; stratagem

rustic	pertaining to country people; unsophisticated; simple; crude; uncouth; (of furniture) rough with the bark left on; N. rural person; rustic person

rusticate	banish to the country; dwell in the country

ruthless	pitiless; merciless; cruel

saboteur	one who commits sabotage; destroyer of property; N. sabotage: destruction of property (usually carried out secretly)

saccharine	cloying sweet; characteristic of sugar or saccharin

sacrilegious	desecrating; profane; N. sacrilege: desecration, misuse, or theft of something sacred

sacrosanct	invioably sacred; most sacred; inviolable

Barron's word list 42

sadistic	inclined to cruelty; N. sadism: delight in cruelty

saga	Scandinavian myth; any legend; long heroic narrative

sagacious	wise; perceptive; shrewd; having insight; N. sagacity

sage	person celebrated for wisdom; wise person; ADJ: wise

salacious	lascivious; lustful; Ex. salacious monk

salient	prominent; projecting beyond a line; conspicuous; Ex. salient features

saline	salty

sallow	(of the skin) yellowish and unhealthy-looking; sickly in color; Ex. sallow complexion due to jaundice

salubrious	healthful; conducive to health or well-being; socially desirable; Ex. salubrious area; CF. health

salutary	tending to improve; beneficial; wholesome; Ex. The punishment had a salutary effect on the boy; CF. health

salvage	rescue (goods or property) from loss; N: saving; property saved

sanctimonious	displaying ostentatious or hypocritical devoutness; N. sanctimony: hypocritical piety

sanction	approve; ratify; N: permission; penalty intended to enforce compliance

sanctuary	place of refuge; shelter; shrine; holy place; Ex. The outlaw was granted sanctuary in the church.

sanguinary	bloody; with much bloodshed

sanguine	optimistic; cheerful; hopeful; of the color of blood; red

sap	diminish; weaken; undermine the foundations of (a fortification); Ex. The element kryptonite sapped his strength.

sarcasm	cutting ironic remark; scornful remarks; stinging rebuke; ADJ. sarcastic

sardonic	scornfully mocking; disdainful; sarcastic; cynical; Ex. sardonic smile

sartorial	pertaining to tailors or tailoring; Ex. a man of great sartorial elegance; CF. sartor: tailor

sate	satisfy to the full; satisfy to excess; cloy

doze	sleep lightly; nap

satellite	small body revolving around a larger one

satiate	satisfy fully (physical needs such as hunger); sate; N. satiety: condition of being satiated

satire	form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly

satirical	using satire; mocking

saturate	soak thoroughly; imbue; impregnate; charge; fill to capacity

saturnine	morose; gloomy; Ex. Do not be misled by his saturnine countenance.

satyr	half-human, half-bestial being in the court of Dionysus (resembling a goat), portrayed as wanton(unrestrained) and cunning; lecher; CF. faun; CF. goat: lecherous man

saunter	stroll(go for a leisurely walk) slowly; N.

savant	scholar; learned person; CF. savoir: know

savor	enjoy; have a distinctive flavor, smell, or quality; N: taste or smell; distinctive quality

savory	pleasant in taste; tasty; pleasing, attractive, or agreeable; Ex. savory reputation

scabbard	case for a sword blade; sheath

scad	a great quantity; Ex. scads of clothes

scaffold	temporary platform for workers (to work at heights above the ground); bracing framework; platform for execution

scale	climb up; ascend; remove or come off in scales; N: flake of epidermis; ascending or descending series of musical tones

scanty	meager; insufficient

scapegoat	someone who bears the blame for others; whipping boy; CF. escape+goat

scavenge	hunt through discarded materials for usable items or food; search, especially for food; N. scavenger: one who scavenges; animal that feeds on refuse and carrion

refuse	anything discarded or rejected as worthless; trash

scenario	plot outline; screenplay(script for a movie); opera libretto; outline of possible future events

schematic	of a schema or scheme; relating to an outline or diagram; using a system of symbols; N. schema: diagrammatic representation; outline

scheme	systematic plan; plot; clever dishonest plan; orderly arrangement of elements; Ex. health insurance scheme; Ex. a scheme to escape taxes; Ex. a color scheme; Ex. a story with no scheme; V: contrive a scheme

schism	division into factions (esp. within a religious body); split

scintilla	trace; minute amount; shred; least bit; Ex. There is not a scintilla of truth; CF. spark

scintillate	sparkle; flash; be animated; be full of life; Ex. scintillating conversation

scoff	laugh (at); mock; ridicule; Ex. scoff at their threats

scotch	stamp out(put an end to); thwart; hinder; Ex. scotch the rumor; CF. cut; CF. ??? ??? ??

score	number of points; written form of a musical composition; reason; group of 20; notch or incision; Ex. full/vocal score; Ex. Don't worry on that score; V: mark with lines or notches; Ex. score the paper to make it easy to fold

stamp	step on heavily (so as to crush or extinguish); put an end to; imprint or impress with a mark, design, or seal; shape with a die; characterize; Ex. machine stamping out car bodies; Ex. newspaper stamping him as a liar; N. stamping; implement used to stamp; impression stamped; mark; Ex. Her remarks bear the stamp of truth.

scourge	lash; whip (formerly used for punishment); source of severe punishment; V: whip; afflict

scruple	hesitate for ethical reasons; fret about; Ex. She did not scruple to read his diary; N: uneasy feeling arising from conscience; conscience

scrupulous	conscientious; extremely thorough; Ex. scrupulous worker

scrutinize	examine closely and critically; N. scrutiny

scuffle	struggle confusedly; move off in a confused hurry; N. CF. scuffling twins ?

shuffle	mix together; jumble; move (something) from one place to another; slide (the feet) along the ground while walking; Ex. shuffle papers from one pile to another; N.

scurrilous	abusive; obscene; indecent; Ex. scurrilous remark

scurry	move hastily; hurry; move briskly

scurvy	contemptible; despicable; N: disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin C

scuttle	sink (a ship) by cutting holes in the hull; scrap; discard; N: small hatch in a ship's deck or hull

hull	husk; dry outer covering of a seed; frame or body of a ship

seamy	sordid; base; filthy; unwholesome; Ex. seamy side of city life

base	contemptible; morally bad; inferior in value or quality; Ex. base motives/conduct; Ex. base metal such as iron

sear	burn the surface of; char or burn; brand; parch; cause (a plant) to wither

char	make or become black by burning; reduce or be reduced to carbon or charcoal(black substance made by burning wood) by incomplete combustion

scorch	sear; N.

brand	trademark; mark burned on the hide of an animal; mark burned into the flesh of criminals; mark of disgrace; V: mark with a brand; give a lasting bad name; stigmatize; Ex. The press branded him a liar.

hide	skin of an animal

seasoned	experienced

season	enhance the flavor of by adding a spice, etc.; inure; harden; N. seasoning: something used in seasoning

seasonal	of a particular season; Ex. seasonal rise in employment

seasonable	occurring at the proper time or season; opportune; Ex. seasonable intervention in the dispute

secession	withdrawal; V. secede: withdraw formally from membership

seclusion	isolation; solitude; V. seclude: set apart from others; isolate

secrete	conceal; hide away or cache; produce and release a substance into an organism; CF. secretive

sect	separate religious body; faction; group of people with common beliefs within a larger group

sectarian	of a sect; narrow-minded; parochial; N: member of a sect; narrow-minded person

denomination	religious group; unit in a system; name or designation; CF. denominator: common trait or characteristic

secular	worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal

sedate	composed (with no excitement); grave; V: administer a sedative to; CF. sedative

sedentary	requiring sitting; done while sitting; not moving from one place to another; settled; Ex. sedentary job/population

sedition	conduct or language inciting rebellion; rebellion; resistance to authority; insubordination; ADJ. seditious

sedulous	diligent; assiduous; paying attention; N. sedulity

seedy	run-down; decrepit; disreputable; having many seeds; Ex. seedy downtown hotel

run-down	(of a place) dilapidated; in a bad condition; (of a person) weak or exhausted

seemly	(of behavior) proper; appropriate

seep	pass slowly through small openings; ooze; trickle; N. seepage

seethe	be violently disturbed; boil; (of a liquid) move about wildly as if boiling; Ex. The nation was seething with discontent.

seine	seine net; net for catching fish

seismic	pertaining to earthquakes

semblance	outward appearance; guise; Ex. We called in the troops to bring a/some semblance of order to the city.

seminal	related to seed or semen; germinal; creative; providing a basis for further development; influencing future developments; Ex. seminal research in a new field

seminary	school for training future ministers; secondary school, especially for young women

senility	old age; feeblemindedness of old age; ADJ. senile: resulting from old age; showing the weakness of body or mind from old age; Ex. senile dementia

feebleminded	deficient in intelligence; very stupid

sensitization	process of being made sensitive or acutely responsive to an external agent or substance; V. sensitize: make or become sensitive

sensual	devoted to the pleasures of the sense; carnal; voluptuous; Ex. sensual woman/curves/lips

voluptuous	sensual; of or giving sensual pleasure; indulging in sensual pleasures; Ex. voluptuous lines; Ex. voluptuous life of the Romans; N. voluptuary: voluptuous person

sensuous	giving pleasure to the senses; pertaining to the physical senses; operating through the senses; sensuous feeling of soft velvet on the skin

sententious	pithy; terse; concise; aphoristic

sentient	capable of sensation and conscious; aware; sensitive; Ex. sentient creature; N. sentience

sentinel	sentry; lookout

lookout	act of keeping watch; high place commanding a wide view; person who keeps watch

septic	of or causing sepsis; putrid; producing putrefaction; N. sepsis: poisoning of part of the body (producing pus)

sepulcher	tomb; V: place in a sepulcher; ADJ. sepulchral

Barron's word list 43

sequester	isolate; segregate; seclude; retire from public life

sere	sear; parched; dry

serendipity	gift for finding valuable things by accident; accidental good fortune or luck; CF. The Three Princes of Serendip

serenity	calmness; placidity; ADJ. serene

serpentine	winding; twisting; of or like a serpent; Ex. serpentine course of the river; N. serpent: snake

serrated	having a sawtoothed edge; Ex. serrated leaf

servile	slavish; cringing; N. servility

servitude	slavery; compulsory labor imposed as a punishment

sever	separate; cut off (a part) from a whole; break up (a relationship); N. severance; CF. severance pay: extra pay given an employee upon leaving a position

severity	harshness; intensity; sternness; austerity; ADJ. severe: harsh; strict; extremely violent or intense

sextant	navigation tool used to determine a ship's latitude and longitude (by measuring the altitudes of stars)

shackle	chain; fetter; confine with shackles; N.

sham	pretend; feign; ADJ: not genuine; fake; Ex. sham jewelry; N: something that is not what it appears; impostor; pretense; Ex. The agreement was a sham.

shambles	(place or scene of) complete disorder or ruin; wreck; mess; Ex. After the hurricane, the coast was a shambles.

shard	fragment generally of broken pottery (glass, clay bowl, or cup)

shaving	very thin piece, usually of wood (cut from a surface with a sharp blade)

plane	carpenter's tool for smoothing and leveling wood; V. CF. flat

sheaf	bundle of stalks of grain; any bundle of things tied together

sheathe	place into a case; insert into or provide with a sheath; Ex. He sheathed his dagger; N. sheath: case for a blade

sherbet	flavored dessert ice

shimmer	shine with a flickering light; glimmer intermittently; Ex. The moonlight shimmered on the water; N.

shirk	avoid (responsibility, work, etc.); malinger

shoddy	made of inferior material; sham; not genuine; inferior; dishonest; Ex. shoddy goods/trick

shrew	scolding woman; very small mouselike animal

shrewd	clever; astute

shun	keep away from; avoid deliberately; Ex. She has been shunned by her neighbors.

shunt	move (a railway train) from one track to another; turn aside; divert; sidetrack; Ex. shunt traffic around an accident; N.

sidetrack	switch (a railroad car) to a siding; divert from a main issue; N. CF. siding: short section of railroad track connected by switches with a main track

shyster	lawyer using questionable methods; unscrupulous practioner

sibling	brother or sister

sibylline	prophetic; oracular; N. sibyl: woman prophet (in the ancient world)

sidereal	relating to stars; Ex. sidereal day

silt	sediment deposited by running water (at the entrance to a harbor or by a bend in a river)

simian	monkeylike; N: ape or monkey

simile	comparison of one thing with another, using the word like or as

simper	smirk; smile in a silly way; smile affectedly

simplistic	oversimplified

simulate	feign; imitate

sinecure	well-paid position with little responsibility; CF. sine cure: without care; CF. San Serif

sinewy	(of meat) tough; strong and firm; muscular; N. sinew: tendon; strong cord connecting a muscle to a bone

singular	being only one; individual; unique; extraordinary; odd; Ex. singular beauty/behavior

sinister	evil; ominous

sinuous	twisting; winding; bending in and out; not morally honest

skeptic	sceptic; doubter; person who suspends judgment until he has examined the evidence supporting a point of view; ADJ. skeptical; N. skepticism; scepticism

skiff	small light sailboat or rowboat

skimp	provide or use scantily; live very economically; Ex. skimp on necessities; ADJ. skimpy: inadequate in amount; scanty; stingy; niggardly

skinflint	miser; stingy person

skirmish	minor fight; minor battle in war; V.

skittish	inconstant; capricious; frivolous; not serious; Ex. charming but skittish young woman; CF. skit

frisk	move about playfully; froric; ADJ. frisky: playful

skulduggery(skullduggery)	dishonest behavior or action; Ex. skulduggery in the election

skulk	move furtively and secretly; Ex. He skulked through the less fashionable sections of the city.

slacken	slow up; loosen; make or become slack

slack	moving slowly; sluggish; inactive; (of a rope) loose; negligent; lax; Ex. slack season; Ex. slack in one's work; N. V.

slag	glassy residue from smelting metal; dross; waste matter

slake	satisfy (thirst); quench; sate

slander	defamation; utterance of false and malicious statements; V. ADJ. slanderous

slapdash	hasty and careless; haphazard; sloppy(carelessly done)

sleazy	shabby and dirty; flimsy; insubstantial; Ex. sleazy back-street hotel/fabric

sleeper	one that achieves unexpected success; something originally of little value or importance that in time becomes very valuable

sleight	dexterity; CF. sleight of hand: legerdemain; quickness of the hands in doing tricks

slew	large quantity or number; Ex. slew of errands left

slight	insult to one's dignity; snub; V: treat as if of small importance; insult; snub; ADJ. small in size; of small importance

slipshod	slovenly; careless; sloppy; untidy; shabby; Ex. slipshod work

slither	slip or slide

sloth	slow moving tree-dwelling mammal; laziness; ADJ. slothful: lazy; indolent

slough	(of a snake) shed or cast off (dead outer skin); N: outer layer that is shed

slovenly	untidy; careless in work habits; slipshod; N. sloven: one who is habitually untidy or careless

sledge	large sled drawn by work animals

sleigh	large vehicle drawn by a horse over snow or ice

sluggard	lazy person

sluggish	lazy; slow; inactive; lethargic; CF. slug: nail with no shell

sluice	artificial channel for directing or controlling the flow of water (with a gate to regulate the flow)

slur	slander; insult to one's character or reputation; V.

slur	pronounce indistinctly; speak indistinctly; mumble

smattering	slight knowledge; small scattered number or amount; Ex. smattering of German

smelt	melt (ore) for separating and removing the metal; melt or blend ores changing their chemical composition

smirk	conceited smile; offensively self-satisfied smile (often at someone else's misfortune); V.

smolder	smoulder; burn slowly without flame; be liable to break out at any moment; exist in a suppressed state; Ex. smoldering anger

snicker	half-stifled(suppressed) laugh; V.

snivel	complain or whine tearfully; run at the nose; snuffle; Ex. Don't come back sniveling to me.

snuffle	sniffle; sniff repeatedly (in order to keep liquid from running out of the nose)

sobriety	moderation (especially regarding indulgence in alcohol); seriousness

sober	serious; solemn; not drunken; abstemious or temperate; V: make or become sober

sodden	thoroughly soaked; dull or stupid as if from drink

sojourn	temporary stay; V: stay for a time

solace	comfort in sorrow or trouble; consolation; V: comfort or console in time of sorrow or trouble

solder	repair or make whole by using a metal alloy; N: metal alloy (usually tin and lead) used in the molten state to join metallic parts

solecism	nonstandard grammatical construction; construction that is flagrantly incorrect grammatically; violation of social etiquette

solemnity	seriousness; gravity

solicit	entreat; request earnestly; seek to obtain; Ex. solicit votes; CF. solicitor: one who solicits; chief law officer

solicitous	anxious; worried; concerned; eager; Ex. solicitous to do something; N. solicitude

soliloquy	talking to oneself (esp. in a play); CF. monologue: soliloquy; long speech by one person (often monopolizing a conversation)

solitude	state of being alone; seclusion; ADJ. solitary: existing or living alone (esp. by choice); remote or secluded; single; sole; Ex. solitary life/inn; Ex. no solitary piece of proof

solstice	point or time at which the sun is farthest from the equator

soluble	able to be dissolved in a liquid; able to be worked out or solved

solvent	able to pay all depths; N. solvency

solvent	substance that dissolves another; ADJ: capable of dissolving another substance

somatic	pertaining to the body; bodily; physical

Barron's word list 44

somber	dark; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; CF. shadow

somnambulist	sleepwalker; V. somnambulate; N. somnambulism

somnolent	half asleep; drowsy; N. somnolence

sonorous	resonant; producing a full deep sound; producing sound

sonic	of sound or its speed in air; CF. subsonic, supersonic

sonnet	14-line poetic verse form with a fixed rhyme pattern

sophist	teacher of philosophy; quibbler; employer of fallacious reasoning; N. sophism: plausible but fallacious argument

sophisticated	worldly wise and urbane; refined; complex; N. sophistication; V. sophisticate

sophistry	seemingly plausible but fallacious reasoning; sophism

sophomoric	immature; half-baked; like a sophomore

soporific	sleep-causing; marked by sleepiness; drowsy

sordid	filthy; foul; base; vile; Ex. sordid bed/story

spangle	small shiny metallic piece sewn to clothing for ornamentation

sparse	not thick; thinly scattered; scanty

spartan	without attention to comfort; lacking luxury and comfort; sternly disciplined; Ex. spartan living condition/life

spasmodic	fitful; periodic; of or like a spasm; N. spasm: sudden involuntary muscular contraction; sudden burst of energy or emotion

spat	squabble; minor dispute; minor quarrel

spate	sudden flood or rush; Ex. spate of accidents

spatial	relating to space

spatula	broad-bladed instrument used for spreading or mixing

spawn	lay eggs (in large numbers); produce offspring (in large numbers); N: eggs of aquatic animals

specious	seemingly reasonable but incorrect; misleading (often intentionally)

spectral	ghostly; N. specter: spectre; ghost; phantom

spectrum	colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism; broad and continuous range; Ex. whole spectrum of modern thoughts

spendthrift	someone who wastes money; CF. thrift: accumulated wealth

sphinx-like	enigmatic; mysterious

splice	join together end to end to make one continuous length; fasten together; unite; Ex. splice two strips of tape; N.

spontaneity	lack of premeditation; naturalness; freedom from constraint; ADJ. spontaneous: self-generated; unpremeditated; happening without being planned

spoonerism	accidental transposition of sounds in successive words; Ex. ``Let me sew you to your sheet'' for ``Let me show you to your seat''; CF. William Spooner

transpose	reverse the order or position of

sporadic	occurring irregularly; intermittent

sportive	playful; frolicsome; merry; CF. sport: play or frolic; CF. sportsmanlike

spruce	neat and trim in appearance; smart; Ex. Be spruce for your job interview; V.

spry	(esp. of older people) vigorously active; nimble

nimble	quick in movement; agile; quick in understanding; Ex. nimble climber/mind

spurious	false; counterfeit; forged; illogical; Ex. spurious arguments

spurn	reject disdainfully; scorn; Ex. She spurned all offers of help.

squabble	minor quarrel; bickering; V: engage in a minor quarrel; Ex. squabbling children

squalor	condition of being squalid; filth; degradation; dirty neglected state; ADJ. squalid: dirty; sordid; morally repulsive; Ex. squalid story

squander	waste; spend foolishly

squat	short and thick; stocky; Ex. ugly squat tower; V. N.

staccato	played in an abrupt manner; marked by abrupt sharp sound; Ex. staccato applause

legato	(of music) played smoothly

stagnant	(of water) not flowing (often bad-smelling); motionless; stale; not developing; inactive; dull; Ex. stagnant industrial output

staid	serious and sedate; sober; Ex. staid during the funeral ceremony

stalemate	deadlock; situation in which further action is blocked

stalwart	physically strong; brawny; steadfast; strong in mind or determination; Ex. stalwart supporter; N: stalwart follower

stamina	power of endurance; strength; staying power

stanch	stop or check flow of blood; Ex. stanch the gushing wound

stanza	division of a poem (composed of two or more lines)

static	having no motion; unchanging; lacking development; N. stasis: stable state

statute	law enacted by the legislature

statutory	created by statute or legislative action; regulated by statute; Ex. statutory age limit

steadfast	steadily loyal; unswerving; steady

stealth	action of moving secretly or unseen; slyness; sneakiness; secretiveness; ADJ. stealthy

steep	soak; saturate; Ex. steep the fabric in the dye bath; ADJ: precipitous

stellar	pertaining to the stars; of a star performer; outstanding; Ex. stellar attraction of the entire performance

stem	stop or check (the flow of); Ex. stem the bleeding from the slashed artery; N: main axis of a plant; stalk

stem_from	arise from; originate from

stentorian	(of the voice) extremely loud; CF. Stentor: a loud herald in the Iliad

stereotype	one regarded as embodying a set image or type; fixed and unvarying representation; standardized mental picture often reflecting prejudice; Ex. stereotype of the happy slave; V: make a stereotype of; represent by a stereotype; Ex. It is wrong to stereotype people; Ex. stereotyped answer

stickler	perfectionist; person who insists things be exactly right

stifle	suppress; extinguish; inhibit; smother or suffocate

smother	kill from lack of air; suppress; cover thickly; Ex. smothered in little stickers

suffocate	die or kill from lack of air; suppress

stigma	token of disgrace; brand; V. stigmatize: mark with a stigma; characterize as disgraceful

stilted	bombastic; stiffly pompous; Ex. stilted rhetoric; CF. stiff: formal

stint	set limits in amount or number; be thrifty; ADJ. stinting, unstinting; CF. stint:savings

stint	supply; allotted amount of work; assigned portion of work; limitation; Ex. two-year stint in the army; Ex. without stint

stipend	pay for services

stipple	paint or draw with dots or short strokes

stipulate	state as a necessary condition (of an agreement); make express conditions; specify; Ex. He stipulated payment in advance

stock	standard; kept regularly in stock or supply; typical; routine; common; Ex. stock sizes of paper; Ex. stock excuse/character; N: goods for sale in a shop; OP. unique

stockade	wooden enclosure or pen; fixed line of posts used as defensive barrier

pen	fenced enclosure for animals; confining space; Ex. sheep pen; V: confine in a pen; enclose

stodgy	dull; stuffy; boringly conservative; Ex. stodgy book

stoic	stoical; impassive; unmoved by joy or grief; N. CF. stoicism

stoke	stir up a fire or furnace; feed plentifully

stolid	dull; impassive; showing little emotion when strong feelings are expected

stratagem	deceptive scheme; clever trick

stratified	divided into classes; arranged into strata; V. stratify

stratum	layer of earth's surface; layer of society; PL. strata

strew	spread randomly; sprinkle; scatter; Ex. flower girl strewing rose petals

striated	marked with parallel bands; striped; grooved; Ex. striated rocks; V. striate; N. stria: thin groove or line

stricture	severe and adverse criticism; critical comments; limit or restriction

strident	loud and harsh; insistent; N. stridency

stringent	(of rules) binding; rigid; marked by scarcity of money; Ex. stringent economic conditions

strut	pompous walk; V: walk in a self-important manner

strut	supporting bar;

studied	carefully contrived; calculated; unspontaneous; deliberate; thoughtful; Ex. studied remark

stultify	make stupid in mind; cause to appear or become stupid or inconsistent; suppress; frustrate or hinder; Ex. stultifying effect of uninteresting work; Ex. stultify free expression

stupefy	stun; make numb (as with a drug); amaze

stupor	state of being stupefied; state of apathy; daze; lack of awareness

stun	make unconscious or numb as by a blow; amaze; astound

daze	stun as with a blow or shock; bemuse; benumb; N.

stygian	unpleasantly dark; gloomy; hellish; deathly; CF. Styx: the chief river in the subterranean land of the dead

stymie	thwart; present an obstacle; stump

stump	base of a tree trunk left after the rest has been cut down; V: walk in a heavy manner; baffle; puzzle

suavity	urbanity; polish; ADJ. suave: smooth and courteous

subaltern	subordinate

subdue	less intense; quieter; Ex. subdued lighting; Ex. subdue: conquer; make less intense; quiet; Ex. subdue one's anger

subjective	influenced by personal feelings; occurring or taking place within the mind; unreal; Ex. subjective	sensation of the ghostly presence

subjugate	conquer; bring under control

sublimate	refine; purify; replace (natural urges) with socially acceptable activities; change between a solid state and a gaseous state

sublime	causing deep feelings of wonder, joy, respect, etc.; exalted; noble and uplifting; utter

Barron's word list 45

subliminal	below the threshold of conscious perception; Ex. subliminal advertisement

submissive	willing to obey orders; yielding; timid

subordinate	occupying a lower rank; inferior; submissive; N. V: put in a lower rank or class

suborn	persuade to act unlawfully (especially to commit perjury); N. subornation

subpoena	writ(written command issued by a court) summoning a witness to appear in court; V: summon with a subpoena

subsequent	following in time or order; later

subservient	behaving like a slave; servile; obsequious; subordinate; N. subservience

subside	sink to a lower level; settle down; sink to the bottom (as a sediment); descend; grow quiet; become less; moderate; abate

subsidiary	serving to assist; subordinate; secondary; of a subsidy; N.

subsidy	direct financial aid by government, etc.; V. subsidize: assist with a subsidy

subsistence	existence; means of subsisting; means of support; livelihood; V. subsist: exist; maintain life (at a meager level)

substantial	of substance; material; solid; essential or fundamental; ample; considerable; well-to-do; wealthy

substantiate	support (a claim) with evidence; establish with evidence; verify

substantive	substantial; essential; pertaining to the substance; substantial; considerable; Ex. substantive issues

subsume	include (as a member of a group); encompass

subterfuge	stratagem(deceptive scheme); pretense; evasion; Ex. resort to a harmless subterfuge

subtlety	perceptiveness; ingenuity; delicacy; ADJ. subtle: delicate; so slight as to be difficult to detect; able to make fine distinctions; clever; Ex. subtle mind/differences in meaning

subversive	tending to overthrow or ruin; V. subvert: overthrow completely (an established system); destroy completely; CF. undermine ?

succor	assist (someone in difficulty); aid; comfort; N.

succulent	juicy; full of juice or sap; full of richness; N: succulent plant such as a cactus

succumb	yield (to something overwhelming); give in; die; Ex. succumb to the illness

suffragist	advocate of the extension of voting rights (for women); CF. suffrage

suffuse	spread through or over (with a color or liquid); charge; Ex. A blush suffused her cheeks.

sully	defile; soil; tarnish; Ex. sully one's hands in menial labor

tarnish	make or become dull or discolored; N.

sultry	(of weather) hot; sweltering; sensual; voluptuous

summation	act of finding the total; summing-up; summary (esp. one given by the judge at the end of a trial)

sumptuous	grand suggesting great expense; lavish; rich; Ex. sumptuous feast

sunder	separate; part; CF. asunder

sundry	miscellaneous; various; several; N. sundries: small miscellaneous items

superannuated	retired or disqualified because of age; outmoded; obsolete

supercilious	haughty; arrogant; condescending; patronizing; CF. eyebrow, cilium

supererogatory	superfluous; more than needed or demanded

superficial	of the surface; not deep; shallow; not thorough; trivial; Ex. superficial analysis/knowledge

superfluous	excessive; overabundant; unnecessary; N. superfluity

superimpose	place over something else

supernumerary	person or thing excess of what is necessary; extra; ADJ: additional to the usual or necessary number

supersede	replace; cause to be set aside; make obsolete; N. supersession

supine	lying on back; passive; inactive; Ex. The defeated pugilist lay supine; Ex. supine acceptance of the decision

supplant	take the place of unfairly; usurp; replace

supple	flexible; limber; pliant

suppliant	entreating; beseeching; N.

supplicate	petition humbly; pray to grant a favor

supplicant	one who supplicates; ADJ.

supposition	assumption; hypothesis; surmise; V. suppose

supposititious	assumed; counterfeit; hypothetical

suppress	put an end to forcibly; subdue; stifle; overwhelm; inhibit the expression of; check; prevent from being published or made public; Ex. suppress a smile; Ex. suppress the magazine/truth

surfeit	satiate; feed or supply to excess; stuff; indulge to excess in anything; N: surfeiting; excessive amount; Ex. surfeit of food

surly	bad-tempered; rude; cross

cross	bad-tempered; showing ill-humor; angry

surmise	guess; N.

surmount	overcome

surpass	exceed

surreptitious	done secretly; secret; furtive; sneaky; hidden

surrogate	substitute; person or thing used in place of another; Ex. surrogate mother; ADJ.

surveillance	close observation of a person (esp. one under suspicion); watching; guarding

susceptible	impressionable; easily influenced; sensitive; having little resistance as to a disease; likely to suffer; receptive to; capable of accepting; Ex. susceptible to persuasion/colds; Ex. The agreement is not susceptible of alteration; N. susceptibility

sustain	suffer (harm or loss); experience; support; prop; maintain; keep in existence; nourish (to maintain life); Ex. sustain the family/the trapped miners

sustenance	sustaining; means of livelihood, support, food, nourishment; something that maintains life; food

suture	stitches sewn to hold the cut edges of a wound or incision; material used in sewing; V: sew together a wound

swarthy	(of a skin or complexion) dark; dusky; Ex. swarthy Italian ?

swathe	swath; wrap around; bandage; Ex. one's head swathed in bandages

swelter	(of a person) suffer from oppressive heat; be oppressed by heat

swerve	deviate; turn aside sharply from a straight course; Ex. swerve from the principle; Ex. The car swerved to the right.

swill	drink greedily

swindler	cheater

sybarite	lover of luxury; person devoted to pleasure and luxury; CF. Sybaris: an ancient Greek city in Italy

sycophant	servile flatterer; bootlicker; yes man; ADJ. sycophantic

syllogism	logical formula consisting of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion; deceptive or specious argument

sylvan	pertaining to the woods or the country

symbiosis	interdependent relationship (between groups, species) often mutually beneficial; ADJ. symbiotic; CF. together + life

symmetry	arrangement of parts so that balance is obtained; congruity; ADJ. symmetrical

lopsided	heavier or larger on one side than the other; Ex. lopsided way of walking

synchronous	similarly timed; simultaneous with; occurring at the same time; V. synchronize

synoptic	providing a general overview; summary; N. synopsis

synthesis	combining parts or separate things into a whole; the whole so formed; PL. syntheses; V. synthesize

synthetic	not natural; artificial; resulting from synthesis; Ex. synthetic fiber; N.

tacit	understood (without actually being expressed); not put into words; Ex. tacit agreement

taciturn	habitually silent; talking little

tactile	pertaining to the organs or sense of touch

tact	skill or sensitivity in dealing with people without causing offence

tactful	careful no to cause offence; OP. tactless

taint	contaminate; cause to lose purity; modify with a trace of something bad; Ex. tainted reputation; N: stain; touch of decay or bad influence; CF. touch

talisman	charm; object believed to give supernatural powers to or protect its bearer

talon	claw of bird

tangential	only slightly connected; not central; peripheral; digressing; showing divergence; CF. tangent

tangible	able to be touched; real; concrete; palpable; possible to realize or understand; Ex. tangible	proof

tanner	person who turns animal hides into leather

tan	convert (hide) into leather; make brown by exposure to the sun

tantalize	tease; excite by exposing something desirable while keeping it out of reach; torture with disappointment; CF. Tantalus: Greek mythological figure

tantamount	equivalent in effect or value; Ex. This invasion is tantamount to a declaration of war; CF. amount

Barron's word list 46

tantrum	fit of bad temper; fit of petulance; caprice; Ex. The child went into tantrums.

taper	very thin candle; gradual decrease in the width of a long object; V. make or become gradually narrower toward one end

tarantula	venomous spider

tarry	linger; delay in starting or going; dawdle

taut	tight; strained; tense; ready; OP. slack

tautological	needlessly repetitious; Ex. ``It was visible to the eye''; N. tautology: needless repetition of the same sense; statement that is always true

tawdry	cheap and gaudy; Ex. tawdry jewelry

taxonomist	specialist in classifying (animals, etc.); CF. taxonomy: science of classification

tedium	boredom; weariness; ADJ. tedious

teetotalism	practice of abstaining totally from alcoholic drinks; N. teetotaler;; ADJ. teetotal;

temerity	boldness; nerve; rashness; Ex. temerity to ask for a pay increase after only three day's work

temper	moderate; make less severe; tone down or restrain; toughen (steel) as by alternate heating and cooling

temperament	characteristic frame of mind; disposition; emotional excess; ADJ. temperamental: of temperament; having frequent changes of temper; Ex. temperamental dislike of sports; Ex. temperamental actress

temperate	moderate; restrained; self-controlled; moderate in respect to temperature; CF. temperance: moderation and self-restraint; abstinence of alcoholic drinks; Ex. temperance society

tempestuous	stormy; violent; impassioned; N. tempest: violent storm

tempo	speed of music

temporal	of time; not lasting forever; limited by time; temporary; secular; worldly

temporize	gain time as by postponing an action; avoid committing oneself

tenacious	holding fast (as to a belief); persistent

tenacity	firmness; persistence

tendentious	promoting a particular point of view; biased; having an aim; designed to further a cause; Ex. tendentious rather than truth-seeking; CF. tend: move in a certain direction

tender	offer formally; extend; Ex. tender one's resignation/the exact fare; N: formal offer; money; Ex. legal tender; ADJ: young and vulnerable; sensitive to the touch; sore; soft; delicate; Ex. child of tender years; Ex. tender wound

tenet	doctrine; dogma

tensile	capable of being stretched; of tension; Ex. tensile rubber

tension	stretching; condition of being stretched; mental strain; strained relationship between groups or people

tentative	not fully worked out or developed; provisional; experimental; uncertain; hesitant; not definite or positive; Ex. tentative agreement/reply

tenuous	thin; slim; rare

tenure	holding of an office or real estate; time during which such an office is held

tepid	lukewarm; slightly warm; ????; half-hearted; not eager; Ex. tepid reaction to the new film; Ex. tepid supporter

termination	end; V. terminate

terminology	terms used in a science or art; study of nomenclature

terminus	last stop of railroad; end

terminal	part that forms the end; railroad or bus station; ADJ. forming an end; ending in death; fatal; Ex. terminal cancer

terrestrial	on or relating to the earth

terse	concise; abrupt; pithy

tertiary	third in order or rank

tessellated	mosaic; inlaid; Ex. tessellated pattern

testator	maker of a will; CF. testatrix

testy	irritable; impatient and bad-tempered; short-tempered; N. testiness

tether	tie (an animal) with a rope or tether; N: rope or chain to which an animal is tied; limit of one's endurance; Ex. the end of one's tether

thematic	of a theme; relating to a unifying motif or idea

theocracy	government run by religious leaders

theoretical	based on theory; not practical or applied; hypothetical

therapeutic	curative; N. therapy

thermal	pertaining to heat; producing heat; warm; Ex. thermal bath; N: rising current of warm air

thespian	pertaining to drama; N: actor or actress

drama	prose or verse composition to be performed by actors; play; exciting and unusual situation

thrall	slave; bondage; slavery; Ex. Her beauty held him in thrall; CF. enthrall

threadbare	worn through till the threads show; shabby and poor; hackneyed; Ex. threadbare excuses

thrifty	careful about money; economical; N. thrift

thrive	prosper; flourish

throes	violent anguish

throng	crowd (of people or things); V.

throttle	strangle; regulate the speed of with a throttle; N: valve that regulates the flow; CF. throat ?

strangle	kill by choking or suffocating; suppress

thwart	block or hinder; baffle; frustrate

tightwad	miser; excessively frugal person

tiller	handle used to move boat's rudder (to steer)

timbre	quality of a musical tone produced by a musical instrument (which distinguishes it from others of the same pitch)

timidity	lack of self-confidence or courage

timorous	fearful; timid; demonstrating fear

tipple	drink (alcoholic beverages) frequently; N: alcoholic drink

tirade	long angry denunciatory speech; diatribe; harangue; extended scolding; denunciation

tardy	slow; sluggish; not on time; late; Ex. tardy arrival

titanic	gigantic; N. titan

tithe	tax of one-tenth (contributed to a church); V: pay a tithe

titillate	tickle; excite pleasantly; Ex. not to titillate the audience but to enlighten it

tickle	touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter; please

title	name (of a book, film, etc.); mark of rank; formal appellation as of rank or office (such as Lord or General); right or claim to possession; championship; Ex. title as head of the family; Ex. title to the estate

titter	nervous giggle; nervous laugh; V.

titular	of a title; in name only; nominal; having the title of an office without the obligations; Ex. titular head of the company

toady	servile flatterer; yes man; sycophant; V: be a toady to; fawn

toga	Roman outer robe

tome	large volume; book

handsome	large in quantity; generous; Ex. handsome reward

Barron's word list 47

tonsure	shaving of the head especially by person entering religious orders; V.

topography	physical features of a region (such as the shape and height); CF. topo-: place

torpedo	underwater explosive apparatus; V.

torpor	lethargy; sluggishness; dormancy; ADJ. torpid: lethargic; lazy; inactive; (of an animal) dormant; hibernating

torque	twisting force; force producing rotation

torrent	rushing stream; flood; Ex. The rain fell in torrents.

torrid	(of weather) hot or scorching; passionate; Ex. torrid love affairs

torso	trunk of statue with head and limbs missing; human trunk

trunk	main wooden stem of a tree; human body excluding the head and limbs; torso; prehensile nose of an elephant

tortuous	winding; full of curves; Ex. tortuous mountain road

totter	shake or move unsteadily; sway as if about to fall

touchstone	stone used to test the fineness of gold alloys; criterion; standard

touchy	oversensitive; easily offended; irasible; delicate; needing delicate handling; Ex. touchy situation

tout	promote or publicize (one's goods or service); praise excessively (as a form of advertisement); CF. advertise

toxic	poisonous; N. toxicity

tract	propaganda pamphlet (esp. by a religious or political group); expanse of land; region of indefinite size; system of related organs; Ex. digestive tract

tractable	docile; easily managed; (of something) easily changed or molded; N. tractability

traduce	expose to slander

trajectory	path taken by a projectile; Ex. trajectory of a bullet

elevation	elevated position; altitude; height; flat upright side of a building; angle made by pointing a gun; Ex. The elevation of her style is much admired; Ex. front elevation of the house

tranquillity	calmness; peace

transcendent	exceeding ordinary limits; superior; surpassing; V. transcend: go beyond; exceed; surpass; N. transcendancy

transcendental	going beyond common thought or ideas; impossible to understand by practical experiences or practices; known only by studying thoughts or intuition; OP. empirical; CF. transcendentalism

transcribe	copy; write a copy of; N. transcription

transgression	violation of a law; sin; V. transgress: go beyond (a limit); violate; do wrong

transient	staying for a short time; momentary; temporary; N: one that is transient

transition	going from one state of action to another

transitory	transient; impermanent; fleeting; N. transitoriness

translucent	partly transparent

transmute	transform; change; convert to something different

transparent	permitting light to pass through freely; easily detected; obvious; clear; Ex. transparent lie

transpire	(of a fact) become known; be revealed; happen; give off (watery waste matter) through pores

transport	strong emotion; rapture; Ex. in a transport/transports of; V: move to strong emotion; enrapture

trappings	outward decorations; ornaments (as an outward sign of rank)

traumatic	(of an experience) deeply shocking; pertaining to an injury caused by violence; N. trauma: serious wound; emotional shock that causes lasting psychological damage

travail	strenuous work; toil; painful labor; labor of childbirth

traverse	go through or across

travesty	copy or example of something that completely misrepresents the true nature of the real thing; comical parody or imitation; treatment aimed at making something appear ridiculous; Ex. travesty of justice; OP. paragon

treatise	article treating a subject systematically and thoroughly

trek	travel; journey; V: make a long difficult journey

tremor	trembling; slight quiver (as of the earth or from nervous agitation)

tremulous	trembling; wavering

trenchant	cutting; incisive; keen

furrow	long shallow trench made by a plow; deep wrinkle in the skin; V.

trepidation	fear; nervous apprehension

tribulation	suffering; ordeal; distress; trial

tribunal	court of justice

tribune	official of ancient Rome elected by the plebians to protect their rights; protector of the people

tribute	tax levied by a ruler; payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission; mark of respect (such as praise or gift); Ex. pay tribute to

trident	three-pronged spear

prong	pointed projecting part

trifling	trivial; unimportant

trifle	something of little importance or value; small amount; Ex. a trifle; V: treat without seriousness; flirt

trigger	set off; start

trilogy	group of three related works (connected by a shared subject but each complete in itself)

trinket	knickknack; bauble; cheap jewelry

trite	hackneyed; commonplace

trivia	trifles; unimportant matters

troth	pledge of good faith especially in betrothal; betrothal; Ex. by my troth

trough	long narrow container for feeding farm animals; lowest point (of a wave, business cycle, etc.); long narrow depression as between waves

truculence	aggressiveness; ferocity; ADJ. truculent: aggressive; pugnacious; fierce

truism	self-evident truth

truncate	cut the top off; shorten

tryst	meeting arranged by lovers; arrangement between lovers to meet

tumid	(of a part of the body) swollen; distended; bombastic; pompous

overblown	inflated; exaggerated

tumult	commotion of a great crowd; riot; noise; uproar; ADJ. tumultuous: noisy and disorderly

tundra	rolling treeless plain in Siberia and arctic North America

rolling	(of land) rising and falling in long gentle slopes; happening continuously by stages; Ex. rolling devolution of power to local governments

turbid	(of a liquid) having the sediment disturbed; muddy; thick

turbulence	state of violent agitation; ADJ. turbulent: violently agitated or disturbed

tureen	deep dish for serving soup

turgid	swollen; distended (as from liquid)

turmoil	extreme confusion; great commotion and confusion; Ex. throw the country into turmoil

turncoat	traitor

turpitude	depravity; baseness; Ex. moral turpitude

tutelage	guardianship; training; function of a tutor; instruction

tutelary	protective; pertaining to a guardianship; Ex. tutelary deities

tycoon	wealthy and powerful businessperson; wealthy leader; magnate; Ex. business tycoon

typhoon	tropical hurricane or cyclone

tyranny	oppression; cruel government; ADJ. tyrannical: of a tyrant or tyranny; despotic; V. tyrannize: treat tyrannically; oppress

tyro	beginner; novice

ubiquitous	being everywhere; omnipresent; N. ubiquity

wade	walk through a substance, such as water, that impedes movement

Barron's word list 48

ulterior	intentionally hidden; beyond what is evident; situated beyond; unstated and often questionable; Ex. ulterior motive

ultimate	final; not susceptible to further analysis; fundamental; Ex. The sun is the ultimate source of energy.

eventual	happening at last as a result; Ex. eventual victory

ultimatum	last demand; last warning; last statement of conditions that must be met; Ex. They have ignored our ultimatum.

umbrage	resentment; anger; sense of injury or insult; Ex. take umbrage at his rudeness

unaccountable	unexplicable; impossible to account for; unreasonable or mysterious

unanimity	complete agreement; ADJ. unanimous

unassailable	not open to attack; impregnable; not subject to question

unassuaged	unsatisfied; not soothed

unassuming	modest; Ex. the champion's unassuming manner

unbridled	violent; uncontrolled; Ex. unbridled rage/greed

bridle	harness fitted about a horse's head (used to restrain); curb; check; V: put a bridle on; control or restrain; show anger

uncanny	strange; mysterious; Ex. uncanny knack

knack	special talent; art

unconscionable	unscrupulous; not guided by conscience; excessive; beyond reason; Ex. unconscionable demand

uncouth	boorish; clumsy in speech or behavior; outlandish

unction	the act of anointing with oil; Ex. extreme unction

unctuous	oily; bland; insincerely suave

underlying	lying below; fundamental

undermine	weaken gradually; sap; dig a mine beneath

underscore	underline; emphasize

undulating	moving with a wavelike motion; V. undulate; CF. und: wave

unearth	dig up; discover (facts) by careful searching; Ex. He unearthed some secrets about her; OP. conceal

unearthly	not earthly; supernatural; weird; ghostly

weird	eerie; strange; unnatural

unequivocal	plain; clear; obvious

unerringly	infallibly; ADJ. unerring: making no mistakes

unexceptionable	entirely acceptable; not offering any basis for criticism

unfaltering	steadfast; firm; not changing

unfeigned	genuine; real

unfetter	liberate; free from chains; V. unfetter

hostage	person who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands

unfledged	immature; not having the feathers necessary to fly; CF. fledgling

unfrock	defrock; strip a priest or minister of church authority

disbar	make (a lawyer) leave the bar or the legal profession

debar	bar; forbid; exclude; Ex. debarred from jury services

bar	railing in a courtroom; legal profession; vertical line dividing a staff into equal measures; Ex. prisoner at the bar; V: shut in or out with bars; forbid; exclude; CF. barrister

bastard	illegitimate child

ungainly	(of someone) awkward in movement; clumsy; (of something) unwieldy; Ex. ungainly dancer/instrument

unguent	ointment

uniformity	sameness; monotony; ADJ. uniform: the same all over

unilateral	one-sided; involving or affecting only one side; Ex. unilateral declaration

unimpeachable	that cannot be impeached; beyond doubt or question; blameless and exemplary

uninhibited	unrepressed; free in behavior and feelings

unintimating	unfrightening

unique	without an equal; single in kind

unison	unity of pitch (in musical performance); complete accord; Ex. The choir sang in unison.

choir	group of people who sing together (esp. during religious services); place for choir

universal	characterizing or affecting all; general; present everywhere; of the universe; cosmic; Ex. universal agreement; Ex. a subject of universal interest

unkempt	disheveled; uncared for in appearance; not combed; CF. comb

unmitigated	(of something bad) not moderated; unrelieved or immoderate; without qualification; absolute; Ex. unmitigated disaster

unobtrusive	inconspicuous; not blatant

unprecedented	having no previous example; novel; unparalleled

unprepossessing	unattractive

prepossessing	attractive; CF. preoccupying ?

unravel	disentangle; solve

unrequited	not requited; not reciprocated; Ex. unrequited love

unruly	disobedient; lawless; difficult to control

unsavory	distasteful; disagreeable; morally offensive; Ex. unsavory activity/reputation

unscathed	unharmed; Ex. escape the accident unscathed

unseemly	unbecoming; not proper in behavior; indecent; Ex. leave with unseemly haste

unsightly	ugly; unpleasant to look at

unsullied	untarnished; CF. sully

untenable	(of a position, esp. in an argument) indefensible; not able to be maintained

untoward	unexpected and adverse; unfortunate or unlucky; Ex. untoward encounter

unwarranted	unjustified; having no justification; groundless; baseless; undeserved

unwieldy	awkward (to carry or move); cumbersome; unmanageable

unwitting	not knowing; unaware; unintentional; Ex. She was their unwitting accomplice; Ex. unwitting insult; CF. wit: know

unwonted	unaccustomed; unusual; Ex. He arrived with unwonted punctuality.

upbraid	reprimand; severely scold

braid	plait; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; N: braided segment (as of hair)

uproarious	marked by commotion or uproar; very noisy (esp. with laughter); hilarious; causing loud laughter; extremely funny

uproar	noisy confusion

upshot	outcome; final result

urbane	suave; refined in manner; elegant

urchin	mischievous child (usually a boy); CF. urchin: hedgehog; CF. porcupine: pig with spikes ; CF. sea urchin

ursine	bearlike; pertaining to a bear

usurp	seize another's power or rank (without legal authority); supplant; appropriate; N. usurpation; CF. take for one's own use

usury	lending money at illegal high rates of interest

utopia	ideal place, state, or society; ADJ. utopian

Shangri-la	imaginary remote paradise on earth; CF. Lost Horizon

uxorious	excessively submissive or devoted to one's wife; CF. uxor: wife

vacillate	waver (in opinion); fluctuate; sway to and fro; N. vacillation

vacuous	empty; lacking in ideas; inane; stupid; Ex. vacuous expression; N. vacuity

vagabond	wanderer (without a permanent home); tramp

tramp	walk with a heavy step; travel on foot; N: vagrant; one who travels aimlessly about; long walk; sound of heavy walking

trample	step heavily with the feet; crush under the feet

tread	walk; trample; N: grooved face of a tire; horizontal part of a step

vagary	capricious happening; caprice; whim; CF. wander

vagrant	wandering from place to place; roving; stray; moving in a random fashion; Ex. vagrant thoughts; N. vagrancy

vagrant	homeless wanderer

vainglorious	boastful; excessively conceited; N. vainglory: great vanity

valedictory	pertaining to farewell; N: farewell address (esp. at graduation exercises)

valediction	saying farewell; expression of leave-taking

leave-taking	farewell or departure

valid	logically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; effective; Ex. valid reasoning/passport

sound	in good condition; showing good judgment or good sense; thorough; complete; Ex. sound mind/investment/training

validate	make valid; confirm; ratify

valor	bravery; ADJ. valiant: possessing valor; brave

vampire	ghostly being that sucks the blood of the living

vanguard	forerunners; foremost position of an army; advance forces; foremost position in a trend or movement; CF. rearguard

avantgarde	group of artists whose work is based on the newest ideas and methods; CF. vanguard

vantage	position giving an advantage (such as a strategic point); CF. vantagepoint

apid	lacking liveliness; dull and unimaginative; insipid and flavorless; Ex. vapid lecture

vaporize	turn into vapor (steam, gas, fog, etc.)

variegated	(esp. of a flower or leaf) many-colored

variegate	change the appearance of (by marking with different colors)

vassal	in feudalism, one who held land of a superior lord; subordinate or dependent

vaunted	boasted; bragged; highly publicized; V. vaunt: boast; brag

veer	change in direction; swerve

vegetate	live in a monotonous way (without interests or activity); CF. vegetation: plants of an area; CF. vegetarian; CF. vegan

vehement	forceful; intensely emotional; with marked vigor; strong; N. vehemence

Barron's word list 49

velocity	speed

venal	capable of being bribed; corrupt; CF. vernal

vendetta	blood feud (esp. between two families); CF. Nina Williams

vendor	seller

veneer	thin surface layer (of good quality wood, glued to a base of inferior material); cover; surface show; fa\c{c}ade; V.

venerable	deserving high respect; commanding respect; CF. command: deserve and get

venerate	revere; treat with great respect

venial	(of a fault or sin) forgivable; trivial

venison	meat of a deer; CF. cow: beef; CF. pig: pork, ham, bacon; CF. calf: veal; CF. sheep: mutton; CF. lamb: lamb

venom	poison (of an animal); hatred; Ex. remarks full of venom; ADJ. venomous

vent	small opening; outlet (as of fumes or a gas); Ex. He gave vent to his anger by kicking the chair.

vent	release or discharge through a vent; express (esp. unfairly); utter; Ex. He vented his wrath on his family.

ventilate	admit fresh air into to replace stale air

ventral	abdominal

ventriloquist	someone who can make his or her voice seem to come from another person or thing (without moving lips or jaws); N. ventriloquism, ventriloquy

venture	risk; expose to risk; dare; undertake a risk; N.

brave	face courageously; Ex. brave the storm

venturesome	(of a person) bold; adventurous; daring; (of an action) risky

venue	location; place (of a crime, trial, gathering, etc.); CF. come

veracious	(of a person) truthful

veracity	truthfulness; adherence to the truth

verbalize	put into words; ADJ. verbal: of words; spoken rather than written; oral; of a verb

verbatim	word for word; in the same words; repeating the actual words exactly

verbiage	pompous array of words; too many unnecessary words; wordiness

verbose	wordy; N. verbosity

verdant	green; covered with green plants or grass; lush in vegetation; Ex. verdant meadows

lush	(of a plant or grass) growing very well

verdigris	green coating or patina on copper which has been exposed to the weather

verge	border; edge, rim, or margin; Ex. on the verge of: very near to; V: border on

verisimilar	having the appearance of truth or reality; probable or likely to be true; plausible

verisimilitude	appearance of truth; quality of appearing to be true or real; likelihood; Ex. verisimilitude of her performance as Lady Macbeth

veritable	being truly so; real or genuine; actual; not false or imaginary

verity	quality of being true; lasting truth or principle; Ex. the verity of his testimony; Ex. one of the eternal verities

vernacular	living language (as compared to the official language); language spoken in a country or region; natural style; Ex. lapse into the vernacular

vernal	pertaining to spring

versatile	having many talents; capable of working in many fields; having many uses or functions; N. versatility

vertex	summit; highest point; PL. vertices

vertigo	severe dizziness; giddiness

verve	enthusiasm (as in artistic performance or composition); liveliness; vigor

vestige	trace; remains; Ex. vestiges of some ancient religion

veto	vested power to reject a bill; exercise of this right; V: prevent or forbid by exercising the power of veto

vex	annoy; distress

viable	capable of maintaining life; feasible; practical or workable; Ex. viable scheme

viand	food; CF. live

vicarious	experienced as if one were taking part in the experience of another; done by a deputy for other people; acting as a substitute; Ex. vicarious thrill at the movies; Ex. the vicarious sufferings of Christ

vicar	parish priest; representative

vicissitude	change (esp. from good to bad); change of fortune; CF. the last emperor of China

victuals	food; provisions; V. victual: provide with food

vie	contend; compete

vigilant	watchful; on the alert; watchfully awake; alert to spot danger; N. vigilance

vigil	keeping watch (during normal sleeping hours); Ex. all-night vigil

vigilante	one who without authority assumes law enforcement powers

vigor	active strength; energy; enthusiasm; ADJ. vigorous

vignette	small drawing placed at the beginning or end of a chapter; picture; short literary sketch; short written description of a character or scene

vilify	slander; speak evil of; N. vilification

vindicate	clear from blame; free from blame or accusation (with supporting proof); exonerate; substantiate; justify or support; avenge; Ex. vindicate one's client; Ex. vindicate one's claim; CF. vindicator

vindictive	disposed to revenge; vengeful; out for revenge; spiteful; intended to cause harm; malicious; Ex. vindictive streak

vintner	wine merchant; winemaker; seller of wine

viper	poisonous snake

virile	manly; having masculine spirit or strength; full of strength

virtual	in essence; existing in essence though not in actual form; for practical purposes; Ex. virtual ruler/space

virtue	goodness; moral excellence; good quality; advantage; Ex. by virtue of; Ex. make a virtue of necessity

virtuoso	highly skilled artist (esp. in music); Ex. piano virtuoso

virulent	(of a disease or poison) extremely harmful or poisonous; (of a feeling) hostile; bitter; N. virulence; CF. virus; CF. venom

virus	disease communicator

visage	face; appearance

visceral	felt in one's inner organs; N. viscera: internal body organs; CF. eviscerate

viscid	adhesive; gluey

viscous	(of a liquid) thick and sticky; gluey; viscid; CF. consistency

vise	vice; tool for holding work in place; clamping device

visionary	produced by imagination; fanciful; mystical; showing foresight; N: one having foresight; one given to speculative impractical ideas

vision	eyesight; foresight; mental image produced by the imagination; experience of seeing the supernatural

vital	full of life; animated; vibrant and lively; critical; of great importance; necessary to stay alive; of life; living; breathing; N. vitality; V. vitalize

vibrant	full of vigor or energy; vibrating

vitiate	spoil the effect of; make inoperative; corrupt morally

vitreous	of glass; pertaining to or resembling glass; V. vitrify: change into glass; CF. petrify

vitriolic	causing sharp pain to the mind; caustic; corrosive; sarcastic; of vitriol; N. vitriol: sulphuric acid (which burns flesh deeply); bitterly abusive expression; caustic expression; CF. glass

vituperative	abusive; scolding; V. vituperate: berate; scold; rail against abusively

vivacious	lively or animated; sprightly

sprightly	lively

vivisection	act of dissecting living animals

vixen	female fox; ill-tempered woman; CF. shrew

vociferous	clamorous; noisy; V. vociferate: cry out loudly (when complaining)

vogue	popular fashion; Ex. Jeans became the vogue.

Barron's word list 50

volatile	changeable; of a quickly changing nature (as of temper); mercurial; tending to violence; evaporating rapidly; Ex. volatile character/situation in the street

volition	act of using one's will; act of making a conscious choice; Ex. She selected this dress of her own volition.

voluble	fluent; talkative; glib; N. volubility

volley	simultaneous discharge of a number of shots; V.

voluminous	having great volume (as of a garment or container); bulky; large

bulk	size or volume (esp. when very large); main part; Ex. The bulk of the work has already been done; ADJ. bulky: having great size

voodoo	religion practiced chiefly in Haiti

voracious	ravenous; eating large quantities of food; exceedingly eager; insatiable; Ex. voracious animal/reader

vortex	whirlwind; whirlpool; center of turbulence; predicament into which one is inexorably plunged

vouchsafe	grant condescendingly; guarantee; Ex. vouchsafe your fair return on your investment

vouch	give a personal guarantee; Ex. I can vouch for his integrity; N. voucher

voyeur	Peeping Tom; person who derives sexual gratification from observing the sexual acts of others

vulnerable	susceptible to wounds or attack; N. vulnerability

vulpine	like a fox; crafty

craft	skill (esp. with one's hands); skill in deceiving people; guile; ADJ. crafty: cleverly deceitful; cunning

vulture	carrion-eating birds

vying	contending; CF. vie

waffle	speak equivocally about an issue; N.

waft	move gently (in air or in seas) by wind or waves; Ex. leaves wafting past the window

waggish	humorous; mischievous; tricky

wag	shake repeatedly from side to side; Ex. The dog wagged its tail; N: humorous person; wit

waif	homeless child or animal; Ex. waifs and strays

waive	give up temporarily; yield; N. waiver: waiving a right or claim; document that waives a right or claim

wake	trail of ship or other object through water; path of something that has gone before; Ex. hunger followed in the wake of the war

wallow	roll in mud; indulge in; (of a ship) roll in a rough sea; become helpless; Ex. wallow in the mud/luxury

wan	having a pale or sickly color; pallid

wanderlust	strong longing to travel

wane	decrease in size or strength (after being full); grow gradually to an end; Ex. The moon waxes and wanes every month; N.

wangle	achieve by cleverness or trick; wiggle out; fake; Ex. She tried to wangle an invitation to the party.

wiggle	wriggle; move from side to side with irregular twisting motions

fake	not genuine; N: one that is not genuine; impostor; sham; V: counterfeit; Ex. fake the results of the experiment/the signature

wanton	unrestrained; gratuitously cruel; willfully malicious; unchaste; sexually improper; promiscuous; Ex. wanton spending/killing; CF. having no just cause

warble	(of a bird) sing; babble; N.

warp	twist out of shape; N.

warranted	justified; authorized

warrant	justification; written order that serves as authorization (esp. a judicial writ); Ex. search/death warrant; V: justify; guarantee

warranty	guarantee; assurance by seller

warren	tunnels in which rabbits live; overcrowded living area; crowded conditions in which people live

wary	very cautious; watchful

wastrel	waster; profligate

wax	increase gradually (as the moon); grow

waylay	ambush; lie in wait for and attack

ambush	act of lying in wait to attack by surprise; sudden attack made from a concealed position; Ex. lie in ambush; V.

wean	accustom a baby not to nurse; accustom (the young of a mammal) to take nourishment other than by suckling; give up a cherished activity; cause to gradually leave (an interest or habit); Ex. wean oneself from cigarettes

weather	pass safely through (a storm or  difficult period); endure the effects of weather or other forces

welt	raised mark from a beating or whipping

welter	confusion; turmoil; confused mass; bewildering jumble; Ex. welter of data

welter	wallow (as in mud or high seas); lie soaked (as in blood); Ex. The victims weltered in their blood.

wheedle	deceive, persuade, or obtain by flattery; cajole; coax; Ex. wheedle a promise out of her

whelp	young animal (esp. of the dog or cat family); young wolf, dog, tiger, etc.

whet	sharpen; stimulate; Ex. whet someone's appetite

whiff	puff or gust (of air, scent, etc.); short-lasting smell; hint; Ex. whiff of perfume/scandal

whimsical	capricious; fanciful; amusingly strange

whim	sudden capricious idea; fancy

whimsy	whim; tendency to behave amusingly strangely; Ex. story full of whimsy

whinny	neigh like a horse; CF. neigh: make the sound which horses make

whit	small amount; smallest speck; Ex. not a whit of

whittle	pare; cut away thin bits (from wood); fashion in this way; reduce gradually; trim

pare	cut away the outer covering or skin of (with a knife); trim; Ex. pare apples/expenses

whorl	ring of leaves around stem; ring; circular arrangement; Ex. whorls on the fingers

willful	wilful; intentional; headstrong

wilt	loose freshness; droop

wily	crafty; cunning; artful; N. wile: deceitful stratagem

wince	move back suddenly; shrink back; flinch; Ex. She winced as she touched the cold body.

start	move suddenly or involuntarily; Ex. start at the sight of a snake

windfall	fallen fruit; unexpected lucky event

winnow	sift; separate the chaff from grain by blowing; separate good parts from bad; CF. wind

sift	put through a sieve to separate fine from coarse particles; sort or examine carefully

winsome	charming (in a childlike way); agreeable; gracious; engaging

wispy	thin; slight; barely discernible

wisp	small bunch (of hair); faint streak (of smoke)

wistful	sadly thoughtful (because of desires or memories); sadly pensive; vaguely longing

withdrawn	introverted; retiring; remote

remote	distant in manner; aloof

wither	(of a plant) dry up from loss of moisture; lose freshness; shrivel; decay

shrivel	make or become shrunken and wrinkled (often by drying)

withhold	refuse to give; hold back; Ex. withholding tax

withstand	stand up against; resist successfully

witless	lacking intelligence or wit; foolish; idiotic

witticism	witty saying; wisecrack(clever joking remark)

wizardry	sorcery; magic

wizened	shriveled; withered; Ex. wizened apple/old lady

woe	great sorrow; deep inconsolable grief; affliction; suffering; Ex. financial woes

woeful	sad; (of something bad) deplorable; deplorably bad; Ex. woeful housing conditions

wont	(the stated person's) habit or custom; habitual procedure; ADJ. wonted: customary

worldly	engrossed in matters of this earth; not spiritual; of the material world

wrangle	quarrel noisily; obtain through arguing; herd cattle; N.

herd	group of animals; crowd; one who looks after a herd; Ex. shepherd/goatherd; Ex. herd instinct; Ex. herdsman; V: come together in a herd; look after a herd; Ex. herd cattle

wrath	anger; fury

wreak	inflict; Ex. wreak one's vengeance on

wrench	twist; pull; strain; Ex. He wrenched the gun out of her hands.

wrest	obtain by pulling violently; pull away; take by violence; Ex. wrest victory from their grasp

writ	written command issued by a court (telling someone to do or not to do something)

writhe	twist in coils; contort in pain

wry	(esp. of an expression of the face) twisted; with a humorous twist (expressing displeasure)

xenophobia	fear or hatred of foreigners; N. xenophobe

yen	strong desire; longing; urge; Ex. yen for travel

yeoman	man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer

yield	amount produced; crop; income on investment; profit obtained from an investment; V: produce; give in; surrender

yoke	join together; unite; N: crossbar used to joining two draft animals

yokel	rustic; country bumpkin;

yore	time long past; Ex. in the days of yore

zany	comic; crazy; N: clown; comical person (given to outlandish behavior)

zeal	eager enthusiasm (to a cause or ideal); ADJ. zealous

zealot	one who is zealous; fanatic; person who shows excessive zeal

zenith	point directly overhead in the sky; summit; acme; highest point

zephyr	gentle breeze; west wind

English Vocabulary

Are you a word lover? Do you subscribe to a-word-a-day? Are you preparing for SAT or GRE? If yes to any of the above, then you may find this word list useful. Else, do you swoon by the sway of your sensibility? Do you cackle for the pang of nettlesome far-outs? Do you dig the incomprehensible writs of a heart? Then, you need this page.

When I was learning English back in 1989, my methodology was to build a vocabulary and ignore every other aspect of the language. I reasoned that the essence of knowing a language is no more than understanding all the words. So, for the first few years I thumbed through English-Chinese dictionary hundred times a day as the primay means of learning the language. I disregarded any conventions and methdologies such as learning from ESL materials. Now I know how wrong and inefficient I've been. The habit of writing down words and checking dictionaries nevertheless continued.

This page is about 170 kilo bites containing over 3200 words of pain, loosely grouped into several classes for my own happiness.

SAT Words: Words commonly found in magazines or newspapers. A great source for SAT preparation. High school students or advanced English as Second Language learners starts here. (btw, SAT stands for Scholastic Aptitude Test, a necessity if you want to engage in pop universities in United States of America. If you can do or did well, fine, but otherwise fuck it.)

GRE Words: Similar in nature to the SAT group but more difficult. You may find them in GREs (Graduate Record Exams). SAT and GRE words are basically words found in journalism. (as opposed to novels or other literatures.)

Writer's Words: When i cannot find a categorical basket to put the word in, i dump it here. Writers are the ones to blame for this utter fuckup.

Words with Hyphenation: e.g. booby-trap, grass-roots, all-out, tongue-in-cheek.

Combination Words: words formed by combining other familiar words. For example, instep, outlook, daresay, headstrong, crackpot. I don't know the technical word for such, but a related idea is portmanteau word. So, when should one insert a hyphenation, you ask? Answer: In general, when a combined word becomes popular, the hyphen disappears. For example, email started as e-mail for electronic-mail.

Special Meanings Group: familiar words with unfamiliar meanings or likely to be misunderstood. For example, a seedy hotel; It's not cricket to cheat at cards; marshal all the relevant facts for the presentation.

Foreign Group: Words that looks glaringly foreign. Exempli gratia: de facto, bona fide, ad hoc, voila, et cetera.

Slang: like, more bang for the buck.

Informal, yup! So what's the diff between slang and informal? Often, slang begin as slang, and when they become pop, pundits upgrade them to informal status. Sometimes, dictionaries will disagree on a word status being slang, informal, or standard.

Interesting Nouns: Nouns are the least interesting class.

Arcane: difficult, obscure, or specialized jargon, but not archaic. Often interesting ones.

Similar Words: synonym, paronym, homonym, homophone, homograph, and other kind of nameless nymphs of my fancy. Speaking of nymphs, Western thoughts are obsessed with sex (and other materialistic wanting). In Eastern mythology, it's a bag of pent-up morals and mores, but in the West (that of Greek or Rome), it's fornication, bestiality, incest, sexual jealousy, lust and obsession. In my judgement, Oriental philosophies are all fucked up in the beginning and going nowhere as history attests.

Unprocessed: yes, and pending for your hands. Stipulation and manipulation, subject to your object of desire.

For those of you vocabulary rookies, I can give you a few advice: (1) Princeton Review publishes two books Word Smart and Word Smart II (look at amazon.com). There are quite a few vocabulary books, but I heartily recommend these two. These two contain a selection of just the right words -- frequently used but not obscure. They give a brief definition, usage example, and contain a short section that teach you about the roots of English vocabulary. (by the way, the 800 words in Word Smart is contained in my word list. (2) Doesn't matter whether you study words for fun or for exams, a software dictionary on your computer is very convenient: Highlight a word, press a button, and ZAP you see its definition and synonyms. Click on any word and ZAP, you got cross-referenced. If you are in a dictionary look-up binge, just zap, zap, zap, and zaaaap! Almost as fun as shooting aliens.

Vocabulary is only one part of English. You should not learn English by studying words alone unless you are doing it for a short period in preparation for exams. Even if you like words for their own sake, I find that reading well written books or journals are excellent ways to learn all the connotations of words. Personally, I have read every issue of Time Magazine from about 1993 to 1995. At first I read it for the purpose of increasing my vocabulary. Gradually, I found the magazine to be informative, and it became my means of understanding the world.

In the past I also fancied that by surveying classical literature that I might be able to master all the SAT type of words. I envision this to have two advantages: (1) that I would have read all the classical literatures I liked. (2) I would have obtained a well-rounded set of vocabulary at a level that I desire. I found out by experience that this assumption is not correct. One could read up all the works of Shakespeare or other classical fictions or non-fictions but still not able to understand much common words or phrases in modern journalism. This is so because English vocabulary is too large. Only a subsection is used in one class of literature.

If you find any mispelling in my list or any other wrong (morally, psychologically, or plainly), please hit me (xah@xahlee.org) on the head with a digitized book. Seriously, if you like this page, please do send me an email telling me that I am beautiful (sic. sic. sic. sic. sic. Yes, I mean it!). If genie exists, I would wish for possession of supreme beauty. But today, I wish you to tell me that I possess it. Be sweet, be elaborate, be creative, but not precipitous. Be funny, be fawny, but not toady. If you are not very skilled at writing for one reason or another, a simple phrase will please me much more than a "thank you". Now, let's hear it. (oh, by the way, what a perfect human being I am.)

At the bottom of this page are some related webpages that will help you learn English, both as a language learner or professional writer.

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SAT Words

expound	| ... expounded my ideas forthwith.

cogent	| ...But those authors have been a select group, who both have had something to say, and have been fluent enough to say it more or less cogently.

avarice	| It's a seedy, cynical world view: people are motivated by greed, stupidity and sexual avarice.

contentious	| belligerent, pugnacious

critique	| I consider it [a pornagraphy] required research for my critique of her manifesto... [Time Mag. sneering on a stupid feminist who hates porn.]

effrontery	| temerity, audacity, nerve, cheek, gall

hiatus	| After a seven-year hiatus,...

pompous	| pretentious, grandiose, puffy, stuffy, bloated

protean	| ... many people of protean interests,...

protocol	| etiquette, propriety, decorum

quaint	| The church's ideals of family, for example, strike me as, by turns, heroic, profound or quaint.

commend	| The judge commended the jury for their patience and hard work.

| He has done a commendable job of trying to sell his proposal to the audience.

gore	| Americans now wallow in the horror and gore and take a guilty delight in killer's eluding capture. [Time Mag.]

| Here we go again -- another gore gourmand acting out fantasies of aggression for the grind-house trade. [describing a violent movie]

pithy	| ...Insert pithy maxim here... [an Internet signature]

randy	| ... she was hoping to remind the world of her randy reputations...

repository	| He is the ultimate repository of arcane information.

squeamish	| ...which squeamish readers may find hard to get through without wincing...

unassuming	| "By day they [vampires] walk around unassuming then boom! By night they turn into monsters."

prurient	| When Hubert Selby Jr. wrote the book [Last Exit to Brooklyn] that inspired this movie 25 years ago, it was attacked in some quarters as pornographic, but it failed the essential test: It didn't arouse interest, only sadness and despair.

crony	| ...his father and two cronies played cards.

lynch	| public hangings and lynchings...

confound	| They [smilies or emoticons] have since become (depending on your point of view) either an essential part of the on-line messaging process, a minor irritation, or a confounded nuisance that pollutes the world's communications channels.

riposte	| his [Bart Simpson] ripostes "Eat my shorts" became T-shirt slogans.

stipend	| Later, another stipend enabled him to attend Brooklyn's Pratt Institute...

indomitable	| the indomitable Captain James Tiberius Kirk from the original TV series [Star Trek]...

foray	| Sony's Hollywood foray began, as so many sour business deals do, with bold rhetoric and grand strategies.

predicament	| That predicament seems likely to change in the next few years, as scientists learn more about the biochemistry of behavior.

plight	| Gregory's plight attracted national attention and even reached the podium of G.O.P. convention, where conservative Pat Buchanan cited the case in his attack on Hillary Clinton...

emeritus	| Died. Paul Darber, 93, historian emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.

mendacity	| Never has there been a politician so candid about his own mendacity as Earl Long, the fabled drinking, carousing and hog hunting 1950s Governor of Louisiana.

repentant	| Repentant drinkers, meanwhile, are helping organize Alcoholics anonymous groups on campus.

slugging	| Almost every college graduate can spin at least a few tales about a boisterous night of carousing that culminated in slugging shots of tequila at sunrise or tossing drained kegs into the president's pool.

betroth	| But am betrothed unto your enemy (from a poem by John Donne)

mow	| "If people want cheesecake, they don't want 'lite,'" he says. "They come to our restaurant to mow."

corpulent	| ...[she is] referring to the corpulent King of England who lived so well off the labor of his peasantry.

taciturn	| Over dinner, a taciturn staff gave him a quick primer on how to direct a movie.

detract	| Or maybe, as its detractors contend, Therapeutic Touch is a form of New Age mumbo jumbo, a no-touch laying on of hands that has no legitimate place in medicine.

canny	| a canny (movie) producer.

contrived	| That answer is probably just as good as the so called "correct" answer, which always seemed a bit contrived to me.

exonerate	| Here is where NeXT's doleful record cannot be entirely exonerated by the biological metaphor, which is after all a figure of speech, not an explanation.

preclude	| avert, obviate, forestall

predilection	| partiality, penchant, prejudice, proclivity, propensity

apocryphal	| Wildly apocryphal rumors about starvation in Petrograd ... raced through Russia's trenches" (W. Bruce Lincoln).

fickle	| capricious, volatile, mercurial, whimsical

supercilious	| disdainful

resplendent	| sublime

rescind	| abolish, annihilate, void, annul, repeal, revoke

abrogate	| ... the university had ignored decades of constitutional law and abrogated its responsibility as a center for free inquiry.

vitiate	| corrupt, debase, debauch, deprave, pervert

ascendancy	| dominant, predominant, preponderant, paramount, preeminent, supremacy, preponderance, pre-eminence

contiguous	| abutting, adjoining,, conterminous, juxtaposed

covert	| He believed that art must be analyzed for both its overt and covert meaning: Beneath its explicit content there exists a vast reservoir of latent social and psychic information. [time mag.]	| ... piggy gossip seekers overtly and hoggish knowledge seekers covertly [web]

covet	| envy, begrudge

culpable	| censurable, reprehensible

cursory	| superficial, shallow

deprecate	| Note: The first and fully accepted meaning of deprecate is "to express disapproval of." But the word has steadily encroached on the meaning of depreciate. It is now used, almost to the exclusion of depreciate, in the sense "to belittle or mildly disparage," as in He deprecated his own contribution. In an earlier survey, this newer sense was approved by a majority of the Usage Panel.

ebullient	| exuberant, vivacious, sparkling, effervescent

exhort	| urge, press, prod, prick	| His [moralist] ostensible method [for improving men's behavior] is moral exhortation; his real method (if he is orthodox) is a system of economic rewards and punishments. [Bertrand Russell in What I Believe.]

profligate	| To make enjoyment the chief end of research was to corrupt the research, for then one acquired "a greed or lust for learning, a profligate appetite for knowledge... Such as study of science sprang from a prior concern for self as the center of things rather than a concern for seeking out, amid all surrounding natural phenomena, the presence of God and His glory." --Blaise Pascal.

rapacious	| voracious, gluttonous, ravenous

stricture	| The strictures [of a religion] involving family and divorce were fine print that I was too young to care about. [Time Mag. on scientology, i think.]

unconscionable	| unscrupulous

instigate	| foment, abet

caveat	| ...further soul searching and the insertion of more caveats.

ineffable	| ...or they [emotions] were seen as the ineffable ingredients of the human spirit, too elusive for capture. [article on study of the brain]

hallow	| she... on tennis' most hallowed turf.

divisive	| "I'm warning you: don't be divisive in this meeting."

sanctimonious	| The report is quite sanctimonious ...

abstruse	| stop pestering me with your abstruse theories...

accentuate	| Dresses are often designed to accentuate the curvaceous female body.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GRE Words

proletariat	| The aristocrat has to persuade himself that the slave or proletarian or colored man is of inferior clay, and that his suffering do not matter. [Bertrand Russell in What I Believe]

veracity	| Although an attempt has been made to ensure the veracity of the following material, no responsibility is assumed for any use, or for any consequences resulting from any use, of the information contained herein. [from a tech documentation.]

tumultuous	| This book is being published in a tumuluous time... [from the preface of Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier.]

dearth	| ...except the dearth of people who understand mathematics.

ostracize	| My great-great-grandfather, after observing the depth of the lava on the slopes of Etna, came to the conclusion that the world must be older than the orthodox supposed [Bible's 4004 BC] and published this opinion in a book. For this offense he was cut by the county and ostracized from society. --Bertrand Russell on Christianity.

pernicious	| [Star Trek] ...from the bellicose Klingons to the pernicious Borg...

| noxious, baneful, pestilent, virulent, malignant, pestilential.

beleaguer	| beset, harass, plague, harry, pester, bedevil

| besiege, beleaguer, blockade, invest, siege

choleric	| peppery, waspish, petulant, querulous, snappy, irascible, peevish, testy

assiduous	| ...Then I stopped by the house where my grandmother spent most of her time assiduously trying to spend those millions [dollars].

gestalt	| That's why I read this book three times. I learned something new on every page and unlearned at least one misunderstanding in every chapter. I saw the gestalt between seemingly dissimilar things like modems and radio stations. The breadth and depth of the book yielded fresh fruit on every reading. (a book review)

requite	| Definition for 'Echo' (Greek Mythology): A nymph whose unrequited love for Narcissus caused her to pine away until nothing but her voice remained.

colloquium	| The WTR's Carlo was among the most vocal public health advocates at the colloquium. (on health effects of using cell phone)

convalescence	| Some years ago, following a debilitating illness, I started to fill the seemingly limitless days of convalescence by expanding my programming skills.

adjudge	| ...after his compositions were adjudged underwhelming,...

biddable	| acquiescent, docile, amenable

comeuppance	| Soon after arriving there he meets Sera (Elisabeth Shue), a masochist who is perhaps not quite as smart and tough as she thinks she is, and thus obviously in line for a painful comeuppance. [the movie Leaving Las Vegas 1996]

doctrinaire	| imperious, overbearing

| insubordinate, rebellious, mutinous, factious, seditious

ductile	| malleable, plastic, pliable, pliant

gangling	| gangling youth

gonzo	| With two gonzo epics, action star Jackie Chan and director John Woo take on Hollywood.

hospice	| takes place amid loved ones, in the familiar comfort of home or hospice.

imponderable	| difficulties and imponderables...

interdict	| enjoin, proscribe

outlandish	| [this play is] outlandish and entirely plausible...

puckish	| a puckish sense of humor...

putative	| Cold Warriors [TV show title]: [Woody] Allen as the putative spy, with Dom Deluise, Michael J. Fox.

rabble	| In nearly all INTJs [a personality type], others are viewed and classified into two distinct groups. The vast majority of acquaintances are lumped into the category of the helpless rabble, the masses who live out their entire lives in quiet desperation. These are looked upon with quaint fondness at best, with contempt more often.

ford	| The clever donkey quickly learned to roll over while fording a particular stream, thereby dissolving much of the salt and making his burden far lighter.

arcana	| ...the 41-year-old polymath, master of eight languages including Sanskrit as well as the new arcana of atomic physics...

| Along the way he found himself drawn to the spiritual arcana of the Knights Templar [a mystical brotherhood].

declamation	| specious declamation

detritus	| ...the detritus of past civilizations.

fiat	| money by fiat.

kilter	| throw a baby's diet off kilter.

plaudit	| ... she has explored at least a dozen art forms and won plaudits in several ...

plebiscite	| if a plebiscite were held today, ...

troll	| ...But the truth is that the vast majority of people who troll the Internet's byways are there in search of social interaction, not just sterile information.

rigamarole	| ...But if it's only existence of the 1-1 mapping that is supposed to be the 'paradox,' you could get that without all the rigamarole just by drawing radii. --Bill Snyder

gloat	| I did not come here, as you are assured, to gloat.

hortatory	| ...but the second set of directions has a hortatory tone about it.

behoove	| ...So it behooves us to be aware of the difference -- sometimes a subtle difference -- between cause-and-effect reasoning and antecedent-consequence reasoning.

equitable	| ...to create a more equitable policy of taxation...

inure	| All [political] candidates lie -- in a technical sense -- every time they read a speech they paid someone else to write.... But the voters have become inured to such petty fabrications.

unflagging	| unflagging pursue of excellence.

controvert	| Answering the why question often involves us in trying to persuade others that our hypothesis about why something happened is a plausible, if not an incontrovertible, one.

impudicity	| Immodesty; shamelessness

interlope	| The cosmic interloper was completely vaporized...[pointing to the comic that extinguished Dinas]

laundering	| Allegations of gunrunning in Australia and money laundering in Canada and Europe.

untrammeled	| Rather than the crude, lumbering gesticulations of the stage-trained actors who were the staples of early films, Griffith began using youthful newcomers untrammeled by years of barnstorming and emphasized Representation.

disingenuous	| ...when he claimed that his computer was "extremely easy to manufacture and to service," a baldly disingenuous statement we know now...

stoke	| Steve Jobs and his minions had succeeded masterfully in stoking outside expectations by keeping details [of NeXT computer] secret...

rankle	| ...In haste and stammering he performed his part,/ And looked the rage that rankled in his heart. --The Parish Register by George Crabbe.

wily	| Three stories that begin as cliches but soon go wild and wily.

pandemic	| America's pandemic obesity -- 33% of U.S. adults ...[are] overweight.

jocund	| ...A poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company... --William Wordsworth.

jovial	| "... he is a fairly jovial fellow."

ulterior	| Some industry observers suggested that IBM may have had ulterior motives for knocking Intel's quality, since Big Blue will begin selling the competing PowerPC microprocessor next spring.

laconic	| "that's shit" was his favorite laconic expression.

usurp	| I, like an usurped town to another due (from a poem by John Donne)

blare	| "Put Fidelity's Renowned Investment Management Expertise to Work For You," blares the brochure.

dicey	| The silver-tongued Ross always extricated himself from dicey situations and ...

expunge	| ...venture forth to expunge the hydra-headed "gry" riddle once and for all.

seminal	| this is a seminal finding.

tussle	| A rogue cop's tussle with the Mob is an exercise in soft porn.

distraught	| ...have received thousands of calls from distraught victims reporting impromptu acts of discrimination that recalled the vigilante spirit of the old Wild West.

injunction	| ...appear to be ignoring the legal injunction and taking enforcement into their own hands.

cachet	| For all that, Star Trek has never won much respect. In the realm of long-running entertainment phenoms, Sherlock Holmes has more history; James Bond, more class Star Wars; and Indiana Jones, more cinematic cachet.

cataclysm	| The ultimate goal of Scriabin's experiments, the Misterium, which was to have resulted in the ecstatic cataclysm of the human race, was left incomplete at his death.

travail	| The story of the deaf in America is intimately bound up with ASL and its travails.

connive	| These connivers didn't just feed a few answers to favored contestants to boost ratings. They destroyed a nation's innocence. [about the movie Quiz Show]

kiosk	| What's to stop publishers from striking out on their own, using the new improved Internet as their online kiosk?

volley	| Is nicotine a drug or not? Both Congress and the FDA need to know before they fire the next volley in the tobacco wars, and they are looking to science for guidance.

truckle	| Nowadays colleges have to hustle for students by truckling trendily.

mediocrities	| The harder and more meaningful questions is whether the mediocrities who have also flooded into colleges in the past couple of generations do better than they otherwise would have.

quotidian	| ...these other countries tend to separate the college-bound from the quotidian masses in early adolescence,...

| ...The virtue of the book is that it captures the quotidian misunderstandings between men and women in the work place.

postmortem	| as the death and postmortem of Comet Shoemaker-Levy unfold, that...

preponderance	| ...Why the preponderance of animals over human images? (prehistoric art found is a cave)

trounce	| Finally, they [American companies] are beating their Japanese, ... rivals -- and in products like autos,..., and computer chips, where a few years ago they were being trounced. [Time Mag.]

ruckus	| A new book [The Bell Curve] raises a ruckus by linking intelligence to genetics and race. [Time Mag.]

forestall	| But while such heroic measures can relieve pain and reduce debilitating fatigue, they generally forestall death for only a few years [for heart-disease patients].

tenable	| ...we would have to argue that these are tenable norms for...

specious	| specious declamation

inveterate	| share an inveterate cynicism about corporate messages....	| If you're an inveterate coder, Debian will keep you fiddling happily for eons. [about computer different Operation System "versions".]

epitome	| ...the epitome of suburban domesticity.

iniquities	| His tough guys chat about life's iniquities and inequities, about hamburgers, the Bible, the ethics of foot massage, the perfidy of women. Sometimes they sound like catty old fishwives. But this is a very male form of gossip -- verbal machismo. With their edgy patter, the guys test themselves, their friends, their victims...

puerile	| messages on computer networks are so sloppy, meandering, puerile, ungrammatical,...

sundry	| ...or sundry other multilateral constructions.

conspire	| ...while "charm" and "strange" quarks conspire to make more exotic particles...

panache	| they [boxers] brought a desperately needed shot of Ali-style panache to the ring.

vaunt	| ...his most vaunted exploits were exposed as largely fictitious.

quixotic	| She recalls her early life and her quixotic campaign for the presidency of Sex Club 101.

cortege	| retinue

unflappable	| ... transform him in the eyes of his people from a dithering cad into an unflappable semi-hero.;

| The unflappable McCauley still knows exactly what are the right things to do

sang-froid	| praised him for his sang-froid.

duress	| resigned under duress.

rambunctious	| Charles Barkley, the rambunctious Phoenix Suns basketball superstar, is planning to run for Governor of his home state of Alabama in 1996.

larceny	| [on how people lie] An advanced gambit is angrily rebutting a charge that was never made. When Richard Nixon claimed in the midst of Watergate, "I am not a crook," he was telling a literal truth. He was charged with the abuse of power -- not larceny.

moratorium	| Elizabeth Duncan had been gassed [put to death by gas] in California in 1962, before the moratorium on executions.

renegade	| Brad Pitt expertly portrays trailer-park renegades who...

spurn	| ... spurned the offer...

faze	| ...and seemed unfazed by reports of public displays of marital discord between ...

bibelot	| novelty, bauble, trinket, bibelot, gewgaw, gimcrack, knickknack, whatnot.

ancillary	| Aladdin [the movie] has earned $1 billion from box-office income, video sales and such ancillary baubles as Princess Jasmine dresses and Genie cookie jars...

inimical	| male parental investments also makes the man's naturally polygynous bent inimical to his wife's reproductive interests.

paragon	| Women are not by nature paragons of fidelity. Wanderlust is an innate part of their minds, ready to surface under propitious circumstances. [Time mag.]

scabrous	| Jim had material for more scabrous satire.

deracinate	| such cascades of images can prove deracinating.

sunder	| ...people like me inadvertently sundered the tapestry of our lives...

| A ragtag army [the runaways] of the abused and the ignored drifting aimlessly like flotsam out of sundered families.

splatter	| [princess] Diana's image as the innocent wronged woman in a bad marriage was tarnished. Now it has been splattered.

humdrum, irksome	| ...almost humdrum event.

frisson	| ...and mutter a few Gallic epithets, but Gangji, 41, one of the top professional umpires in tennis, chose to ignore this final frisson of petulance.

excoriate	| And indeed The Blue Kite is by far the most excoriating depiction in Chinese film of Mao's ravages.

| chafe, abrade, fret, gall

maunder	| ...maunder and mope...

| Alternative rockers are notoriously mopey...

demur	| kick, remonstrate, expostulate

disjuncture	| The disjuncture between law and practice ...

trove	| scientists unveiled a trove of fossil remains ...

stigmatize	| This [homosexuality] is a stigmatized group. There is probably a lot more homosexual activity going on than we could get people to talk about.

penultimate	| "How far have you gone?"; "I'm at the penultimate level". (of a video game.)

mecca	| "...Sand Hill Road, the mecca for West Coast venture capital firms."

screed	| It was a blistering screed that rocked me back on my heels. (that awoke him)

vitriolic	| Surely a person who pours forth vitriolic contempt as you do can stand to be teased lightly? --Robby Villegas.	| acrid, truculent, acerbic, acidic, biting, caustic, scathing, vituperative	| virulent

caste	| Like any other privileged caste, they use their power for their own advantage.

perdition	| "... He [Herodutus] is not anxious to prove that people who call Zeus by some other name will suffer eternal perdition and ought to be put to death in order that their punishmetn may begin as soon aspossible. --Bertrand Russell on Christianity.

provincial	|

aggrandize	| After all, such individuals aggrandize themselves by pushing hard on young people who don't understand how they are being taken advantage of.

Without examples:

adulate, adulation

allusion	| If you just ask, i'd be happy to explain any sentence or intentions or origins or allegories or allusions or recondite wisdom you couldn't grasp. [Xah Lee ranting in comp.lang.lisp, 2000/07/26]

armistice	| "Armistice International"

attrition	| rubbing away. For example, there is a site called attrition.com, dedicated to computing hacking releated news and issues, as in "rubbing away a behemoth".

-w balderdash	| your article is balderdash

-s balk	| the dork balked at crossing the wooden bridge

-g bandy	| the kid bandied his toy sword, menancing grimace in full display.

-l bucolic	| countries are often bucolic, often with bucolic people. Bucolic people are also known as rubes, rustics -- rythms with rural and rooky. Countryman, on the contrary, is not to be intepreted as bucolic man. For example, in the movie Silence of the Lambs, Dr. Hannibal Lecter calls the FBI chic Clarice Starling a rube, however, they are mutally countryman, despite that Starling is a woman.

-l careen	| nubile chics careening on the deck -- that is their nature.

deplore

depredate

grueling

, hoard, imbue, impute, innocuous,

intelligentsia, interlocutor, inveigle, jaunt, leviathan,

limpidity

enclave, extradition, flounce, foolhardy, forthwith,

-g fusillade

-g gluttony

-g gnash

-l miscreant	| there is a excellent porn movie titled miscreant

-g quip

-g cognoscenti	| connoisseur

-g cretinous	| that is cretin

-g episcopal	| church shit

-g mitigate	| mitigate the situation

-g neophyte	| newbie

-s nomadic	| some tribes are nomadic

provident

purvey	| Taiwan -- the purveyor of computer memory chips

rancor, rejoin,

remonstrate, rove, sentient, shun, strident, superannuate, synopsis,

verve, waterloo, wee

complicity, confluence, invidious, beleaguer, harridan, leach, reprise,

dervish

gloaming, haply, holism, impunity, internecine, intromit, , numinous,

objurgate, prophylactic, purblind, regale, transmogrify, artifice,

betoken, declaim, dilatory, disburse, elocution, impecunious, inculpate,

intercede, nascent,

, quandary, racket, rancor, supervene,

tribulation, truculent, usurpation, accession, aplomb, earl, flagitious,

impunity, inimitable, junta, parlay, raffish, recoup, straggle,

subterfuge, whet, apathy, close-fisted, contract, curt, didactic,

mortify

mutable,

nefarious

, parochial, prodigious, propriety,

pugnacious, raze, rebuff, rout, supercilious, supplant, thrifty,

understated, unimpeachable, upbraid, venerate, auspice, bathos, cackle,

captious, dalliance, dirge,

eschew

, execration, garish, Herculean,

imbecility, laurel, pariah, peeve, peremptory, perjure,

pestiferous, ploy, stash, totem,

-s translucent	| i was covertly ogling at her translucent dress.

-g diaphanous	| ethereal, gossamer	| "diaphanous bodysuit, something like a body stocking but with the kind of intimate snugness of a condom"	| translucent

-l gossamer	| see through, gauze like fabric.

-w odoriferous

, venality, yeoman,

plaint, arraignment, dunk, infidel, mosque, precept, orchard, collusion,

inclement,

, glint, spry, suborn, brigand, invidious,

persecution

apprehend

enfranchise, enervate, tangential,

errant, pummel

-g renege	| the terrorists reneged and killed the hostages

mediate, perquisite, cadre

-l leitmotif	| motif

extradite, ballyhoo,

-w salacious

-g epitomize	| it seems that going gaga epitomized the acme of an supreme artist's life

spume, duly

-g exoteric	| opposite of esoteric. Math is esoteric, music is exoteric

-s esoteric	| compare exoteric	| why do you endeavor on such an esoteric subject (group theory)

-g stipulate	| Perl programing stipulates a sloppy mind

-l machination	|

ethereal

-a microcosm

-l libation

-g propound	| they propound an experimental anarchy region

-g hubbub	| Java, the hubbub of computer industry of 1997

-g congenital	| not to be confused with congenial, but think of genital

-w insular

irrefragable, , penury, skittish, disembark,

curmudgeon, facetiously, escutcheon, ,

wrangle, rebuff, gambol, puerility, tableaux, entrench, squall, consign,

incontestable, veld

-n savanna

-w quintessential	| there is essence, quintessence, then essential and quintessential	| "Liszt was the quintessential romantic"  Musical Heritage Review

, abstention, congenial,

perjury, taxonomy, recourse, decoy, compendium, populist,

hagiarchy, partial, stint, reprieve, steppe, glade, halcyon, testament,

comportment, verity, cower, bogey, insidious, ilk, corporeal,

agronomy, intemperance, transverse, swathe, mortar, mote, consternation,

nonsectarian, clemency, equanimity, pontificate.

-e exploit

-g fecund

-w peroration	| holes ...

-g draconian

-g epicurean

-g ire	| When quality lampoon are read by rubes, it arose instinctive ire in them. Although they do not apprehend the significance, but can fully sense it's attacking nature. In newsgroups, such rubes would reply with a vengeance, showing that their majesty, could see nothing but insults. [Xah Lee in comp.lang.lisp, 2000/07/27]

-s listless

-g lampoon	| when Kim Jong Il succeeded his father as leader of North Korea six years ago, he was lampooned by the rest of the world as a pudgy playboy who drank cognac while his countrymen barely subsisted, many of them reduced to eating roots. [Time Mag, 2000/06/26]

-l garrulous

insolvent

-g jingoist	| the movie Saving Private Ryan has a jingoistic tone.

-n samizdat	| The implications are profound. Dissidents in totalitarian states could use Freenet to post samizdat that once had to be cautiously hand-circulated. _Whistle-blowers 9_ could safely bring _smoking-gun_ documents to light. [Time Mag, 2000/06/26]

-w philistine	| It would be philistine to parse a true work of art in this way - to say, for example, that "King Lear" presents a pretty sorry picture of father-daughter relations. But lesser works like "American Beauty" have to take their chances. Being Best Picture does not make it a work of art. (Think of 1990's Best, Kevin Costner's ridiculous "Dances With Wolves.") [The Subtle Stink That Mars 'American Beauty', by Lance Morrow, 3000/03/27, http://www.time.com/time/daily/0,2960,41820-101000326,00.html]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Writer's Words

intransigence	| Programmers can be very stubborn -- Stallman, to be sure, is legendary for his intransigence. [article about Free Software movement]

chutzpah	| ... indeed, it requires a special degree of chutzpah to write an entirely new version of one of the most famous programs in the free software arsenal. [article about Free Software movement]

cojones	| "What's your background that you have the cojones to try something like this?"

prescriptive	| "My PhD dissertation was entitled Prescriptive Kanji Simplification."

promulgate	| [pinyin was] Promulgated in 1958 [by People's Republic of China].

litany	| ... People keep asking me, "Why a camel?" And I have a standard litany of answers. (I'm allowed to give more than one answer, of course, because of the Perl Slogan: "There's More Than One Way To Do It!") .... [Larry Wall, on History of Perl.]

garble	| ... don't garble what you don't understand. [from unicode FAQ]

feral	| the cubs are still having a bit of trouble adjusting to their new non-feral life.

atone	| ...It was dropped after the 1997 model year. But while Toyota makes mistakes, it seems to make them only once, not only learning from its errors, but also atoning for them by correcting shortcomings. [car review article.]

vigil	| "I'm on y2k vigil."

corral	| All you need to do is walk into any bar or party with it, and corral the first girl you see... [an article on picking up girls]

progeny	| The story of Anna Leonowens, British tutor to the numerous progeny of testy King Mongkut, ruler of 19th century Siam... slightly prissy but good-hearted 20th century liberal. ...Of course, since they started telling and retelling this story, miscegenation has become a nonstarter as a cause for sundering true love. [Richard Schickel of Time Mag. on movie Anna and the King.]

miscegenation	| One would never have known that his staff had had to forcibly drag him to this new position of genial toleration of computer miscegenation.

polemics	| Despite a myriad problems, ours [the year 2000] is a better, more hopeful world than it was in 1942, when humanity wallowed in violence, justified by frantic polemics.

dour	| A large number of rather dour folks seem to have concluded (reluctantly, I hope) that Adolf Hitler was the most significant figure of this century, because he caused the biggest ruckus and slaughtered lots of people. [web rant]

dotard	| "... you dotard, all do is to squabble with me."

dialectical	| As the literary critic and prominent Kinsey Report reviewer Lionel Trilling suggested back in the 1940s, American culture is nothing if not dialectical. [from http://www.suck.com/daily/98/10/09/]

jihad	| the new hacker's jihad. [title of a section of an article. (the war between Free Software and Microsoft.)]

importune	| I'm not going to minimize my [material] attachments by giving it all away, though, so you evangelists for a zillion worthy causes can just calm down out there and forget about hitting me up for megabucks. I am *not* going to be a soft touch, and will rudely refuse all importunities. [Eric S. Raymond on suddenly being a millionaire. 1999/12...]

indolent	| Definition of wallow: To roll the body about indolently or clumsily in or as if in water, snow, or mud.

prolix	| ... (sarcastically) Well, that should be a blistering, prolix rant to look forward to.

droll	| I couldn't begin to imagine how the arid world of over-lit computer labs and humming server rooms could have produced someone so much droller and more insightful than my fellow humanities graduates. [a literature student talking about a unix hacker.]

destitution	| ...prevention of destitution...

prevision	| ...I am speaking of fear as an irrational passion, not of the rational prevision of possible misfortune. [Bertrand Russell in What I Believe]

sow	| Java lets you create methods that have the same name as the class, but that are not constructors. Exploit this to sow confusion. [on writing obfuscated code.]

lurch	| ...Development at NCSA had stalled after the package's original creator, Rob McCool, left the Center. If that happened to a proprietary product [as opposed to OpenSource], it would just die, leaving all its users in the lurch. [an article on Software forking with relation to GPL liscense]

peon	| Mr. President, if I may speak freely, the Russkie talks big, but frankly, we think he's short of know-how. I mean, you just can't expect a bunch of ignorant peons to understand a machine like some of our boys. (from film 'Dr. Strange Love', 1964)

genteel	| Quilty, dazed and gasping, drags himself to find cover behind a Victorian watercolor painting of an 18th century genteel young woman - the portrait is propped up against the wall in the hallway. [describing a scene in Stanley Kubrick's 1962 Lolita.]

tuft	| After a fade-in on satiny drapes, a young girl's bare left foot is offered up. In a timely identification, the word 'Lolita' appears superimposed along the top of the foot. The cushioning left hand (wearing a wedding ring) of a subservient male cradles her foot and his right hand lovelingly and devotedly paints her toenails - at intervals, he puts cotton tufts between her toes. [describing the opening scene of Stanley Kubrick's Lolita (1962)]

rigmarole	| I felt that the education system has become a bureaucratic rigmarole and people forget the goal of education. American school system is now a pestering fashionable business full-fleged with political trendies. --Xah Lee.

concupiscence	| It attempts to render concupiscence innocuous by confining it within the bounds of matrimony. --Bertrand Russell

apologist	| The Christian apologists ...

profundity	| I can, however, imagine the modern liberal theologian maintaining with an air of profundity that all creation is miraculous, so that he no longer needs to fasten upon certain occurrences as special evidence of Diven intervention. --Bertrand Russell on Christianity.

emasculation	| The gradual emasculation of the Christian doctrine has been effected in spite of the most vigorous resistance, and solely as the result of the onslaughts of freethinkers. --Bertrand Russell on Christianity.

obscurantist	| ...But the Buddhist priesthood -- as it exists, for example, in Tibet -- has been obscurantist, tyrannous, and cruel in the highest degree. --Bertrand Russell in "Has religion made useful contributions to civilization" 1930.

knell	| the death knell of MicroSoft.

usurious	| I began selling things for friends, taking a nearly usurious 60 percent cut of the action for auctioning off their old stereo equipment, beaded purses, Ted Williams autographed pix, neon signs, vintage Boy Scout hats, and whatnot.

knave	| "Sire Gibson, forgive me, but why does lord steward wish to march on a geek stronhold?". "Knave! You insult the lady with your ignorance!". (from After Y2K comics by Nitrozac)

jilt	|

meretricious	| Definition for poetaster: writer of insignificant, meretricious, or shoddy poetry.

cavort	| There he was preparing to cavort in the buff with Andie MacDowell...But for him the occasion proved mortifying.	| (Tom) Cruise attends a floating sex party where masked participants cavort. [Time Mag. on film Eyes Wide Shut.]

thanatos	| (Death as a personification or as a philosophical notion.)

saturnalia	| In all these encounters eros and thanatos are exquisitely mixed. The dead body of the first woman's father is clearly visible as she confesses her confused passion; the prostitute turns out to be under the threat of AIDS; the orgiasts, resenting William's intrusion on their saturnalia, threaten him with humiliation and death, and he is "redeemed" only by the intervention of a mysterious woman, who pays for his life with her own. [Time Mag, on film Eyes Wide Shut.]

disport	| ... and, finally, in the movie's central sequence, he succeeds in invading a secret orgy, where masked couples disport themselves sexually in a display that is more grim than wanton. [Time Mag, on the film Eyes Wide Shut.]

ingenue	| With the film's sensational response at this year's Sundance Film Festival, the actress changed her look from frumpy slacker to sleek ingenue and has been on a whirlwind of studio meetings. (Time Mag on the film Blair Witch Project)

miff	| Microsoft miffed AOL yesterday, because a feature in MSN Messenger software lets users communicate with those using AOL's Instant Messenger.

gander	| "Everyone turns and takes a gander at the yokels" --Garrison

invective	| He [Marque de Sade] defied them [morality], chronicling his defiance in volume after volume of denunciation and invective, liberally interwoven with sexual outrages of one kind or another.

woozy	| in such ecstasy, girls swoon, man gets woozy...

portmanteau	| portmanteau words, worth a chortle.

slog	| In summary, almost every concern that you might think of has already been (at least) thought about. In a perfect world, every concern could be addressed perfectly. But in this world we just have to slog through.

angst	| Totally '90s in its preoccupation with angst and property values,...

chink	| ...aimed at a chink in the Supreme Court's rulings...

churlish	| often abuse by the churlish multimillionaires they judge, umpires...

rickety	| [Steve] Jobs had to run through the demonstration without giving any hint of the rickety state of the software. With the auditorium full, the lights were dimmed, and at 9:39, while in the wings his crew had gathered and chanted a good-luck mantra, "Please don't fuck up, please don't fuck up,",... -- "The NeXT Thing" (a book)

snippet	| ...but I instantly disliked them as being superficial, unedifying and self-indulgent. Subsequently I read snippets of interviews and came to the conclusion that he was insincere as well.

haze	| Marine Pfc. William T. Santiago, stationed at Guantanamo, Cuba, just did not measure up to the high standards set by the U.S. Marine Corps. He is killed in a hazing incident perpetrated by Pfc. Lawson Downey and Lance Cpl. Harold W. Dawson. (about the movie A Few Good Men)

politicos	| And while the politicos blame the hoi polloi for the nation's difficulties, they are protecting the real perpetrators -- the powerful rich old white men who have actually caused all the problems.

padre	| Your problem, the Padre said, is...

bimestrial	| I'm writing bimestrial review on it.

altercation	| He [J.J.Sylvester] was a professor at the U. of Virginia for three months until an altercation with a student led to his resignation.

barrister	| One of his [J.J.Sylvester] books is The Laws of Verse, and for many years in England he was a barrister.

albatross	| Clinton's albatross -- now that Gennifer Flower's accusations of adultery have receded into the half-life of media memory -- is his convoluted account of dealings with his Arkansas draft board back in 1969...and his responses amount to a tortuous thicket of incomplete and not entirely compatible explanations.

dote	| He dotes on well-turned literary phrases ...

| She was the precocious child of doting parents in Sin City.

flummox	| The audience, thoroughly flummoxed,...

hokum	| "(computer art is) technological hokum that's neither art nor science."

horripilation	| ...a horripilation of the sexual reflex that is perfectly captured by the word creep.

soporific	| hypnagogic	| Mozart's music is a repetitive, soporific bore.

jamboree	| like a jamboree of the Indian nations in Montana long ago -- a pandemonium of patriarchy,...

maelstrom	| culture's maelstrom of images.

manumit	| emancipate

quiddities	| Ira Holloway is a man who loves women, adores their quiddities,...

shimmy	| he'll be the one shimmying up to me with an opening line (of picking up girls).

smidgen	| a smidgen of genius, a sliver of cutting truth.

gawky	| He says you go along for hours not hearing when you are spoken to and acting like a gawky girl.

melee	| The gunman also died in the melee (shootout).

lucubration	| I have no wish to think that the world results from the lucubrations of Hegel .... --Bertrand Russell

dossier	| ...scientists who seek some sign of it must search the dossier of human activity for conduct that cycles with the seasons and might be linked with sexuality.

hobnob	| ...to confer, converse, and otherwise hobnob with my brother wizards.

traipse	| to traipsing outside his office building whenever he wants a few puffs (of cigarettes). [Time Mag.]

unprepossessing	| ...which was located in an unprepossessing brownstone at that address.

runty	| If Sun was a sumo wrestler, then NeXT was a runty kid barely tall enough to kick it in the shins.

vertiginous	| ...the company [Sun Microsystems] was perfectly positioned to sustain its vertiginous rate of growth.

bombastic	| In an era in which so much political art borders on the bombastic, Maya Lin's sculptures speak quietly but always evocatively, reminding Americans of their common bonds.

fogey	| I am an old ASCII fogey, and don't use CIM. --m.j.vasko.

wunderkind	| Unlike most of the fire-breathing Soviet wunderkinder, though, Richter came to the piano late...

| ...[uncovered recordings] were released earlier this fall with the imprimatur of the temperamental pianist.

swill	| ...amply supported by the public's craving for the latest swill.

scruffy	| Handsomely scruffy, beguilingly elliptical Jordan Catalano [actor] is familiar to legions of smart teenage girls...[he] has become a heartthrob.

risibility	| There's the rub: The sexual encounter between Douglas and Moore teeters on the brink of risibility.

umbrage	| As a COBOL programer in good standing, I take umbrage with your remarks about languages other than C.

haberdashery	| Sam Rothstein favors sports jackets in blinding solids -- sometimes in the primary hues, sometimes in less-than-subtle pastels. These he color-coordinates with silky haberdashery and alligator loafers dyed to match. [about the movie Casino 1995]

toady	| I am furious at Arlen Specter, Pennsylvania's career-senator. He's played the game so long he's forgotten the goal. He thinks his job is to stay in his job. He's a toady and he'll do anything for the GOP. Need a Republican to repeal the laws of physics? Get Arlen.

infernal	| They [vampires] are enslaved by bloodlust: every night a little death. They lean into the victim's' necks and give them the hickey from hell, the infernal overbite -- the kiss that bleeds.

sinecure	| A generous retirement package helped persuade Lee to leave his comfortable sinecure in Berkeley [as a professor] and take on the challenge of leading Academia Sinica [in Taiwan].

hammy	| Jack Barry, host of Twenty-One, rehearses to himself before the show like some hammy dinner-theater thespian.

hawker	| Apparently unfulfilled by her new status as Home Shopping Network hawker, bad novelist and celebrity divorcee, Ivana Trump has decided to acquire the ultimate accessory: a millionaire European husband. ...a suavely hunky Italian engineer and her boyfriend of three years...

captivate	| ...the two were instantly captivated with each other when they met at a party in 1986 and subsequently engaged in sleep-overs at the princess's [palace]...

gubernatorial	| "He will say and do anything to get elected." --Connecticut gubernatorial candidate Tom Scott on his opponent John Rowland.

decrepitude	| Doglegs of decrepitude: John Updike's fine new book of stories looks at boys grown old.

splurge	| As long as we're on the subject, I want to put in a plug for buying a book: "The Insider's Guide to the Colleges." It is more interesting and candid, and isn't one of those facts-and-figures books like Barron's, Petersons, etc. Go out and spend the $18 for a new copy - splurge! You will only go to college once!

piffle	| Oh, piffle!

| ...your talk is piffle.

libertine	| From Mozart's Don Giovanni to Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, the figure of the libertine, that politically incorrect swine, has swaggered provocatively through 200 years of operatic history. Cads, bounders and rakehells abound onstage: one thinks not only of the lecherous Don and Tom Rakewell but of Nerone, Pinkerton and Eugene Onegin as well-moral reprobates who give hardly a second thought to the consequences of their actions.

addle	| A distressing number of my readers, however, evidently addled by the siren song of "the third word," were unable to read my plea for surcease, and so the deluge of "gry" continued.

swank	| While staying at Manhattan's swank Mark Hotel,...

epigone	| Surely there are other philosophies -- Hitler and his epigones in Bosnia represent one...

tyro	| don't act like an expert when you're a tyro.

cagey	| That rowdy farce, cagily directed by Tom Shadyac,...

rowdy	| ...had to contend with a group of drunken rowdies who caused a near riot at the school.

reprisal	| In the days when execution was mainly a reprisal, inflicting maximum suffering was a legitimate objective.

garrotte	| Hanging developed tangentially from garroting and strangulation...

febrile	| ...has been an occasion for intense interest and sometimes febrile arguments.

miscue	| Ordinarily, a few miscues with a resupply ship would not create such suspense...

subsume	| "Higher algebraic curves" would nowadays be subsumed under "algebraic geometry"...

chanteuse	| the slimy Dorian Tyrel (Peter Greene), who runs the Coco Bongo Club, where of course Tina is the slinky chanteuse. [about the movie Mask]

vivisection	| "That is vivisection", said Asia Watch researcher...

dignitary	| Mercurial and erratic, Kim Jong Il rarely meets foreign dignitaries...

jostling	| ...DigiCom, the software company where they're jostling for position...their case starts to become more singular than paradigmatic. [Time Mag.]

bishopric	| diocese

scion	| he surrounds himself with the scions of his father's wartime comrades,...

barrio	| Now high school graduation is virtually automatic for adolescent outside the ghettos and barrios, a college education is these days a mere rite of passage, a capstone to adolescent party time.

expletive	| RTFM: Read the (expletive) Manual!

coeval	| Surely with mankind the appreciation of flowers must have been coeval with the poetry of love.

revue	| ...entirely elegant revue of card conjuring...

| ...he wrote and performed in satirical revues.

bolster	| The scientific skepticism is bolstered by some unusual firsthand evidence.

burgher	| ...then forced by these same burghers to fight other shit...

tenement	| ...to be spray painted on a tenement wall.

purview	| What was once the purview of priests and analysts, who try to probe the mind by listening and observing, is now a frontier for neuroscientists, who use blood tests, brain scans and spinal taps.

mascot	| ...he [Simpson's Dad] has been a monorail conductor and a baseball mascot.

heist	| ...made off with more than $1.8 million of chips and computer equipment in a January warehouse heist.

habiliments	| ...and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave.

vesture	| His vesture was dabbled in blood.

retrenchment	| ...since United Airlines kicked off the retrenchments late last year...

chattel	| ...such a distortion...that two human lives can be disposed of for chattel.

slue	| the car slued to the side.

piddling	| In the vast arena of international commerce, the action will seem piddling...

quibbles	| Although puns at their worst can be mere piddling quibbles, at best they can sharply point to surprising but genuine resemblance.

dapper	| a dapper man was ...

founder	| how their first marriages had foundered in seas of conjugal miscommunication.

feisty	| critics question whether IBM has truly developed a plan that will enable it to compete in the long run against feisty and fast-moving rivals...

| A spoof of Wagner's opera cycle is feisty but crude.

cartel	| This interdependence [of Oligopoly economic model] among firms leads to actions not found in the other market structures, such as advertising campaigns directed toward a specific rival, cartels and collusion, cost-plus pricing, most-favored-customer pricing, and other behaviors.

winnow	| I've downloaded the vocabulary portion of your site, and am in the process of winnowing it for unfamiliar words: I have to exercise vigilance against plateau-ing out in my accretion of vocabulary, which complacency is a hazard when rarely encountering a truly unknown word. [fan email, from Paul Kiesow, 2000/08]

roil	| The controversy provides a vivid example of the crosscurrents that roil IBM.

quip	| No person of feeling, quipped Oscar Wilde, could read Dicken's account of the death of Little Nell without laughing.

rut	| (sexual heat)

| ...and if they aren't in rut that night, nothing happens.

confetti	| The packets were then released like so much confetti into the web of interconnected computers.

argot	| the criminal classes and otherwise illiterate people evolved their own argot to serve as both a private code and...

simulacrum	| ...would be a corporatized simulacrum of the original festival.

slog	| ...but this starts looking like plain hard slog.

crux	| now we are getting into the crux of the matter.

jingle	| ...a jingle he was taught in school.

| "Here's a little ditty that you really ought to know: horses 'sweat' and men 'perspire,' but ladies only 'glow.'"

miasma	| there's a miasma of suspicion about families and ...

travelog	| At heart, though, Aladdin (the movie) and its kin were the merest, dearest emotional travelogues. They alighted on a dream here, a resentment there...

oleaginous	| ...who with oleaginous irony hides his intentions to kill Mufasa and Simba and become a low-down, schemin', lyin' king...

unctuous	| fulsome, oily, oleaginous, smarmy

gaff	| companies have also apologized for recent gaffes that...

offing	| there is even a rumor of a baby in the offing.

alchemize	| The computer wizards at Industrial Light and Magic help alchemize this ragged film into a metamorphic extravaganza.

nix	| he nixed it.

dross	| with so many ... on the market, how do you separate the gold from the dross.

tyke	| scamp, gamine, guttersnipe.	| "when i was a little tyke, my father ..."

sham	| For the past few weeks gossipists have been gumming that the seemingly cheery union between Richard Gere and Cindy Crawford is a sham.

lilt	| And when you gaze upon a Monet or call to mind a lilting line of verse, they bring you warmth. [describing feelings]

ursine	| piscine

dally	| dillydally, flirt, dally, play, toy, trifle	| ... Frank Sinatra dallied with Nancy Reagon... [Time Mag., 20001/02/05]

plebeian	| American Express "card members" began weighing the costs of privilege against the benefits of more plebeian credit cards.

succor	| She turns to a neighbor for succor.

ragamuffin	| In the author's comparison of her book to an illegitimate ragamuffin, we may be struck by the details...

emetic	| I'm a lot more productive on my Indy than on my NT box with four times the horsepower. The NT interface is great for its emetic properties, though. [unix fanatic.]

pygmy	| ...which, funnily enough, are pygmies by modern standards. [referring to an obsolete computer operating system]

Without examples:

adumbrate

-s aesthete, afro, -n akimbo, anon,

-n scofflaw	| It's not that a cybercriminal world of conspiratorial sumugglers, scofflaws, crooked banks and tax evaders is impossible. Such countries already exist.

assignation, bedeck, -n bullion, burly, , -w chaffing, -l cherubic, -l chieftain,

-nn couture

detritus, donnish, dubiety, ecumenical,-l ephemera, flit, genuflect, globule

impassible, impresario, indenture, interlocutory

-l jibe

-n loch

-n lorry

-n mintage

hawking (phlegm) phlegmatic, expectorate

-l plink,

-n poodle,

-n curriculum vitae

-nn iguana

-l beau

-c rawboned

cinch	| ... and is a cinch to use. [praising an remote control design]

provost,

raffle,

-w skulduggery	| Heaven only knows what vast, embarrassing skulduggery the agency [National Security Agency] is up to under Fort Meade with its 40,000 mathematicians, but whatever it is, the NSA certainly doesn't want to stop just becaues computers belong to everybody now. [Bruce Sterling in Time Mag, 2000/06/02, "Will Cybercriminals run the world?"]

-w tercentenary	| 300

-g tumid	| "i love a tumid cock"

-s wither	| "Wither and die!"

-g ricochet	| jesus ricocheting himself across the river, indicating a high mastery of go fu

-n laggard	| such a laggard you are

-e screech	| the tires screeched

-w dastard	| you fucking dastard

whither

usury, , peregrine, junta, circumspect, charnel, doldrums,

ecumenical, heckle,

, prospector, putter, riband,

municipality, panegyric

, scurfy, septuagenarian, sluice, swashbuckler,

stooge, , xenophobic, apologue, biopics, , ,

enthuse, excreta, internee, myrmidons, risible, ruck, snoot,

straggler, swash, triage, whisk, assort, bemuse

, bespeak, bunk,

gauche, glower, mugging, slink, transom, waterloo, afoot,

antediluvian, chaplain, confidante, couturier, dapple, epiphany,

grotesquerie, hetaera, indite, palaestra, palpitant, pennant,

postpartum, roost, shuck, tympanic,

antinomy

, carp, clammy, Dives, gangly, , hireling,

indemnify, jurisprudence, kennel, mangy,

maw, morass, multifarious, nib,

obeisance, pylon, quandary, raptor,

roost, rosary

-l courtesan

-l brine	| saline

-n cabaret

-c pettifogger

-c pockmarked	| pockmarked face

-nn salve	| some kinda ointment; balm

-c piecemeal

-c slapdash

-w slur	| "don't slur over your apology; make it clear"

-w flummery	| "save me from your flummery"

swami

-n winch	| a hoisting machine with ropes and reels

unfurl, salaam,

twinge

transpire

hex, javelin, mademoiselle,

coliseum, rookery, aerie, polygynous, polyandry, cuckold

tribalism,

aleatory, murine, harrumph, professoriate,

-g munition	| ammunition and munition basically means the same thing.

Pleiad, ataraxia,

fluff, hector, , warble, loam, maize , duple, curio, parturition,

corolla, hew,

contuse

, detox, mien, rill, hostel, canton, eke,

, odeum, moot, wraith, effeminate, corpuscle, societal,

unwieldy, nadir, nabob, bravura, pageantry, registrar, participatory,

salable, buskin

-a tinnitus	| the ringing sound in the ear

, palimony,

homophobe

, heretofore, wherefore,

withal, therewith, scoot, pub, codicil

trippingly	| light and easily

transmogrification,

exoteric, , sapper, benthos, urticate, vesper,

-nn tater	| potato

-c roughage	| fiber

, frugivorous,

plenum, prestidigitation, askance, castellated,

harken, hie.

-w sassy	| look at this piece of sassy jailbait

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Words with Hyphenation

drop-dead	| It's relatively simple to understand although a tad clumsy at times... None of them are drop-dead simple. (Jon Frisby, on unix version control softwares (CVS, PRCS, RCS, SCCS, ...))

gross-out	| Crowds went wild for the gross-out humor and wacky romance in this riotous comedy. [describing the movie Something About Mary (1999)]

double-cross	| Left for dead after a heist double-cross, bad, bad man Mel Gibson returns for revenge in this gritty-yet-glossy remake of John Boorman's psycho-noir classic Point Blank. [describing the movie Payback (1999)]

put-up	| There was a young lady named Bright, Who traveled much faster than light. She started one day, In the relative way, And returned on the previous night. When they questioned her, answered Miss Bright, "I was there when I got home that night; So I slept with myself, Like two shoes on a shelf, Put-up relatives shouldn't be tight!". limerick by J.A.Lindon. There was a young couple named Bright, Who could make love much faster than light. They started one day, In the relative way, And came on the previous night.

strung-out	| Sam has to contend with managing the bosses' skim going out the back door, cheats at the tables, the law breathing down his neck, and strung-out hustler Ginger (Sharon Stone), whom Sam falls for, and, despite his better judgment, eventually marries.[about the movie Casino 1995]

in-kind	| ...About 60 % of all poor households receive in-kind transfers...

cast-off	| ...gave him a cast-off coat which was too large for him...

stage-struck	| For years she had been what is called stage-struck.

fuddy-duddies	| [synthetic language as an lingua franca] have the disadvantage that they are associated with fuddy-duddies.

fly-leaf	| ...she gave me a Bible, and wrote her favourite texts on the fly-leaf.

run-ins	| Mitnick's run-ins with the law began as a teenager, ...

have-nots	| City grocery stores are exacting a steep toll on the have-nots.

hanger-on	| Attempting to portray Shipp as a mendacious hanger-on and frustrated actor with a drinking problem, attorney Carl Douglas accused the witness of ...

ad-libbed	| When he was showing how a NeXT workstation could be used to query a database that ran on another company's server, the NeXT machine crashed. Jobs ad-libbed gamely, "That's how you know it was live.".

mock-up	| ...so the champion of Framemaker sat down and said that he would work on a mock-up.

forward-looking	| But now the 16th century collection of forward-looking musings [Leonardo Da Vinci's manuscript Codex] has landed in the possession of a soul Leonardo might have found more kindred [brought by Bill Gates].

washed-up	| At 44, he looked like a washed-up playboy.

last-ditch	| A last-ditch effort gets food to orbiting cosmonauts, saving their mission from a disastrous early end.

derring-do	| Superficially, ENTPs resemble ESTPs in their derring-do.

blue-chip	| They [Japanese companies] had faith in American landmarks, a faith in American blue-chip names.

booby-trap	| Two more booby-trapped houses, primed to erupt in flames at a telephone call.

roly-poly	| a roly-poly guy who resembled the cop in the film ...

Jekyll-and-Hyde	| For years, she has played a Jekyll and Hyde game...

heavy-handed	| the heavy-handed marketing campaign, ...

witch-hunt	| was that Oppenheimer had been railroaded and ruined by the witch-hunters.

grass-roots	| The grass-roots campaign to slip prayer back into school is ...

card-carrying	| As a card-carrying feminist, I ...

skinny-dip	| skinny-dipping with her.

cloak-and-dagger	| Lined up on one side are the three-letter cloak-and-dagger agencies-the NSA (National Security Agency), the CIA and the FBI....

plea-bargain	| By plea-bargaining her [Tonya Harding] way out of the tangle, ...

gavel-to-gavel	| ...covered live [on TV] and virtually gavel-to-gavel.

free-for-all	| brawl, broil, donnybrook, fracas, fray, melee, row, ruction

cul-de-sac	| dead end.

bric-a-brac	| trumpery

about-face	| She made another startling about-face.

union-jack	| Old-Glory

go-for-broke	| With the go-for-broke enthusiasm of youngsters trying out new toys, scientists are uncovering the mysteries of the brain with technology.

stand-in, namby-pamby

word-of-mouth	| product that got popular by word-of-mouth is usually better than pop products of advertisements.

tug-of-war	| "Don't wear rollerskates to a tug-of-war." [supposedly Larry Wall said that.]

self-effacing

silver-tongued	| You've charmed us all, you silver-tongued devil. [newsgroup post (rec.music.classical) by Kip Williams, 2000/06]

five-and-ten

blue-stocking

tongue-in-cheek

off-the-cuff, high-minded, second-string, Rank-and-file, court-martial,

topsy-turvy, per-diem, well-nigh, pre-empt, run-of-the-mill, hard-liner, shell-shock, half-mast, jerry-builder

up-and-coming, whizz-bang, avant-garde

pent-up	| [that is a] Vacuous opinion touched up with dumb presentation jacked up with a pent-up wrangled anal-ogy in the fashion of wishful thinkers. [retort to a paragraph of newsgroup posting by Xah Lee (com.lang.lisp, 2000/07)]

all-out

point-blank, scot-free, lock-step, hocus-pocus, hugger-mugger

pell-mell

, helter-skelter, hurly-burly.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Combination Words

scaremonger	| A conservative estimate of the number of people who would die during a period of five years after only _half_ of the electronic infrastructure in the United States had collapsed is 30 million people. This is part of unclassified disaster planning that surfaced because of the Y2K scare, and it has been published widely by scaremongers that a decimation, in the technical meaning of 10% loss, of the population is considered a tolerable loss. [Erik Naggum in comp.lang.lisp]

whitewash	| Perhaps sensing that news of the whitewash might prove more embarrssing than the original problem, Infoseek went back within 24 hours and reinserted naughton's name in releases that had mentioned him. [Wired, 1999/12, p.114.]

hand over fist	| It's patently obvious to the Linux faithful that Red Hat is poised to make moolah hand-over-fist.

pussyfoot	| So many sites, so little time.... Why pussyfoot around with window dressing? Take BIG bytes out of the net with Lynx. (a slogan of a web browser software named Lynx.)

throwback	| Although they are still supported, backslashes are never needed for contiunation lines. They are a throwback to older versions of Python that didn't support the open-pairs rule. [A passage describing a backward compatible feature of the Python programing language.]

upshot	| The upshot was that I wrote a little Windows program to show some of the ideas involved

stonewalling	| In March of this year, they charged in a letter published in Microwave News that these attempts were met with stonewalling and foot-dragging. (about not paying attention to research result of damaging effects of cell phone.)

bleeding heart	| "... My mom's such a bleeding heart... she's vocal about gay rights and all that."

fob off

underwriters	| Underwriters and others interested in fire safety followed suit (to use the word flammable instead of inflammable)

thunderstruck	| The story he tells is about Buttercup, a beautiful princess (Robin Wright) who scornfully orders around a farm boy (Cary Elwes) until the day when she realizes, thunderstruck, that she loves him. [about the movie Princess Bride]

landfall	| A landfall was made on the morning of Oct. 12, 1492, at an island in the Bahamas.

underfoot	| In the fall one walks in the orchards and the ground is hard with frost underfoot. --Wensburg, Ohio, Sherwood Anderson.

hangdog	| <hang-dog look> sorry Xah, I ate'm all [m&m chocolates]. --m.j.vasko.

hagridden	| "Ah, I see. That scientists disagree with you only proves that they are spineless, hagridden, greedy liars, perverting the truth in order to bag some nice juicy grants and get those articles into print..." --Bill Snyder

highbrow	| middlebrow, lowbrow.

broadside	| ...but in 1640 Pascal [Blaise] did print a one-page broadside entitled Essay pour les coniques, which announced some of his findings. Only two copies of this famous leaflet are known to be still in existence...

hardihood

hoodwink

horseflesh

hinterland

inland

lovelorn

underling

instep

claptrap

shakeout

jailbait	| sassy jailbait

tumbledown

lumberjack

wheelbarrow

bedpan

byway

underbrush

hayrick

backdrop

grand slam

outlook

unwitting

daresay

hillbilly	| She tries to disguise her hillbilly accent.

pastime

shutterbug

handholding	| ...as customers, increasingly comfortable with personal computers and requiring less handholding, were more price-conscious and reluctant to pay for the comforts of a well-heeled operations like Businessland.

skinflints	| Such obstinacy did not go down well among the skinflints of academe...

highborn	| ...so that her highborn kinsmen came, and bore her away from me,... --Edgar Allan Poe in Annabel Lee.

masthead	| masthead n. 1. Nautical The top of a mast. 2. The listing in a newspaper or periodical of information about its staff, operation, and circulation. 3. The title of a newspaper or periodical as it appears across the first page, front cover, or title page of each issue. In this sense, also called nameplate. [American Heritage Dictionary]

rattletrap

upkeep	| Managers of a mobile-home park were denied the rent increase they requested because residents complained about the park's upkeep.

byword	| "Smaller, faster, cheaper" are NASA's new bywords.

muckrake	| gadfly

gadfly	| Here he plays Cyrano, gadfly and rabble-rouser, man about town, friend of some, envied by many, despised by a powerful few, and hopelessly, oh, most painfully and endearingly, in love with Roxane (Anne Brochet).

backlash	| ...[students against drunken revels] have launched a growing backlash against their inebriated peers.

outgo

outlay	| the huge outlay of grocery.

headstrong	| ...headstrong Captain Kirk of the original series...

roughshod	| we indulge our children as they run roughshod over our lives...

landlock	| ...Meryl Streep,...is landlocked in Iowa...

threadbare	| The theater was moribund, subsisting on threadbare melodramas as vacuous as they were popular,...

ringleader	| [someone said] "[she] Pops firecrackers in my apt. and hangs out with a bad crowd -- probably is the ringleader!"

whipsaw	| ...and its stock was whipsawed by takeover rumors...

warmonger	| ...the Mongols were a barbaric people who swept out of the unknown reaches of the Asian steppe, a warmongering race whose only talents were for rape, murder and pillage.

| He [Blaise Pascal] saw no room for mystery-mongering in matters of science and mathematics.

bugbear

windfall

cakewalk

cheesecake, beefcake

heartland	| ...broadcast to the masses in the heartland...

heartfelt	| ...wound up a heartfelt speech on the horrors of spousal abuse.

backwater

homestretch

underclass

backlog

inflow

sidetrack

bedevil

daredevil	| Broken Arrow, a bomb-ticking chase movie about a daredevil pilot (Travolta) who steals two nuclear weapons...

molehill	| make a mountain of of a molehill.

handiwork

beachhead

hogwash	| bosh. I had hoped to find a responsible article, instead I found hogwash...

solar plexus

dust bowl

class action

psyche and soma

by and large

cheval glass

gasworks

face-off

outpatient

inpatient

quicksilver

seaboard

winsome

blackguard	| rascal, imp, prankster, scamp, rogue

highball

jaywalk	| ...struck by a car while jaywalking.

crackpot

brinkmanship	| ENTPs at times engage in brinkmanship with their careers, placing them in jeopardy and behaving as if unaware of the consequences.

taskmaster	| ...INTPs do not always enjoy much popularity, for they can be hard taskmasters.

byline	| ...a cyberpunk journalist who writes under the byline St. Jude,...

boardwalk

potboiler	| "It doesn't ring true," insisted Jackie Collins, author of The Bitch, The Stud, and other potboilers.

outflank	| the guy was outflanked by two cops.

steadfast

watershed

drawstring

makeshift	| expedient

offhand	| in the offhand and somewhat bemused fashion...

turncoat	| he is a turncoat

upscale	| ...upscale New Yorkers...

underwhelming

overtax

overwrought

overboard	| ...their tactics and their rhetoric go overboard.

pawnbroker

upstart

deadpan	| "Totally predictable," deadpanned Erica Jong, author of the 1973 sex fantasy Fear of Flying.

blackface

outwardly

underpinning

stronghold

stranglehold	| ...hope PowerPC would break the stranglehold that Intel has on the production of chips...

aboveboard	| I was aboveboard.

underbrush

flashpoint

mishmash	| miscellany, patchwork, medley, melange, conglomeration, gallimaufry, hodgepodge, olio, salmagundi

ragtag

wisecrack	| witticism, quip, sally, gag

freewheeling

foxhole

holdover

seascape

infighting

nevermore

toadstool

puffball

offshoot

whippersnapper	| ... learn obscure pedantic words you can use to intimidate the whippersnappers that come after you. [from a parody]

cliffhanger

wayside

hang-up

subserve

bushwhack

upwell

handiwork

shantytown

folkway

moonlighted

towhead

overblown

seriocomic

outclass

offbeat

upbeat

polyglot

polymath

pothole

kingpin

handyman	| time to hire a handyman

outback	| ... now is the time for that long-postponed trip to the Australian outback.

runabout

hackwork

hobnail

bankable

pitchman

matchwood

bawdyhouse

hothouse

hardscrabble	| ... Brad Pitt delivers [reads] Cormac McCarthy's hardscrabble prose in The Crossing with a twangy stoicism that perfectly reflects the novel's tone.

henchmen	| Jonny and Jimmy, henchmen of Los Angeles crime lord Lordy

wallflower	| I was alone on AOL and a wallflower on the WELL.

sidelong	| In a sidelong and subliminal way,...

sideline	| ...and a profitable sideline in helping the Mafia locate

splinter group

cold turkey	| So she stopped smoking, cold turkey.

puppy love	| the puppy love, say, that turns rabid as two souls merge in a toxic rapture.

Dutch courage	| I don't need Dutch courage.

status quo

shore up

far cry	| A long way.

Buck...

foreclose

pinprick	| The pinprick attacks fail even to achieve...

taproom

cornerstone	| the cornerstones of every package are the context ...

bedrock	| that revel the bedrock fondness, desperation and loyalty that bond this or any other frazzled clan.

shipshape	| ...shipshape and affluent little city state [Singapore].

headmaster

gridlock	| ...A gridlock in the justice system.

derail	| Lack of stimulation and nurturing at an early age can derail development.

firebrand	| He is the guinea pig of medical sadists and firebrand communists.

rundown	| Kheifetz provided Elizabeth Zarubin with a rundown on all the members of Robert Oppenheimer's family.

afoot, backbite, backbone, backslide, barnstorming, cesspool, doubleheader, forsake, gangway, grandstand, hotshot, outstrip, overhaul, overweening, piebald, stopcock, turnaround, upend, walkout

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Special Meanings Group

palmy	| The church no longer contends that knowledge is in itself sinful, though it did so in its palmy days. --Bertrand Russell on Christianity.

keynote address	| When writer Christopher Buckley gave the keynote address at the annual evening banquet of the Yale Daily News last month, he was so outraged by the boorish behavior of audience members, many of whom had been drinking since the afternoon, that he castigated them in a New York Times Op Ed piece.

campy	| Star Trek has evolved over the years from the brash, sometimes campy original series, with its Day-Glo colors and dimestore special effects.

worldly	| Juliet's father is an English canon, and the girl is blond, worldly, brash...

prune	| Logo is lisp, and Object Logo is, by and large, a pruned and manicured version of Apple Lisp.

spruce	| sprucing up your code...

cheeky	| suggest that it was written by the glib and cheeky author.

glib	| I'm sorry I was glib without being clear... --Mark Warrian.

sprawl	| ...So the issue is not urban sprawl.

outing	| outings at the ballet.

picket	| protesters who picket the event.

fetchingly	| engaging

| [she] displays a fetching array of frilly panties, garter belts, stocking tops and high heels ...

sharper	| a 19th century sharper.

scale	| He can scale an ordinary playing card across the stage with such force that it peirces a watermelon.

swamp	| financial swamp.

racy	| Risque; ribald

summary	| summarily destroyed at birth.

beavering	| ...the Clinton Administration is beavering away at putting people to work...

hub	| ...its New York hub.

fence	| ...and thus could make stolen goods harder to fence.

cricket	| It's not cricket to cheat at cards.

pacemaker	| the fashion house that is the pacemaker.

marshaled	| marshal all the relevant facts for the presentation.

gummed	| gummed up the works.

seedy	| a seedy hotel in a run-down neighborhood.

lobby	| lobbied the bill through Congress.

bearing	| the poise and bearing of a champion.

while	| while the hours away.

pitch	| sales pitch.

angle	| Angle for promotion.

racket	| loud noise

quench	| slake, extinguish

wake	| vigil

underscore

feeler

instrumental	| Scientific American [a magazine] is intrumental in developing my interest of science.

rail	| scold

career	| to move with speed

hail	| to fall like hailstone: hailing insults

steward

pelt

scourge	| Once angain the scourge of the Internet age -- a computer virus -- had struck.

brief

prone	| prone, supine, prostrate, recumbent

condemn

rat

refrain

hem

poker

bristle

domino

rout

appreciate

drove

waffle	| My dad has a joke about journalists being paid by the word... hence all the waffle they come out with.

scrub

boss

conservatory

slight

hedge

gouge

dinky

patrimony

bustle

breach	| ...in the breach...

buffet

infirm

clip

sheriff

equipage

ether

pulp

extravaganza

vigilante	| It [hanging] became so much a part of American culture that it was a preferred method of vigilantes...

scour	| The detective scoured the scene of the crime for clues.

pitfall

fray	| MIT Profs Get Into Patent Fray with AskJeeves. (article title.)

turnip

bunting

disgorge

gorge, ravine

cloy, surfeit, glut, satiate, sate

zealot

tackle

scuttle

rent

implicate

indigo

hideous

scrub

lot	| kind, type

matrix

seamy

found	| foundry	| i have a lesson for smart asses, that poesy is not found in thesaurus, but thesaurus is the foundry of poem, only if you are not an ass. [Xah Lee in comp.lang.lisp 2000/04/26]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Foreign Group

esprit de corps	| I found the esprit de corps of the class a lot more motivating than hunching over a website by myself. [about joining a memery improving class than reading such website.]

precis	| As fiction, Sophie's World deserves no better than a D+. But as a precis of great thought, Gaarder's tour de force rates a solid B.

| In the nickelodeon era, movies were closer to ten-minute precis of Classics Illustrated versions of literary works.

elan

lycee	| [Jean Victor] Poncelet was born at Metz in 1788, attended the lycee there, and then from 1807 to 1810, enrolled at the Ecole Polytechnique, where he studied under Monge.

passe	| that's passe

demode	| Affirmative action is demode these days...

nom de plume	| Pascal [Blaise] sometimes wrote under the nom de plume of Lovis de Montalte, or its anagram, Amos Dettonville.

bonhomie

oeuvre

savoir-faire	| tact, address, diplomacy

caveat emptor

annus mirabilis	| It was an annus mirabilis, a year of marvels. For no particular reason, 1993 was the best year since the 1970s for new motion pictures.

quid pro quo	| (from movie Silence of the Lamb.)

hoi polloi	| This modern contempt for the "general audience" [books] is quite beyond me. If you have no use for the hoi polloi (or their artifacts), just read journals. --Mark Warrian.

lingua franca	| Soccer, the lingua franca of sports everyweher else in the world, was finally on tongues in the U.S. as the cup made it's stateside debut.

protege	| As a protege of Sony founder Akio Morita, he ..

voila

menage a trois	| ...Nina Hartley (she lives in a menage a trois) with a guy and another woman and refers to her more plebeian self as Monica)...

joie de vivre	| you kind of lose whatever joie de vivre you were suppose to be getting from your runner's high.

modus operandi

beau monde	| he considered her empty and much too beau monde.

attache

non grata	| (not welcome)

| ...spend the '70s and '80s as Broadway's pre-eminent personna non grata.

sine qua non	| The TeX typesetting lanugage...to be the sine qua non of technical typesetting, is...

blase	| The drinkers seems more blase than ever about the consequences.

melange	| ...error filled melange of pseudoscience.

souffles

faux	| faux pearls

faux pas

en masse

tour de force

per se

de facto

ad hoc

post hoc (ergo propto hoc)

ad hominem	| Debaters should avoid ad hominem arguments that question their opponents' motives.

ad populum

bona fide

pro forma	| "in my family, the act of gifts giving on Christmas is considered as perfunctory and thus very much looked down."

sotto voce

flagrante delicto

alma mater	| "alma mater of Harvard University"

coup de grace

homo sapiens

terra firma	| solid ground.

in toto	| recommendations that were adopted in toto.

in situ

a la	| a poem a la Ogden Nash.

mea culpa

sui generis	| She wasn't a kind, she was sui generis.

raison d'etre

ne plus ultra	| the studies [Liszt's Trancendental Etudes] are the ne plus ultra of romantic rhetoric and grandiloquence.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Slang

schlepp	| ... asking people to help me schlepp this stuff...

grunge	| It also launched the commercial vogue for grunge and ...	| ... For example, suppose you are the user `mozart' on the local machine `toe.grunge.com', and the server machine is `chainsaw.yard.com'. [from the unix cvs manual]

ditsy	| His wife Alice would have been easy to play either ditsy or bitchy. [Time Mag, on the film Eyes Wide Shut.]

half-assed	| what an half-assed job.

stool piegeon	| When consulted for the Buffalo Bill case, Lecter stubbornly refused to provide any mere "stool pigeon" leads, rather in an almost P.T. Barnum fashion, he flaunted with great flair his intellectual prowess as he psychoanalysed Bill [about the movie Silence of the Lamb 1991]

meshugaas	| now drop the meshugaas...

rube	| "You know what you look like to me, with your good bag and your cheap shoes? You look like a rube. A well scrubbed, hustling rube with a little taste." [Dialogue from film _Silence of the Lamb_.]

windbag	| My grandpap say he is a great big old windbag.

whammy	| A Double Whammy? (title of an article)

scalp	| You've been scalped. (from the movie Silence of the Lamb)

kooky	| [the film Kalifornia didn't make it big] Maybe because of the kooky title...

boggle	| In the mind-boggling hoopla last week, it was easy to forget that much of the system being demonstrated was still under cnostruction...

bimbo	| she [Paula Jones] was this year's bimbo-with-an-agenda.

rookie

dunce	| putz, galoot, duffer, chump, ninny, dunce, dolt, dupe, lout, boor, gawk, bozo, knucklehead, dunderhead, dullard, numskull, stupid, ass, donkey, (yokel, bumpkin) clod

| (boor, barbarian, churl, lout, vulgarian, yahoo)

| [Tonya] Harding and her confederacy of dunces thought they could eliminate the Olympic figure-skating competition with one thwack of a metal baton on Nancy Kerrigan's leg.

bean counter	| I don't mean to sound discouraging, but those are some of the issues the bean counters have to consider before spending the money on a new forum.

brass ring	| Inevitable many students of limited talent spend huge amounts of time and money pursuing some brass-ring occupation, only to see their dreams denied.

gung ho

rat race

hip-hop

bush-league

pony-up	| To pay (money owed or due)

honky-tonk

devil-may-care

happy-go-lucky

slap-happy	| I accept that my slap-happy use of the term "non-language" was loose and inaccurate

far-out

hanky-panky

zapper	| For the nation's runaways, Hollywood is like a huge electric bug zapper that can't be unplugged, attracting and then destroying thousands and thousands of children.

crapshoot	| ...Las Vegas, temple of the great American crapshoot.

doozy	| In Breggin's [a psychatrist] case, his opponents found a doozy: the doctor once wrote approvingly of sexual relations between children.

phenom	| This week, at 14, Czech-born tennis phenom Martina Hingis turns pro at a match in Zurich.

pap	| He [Jostein Gaarder] wrote Sophie's World to fill a gap. Stores were full of New Age pap and other mystical mush, but there were no books that would introduce young people to serious philosophy.

Podunk	| Some of the rest of us don't believe rankings [of schools] as such mean a hill of beans through the first three dozen (at least), as you can learn much at many places, and few of us have gone to both Harvard and Podunk U.

crummy	| The more I write in C and about C, the more I think its a crummy language.

| The U.S. vehicles were known for lousy quality, high prices and crummy service.

schmoozing	| they [mathematicians] tend to be shy and intellectual - not good at schmoozing.

lowdown	| The lowdown is: [Andrew] Wiles' work was ground-breaking.

raunchy	| A bunch a raunchy looking business guys in suits in a smelly hotel conference room, while women in skimpy, Las Vegas type costumes walked around with trays of soda and drinks.

cockamamy

antsy	| So I get a little antsy when I can't pick up my e-mail.

twit	| you twit...

bellyache	| instead of bellyaching, I ...

snazzy	| The interface isn't really snazzy, but but not counterintuitive either...

grok	| ...if you grok tensors, you migt find Mathematica interesting...

keister	| ...actually get off my keister and go to the library...

kludge	| ...what a kludge this is...

diddly	| the authors did not know diddly about programming languages...; I don't give diddleysquat for corporations.

guff	| all that Apple's guff about ...

tinhorn	| ...even tinhorn dictators have successfully resisted such sactions.

bender	| watching Pulp Fiction was like sneaking out of an exam to go on a bender.

dweeb	| transformed from bank-clerk dweeb to zoot-suited superdude.

moll	| ...winning the heart of a gun moll.

hokey

snafus	| ...snafus and design changes that have put the gargantuan project seven months behind schedule.

shill	| A lot of fans like to complain about too much shill in sports...

scam	| ...as their schemes and scams cave in on them.

barf

crocked

grift

cockamamie	| what kind of cockamamie lingo is slang anyway? Samuel Johnson railed against it, complaining about the corrupting influence on the English language of what in his day was called cant.

gimme	| Welcome, beery lout in the gimme hat.

kook, scumbag

wonk	| ... and Watergate nostalgia is for wonks!

tizzy	| I hung up in a tizzy.

snit

spacy	| those who saw her said she was tearless, perhaps spacy.

dustup	| ...man and woman involved in domestic dustup.

rad	| she was totally rad.

oomph	| But for sheer oomph! you can't beat Snow White...

turf	| turf war.

grungy	| the grungy underdog...

scuttlebutt

alky

paunchy

tacky

moniker

moxie	| ... he had enough moxie to merely be himself.

gutsy, spunky, plucky

shtick

deadbeat	| We discover Hanna is in his third marriage and his wife's ex-husband is a deadbeat.

stickup

gunpoint	| at gunpoint.

rosy	| cheerful, optimistic.

howler	| A laughably stupid blunder.

pizzazz	| Dazzling style.

binge	| ...nearly half of collegians are binge drinkers who cause all sorts of trouble...

| binge, fling, jag, orgy, spree

nab

shack up

greenback

gobbledygook	| In English, Bachelor of Arts = B.A. In Latin, it is A.B. (I forget, Artis Bachelores or some gobbledygook).

kickbacks

conk

pooch

mooch

bouncer

boner

tush

boonies

dingus

geek

whopper

doormat

Smokey

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Informal

peppy	| Typically, when you read the 31 m.p.g. city/38 m.p.g. highway rating (34/41 with standard 5-speed manual), you are quickly alerted to the fact that mileage takes precedence over performance. Yet the 4-banger is alert and lively and surprisingly peppy. [car review article]

finagle	| My initial interest in Frontier (a computer language) is to finagle some easy way to randomly rotate ads through a web page.

grousing

whodunit

gumption	| you've mustered the gumptions to do her...

lemon	| that car turned out to be a lemon.

tipster

highfalutin	| Not that the stars [actors] buy all the highfalutin analyses of their work.

bamboozle	| "The potential for being bamboozled," writes Brand, "is total."

hooligan	| hood, hoodlum, ruffian, thug

gripe	| ...European vacations, accompanied by a younger spouse who gripes about their erratic driving.

| You know, a guy by the name of Mark has recently posted a series of gripes to this group. After all, we all got gripes of one form or the other, don't we?

big-wig	| ...written by Larry Tesler (former Xerox big-wig, now Apple big-wig).

dud	| Other countries have replaced small bills with more durable coins -- the British pound is one exmple. But the $1 Susan B. Anthony coin -- introduced in 1970 -- was a dud with U.S. audiences.

snooty	| She was, they said, too remote, too snooty.

tony	| All will offer revolving credit at rates expected to rival American Express' less tony rivals.

kaput	| ... the film had not begun shooting. Last week, in fact, it looked kaput.

flip-flop	| now that he may have to flip-flop on the issue, he doesn't want to look as if he's flip-flopping.

wishy-washy	| That bookstore sells wishy-washy new-age stuff.

fizzle	| One hates to see ambitious artists [filmmaker] fail, even if their fizzles can be more provocative than the minor films that become major hits.

cluck	| the critics cluck.

grill	| he is grilling a suspect.

swig	| ...then began cheering and toasting one another with swigs from champagne bottles.

bird-dog	| ...to bird-dog Congress for funds.

cutups	| one of the cutups.

boondoggle	| Nobody's calling it a boondoggle now. (referring to Hubble Space Telescope)

spiel	| I made my spiel about how I could add to this company.

gaga	| ...doing what he does best -- rationalism gone gaga.

scream	| This scene from the [movie] Mask is a scream.

chuck	| finally it looks like the IBM world will chuck DOS.

clout

scad	| There are scads of curve-fitting techniques.

raft	| asked a raft of questions.

one-up	| ENTPs [a type of personality] are the most able of all types to maintain a one-up position with others.

one-upman ship	| ... this offends their joy in being masters of the art of one-upmanship.

no-frills	| ...because of competition from the no-frills (airline) carriers.

wheel-and-deal	| Her world was far from the wheel-and-deal politics that her future husband cut his teeth on.

fly-by-night

panhandle	| ...And the baby-faced heroin addicts panhandling in Seattle.

hanky

scadskedaddle

bandwagon	| Why is everyone suddenly jumping on the antismoking bandwagon?

hardball	| For antismoking activists in the U.S., the game these days is hardball.

iffy	| ...although this sort of timetable tends to be iffy.

jiffy

blowhard	| Unless they adjust to the new medium, professional writers can come across as self-important blowhards in debates with more nimble networkers. (about the clash of writing style of writers and internet writers)

fritz	| repairing VCRs that went on the fritz.

powwow	| has convened a celestial powwow of her most talented psychic colleagues.

leastwise

upper-crust

fishbowl	| she came to terms with bringing up (her children) in the proverbial fishbowl

grit	| every gangster, gunslinger and G.I. used cigarettes to emblematize their suavity, maturity, grit.

daffy	| Who the heck is the author? The developers seem okay, but she [author] seems quite daffy.

hang-ups

druthers

togs

pick-me-up

hard-boiled

bench-warmer

war-horse

foul-up

warmed-over

go-go	| How can you not love and hate a city (Las Vegas) so crazily go-go that ...

umpteen

hijack

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Interesting Nouns

pillory	| we already have too much people publicly pilloried these days ... [a simile on celebrities' private lives being pursuit by media.]

Golgotha	| Lecter draws "Golgotha After the Deposition" and Starling's inquiry leads into a running religious discussion. [analysis on the film Silence of the Lambs, 1991]

Duomo	| Have you ever made a painting of the Duomo seen from the Belvedere? [parady of a phrase in film Silence of the Lambs, 1991.]

spindles	| the thing that winds threads. compare to ratchet.

ratchet	| ... the crime problem has ratcheted up a few notches.

foyer, flue	| In the film The Haunting (1999), the beautiful "Hills House" has an octagonal foyer, and a flue in the walk-in sized fire place.

loft	| ... we'll go to my loft ... [dialogue from movie The Haunting (1999); said by a sluttish character.]

lei	| a garland of flowers

toga	| as he rises, he wraps the sheet over his shoulder like a toga.

promontory	| It was a great big house that had a horse fence around it and sat on a little promontory.

arabesque	| Another distinct pattern type perfected in Islamic art is the arabesque. This comprises curvilinear elements resembling leafed and floral forms. In such patterns spiral forms intertwine, undulate, and coalesce continuously.

Pharaoh	| In the land of the Pharaoh, you did what you were told, whether in erecting a colossal temple or in solving a math problem. [describing ancient Egypt]

commode	| ...The Animal Hour which features a woman's head being severed and stuffed into a commode.

quatrain	| Your aid I want, nine trees to plant. In rows just half a score; And let there be in each row three. Solve this: I ask no more. --Rational Amusement for Winter Evenings, London, 1821. John Jackson

sarcophagus	| The marble sarcophagus in which the body of General Washington now rests was a gift from a Philedelphia stonemason in 1837.

vignette	| A series of autobiographical vignettes.

finch	| a class of bird, including sparrow, cardinal, canary and others.

gangplank	| Louis Lumiere had photographed the members of the Photographic Congress disembarking from a gangplank at Neuville-Sur-Saone.

planetoid, aerie, aerosol, allergen, armadillo, ballast, boondocks,

chassis, chiffonier, dowel, emcee, friar, gaggle, geisha, granola,

lentil, limbo, mace, midget, obelisk, onomatopoeia, pantheon,

placard,

-c screwball

-n sultan

-c tailspin

, trammel, trough, typology,

tarpaulin, goulash, butte, lectern, cartouche, evisceration, posy,

solon, cowl, trawl, marsupial, bard, coelenterate, ebonite, ecdysiast,

fiord, fresco, knickers, laudanum, lied, plowshare, sheikh, buggy,

-w nostrum	| There are even over-the-counter memory nostrums available in health-food stores.

artisan, badger, crypt, grotto, hostelry, sluice, vane,

decathlon, ecru, fuselage, tumbril, wheal, winch.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Arcane

nares

-a morphology	| forms but not function

-a apoplectic	| After they've spent half an hour downloading Billy-Ray, hipsters everywhere are going to be apoplectic, and they'll blame the system. [suck.com satire. http://suck.com./daily/2000/03/24/nc_index4.html]

-a photogenic

-a anaphora	| e.g. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills"  [Winston S. Churchill]

-a minimalist

-a autodidact

-a mesmerism

-a arpeggio

-a ideologue

-a fundamentalist

physiognomy

phytotoxic

triskelion

atavism

--

art

horology

cinematography

pugilism

orthography

stenography

monologue

--

language/literature

hypocorism

orthoepy

syllabary

phraseology

Sensationalism

--

living things

pachyderm

araneid	| spider

cetacean

alga

--

sex, erotica

onanism	| masturbation

gynoecium

erethism

dimorphism

peristalsis

microcephalic

macrocephalia

neoteny

asphyxia

mastectomy

cephalic

phallic

hymeneal, cherry

connubial, conjugal, matrimony

motion: undulate, gyrate, grind, rectilinear motion

* complexities: oedipus complex, electra complex, Stockholm syndrome

incest, fetish, abstinence

masturbate, bobbing

fisting, reaming, cunnilingus, fellatio

fuck terminology: intercourse, coitus, copulate, conjugate, coupling, fucking, mating, consummate...

orgy

fornication, adultery

courting

jargon variety: parking, petting, suckling

canal, carnal, kernel, corporeal

these are wantonly confusing, and some explanation is due:

* intercourse is the course of reciprocal connection between genitals.

* Copulate is the act of joining dick and pussy, homely.

* coitus describe the whole process, including the piston motion of necessity, and ejaculation of essence. That's why we have coitus interruptus, not copulate interruptus.

* penetration, is the insertion of penis into vagina. This is getting technical. Like, bolt through nut, rod into hole, sheath eating a sword. Popping a cherry is penetration for the first time, breaking the hymen, poking a pen through paper. (A wet paper makes it congenial.)

* courting is what courtier and courtesan do, for you and me, the ass-sniffing behvaior of canine, of which signifies sexual desire. Whence courtship.

* Consummate is the all-consuming completion of wedlock. The physical part of a locking, the realization of a formality. Adultery is what adulterers do: breaking the weblock and fuck somebody else. Fornication is locking genitalia sans wedlock. A physical device that enforces wedlock is called chastity belt, usually designed for female.

* Coupling is what couples do, emphasizing the union of two-ness. Decoupling is to separate.

* Mating is the sexual meeting for bedmates among all animals. Hence we have mating season, mad March Hare, mating frenzy. Death abound in the mating phenomena.

* adolesence is when a youngling enters pubescence, pubescence is the period of animals going through sexual development, the commencing of ogling and drooling of males on female, and the hots of females on males. The hots is technically estrus, applied to females ready to mate, as in "she's in heat".

* crush, flame, fling, humping: A crush is a bout of sexual infatuation, a goading of nature, as in "i had a crush on her." Often one-sided and unpronounced. A flame is a commited crush, as in "we had a flame last year.", but not necessarily indicative the exchange of carnal knowledge. A fling is a consummating flame, alluding to the violence, impulsiveness, and physical trashing of fuck, as in: "we are having a fling.". Humping emphasize a fling in action, as in: "we are humping violently.", "humping that waitress."

* canal is body cavity. Vagina is a canal, a canal leading to womb. Womb is the allegorical birthplace of everything, including heaven and earth in some mythology. More techincally: uterus. Carnal means corporeal, flesh, meat. Carnal knowledge is to know [somebody's] flesh, the meat on chest, the leg meat, the hind meat, the meat between legs, how they shape, how they smell, how they touch, and how they taste.

man, feman; male, womale

by the way, this "vocabulary" page is now fucking fuck all fucked up for prim parents and uneducated educators. Parents and educators, please gouge your youngsters eyes out immediately, so that they can never see what you covet, or have a problem with. (and when i come into power, i will immediately gouge your eyes out, so you could never see what I don't want you to see, for your own good.)

--

metaphysics related

eschatology

hagiology

Hegelianism

monism

pluralism

idealism

dualism

atomism

--

social/political

imperialism	| United Kingdom comes to mind.

communalism

paternalism

classism

--

philosophy related

solipsism	| ...Of even greater significance than the solipsism of students and the pusillanimity of teachers is the third trend, the sheer decline in the amount and quality of work expected in class... [from an essay opposing mass education]

deconstructionism	| You don't know who Foucault was? He was the father of deconstructionism.

theosophy

Unitarianism

Unitarian Universalism

eudaemonism

ecumenism

sensualist

-a tautology	| i say what i mean, i mean what i say, and tautologies are sometimes actually meaningful because of context.

--

studies

ethology

telemetry

ethnology

ornithology

phenomenology

thanatology

graphology

--

English

misology

misogyny

archaism

pecuniary

--

oddball nouns

amanuensis

proscenium

apparatchiks

flan	| a desert

troglodyte

ketch	| some kind of sailing boat

--

instruments

clepsydra

stethoscope

theodolite

--

science tech terms

phenotype

homeostasis

--

pschological oddities

narcolepsy

agnosia

alexia

psychotropic

echolalia

catatonia	| Stunned to the point of catatonia, she wanders alone in a garden.

neurasthenic	| neurasthenic royal [Princess Diana] is accused of making more crank calls.

-a halitosis	| ... that Princeses Diana has halitosis... [Time Mag. 2001/02/05]

-a flatulence	| The presence of excessive gas in the digestive tract.

-a klismaphilia	| (enema love)

-a coprolalia	| You need some manners. For a seemingly bright guy, you've got to realize no one is going to take you seriously if you act like the a village idiot with a bad case of copralalia. [email received]

-a sigmoid	| The sigmoid colon is a looped section of the bowel just above the rectum. It is shaped somewhat like a question mark, hence its name.

brachydactylia

coprophilia

dyscalculia

echolalia

glossolalia

melancholia

memorabilia

necrophilia

-n triskelia

--

science/medical related

oncology

dentition

homeopathy

geriatrics

eugenics

periodontics

orthodontics

ophthalmology

--

quacks

chiropractic

reflexology

osteopathy

--

palpus

epidermis

hemolymph	| "blood" of insects.

affidavit, animism, arraign, gastronomy, genealogy, geodesy, gerontology, homeopathy, humanism, hyperventilate, hypochondria, hypothermia, ichthyology, multivalent

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Similar Words

feline, canine, bovine, avian	|

Xah Lee, Professor of philosophy, Bovine University

A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers [1 April 1990, RFC 1149]

kraut

gringo

honky

redneck

dago

wetback

jap

chink

coon

homonym

synonym

heteronym

homophone

homograph

paronym

acronym

allonym

pseudonym

eponym

anonym, antonym, metonym, tautonym, toponym

caconym

polyhedra = polyhedrons, vertices = vertexes, foci = focuses, radii = radiuses, programming = programing, collinear = colinear, rectilinear = linear. Try to use the logical form.

autocracy	| by single person, monocracy, depotism

aristocracy	| by lineage

plutocracy	| by rich

democracy	| by populace

mobocracy	| by mobs, ochlocracy, democracy run amuck

anarchy	| no ruling. Alternative democracy

hagiocracy	| by church leaders, hagiarchy, hierocracy, theocracy

technocracy	| by technicians or experts, often in communism contexts

meritocracy	| by merits, ability

kakistocracy	| opposite of meritocracy or technocracy. What the context of this word?

corpocracy	| by corporate bureaucracy, paperwork

gerontocracy	| by old people

gynecocracy	| by woman (gynocracy)

kleptocracy	| corrupted-cracy

narcokleptocracy	| by drug lords

slavocracy	| by slave holders

stratocracy	| my military people

thalassocracy	| naval stuff

timocracy	| Plato fancy

founder, flounder

twirl, whorl, whirl, swirl

parlay, parley

consul, council, councel

lass, lassie, wench, dame, chit, colleen, damsel, demoiselle; hussy; broad; minx

popsy	| doxy, sexpot, fleshpot

vis-a-vis = face-to-face, bona fide = genuine, et al = and others, etc. = et cetera; and so forth, per se = as such, i.e. = id est; that is, e.g. = exempli gratia; for example, viz. = videlicet; namely, MIA, g.o.p., AWOL

odontology

crochet, crotchet

knoll, hillock, hummock

perorate, harangue, tirade, diatribe, rant, rave

skulduggery, hanky-panky, prestidigitation

dextral, sinistral , deasil, widdershins

ophthalmologist, optician, optometrist

remunerate, requite, repay, redeem, compensation, recompense, reparation, atonement

rump, hip, buttocks, bottom, cheeks, derriere, ass, breech

epee, rapier, scimitar, cutlass, dagger, foil, stiletto, stylet, halberd, pike, lance, spear, bow, crossbow

toot, tote, tout

podium, rostrum, lectern, dais, pulpit, soapbox

caustic, mordant, trenchant, acrid, scathing

shrewd, sagacious, perspicacious, astute	| Jon, this is your chance to smite the world's eggheads with your prowess and perspicaciousness. (Announcing a programing contest to a brash hotshot Perl programer)

pope, pontiff, prelate, bishop, priest, deacon, subdeacon, vicar, rector, curate, pastor, sexton, diocese, parish, chapel

flair, flare, blare

club, mace, maul, cudgel, bludgeon, truncheon

balustrade, parapet, rampart, bulwark, palisade, stake

dapple, dapper, dabble, dabber

dozen/gross/score, team of horses, span of mules, yoke of oxen, brace of partridge, pair of shoes, couple of days, raft, horde, throng, mound

flock, flight, herd, drove, pack, gang, gaggle, bevy, brood, school, swarm...

These nouns denote a number of animals, birds, or fish considered collectively, and some have human connotations. Flock is applied to a congregation of animals of one kind, especially sheep or goats herded by human beings, and to any congregation of wild or domesticated birds, especially when on the ground. It is also applicable to people who form the membership of a church or to people under someone's care or supervision. Flight refers to a flock of birds in flight. Herd is used of a number of animals, especially cattle, herded by human beings; or of wild animals such as antelope, elephants, and zebras; or of whales and seals. Applied to people, it is used disparagingly of a crowd or of the masses and suggests the gregarious aspect of crowd psychology. Drove is used of a herd or flock of cattle, sheep, geese, or the like, that are being moved or driven from one place to another; less often it refers to a crowd of people in movement. Pack is applicable to any body of animals, especially wolves, or of birds, especially grouse, and to a body of hounds trained to hunt as a unit. It also refers disparagingly to a band or group of persons. Gang refers to a herd, especially of buffalo or elk; to a pack of wolves or wild dogs; or to various associations of persons, especially when engaged in violent or criminal pursuits. Gaggle denotes a flock of geese. Bevy is used of a company of roe deer, larks, or quail. Brood is applicable to offspring that are still under the care of a mother, especially the offspring of domestic and game birds or, less formally, of human beings.

The following related terms are used as indicated: cast, the number of hawks or falcons cast off at one time, usually a pair; cete, a company of badgers; covert, a flock of coots; covey, a family of grouse, partridges, or other game birds; drift, a drove or herd, especially of hogs; exaltation, a flight of larks; fall, a family of woodcock in flight; gam, a school of whales, or a social congregation of whalers, especially at sea; kennel, a number of hounds or dogs housed in one place or under the same ownership; kindle, a brood or litter, especially of kittens; litter, the total number of offspring produced at a single birth by a multiparous mammal; muster, a flock of peacocks; nide, a brood of pheasants; pod, a small herd of seals or whales; pride, a company of lions; rout, a company of people or animals in movement, especially knights or wolves; school, a congregation of fish, or aquatic mammals such as dolphins or porpoises; shrewdness, a company of apes; skein, a flight of wildfowl, especially geese; skulk, a congregation of vermin, especially foxes, or of thieves; sloth, a company of bears; sord, a flight of mallards; sounder, a herd of wild boar; stable, a number of horses housed in one place or under the same ownership; swarm, a colony of insects, such as ants, bees, or wasps, especially when migrating to a new nest or hive; troop, a number of animals, birds, or people, especially when on the move; warren, the inhabitants, such as rabbits, of a warren; watch, a flock of nightingales; and wisp, a flock of birds, especially of snipe.

depredate, deprecate

varnish, burnish, furbish, tarnish, garnish, furnish

grumble, babble, mumble, murmur, mutter, stammer, prattle, blather, drivel, drool, prate, twaddle, gab, chatter, blabber, burble, jabber, gibber, maunder, patter, yak, yammer, twiddle, twitter, smatter, tinkle, ramble

coruscate, scintillate, shimmer, glisten, glint, glimmer, glean, garner, muster

thong, throne, throng, thorn

fiddle, fumble, botch, bumble, blunder, bobble, boggle, bungle, cobble, flounder

refection, ration, sustenance, provision, viand, morsel, victual, repast, elixir, arcana, libation, nectar, ambrosia, panacea

veldt, prairie, savannah

gaggle, gobble, gulp, gurgle, gargle, goggle, gargoyle

cranny, crevice, fissure, nick, gash

dock, jetty, quay, wharf, harbor, estuary, inlet, bay, promontory, cape, peninsula

crater, furrow, valley, chasm, gorge, canyon, ravine, gulch, gullet, gully

tomb, vault, sepulcher, catacomb

epigram, epigraph, epitaph, epitome, epithet

recipient, incipient, percipient

admonish, upbraid, scold, chide, berate, vituperate, blame, reprehend, reproach, reproof, reprove, censure, excoriate, rebuke, objurgate, reprimand, chastise

bespeak, divination, presentiment, premonition, presage, portend, prognosticate, predict, foretell, forecast, forebode

jangle, joggle, jiggle, jounce, giggle

admonish, demolish, abolish

exalt, extol, exhort, exult, extort

prodigious, prodigal, profligate, reprobate

ingenious, ingenuous, indigenous

repentant, penitent, deplore, doleful, melancholy, mourn, sorrow

compunctious, regretful, deplore, remorseful, contrite

malign, traduce, asperse, vilify, calumniate, defame

facetious, felicity, felicitous

mantel, mantle

acclaim, declaim, exclaim, proclaim, announce, denounce, belittle, deprecate, depredate

dispel, disperse, dissipate, disseminate

cheap, thrifty, niggardly, penurious, parsimonious, frugal, Spartan, provident

traipse, stalk, swagger, strut, sashay, trod, tread, tramp, trample, plod, trudge, stomp, stamp, limp, lope, trot, gallop, canter, amble, saunter, wade, waddle, wobble, scamper, scuttle, scurry, scoot, shamble, shuffle, slouch, trek

dawdle, doodle

allay, alleviate, palliate, sooth

thorn, throne, throng

chemise, corset, peignoir, lingerie

swamp, mash, marsh, pulp, quagmire, mire

canary, cardinal, catbird, cock, cockatoo, condor, coot, crane, crossbill, crow, curlew, eagle, falcon, finch, grouse, harrier, hawk, jay, kea, kite, kiwi, lark, linnet, loon, macaw, magpie, mynah, nightingale, oriole, osprey, owl, parakeet, parrot, peacock, raven, robin, shrike, songbird, sparrow, swallow, tanager, vulture, warbler, wren

basilisk, brownie, centaur

Chimera, Cyclops

sprite, elf, pixie, fairy

dwarf, faun,

fay, troll, giant, goblin, griffin,

Hydra, manticore

Gorgon, Medusa

mermaid, minotaur,

dragon, phoenix, sphinx,

succubus, incubus

unicorn, Pegasus

ogre

green, chartreuse, white, ivory, silver, grizzle, gray, black, jet, ebony, sepia, brown, bister, beige, dun, ecru, flaxen, tawny, gold, bronze, yellow, maize, orange, titian, umber, amber, ocher, russet, ruddy, pink, red, carmine, sorrel, scarlet, henna, garnet, claret, fuchsia, vermillion, magenta, mauve, sanguine, maroon, cardinal, purple, violet, lavender, turquoise, azure, blue, teal, sapphire, indigo

A short collection of animals.

sire	| male parent

dam	| female parent

-

fledgling	| bird

gosling	| goose

kid	| goat

calf	| cow,bull,elephant, whale..

chick	| chicken

cub	| bear, wolf, lion

duckling	| duck

lamb	| sheep

fawn	| deer

leveret	| hare

puppy	| pup, dog

kitten	| cat

kit	| cat, or fur bearing animal

foal	| horse

joey	| kangaroo

whelp	| mammal: dog, wolf

pullet	| domestic hen

suckler	| suckling calf or mammal

yearling	| under a year old

weanling	| child or animal

youngling	| child, animal, or plan

fatling	| fattened youngling for sale

poulard	| A young hen that has been spayed for fattening.

-

pony	| any type of horse that is small when mature

-

cock,rooster

capon	| A male chicken castrated when young to improve the quality of its flesh for food

gander	| male goose

hart	| A male deer, especially a male red deer over five years old.

-

ox	| castrated adult bull

bullock	| castrated bull

steer	| A young ox, especially one castrated before sexual maturity and raised for beef

stag	| 1. The adult male of various deer, especially the red deer. 2. An animal, especially a pig, castrated after reaching sexual maturity. 3. a. A man who attends a social gathering unaccompanied by a woman. b. A woman who attends a social gathering unaccompanied by a man.

tomcat	| male cat

gib	| male cat, esp. castrated

-

filly	| young female horse

-

ewe	| 1. A female sheep, especially when full grown.

hen	| A female bird, especially the adult female of the domestic fowl. 2. The female of certain aquatic animals, such as an octopus or a lobster

bitch	| A female canine animal, especially a dog

cow	| The mature female of other large animals, such as whales, elephants, or moose.

doe	| 1. The female of a deer or related animal. 2. The female of various mammals, such as the hare, goat, or kangaroo.

sow	| 1. a. An adult female hog. b. The adult female of several other animals, such as the bear.

mare	| female horse

-

cattle	| 1. Any of cows, steers, bulls, and oxen..., often raised for meat and dairy products.

colt	| young male horse

stud	| horses kept for breeding

stallion	| uncastrated male horse, esp. for breeding

-

gelding	| castrated animal, esp. male horse.

geegee

pinto	| mottled horse

puss,pussy	| cat

goose	| female goose

-

swine	| pig, hog, boar

bison,buffalo

hare

-

jackal

lemur

dodo

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unprocessed

-a necromancy	| like, talking to the dead

-a psychosomatic	| somatic, but psychological, as in: stomach pain during an impinging exam or job interview

-a neologism

-a nemesis	| goddess of vengeance

-a Kinesiology	| Kinesiology researchers might be better at true health, provided they aren't in the employ of money-making sports programs.

-a mycology

-a sutra	| Hindu doctrines, e.g. Kamasutra

-a exoskeletons	| The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is soliciting innovative research proposals on Exoskeletons for Human Performance Augmentation (EHPA). [from the web]

-a paleontology

-a anacoluthon	| When I was a kid, my Washington journalist parents and their journalist friends condescended to Dwight Eisenhower as the fatuous golfer who read Zane Grey westerns and spoke in ridiculous anacoluthon -- that syntactical incoherence for which he was famous. (Later, it was revealed that Eisenhower often spoke incoherently on purpose, in order to confuse the press. He thought it was funny. And he considered reporters to be a little stupid, a lesser breed.) [Time Mag. Lance Morrow, 2000/03/17]

-a apotheosis	| aggrandizement, sublimation

-c untoward

-c skyjack

-c runaround	| Pack says he asked Stanley for his money back but instead got a runaround.

-c scatterbrain	| flighty, skittish, ditsy ...

-c levelheaded	| sensible

-c inland	| interior of a land

-c linchpin

-c bellwether	| While noncommittal on whether Napster should be held liable for infringing on the copyrights of the major record labels, several Internet industry coalitions and trade groups, representing companies such as America Online, Yahoo and Intel, are taking issue with a federal judge's ruling last month in the bellwether case.	| Texas is significant because, along with New York and California, Texas is a bellwether state.

-c woodwork	| "I'm so ... _intrigued_ by the evolutionary refuse that keeps crawling out of the woodwork to share their putrid mind with the world." [sneering of other people by Erik Naggum in comp.lang.lisp newsgroup.]

-c bate and switch	|

-c apple-pie	| Privacy is as apple-pie as the Constitution. [Phil Zimmermann]

-c unhinge

-c underplay

-c lonesome

-c weasel out

-c latchkey

-c lovelorn

-c overweening

-c overawe

-c outright

-c outgoing

-d wizened

-d truant

-d voluble

-d victual

-d welter

-e exemplify	| make an example

-e repulse

-e flay	| i'm gonna flay ya...

-e interminable	| does not terminate

-e paralegal	| my sister was a paralegal.

-e authentication

-e demote	| promote

-e bathe	| she's bathing in the nutrients of love

-e scatters

-e taunt	| ... look at these pair of lovers, taunting each other under the sky in the name of love.

-e conjure	| conjure up a female genie that take your commands as her wishes...

-e assess	| assess your ability at ...

-e swipe

-e swish

-e kinetic	| kinetic energy

-e attest	| he attested in court...

-e petty

-e aficionado

-e respiration	| my asperation is the inspiration of perspiration with respiration, and other piration includes expiration, suspiration, and transpiration. From a root point of view, they all have to do with bodily functions of in or out.

-e exhaustive

-f femme fatale	| By almost any measure, it was the most damaging virus ever, with at least three times the byte -- as more than one punster put it -- of Melissa, last year's electronic femme fatale. [Time Mag, 2000/5/15]

-g repertoire	| a performance routine

-g recidivism

-g vita

-g renunciation	| renounced smoking

-g obfuscation	| in fucked up programing languages, there are usually obfuscation contests

-g malign

-g milieu	| air; surrounding; ambience

-g vindicate

-g inquisition	| to inquire. Inquisition means to inquire people by torture, properly relished by people who believe in God.

-g aloft

-g rife	| my life's rife with pleasure

-g pundit	| pundits has lot of opinions, afterall, by definition they are learned man

-g conjoin	| conjoined twins are twins that connected physically at birth.

-g anathema	| When I became interested in philosophy -- a subject which, for some reason, was anathema ...	| ...One of them is this idea that computers are anathema to mathematics

-g exigency	| the exigency of mating astonished me, for i perceived the dire consequence that is extinction, of my kind. [Xah Lee]

-g nascent	| more or less new

-g vilification

-g urbane

-g ransack	| the knack of soldiers

-g cacophonous

-g upbraid

-g murk	| murky water

-g invocation	| an invocation of invoking

-g reprehensible

-g innards	| i don't know the innards of my brain, but surely i can think.

-g maudlin	| that's Chopin's music.

-g alms	| cry for alms

-g muck

-g contingency

-g racketeer	| ...while my mother briefly dated a Rhode Island Mafia-type racketeer.

-g saturnine	| morose, glum, gloomy, dour

-g fusillade

-g diametrically	| Thanks to Apple [computer company], whose thoughts run diametrically opposite of the unix culture: innovation, not regression.

-g vapidity	| iMac : sensational ; PC : vapidity

-g synergy	| the synergy of dicks and pussies, produce the powers of love

-g symbiosis	| I'm nothing but a parasite of the brainy. As long as you are alive and _kicking_ on newsgroups, i'm alive and kicking you too. What a _splendid_ symphony of symbiosis in the desert of arid technicality. [mockery by Xah Lee in comp.lang.lisp]

-g largess	| Companies such as Microsoft are in business to make money, after all, and it's both understandable and legitimate that they should seek some sort of return for their largesse...

-g perjure	| lie under law

-g demagogue

-g placid	| Lake Placid [title of a stupid 1999 pop film]

-g plaintiff	| the plaintiff complained that the defendent's underaged boy fucked their underaged daughter

-g plantation

-g ingenuous	| ingenuous is quiet the opposite of ingenious!

-g rumble	| Rumble in the Bronx [the title of a stupid movie]

-g maven	| Silicon Valley is filled with technological maven. Guru.

-g amuck	| my senses ran amuck, by the sight of her buttock

-g leverage	| in the history of love, man and woman leverage their positions, sex or no.

-g exalt	| exalt my status

-g riddance	| riddance of plaques

-g reparation,

-g existential

-g unbridled	| Much has been written about Internet flaming - unbridled online invective that is the Internet equivalent of road rage. In his 1999 study, "A Short History of Rudeness," the critic Mark Caldwell offered this diagnosis: "Few people, no matter how consumed with inward resentment, would dare speak so unrestrainedly or woundingly in the living presence of strangers, but the personal computer seems to unleash the beast in those who have the urge to shatter social taboos but lack the courage or articulateness to do so viva voce. [Lance Morrow. 2000/04/01. http://www.time.com/time/daily/0,2960,42247-101000331,00.html]

-g arboreal	| arboreal ape

-g schism	| religions are susceptible to schism

-g patrician	| i cannot stand her patrician manners

-g malaise

-g indigent

-g homily

-g sully	| make dirty, as in 'sullied my reputation'

-g disparate	| disparate is disparate from desperate, as to speak.

-g disparage	| belittle

-g stultify	| Your usage of '_proper_ isomorphism' to endeavor a sense of mathematical mapping between two totally ill-defined and disparate things seems to me stultifying. [Xah Lee, 2000/07/24. farcical criticism on Kent Pitman's writings in comp.lang.lisp.]

-g sanctify

-g convivial

-g sapient

-g disinterested

-g malfeasance

-g sentinel	| there's this stupid TV drama called The Sentinel, basically a cop with supernatural senses trying to do pop justice, assinine drama of American sensationalism type.

-g inopportune	| not opportune, bad time

-g roster	| a roster of FBI wanted

-g officious	| newsgroups are full of officious advertisers and advisers

-g urbane

-h true-blue	| Don't misunderstand us: We're true-blue, red-blooded, white-knuckled patriots every bit as much as John McCain or Wen Ho Lee. [satire by Solomon Grundy at suck.com./daily/2000/01/18/]

-h silver-tongued	| You've charmed us all, you silver-tongued devil. [(quib to a rant.) --Kip (Williams) from newsgroup rec.music.classical]

-i wangled

-i wisenheimers

-i mobster

-j musicale

-j muslin

-j mutiny

-l skirmish

-l skirmish

-l lissome	| drool over her lissome body

-l spinster	|

-l barbarity	| barbaric

-l steed	| horse, with poetic justice

-l belles-lettres	| Unlike commerce, communication, and hot lesbo action, good writing hasn't always been well served by the information age. And why should it? The sublimities of belles-lettres are far too subtle for the crude mechanisms of AI bots. [satire by suck.com, http://suck.com./daily/2000/03/17/]

-l mull	| why don't you sit here and mull over the significance of your stupidity

-l scintilla	| spark

-l vale	| valediction

-l sycophant

-l torrid	| turgid cock, torrid pussy

-l inveigle

-l tot	| toddler

-l tote	| toting a machine gun [lyric in Prince's song "the sign of time"]

-l billow	| billow swallows

-l sordid	| take my sordid body

-l pare	| paring a pear

-l preternatural	| preternatural of supernatural

-l squander	| ... look at me, thirty and plus, without a mate, and squandering my life away...

-l promenade, cavalcade	| carnival often includes a promenade, cavalcade, or sometimes pageants

-l lackadaisical

-l pantheon	| under the pantheon of god...

-l orison

-l plantation

-n mandible

-n manor

-n maul	| Darth Maul, a Sith lord apprentice, wielding his double-sided light saber -- the bane of Jedi Knights. The names isn't picked randomly, of course. Darth imparts dark or death, and maul means heavy hammer or injury by such hammer.

-n insignia

-n leaven

-n lemming	| the rodent known for mass migration sometimes resulted mass drowning, taken for suicide

-n libretto	| music lingo, the text of an opera

-n ligature	| in symbols, it's those connected ones, like fi, ae.

-n limelight

-n paean

-n pagan

-n vegan

-n treadle

-n trestle

-n trice

-n troubadour

-n trousseau

-n trowel

-n tundra

-n venison

-n ventricle

-n vesicle

-n vestry

-n vinyl

-n vole

-n wayfarer

-n winch

-n jersey	| a fabric

-n nodule	| e.g. clitoris is a nodule of the flesh

-n legume

-n jowl

-n napalm	|

-n whirligig

-n yammer

-n yeoman

-n varicose	| invariably: varicose vein

-n pestilence	| If anyone have shit to say, say it with splendor. It is better to have ingenious pests in comp.lang.lisp than inflamed superheroes babbling about pestilence. [Xah Lee, 2000/03/20, chiding unconcious hypocritical netiquette moralists of news groups in comp.lang.lisp]

-n rump	| buttocks

-n shogun

-n shuck

-n seraph	| a type of angle

-n lackey	| 1. A liveried male servant; a footman. 2. A servile follower; a toady.

-n fleck

-n armada	| At some point, the armada of [high tech] devices we strap to our bodies like tools on Batman's belt will coalesce into a smaller number of multifunction devices.

-n sapling	| as with yearling, youngling, we have sapling, usually of one year old.

-n sapwood	| we have sapwood and heartwood. Sapwood is on the outside, heartwood is inside.

-n scripture	| "Holy shit, the president is reading the Holy Scripture"

-n semaphore	| flags or lights used to signal by arm movement, is in airplane take off, railroad, or military

-n dilettante

-n booty

-n psalm	| god-awful songs

-n ocher

-n parakeet	| parrot of a kind

-n monograph

-n regalia	| the general came in in full regalia

-n remittance	| buying an iMac now will get you a $10 remittance

-n resin	| kind of clear film plastered onto plastics

-n litmus

-n livery

-n longitude

-n dewberry

-n magnum

-n mahout	| keeper & driver of an elephant

-n harness

-n mangrove

-nn dredging	| For the past month, divers have been clearing away 3 ft. of sediment from on top of the 40-ft.-long sub and dredging an excavation trench around it. ... [Time Mag. 2000/06/19. p. 58, "Raising the Hunley"]

-nn thistle

-nn pew	| the row of benchs in church

-nn catamaran	| "You know I really like to sail on those catamarans."

-nn origami

-nn orchard

-nn parchment

-nn orangutan

-nn prong	| 3 pronged fork

-nn plumb

-nn sedge	| don't we have a cartoon character call Sonic the Sedge Hog? (or was it Hedgehog)

-nn scullery

-nn scull	| nautical: boat jargon: oar like row

-nn sash	| ribbon like worn over waist or shoulder, like worn by beauty pageant contestants or StarTrek's Wulf

-nn sarsaparilla	| root bears are made of

-nn barge	| Once recovered, the sub will be barged upriver to a conservation facility, ... [Time Mag. 2000/06/19. p. 58, "Raising the Hunley"]

-nn omnibus

-nn hobbyhorse

-s exacerbate	| the shortness of her skirt exacerbated my nerdiness of demeanor

-s unobtrusive

-s vise

-s visionary

-s vociferous

-s watershed

-s whimsy

-s whorl

-s onslaught	| the onslaught of a heart attack

-s pissant	| thank god we live in this quite, little, pissant, rednet, podunk, jerkwater, greenhorn, one-horse, mudhole, peckerwood, Right-wing, whistle-stop, hobnail, truck-driving, Old-fashioned, hayseed, inbred, unkempt, out-of-date, out-of-touch, white-trash, kick-ass mountain town. [South Park, the movie.]

-s prowess	| examples abound in this doc, demostrating the prowess of my readship

-s pounce	| that bitch pounces on every man in sight

-s rehash	| that idea has been rehashed to death

-s remittent	| for younsters, exams are remittent cause of anguish, so is love.

-s renascence	| Renascence is period where renascence abound. Also: renascent, rebirth

-s inflammatory

-s acclimate

-s admonish	| mother admonished her son for smoking

-s arsenal	| weapon storehouse or the like

-s atrophy	| i haven't done weight lifting for years, and my muscles has atrophied	| my Japanese atrophied

-s auspices	| i went to college under the auspices of my uncle

-s balk	| he balked at my idea

-s berate	| berate at children

-s bilateral	| bilateral symmetry

-s bleat	| cry of a goat

-s blithe	| blithely licking at her ice cream.

-s bloat	| his belly bloats like a baloon

-s cogency	| a writer of cogency

-e exemplary

-s girth	| the girth of her belly during pregnancy is ...

-s grandiloquent	| your grandiloquent sexual fantasy comes true

-s extrude	| my cock extruded well beyond her reach

-s flop	| my first performance at the theater was a flop

-n hedge

-s laureate	| Nobel Price laureate

-s nirvana	| death: the ultimate nirvana

-s peasant	| ... peasants in communism ... the laboring class

-s relic	| e.g. The Great Wall, The Pyramid

-s remit, remission	| The storm remitted its fury.	| admission and remission

-s splurge	| splurge yourself and buy a diamond

-s subvert	| subvert government, subversive group

-s unkempt	| the world is full of unkempt things. Unkempt desk, unkempt house, unkempt lady, unkempt sex life ...

-s ballistic	| he went ballistic ever since i critized him

-s unwitting	| unwittingly, i made a joke

-s machismo

-s parole	| such and such criminal is on parole... Larry Wall, Kernighan and Ritchie... are free rein on parole

-s amenities	| she provided me with amenities...

-s intermittent, -l macabre, -l wrangle,

-s resurgence

-s penance	| don't you have any penance?

-s helmsman	| he is a helmsman, i'm the driver of the ship

-s monolith	| monolithic penis envy

-s peruse	| ... i can only skim, no time to peruse...

-s itinerary	| big-tents (circus) has itineraries

-s perturb	| perturb is the keyword in the science of chaos (non-linear dynamics)

-s inordinately	| gorge inordinate amount of fish

-s subpoena	| she was subpoenaed by the court, what a stroke of luck

-s bland	| his rant was rather bland

-s holistic	| loook at those holistic man, holistically eschewing rationalism

-s hubris	| similar to that of a baloon: light, airy, and bloated

-e paltry

-s colloquial	| fuck is colloquial to copulate

-s exacerbate	| the incident exacerbate her hernia

-s shrivel	| the flower all shriveled up

-s strident	| scratching tin against glass

-s accretion	| accretion of knowledge

-s furbish

-s odious	| something smells odious

-s disseminate	| disseminate information

-s dissipate	| dissipate energy and be spent, aptly as men in the process of procreation.

-s exasperate	| i was exasperated by that fire siren, dreaming the songs of Sirens.

-s consecrate

-s desecrate

-s construe	| stupid people construe my lampoons as insults

-s contiguous

-s contiguous

-s placate	| placate me

-s compendium	| he made a compendium of syntactically ambiguous English phrases

-s spoof	| you are reading a spoof of spoof

-s salient	| her big-blue eyes, make an iron man watery towards her courtesy. (thus, her big-blue eyes is a salient feature)

-s gist

-s forensic

-s enthrall

-s untoward

-s mollify	| mollify one's wrath

-s consummate	| "I wish a divorce because our marriage is not consummated" [from film "white" circa 1997?]

-s contrite	| a criminal without contriteness

-s brawn	| brain and brawn

-s abate	| abate your indulgence...

-s neophyte	| a newbie...

-s impersonate	| try not to impersonate your brother

-s stymie	| consorship stymies the nutrients for ideas

-s maudlin	| the difference between an opera and a soap opera, is the difference between passion and maudlinness.

-s parlance	| ... technical parlance ...

-s irradiate

-s niche	| recess in wall; cranny	| Perl is a niche language

-s morale	| this is not the time for promoting morale

-si adage	| aphorism, saying, maxim, saw, motto, epigram, proverb, aphorism, precept, epithet, dictum

-sl wiseacre

-sl god-auwful	| It's a god-awful small affair [David Bowie lyric]

-sl legit

-sp elliptical	| "Wow, another elliptical sentence from a discombobulating brain" [sneering by Xah Lee in comp.lang.lisp on someone who write in an elaborate and condescending style that tends to confuse.]

-sp floors	| The naivete of these Internet rubes floors me. [suck.com satire. http://suck.com./daily/2000/03/24/nc_index4.html]

-w saucy	| She is saucy and heedless at first, headstrong when she shouldn't be, but smart, and able to learn.

-w sleuth	| ... as a deliberate smoke screen to fool the computer sleuths. [Time Mag, 2000/5/15]

-w malefic	| In A.D. 3034, the universe is ruled by Drej, translucent, electric-blue beings of pure energy and malefic power. [Time Mag, on sci-fi movie Titan A.E., 2000/06/19]

-w vicariously	| If there's such a thing as being fired vicariously, it happened to me last Wednesday. [Time Mag, James Poniewozik, 2000/06/19]

-w fume	| it is apparent that you not only have a poor diction, but also wanting of erudition. The sea of your will and knowledge, seethes and fumes like a boiling pot of piss. [Xah Lee in comp.lang.lisp, 26 Apr 2000 23:09:37 -0700]

-w eloquent	| What? Eloquent philosophical diatribe is your forte? I hardly see you open your mouth against the wind, but more likely the wind blew it open at times. [Xah Lee]

-w prolix	| ... And, when you are accosted by a jaunty man of prolix gripes and dire agendas, not only lisp ain't his scheme, but the only one. [Xah Lee on comp.lang.lisp, 25 Jun 2000 04:57:49 -0700]

-w scoot	| scoot is what scooters do -- scooting around; scouting is what boy/girl scounts do -- scouting around.

-w logorrhea	| I thought I said that: I concluded that Dylan was a waste of time. What kept me interested in it for a while was the Lisp-like syntax. I didn't find the semantics and the "feature set" sufficiently attractive on their own, and knowing how fixed-grammer languages evolve (rampant keyworditis and logorrhea), didn't appear to be something worth investing in at the time. [Erik Naggum on comp.lang.lisp; 01 Jul 2000 13:16:19 +0000]

-w jihad	| There also seems to be a Jihad going on betwen GNU Emacs and Xemacs. [from the web]

-w notarize	| as in notarized document, used in legal docs.

-w verily

-w treacly	| At one point, Patsy leans over in tears onto John's shoulder, and he mumbles something treacly--and acted?--about JonBenet being "with us" in spirit. [Time Mag. JOHN CLOUD 2000/03/12]

-w murmur

-w travesty	| dada n. 1. A European artistic and literary movement (1916-1923) that flouted conventional aesthetic and cultural values by producing works marked by nonsense, travesty, and incongruity.

-w ventral

-w venal

-w vagary	| "... posting prodigious off-topic vagaries on this newsgroup." [Xah Lee]

-w usher

-w demimonde

-w refractory	| "Some half dozen persons have written technically on combinatory logic, and most of these, including ourselves, have published something erroneous. Since some of our fellow sinners are among the most careful and competent logicians on the contemporary scene, we regard this as evidence that the subject is refractory. Thus fullness of exposition is necessary for accuracy; and excessive condensation would be false economy here, even more than it is ordinarily." [Haskell B. Curry and Robert Feys in the Preface to Combinatory Logic [2], May 31, 1956]

-w putrescence	| For Edgar Allan Poe, dying did not necessarily leave a person speechless. Take "The Case of M. Valdemar." The title character, his body decomposing into "a nearly liquid mass of loathsome -- of detestable putrescence," still manages enough tongue to beg the narrator, a mesmerist, to stop messing with him. "'For God's sake! -- quick! -- quick! -- put me to sleep -- or, quick! -- waken me! -- quick! -- I say to you that I am dead!'" [a passage on Edgar Allan Poe.]

-w malinger	| call in sick people

-w pique	| "his writings piqued my interest in poetry ..."

-w obsequious	| "... the fawning, greased, obsequious leer ..." [dialogue from film _Clockwork Orange_]

-w discomfit.

-w discomfit.

-w natal	| as in prenatal

-w ingrate

-w ingest	| ingest, then digest.

-w ineluctable

-w interim	| Steve Jobs for a while has the title of Interim CEO at Apple, and among Apple fans as iCEO (iMac).

-w instate	| install

-w hullabaloo	| "blame Canada... with all their hockey hullabaloo" [film South Park]

-w emasculating	| The mature American male is an idiot unable to cope with the emasculating competitive careerism of women (itself a laughable charade)... [The Subtle Stink That Mars 'American Beauty'

-w auteurs	| Auteurs everywhere are trying to break into show biz by doing it themselves--and putting it online. Now they just have to get you to watch. [time.com, 2000/03/05, ROMESH RATNESAR AND JOEL STEIN]

-w ascetic	| "So I was wondering why call/cc is not implemented.", Answer[because the Common Lisp crowd doesn't want you to implement manually all the control flow mechanisms that CALL/CC is used to implement, and that is because there is no desire to pare the language down to "essentials" or Scheme's ascetic/anorectic notions of "elegance"] [newsgroup posting on comp.lang.lisp by Erik Naggum]

-w matriculate

-w nebulous	| cloudy, as in nebula

-w unduly

-w unction

-w presages	| If any feminist cultural critics want to wring their hands over Oxygen's media offerings, they should be doing so not because it's so banal, but because it presages a spectacular failure for a high-profile female's business venture. [from time mag, i think.]

-w legerdemain

-w leeward

-w orotund

-w ululation

-w orgiastic

-w malignity

-w poach	| poach eggs, parboil potato.	| simmer, bake, boil, fry, steam, microwave, roast, barbecue, grill, stir-fry

-w omnivorous

-w muddle	| don't muddle my song

-w ruse	| "what a ruse!"

-w simper

-w litigant

-w oblate	| oblong, spheroid

-w simian

-w sufferance

-w obstreperous	| As a practical matter, it occurs to me that Ms. Lopez's strategy in wearing such a costume, exposing almost her entire front, was to redirect attention from her rear, which had been the subject of so much obstreperous commentary. [Lance Morrow in Time Mag., 2000/03]

-w malapropism

-w magniloquent

-w lusty

-w lout

-w lope

-w sidereal

-w loll

-l firmament

-l maestro

-w swaddle

-w locus	| like focus, a concentration

-w svelte

-w astringent	| Turn now to Frances Kiernan's Mary McCarthy biography, called "Seeing Mary Plain" (Norton, $35, 939 pages), an overlong but riveting portrait of a brilliant literary celebrity and minor writer two or three generations back. McCarthy was a beautiful woman of tart tongue and astringent mind who made her ambitious way amid a splendid cast of literary characters during decades when reading and writing still meant something [Lance Morrow in Time Mac. 2000/03]

-w requiem	| when i think of requiem, i think of Mozart's requiem

-w lank

-w stuporous	| adjective of stupor. Like torpor, one of the gifts of drugs

-w lambent

-w reprehensible

-w laity

-w paramount	| all impotent, like Paramount Pictures

-w regency

-w juggernaut	| Microsoft is a juggernaut, so is unix. (Unix morons, get that!)

-w quizzical	| when i winked, she looked quizzical, and when i raised my eyebrow, she winked. The whole incident is quite quizzical to those blind.

-w rubicund	| reddish, of checks

-w paraphernalia	| personal baggage

-w galvanize	| modern love in S&M circles are galvanized, literally.

-w privy	| Accusing someone of having a "dysfunctional brain" isn't belittling them? Unless the person has a clinical mental deficiency (a fact that I don't think any of us are privy to about most other posters), this is clearly intended as an insult [Barry Magolin on comp.lang.lisp, 2000/08]

-w wrest

-w wield

-w prate	| prate and prattle

-w vanquished	| "Titus Andronicus" was no doubt Lecter's favorite Shakespeare play, opening as it does with Titus returning to Rome with the corpses of 21 of his sons and their four surviving brothers, and pausing in his victory speech only long enough to condemn the eldest son of Tamora, vanquished queen of the Goths, to be hacked limb from limb, and the pieces thrown on a fire. [by movie critic ROGER EBERT, on Julie Taymor's Titus 1999]

-w milquetoast	| A quick note to our readers: As you've undoubtedly noticed, here at TIME.com we've taken the liberty of using the word "asshole" in its entirety (except in headlines). First, we figure that reporting the news means telling the whole story, and, second, it strikes us as a bit prissy to ignore the actual wording of a quote in favor of a milquetoast replica. [2000/09/06 time.com, about George W. Bush made the blunder of calling someone asshole unawaring it went through microphone.]

-w vitreous

-w innuendo	| American media are filled with sick sex and violence innuendos, while the righteous cry out of web censorship for the protection of children.

-w pronouncement	| sexual acts are most natural without pronouncements

-w sequent

-w viand

-w protractile	| cats are equipped with protractile claws

-w vernal

-w iota	| i have not an iota of schooling, nevertheless i have a lot to say, and my babbling irradiates nescience

-w parochial	| churche stuff

-w promissory	| lawly: a note of promise

-w presbyter	| church stuff. ecclesiastical...

-w abstemious

-w prattle	| the prattling business of housewives

-w noisome

-g snub	| Universities Snub Napster Ban Request

-g impound

-w nonplus	| i'm nonplussed by your nominal exhibition

-s debacle	| Sony's $3 billion Hollywood debacle is the latest in a series of setbacks for Japanese firms in the U.S.

-g amity	| The comforting ethos of the series [Star Trek] was expressed not merely in the amity of the crew...

-l 5cavalier	| And powerful psychoactive drugs can indeed be dangerous if used cavalierly.

-g nettlesome	| ...[some companies] are teaming up with local partners to build plants in China and circumvent the country's nettlesome trade barriers.

-l forlorn	| These forlorn scenes may be just a transitional phase.

-w apprise	| Yet when apprised of Whitestone's remark about ASL being limiting, Doshi says...

-g edict	| One edict for Star Trek [script]: The crew of the Enterprise always gets along.

-l grub	| "Tawdry", "worthless" and "grubby" were the words Buckingham Palace used to describe [the book] Princess in Love.

-w fluster	| America's losing fight against fat -- one sure to fluster consumers as they frantically scan the nutritional labels on supurmarket shelves -- comes from the Boston University Medical Center.

-g jeremiad	| tirade, diatribes, fulmination, harangue, obloquy, philippic. jeremiad stands out among thee, because it pocesses beauty.

-s lambaste	| [Adult Video News] lambasted Hustler [porno. mag.] for having the temerity to question AVN's awards.

-l trice	| thrice

-s fetid	| he visualizes the landscape of Pauline's and Juliet's minds as a fetid garden... [review of film Heavens in Time mag., i think.]

-s chide	| ...In all likelihood, Frost was not trying merely to evade the question but to chide his questioner into thinking for himself.

-s concoct	| ... the dreamer concocted his vision of grandeur...

-g cognate	| Once upon a time, riddles were respectable. Their antiquity and function can be guessed at from the word's origin in the Old English raedan, 'a story or interpretation', which is cognate with words meaning 'counsel, opinion, conjecture' and is also the origin of our modern word read. [web essay.]

-g maladroit	| Plenty of maladroit decisions.

-g interlocutor	| He leans toward his interlocutor conspiratorially. [to whisper]

-g flout	| You can flout convention and you can flout authority, but you cannot use flaunt for flout. [on the words flaunt and flout]

-w wallop	| ...is an former amateur prizefighter who puts a wallop in his prose.

-w continence	| abstinence, self-denial, temperance, sobriety

-w ponderous	| weighty

-g recondite	| ambiguous, equivocal, obscure, abstruse, vague, cryptic, enigmatic.	| example exists

-w periphery	| boundary, perimeter.

-g speciousness	| the crowd suckled politician's specious arguments	| fallacy, casuistry, equivocation, sophism, spuriousness.

-w duplicity	| deceit.

-sp exacting	| exigent, taxing.

-w mordant	| the ironist with muscles and the mordant fabulist...

-g enmity	| hostility, antagonism, animosity, rancor, antipathy, animus.

-g covenant	| pledge, vow, bond, convention, pact, compact, bargain.

-w platitude	| cliche, bromide, commonplace, truism

-g egregious	| flagrant, glaring, gross, rank.

-w adjunct	| appendage, appurtenance, accessory, attachment.

-g burly	| Time heals emotional wounds, but apparently so do burly chauffeurs. Right after in the midst of her tiringly raucous breakup with husband Tom, Roseanne Arnold hired a 240-lb. driver and bodyguard.

-g indefatigable	| He [John Dewey] is a man of the highest character, liberal in outlook, generous and kind in personal relations, indefatigable in work. --Bertrand Russell

-s misgiving	| qualm, scruple, compunction

-g maritime	| nautical, marine, naval

-g behest	| ...experiments done at the behest of IBM.

-w contingent	| accidental, fortuitous, incidental, adventitious.	| by contingency, you discovered the exigency of my words

prerogative	| right, privilege, prerogative, perquisite, birthright

raze	| ruin, raze, demolish, destroy, wreck

thrall	| serfdom

efficacious	| effective, effectual, efficient

-n pellet	| the gray metal (pluttonium) commonly comes in 2 pound bars or gravel-like pellets.

concomitant	| ...Or another concomitant cause may counteract the effect of the other existent cause.

sophistry	| Jobs reacted to this unfavorable publicity with explanations that were an admixture of paranoia and sophistry that attempted to convert an apparent setback into a triumph.

haggle	| instead of haggling, he delared, "Let's sign the agreement.".

quandary	| It's the same statistical quandary that basketball coaches face all the time. Nearly all great male hoopsters tower over 6 ft. 5 in. but that does not mean that all tall men are great basketball players.

doff	| they doff their blouses...

acolyte	| who shared their secrets with their gifted acolyte.

limpid	| Richter also proves adept, perhaps surprisingly, at Mozart, offering limpid, crystalline performances of a handful of sonatas and fantasies.

flimflam	| swindle

divulge	| betray	| ...and that would be wrong to divulge (a magic tric) here.

posit	| Arthur Schlesinger Jr. has posited that the American political mood sometimes evolves in 30-year cycles, swinging from activism to conservatism and back again. But consider the electorate's volatility during the past three years, from 1991, when George Bush's approval ratings were at historic highs, to Bill Clinton's election to the recent Republican landslide. Evidence indicates that we are operating under 30-week or possibly even 30-day cycles.

hanker	| You can make you own background music if you have a hankering for it.

proscenium	| Films were becoming more dramatically complicated, and the Frenchman's combination of pure fantasy and the theatrical proscenium seemed passe.

intercession	| ...complete with intercessions by the U.S. head of state.

contretemp	| ...then there is the female university president's contretemps with a male board member.

bumptious	| Adler describes the several juries he examined from selection through trial proceedings to the deliberations that bumptiously rendered a verdict.

grail	| This was the holy grail of interactive television: true video no demand.

trenchant	| compiled two volumes of trenchant essays.

transmute	| The story [movie A Few Good Men] is based on fact, as transmuted into a Broadway play by Aaron Sorkin.

camaraderie	| ...almost turn it [the moive Disclosure] into a realistic portrait of the modern workplace -- full of false camaraderie, anxious rumors and secret-status warfare.

mesmerize	| The girls' vision of Borovnia utterly mesmerizes them. Anyone who would break the spell-like Pauline's sweet, anxious mom-must be a witch.

indictment	| ...I have spend some time studying the indictment.

evanescent	| I have something in mind -- a thought so evanescent that it comes and goes in milliseconds.

cohort	| ...and his sadistic cartoon cohorts Itchy and Scatchy.

coterie	| At the rehearsals, Jobs huddled with his coterie of sycophants...

affront	| ...he knows it would be an affront to present the nose anywhere in the vicinity of the fair Roxane...

parapet	| bulwark, breastwork, earthwork, rampart, bastion

beatnik	| In the 1950s it was the beatniks, staging a coffehouse rebellion against the Leave It to Beaver conformity of the Eisenhower era. In the 1960s the hippies arrived,...

tendentious	| prepossessed

sashay	| ...He is a homosexual, and he doesn't understand that, either, but strange feelings fill him when the neighborhood drag queen sashays by.

levy	| ...they sought to levy a weekly tariff of two dollars on every theater that showed their films, in addition to film rentals.

smatter	| unix lovers: expert at nothing, smatter at everything.

mogul	| magnate

trinket	| gaud

opprobrium	| not to mention public opprobrium.

brouhaha	| There seemed, in fact, to be a net-wide [internet] brouhaha in progress.

blandish	| This was the year when millions of Americans -- having resisted the computer industry's blandishments for more than a decade -- finally made the plunge.

redoubtable	| ...the latter was directed by the redoubtable Edwin Porter,... [Time Mag.]

forebode	| premonition	| foretell, augur, divine, prophesy, vaticinate;	| predict, call, forecast, foretell, prognosticate

augury	| The believers knew a divine augury when they heard one.	| ...Because children are the nation's greatest asset, this alarming situation does not augur well for the future welfare of the country.

punctilious	| meticulous, painstaking, scrupulous, fastidious

hunker	| ...donning helmet, hunkering down [on-line discussion expression after throwing a quib]

mete	| mete out punishment.

effete	| the final, effete period of the baroque.

babel	| Only a minority of institutions practice pure oralism anymore; but a babel of challenges to ASL remain. [Time Mag.]

gringo	| The word-of-mouth allegations spread rapidly throughout Guatemala: gringos are snatching babies and ripping out their vital organs for sale abroad. [Time mag.]

-s vapid	| Predators do not disappear simply by closing one's eyes and indulging in vapid wishfulness. [Time Mag.]

hummock	| hillock, knoll

fluke	| As an attempt to elevate films, it was doomed to failure, although the Film D'Art did meet with an initial, somewhat fluky period of success.

beatific	| The Christian Coalition's Ralph Reed -- that born-again little shtunk -- with his beatific, shit-eating smile is the worst of the religious-right breed because he appears so harmless. [a net rant somewhere]

bacchanal	| "It's now a 'screw-it' attitude," says pop prognosticator Faith Popcorn. "Consumers are having a secret bacchanal. 'I'll eat', they say. 'I'll have a drink. I won't exercise.'" [Time mag.]

groggy	| If you aren't used to sleeping twelve hours a night doing so will just make you groggy.

revile	| Smoking is being shoved into the realm of behavior so socially reviled that it must be practiced only in private. [Time Mag.]

huffy	| they'll get all huffy and will refuse to create any jobs for the rest of us. [Time Mag.]	| if memory serves, back when Ken only had a theory of neuroscience, not a theory of the universe, he kept talking about visiting college campuses and giving seminars where all the faculty would leave in huffs, but the students would sit rapt for hours and hours. [CompuServe Math forum post on a charlatan]

jinx	| An entertainer's jinx: The king of late night loses his manager after 17 profitable years. [Time Mag.]

-l roister	| ...roistering in memory or anticipation with a flotilla of others.

-n atrium	| with its glass-walled atrium and skywalk...the new airport...

-n trundle	| dolly

-w bilious

-w blather

-w blot

-w bludgeon

-n booby

bowdlerize

-w brackish

-n bramble

-w brazen

-w sinewy	| Although sinewy Rudy could probably best all those young pups in hand-to-hand combat, he mourned "I don't even know what MTV means.".

-nn sarong	|  several college students who romp around in sarongs...

-a catechism

-a determinism

-a escapism

-a ageism

-nn coiffure

-n collagen	| collagen is converted into gelatin by boiling

-n bugaboo

-n bulwark

-n bung

-g aback	| i was taken aback

precipitous

ambulatory

parsimony

surfeit

rescind

truculent

facetious

salubrious

acrid

ostensible

penitentiary

perquisite

precipice

prerogative

smithereens

salutary

sanguinary

solicitous

extort, , tout,

, venal, vicarious, vicissitude, elegy, palliate,

antic, conspectus, pelagic, , progenitor, bunk, recrimination,

, salutary, harried, acumen, , acrimony, ethereal, , welter,

pecuniary, bumble, diacritical, effulgent, , indecorous, requital,

veer

finicky	| he is finicky about female companions

fatuous	| Perl programers are fatuous

gratuity	| tips are supposed to be a gratuity, but restaurant tipping custome we have is not.

abomination, posh, tribulation, approbation

impugn

-------------------

-n abbey

abeyance

abhorrence	| to my abhorrence...

abide	| i abide by the rules of love

-s abominable

abrogation

abscond

abstinent

-s amass

amber	| old computer monitors has amber colored text

analgesic

angst

animism

animus

annuity

anomalous

antiphonal

apostate

apothecary

apothegm

apparel

appellate

apposite

appurtenance

aqueous

parochial

parturition

pastry

pathogen

patois

patsy

paunch

pelagic

pennant

peptic

perambulate

peroration

perquisite

persiflage

persnickety

pestle

picayune

piccolo

pigsty

pixy

islet

jabber

jag

jalopy

jetty

joust

jujitsu

junket

junta

jurisprudence

jute

ken

kibbutz

kosher

lacuna

pall

palmate

palpate

palpation

palsy

pander

lanyard

ledge

mead

mentholated

mercantile

meritorious

mettle

mien

mildew

militate

militia

millenarianism

minstrel

mischance

mobilization

mod

repatriation

repine

requisition

mattock

mausoleum

modality

modicum

mongrel

monomania

monsoon

moocher

mosque

motile

mound

mountaineer

mountebank

multilateral

narwhal

nicety

niggling

nimbus

normative

restitution

retractile

retrench

retribution

reveille

paraplegia

parch

paraffin

liturgical

lob

lode

obtrude

oddment

odoriferous

offal

reverberate

rhinestone

ribald

rile

rime

rink

rive

rollick

roost

rostrum

rotunda

rove

rubber

rustication

salable

salutary

salvage

satiety

saurian

scabby

schmaltzy

scraggly

scribe

scrounge

scuffle

nubbin

numismatics

oaf

obeisance

objurgation

obsolescent

sequester

serviette

settee

shaman

shamble

shank

shanty

sheaf

sheathe

shyster

slag

slake

slather

slipshod

slough

slushy

smirk

-nn smock

pomegranate

portico

posthaste

pottage

precedent

predispose

preeminent

prehensile

prelate

preliterate

presage

prim

primrose

votive

probate

profligacy

prognosis

propitiate

protectionism

provenance

prowl

ptarmigan

pub

pudgy

pulmonary

pureed

quadrille

quaff

quail

quandary

quarry

quell

querulous

quiescence

quiescent

quip

quirky

quisling

racket

raconteur

raffish

raiment

rarefied

reciprocal

rector

referendum

smokestack

smut

snag

snip

snivel

solidarity

soppy

sorrel

sortie

sot

splint

splurge

spore

spout

squall

squalor

squeal

squiggle

stakeout

stasis

statuette

stile

stipple

stoke

stoker

straggle

stratosphere

strew

strop

strophe

strum

subcutaneous

subsidy

substantiate

substrate

suffrage

suffuse

suppository

symptomatic

syndicate

synecdoche

tableau

tableland

tassel

swag

tattle

telethon

temporize

tertiary

thatch

thither

tidings

tiff

till

tinsel

tocsin

toot

topsoil

traduce

archiepiscopal

arrant

-s artistry

-g ascendancy

asperse

assailant

astir

-n bailiff

banditry

barracuda

basal

bask

baste

bate

bathetic

bayou

beacon

beanie

bedlam

bedraggled

bedstead

beleaguer

benison

bespatter

bevy

bungle

burgle

buzzard

cabal

cadaver

caddie

caddy

calisthenics

calliope

calumniate

cancan

cannonade

canonical

cantankerous

canto

capriccio

carapace

carbuncle

carcinogen

careen

careworn

carp

catholic

caucus

cautionary

choppy

churn

cistern

civet

civility

clangor

clatter

clinch

clotheshorse

clump

coeval

commemorate

commingling

commonwealth

concatenate

concierge

conciliatory

conclave

condign

condole

conduit

confidant

conjugation

conquistador

conscription

construe

consul

contagion

contravene

contumely

contusion

conveyance

convocation

convoke

convoy

coop

cordon

cornice

coronation

corroborate

cosmopolite

couturiers

cower

coy

cranium

craven

credence

credo

crick

critter

crotchety

crypt

cuddly

cummerbund

cur

curio

curt

cutlet

dale

daub

dawdle

debacle

declivity

-c deadlock	| my and my girlfriend reached a deadlock position

decry	| you can cry, as in crying out loud, but you can also decry, by crying out loud negatively

deficit

-s deflect	| dumb people deflect attacts, bright people reflect on attacts. Religious people crumble and genuflect.

defraud

delectable

deliquescent

dementia

demigod

demolish

denigrate

denomination

denude

depilatory

deploy

deportment

depot

deputation

derelict

desideratum

desultory

detract

detritus

dextral

dictum

dietetic

-l din	| what's all this din

dirge

disapprobation

-e disclaimer	| disclaimer is a negative claim, basically.

discomfit

-g dispel	| facts dispels the lore that the human race on the whole is going downhill

dispensation

dispense

-w disquiet	| New Year disquits me

-s disservice	| Perl and Unix are disservices to the computing world

-g dissimulate	| dissimulate simulate assimilate accumulate emulate formulate	| i'm formulating an accumulation of word simulations on dissimulation so that people can assimilate and possibly emulate.

-w dissolution	| inquire about nature is a dissolution by the God believing sect

-g distend	| a distended cock are well loved by hens

-l divination	| astrology, palmistry, numerology etc are schemes of divinations

doggerel

doldrums

dollop

doodad

dowel

dray

drub

-s drudge	| i was on the phone for over 5 hours, and near the end it's dreary and drudgery

-e drivel	| Robby drivel and drool over a tome of Encyclopedia Britannica

-a ecology

dulcet	| can't resist her dulcet whispers

dysentery

-n echidna

ecru	| color

efflorescent

elegy

elision

emblazon

embonpoint

emboss

embroil

emulsion

enervate

ennui

ensconce

-a entomology

-w empathy	| i understand by empathy

entranced

entrench

-w enunciate

-a epilepsy

-g entourage	| a baggage

-n ensign	| the flags or logo on ships or planes

-g encroach	| making inroads

-g equivocal	| philosophers address, wisecrackers equivocate

-l espousal	| espouses are bind by espousal

ethology

etiolate

-a etiology	| origin

-g euthanasia	| happy death

-nn ewer

-g excommunicate	| churches used to excommunicate members

-l exhume	| exhumed theory of equations by later abstract algebraists

-l exodus	| there was a huge exodus from Mac OS in 1998

exonerate

exorbitant

expanse

expeditious

expiate

expostulate

expostulation

expropriate

externalize

factitious

fallow

-c far-fetched

-n fatalism

-w fatuity

-w fealty

-w felicitate

-s felicity

-d fete

-n fibrillation

-g filch

-n filigree

-w fillip

-n fireside

-w fixation

-w flair

-w fledge

-l immure

-w implode	| like explode, but towards inside

-w flounder

-w flub

-w fluky

-w forebode

-c forthright

-w fracas

-w frisk

-n frontispiece

-w fruition

-d funk

-a pederast

-a distopia	| utopia

-n funnel

-w furlough

-g furor

-n futurology

-w gab

-sl gabby

-n gale

garnet

-w garnish

garrison

-n gasket

-a gastrointestinal

granary

grist

gristle

grizzled

grotto

grovel

-e growl	| as a dog would growl or grovel

gruff

gullet

gurney

gustatory

-l gusto	| swallowed it with gusto

-l hamlet	| small village

-l hark	| hark hark, here come the mosters in our beds

-g harry

-l hauteur	| contain your hauteur

-g heinous	| your crime, is a heinous crime

-n helmsman	| the ship steerer

helot

-g heretic

hermetic

hex

historicism

hoard

hoarfrost

hoary

hobo

homily

homology

honorarium

hoopla

hootenanny

huckster

hussar

ilk

-l immolation

imprecation

inchoate

incognito

incontinent

indemnify

indemnity

indenture

indentured

indisposition

induct

insouciant

insular

-n intaglio

integument

interlope

intern

interstice

intrauterine

lichen

ligneous

------------------------

smitten	| Lotte, i'm smitten with you. (meaning affection.) [dialogue from _Being John Malkovich_, 1999]

-l strife	| To force a change in the light to relieve you of strife [lyrics from Switchblade Symphony, Naked Birthday, 1999]

-i welch	| "i'm dubious, but i don't welch" [line from film Being John Malkovich (1999)]

-h devil-may-care	| "ohh, doll. I love this devil-may-care side of you." [line from film Being John Malkovich (1999)]

-w agog	| "i'm grateful to you that you came to me from my call"; "don't be silly i'm all agog" [dialogue from film "Caberet"]

-w miff	| I think it's mildly unfortunate that the KDE camp considered itself so cornered that it felt compelled to issue miffed and wounded-sounding position statements that it will continue to fight the good fight. [web. slashdot reader.]

-c lock horns	| ... of course, if you stubbornly disagree, then we can proceed to lock horns. [Xah]

-c walleye	| Wall-eyed is funnier than cross-eyed [suck.com]

-c straightlaced	| Annette Bening, in a comedic tour de force, plays Lester's wife Carolyn, a straitlaced, uptight, worry wart who sells real estate. [web comment on film American Beauty]

-e simplicity	| simple, not simpler [Albert Einstein]; simplicity, not simplistic; and don't be a simpleton in any case.

-g paradigm	| The previous two posts by Barry Margolin and Kent M. Pitman are really good paradigm. Good as paragon of stupid writings. Full fledged in all aspects. Are you about to contribute to this genre? [Xah Lee in comp.lang.lisp, 2000/07/23]

-l throe	| Forgotten throes of anothers life\ The heart of love is their only light\ Faithless greeds,consolidating\ Holding down sweet charity\ With western eyes and serpents breath\ We lay our own conscience to rest\ ... --lyric from _Western Eyes, Portishead/Portishead 1997.

-l elysium	| the place of masochist's love heaven. [song title of Portishead/Portishead 1997]

-c well-heeled	| ... those well-heeled, starry-eyed Macintosh users... [an article on Apple's Cube computer...]

-i spunk	| we can't last without a new shot of spunk [lyrics of _new position_ from Price's _under the cherry moon_ album]

-f ipso facto	| Your posting here makes you ipso facto part of the Lisp community. [Erik Naggum in comp.lang.lisp]

-f Prima facie	| Look! Prima facie evidence of Lisp's superiority!

-s neanderthal	| "... but you also called me braindead and moron, and you called the person who developed the software I inherited 'a neanderthal'." [a complaint on comp.lang.lisp]

-j gonzo	| description of the Elegant Angle porn movie production house: the product line emphasizes gonzo (a xxx genre where the performers acknowledge the presence of the camera) and vignette releases, as opposed to feature productions with extensive scripts.	| Merriem-Webster defines: gonzo: idiosyncratically subjective but engage (e.g. gonzo journalism); also : BIZARRE	| and engage is defined by AH as: adj. 1. Actively committed, as to a political cause

-c hunky-dory	| thought it's all hunky-dory...

--

-g insipid	| he has far more important and pressing matters to attend to than to humor your incipid posts, ... [taunt in comp.lang.lisp]

-w kahuna	| One of the benefits of being the Big Kahuna is that I get to trump everyone else in these decisions. [from a Manager]	| Kahuna burger [film Pulp Fiction]

-f de rigueur	| IEEE1394, also called FireWire, is finally catching on in the PC world. A high speed serial standard that supports transfer rates up to a blistering 400 Mbps (50 MB/s), IEEE1394 is already de rigueur in the digital video and audio world. [tomshardware.com, 1999]

-w sesquipedalian	| I started studying words to prep for the SAT, but I've been addicted ever since. I have learned most of the words you list, but recently I've questioned the need for such sesquipedalian terms. [a student]

------------------

-e real easy

-s sat words

-g gre words

-w writer's words

-l literary, novelist

-n noun

-nn noun noun

-c combination words

-h hyphenation

-i informal

-sl slang

-sp special meaning

-d difficult

-a arcane

-f foreign

-si similar

Related Websites

few Dictionaries and Thesauruses

Wordsmyth educational dictonary and thesaurus. Pretty good for English beginners.

www.dictionary.com Goodies and goodies. Including American Heritage dict, Websters dict, Roget's Thesaurus and others in one shot.

Merriam-Webster, Inc.'s Collegiate. Probably most formal of the bunch. Terse! Stupid interface.

articles and essays

First and foremost: Encyclopedia Britannica. You may start at languages. (You may end when you die.)

Strunk, William. 1918. The Elements of Style. A classic. Read it once, understand it thoroughly, then put it in a closet. It's at http://www.bartleby.com/141/ and several other sites. This particular site also contains an encyclopedia and a dictionary.

Michael Quinion's World Wide Word at http://www.quinion.com/words/. Mostly essays on word origin.

William Z. Shetter's Language Miniature. They are little essays on various aspects of English language from an linguist's view. It's at: http://home.bluemarble.net/~langmin/contents.html. Delightful morsels. Deep insight.

alt.usage.english newsgroup FAQ at http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-usage-english-faq/ miscellanea of English.

Sometimes I was quite impressed by the writing qualities of some articles I came across on the net. I thought, why not put a link to them? So I'm going to begin to put them here as I see fit:

If you are into social/political satire, suck.com is an excellent site. You have to be quite literate and abreast with current social events to fully appreciate their articles.

For daily or weekly news, this is the most excellent journal geared for the upper-class: Time Magazine. Frankly, in many essays or commentaries i find it hard to digest because i don't fully grasp many of its allusions.

Jeeves and the Ph.D A hilarious comedy on Ph.D. If you do not already understand half of the words in my list, don't bother, else, enjoy. http://www.princeton.edu/~ekowalsk/phd.html Local copy here: Jeeves and the Ph.D The author might be Jeremy Hardy, Jr.

The Tragedy of the Commons by Garrett Hardin (1968). An essay that talks about how technology cannot solve certain problems. True! http://dieoff.com/page95.htm Local copy here: The Tragedy of the Commons, by Garrett Hardin (1968)

Book: Why I am not a Christian by Bertrand Russell. A classic book on Western religion. (amozon.com) A section is online at http://www.PositiveAtheism.org/hist/russell0.htm

Book: Steve Jobs and the NeXT big thing by Randall E. Stross. (see amazon.com) 1993. Very well written book on the history behind Steve Jobs and his NeXT computer company. Scholarly. The writing is impeccable. You will learn tons of words from this book.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Last Updated:2001/02/28.

ⓒ copyright 1995-2000 by Xah Lee. (xah@xahlee.org)

TOEIC과 G-TELP L/C 영역 고득점 희망자를 위한

(동음이의어 사전)

다음은 American Native Speaker들이 문장 속에서 “동일하게 발음하여” Listening에 적지 않은 장애와 혼란을 일으키는 “동음이의어”들을 골라 엮은 최신 사전(D-H)입니다.

TOEIC이나 G-TELP 등을 준비하는 수험생들에게는 Listening Comprehension 능력을 향상시키는 데 큰 도움이 되리라 봅니다. 특히 본 내용은 “고착화”된 사전식 발음에 근거한 것이 아니라, “현대 미국인들의 실제 발음 현상”에 바탕을 둔 것이라는 점에 의의가 있습니다.

- TOEIC & G-TELP 영어연구소 올림

CONTENTS

Click 하세요.

(차례대로 연재될 예정입니다.)

dam	holds back water

damn	a curse

dammed	prevented from flowing

damned	cursed

darn	to mend

darne	a fish steak

days	more than one day

daze	to bewilder

dear	beloved

deer	Bambi

dew	morning condensation (현대 미국 영어에서는 [j] 발음을 거의 하지 않음)

do	to perform

due	payable (현대 미국 영어에서는 [j] 발음을 거의 하지 않음)

die	to become dead

dye	coloring agent

died	passed away

dyed	colored

dies	passing away

dyes	colors

dine	to eat

dyne	unit of energy

dire	desperate

dyer	one who dyes

disc	a phonograph record

disk	a round, plate-shaped object

discreet	confidential

discrete	individual

do	first note of diatonic scale

doe	a female deer

dough	uncooked bread

doc	a physician

dock	where a boat is kept

does	several female deer

doughs	several uncooked breads

doze	to nap

done	completed

dun	demand money

draft	a preliminary written version

draught	a gust of wind; depth of water needed to float a ship

dual	two things

duel	a fight between two over honor

첫번째 장으로

e'er	ever

air	the mixture of gases which surrounds the Earth

earl	British nobleman

URL	Internet address

earn	to come to deserve

urn	a jar

elicit	to draw out (문맥을 따지지 않으면 상당히 구분이 곤란한 동음이의어)

illicit	unlawful

elude	to escape from (문맥을 따지지 않으면 상당히 구분이 곤란한 동음이의어)

illude	to deceive

eunuchs	men unable to serve all of humanity

Unix	operating system unable to serve all of humanity

ewe	female sheep

yew	a type of tree

you	the second person

eyelet	small hole for laces

islet	small island

첫번째 장으로

facts	objective things ([ts] 발음의 [s]화 경향에 의한 동음이의어)

fax	obsolete, but widespread, image transmission technology

fain	willing

feign	pretend to be affected

faint	pass out

feint	a weak, misdirected attack to confuse the enemy

fair	even-handed

fare	payment

fairing	streamlining

faring	the state of progress

fairy	imaginary magic person

ferry	river-crossing boat

faker	a deceiver

fakir	a Hindu ascetic

farrow	a litter of pigs

pharoah	Egyptian king

faux	fake

foe	enemy

fay	a fairy

Faye	a woman's name

fey	strange and otherwordly

fays	more than one fairy

faze	to disconcert, to stun

phase	a part of the sequence

fazed	stunned

phased	done in sequential parts

feat	an accomplishment

feet	look down

ferrate	a salt containing iron and oxygen

ferret	a domesticated polecat

feted	celebrated

fetid	stinking

few	not many

phew	expression of relief

file	a folder for holding papers

phial	a small glass bottle

fills	plural of fill

fils	one one-thousandth of an Iraqi dinar

filter	keep the bad stuff from passing through

philter	a love potion

find	to locate

fined	to have to pay a parking ticket

finish	to complete

Finnish	from Finland

fir	evergreen tree

fur	animal hair

furr	to separate with strips of wood

fisher	one who fishes

fissure	a crack

flair	verve

flare	to spread

flea	parasitic insect

flee	to run away

flecks	many tiny specks

flex	to bend

flew	past tense of fly

flu	short for influenza

flue	chimney pipe

Flo	a girl's name

floe	sheet of floating ice

flow	to glide along

flocks	more than one group of birds

phlox	a scented plant

floes	sheets of floating ice

flows	glides along

floor	what one walks on

fluor	something that glows

flower	a bloom

for	in place of

fore	in front

four	number after three

forego	to precede

forgo	to abstain from

foreword	introduction to a book

forward	the facing direction

fort	a fortification

forte	a person's strong point

forth	a direction

fourth	following the third

foul	grossly offensive to the senses

fowl	domestic hen or rooster

frees	releasing

freeze	very cold

frieze	a wall decoration

friar	a monk

fryer	small chicken

첫번째 장으로

gaff	a barbed spear

gaffe	a mistake

gage	a pledge or security deposit

gauge	instrument for measuring

gait	a manner of walking or running

gate	fence door

gaited	describing a walking horse

gated	having a gate

galley	ship's kitchen

gally	to frighten or terrify

gallop	horse's fastest gait

galop	a round dance

gays	a frisky gathering

gaze	a languid look

gene	a chromosome

jean	cotton twill

gild	to coat with gold

gilled	having gills

guild	a craft society

gilt	gold-plated

guilt	culpable

gin	alcoholic beverage

jinn	plural of jinni, a Muslim spirit or demon

gnawed	chewed

nod	head tilting

gneiss	coarse-grained metamorphic rock of feldspar, quartz and mica

nice	pleasant

gnu	African antelope

knew	past tense of know

new	not old

gnus	several antelope

news	timely information

gored	pierced by an animal's horns

gourd	fleshy fruit with hard skin

gorilla	large ape (문맥을 따지지 않으면 상당히 구분이 곤란한 동음이의어)

guerrilla	irregular soldier

grade	a slope

grayed	turned gray

graft	to attach

graphed	plotted

grate	a lattice

great	extremely good

grays	more than one shade of black

graze	to eat grass while wandering

grease	lubricant

Greece	Mediterranean country

greave	leg armor

grieve	to mourn

greaves	more than one greave

grieves	to mourn

grill	to sear cook

grille	an iron gate or door

groan	reaction to hearing a pun

grown	has gotten larger

guessed	past tense of guess

guest	a visitor

guide	one who shows the way

guyed	secured with a rope or wire

guise	appearance

guys	Garrison Keillor's obsession

gunnel	small, eel-shaped marine fish; butterfish

gunwale	upper part of sides of a boat

첫번째 장으로

hail	frozen rain

hale	robust health

hair	grows from your head

hare	rabbit

hairy	having much hair

Harry	a man's name

harry	to harass or hunt

hall	a large room

haul	to carry

halve	break in two

have	to hold in possession

halves	more than one half

haves	those who possess

hammock	rope bed

hummock	low, rounded hill

hangar	garage for airplanes

hanger	from which things hang

Harold	a man's name

herald	a horn blower

hart	a stag

heart	blood pump

haut	high, as in "haut couture"

ho	an expression of admiration or surprise

hoe	garden tool

hay	grass

hey	a shout

hays	more than one type of hay

haze	atmospheric obscuration due to water or dust

he'd	contraction of "he would"

heed	to pay attention

he'll	contraction of "he will"

heal	to make well

hill	smaller than a mountain

heel	hind part of foot

hear	to listen

here	at this location

heard	listened to

herd	a group of ruminants

heigh	an exclamation

hi	a greeting

hie	to go quickly

high	way up

heroin	narcotic

heroine	female hero

hew	to chop

hue	a color

Hugh	a man's name

hide	animal skin

hied	hurried

higher	farther up

hire	to employ

him	pronoun

hymn	religious song

hoar	a white frost

whore	a prostitute

hoard	a great stash

horde	a great many people

whored	prostituted

hoarse	rough voice

horse	equine

hoes	more than one garden weeding tool

hose	tube for watering garden weeds

hold	to grip

holed	full of holes

hole	round opening

whole	entirety

holey	perforated

holy	with religious significance

wholly	completely

hostel	inexpensive lodging for travelers

hostile	unfriendly

hour	sixty minutes

our	possessed by us

hours	time measurement

ours	belonging to us

humerus	funny bone

humorous	funny

POWER VOCABULARY 1 : TEST 1 (Part5 101-115/Part7 30-31p)

1) in doubt  의심스러운            * take down  받아 적다   * dictation 구술

2) client    (변호사나 회계사 등의) 고객, 의뢰인   * accountant  회계사

3) make up one's mind   결심하다          * range  범위

4) by any chance  혹시, 만약에           cf) by chance  우연히

5) retirement  은퇴, 퇴직   v. retire      * in respect of  --에 관하여

6) stake   주식(지분) / 내기    * stalk  줄기 / 몰래 따라가다   * colleague  동료

7) stack   쌓아놓은 더미     cf) stacks  서재, 서고

8) memorable  기억할 만한, 잊기 어려운

9) approve  인정하다, 승인하다  * approbative  시인하는, 인가하는

10) administrate  관리하다   * Administrative  Department  경영관리과

11) resources  자원         * Human Resources Department  인력개발부

12) anticipate  예측하다, 예상하다     * in anticipation of  --을 예상하여

13) vacation leave  정기 휴가     cf) maternal leave  산후(출산) 휴가

14) interrupt  중단하다, 방해하다( = hinder )

15) bulletin board  게시판

16) preference  선호, 더 좋아함

17) indicate  나타내다, 표시하다

18) paid vacation  유급 휴가

19) capture  붙잡다, 사로잡다       * cultivate  경작, 재배하다  n. cultivation

20) local  현지의, 그 지역의   * local bank  현지은행

21) livestock  가축

22) ranch  목장     * rancher  목동 / 목장 주인

23) as a result of  --의 결과

24) domestic  국내의 / 가정의

25) steadily   꾸준하게

26) analyst    분석가      * analyze  분석하다  n. analysis

27) predict   예측하다

28) graze  방목하다, 풀 뜯어 먹이다          * cattle  소 / 가축

29) convert  전환하다

30) post  게시하다, 고시하다         * overall  전반적인, 전체적인

31) contract  계약(하다)

32) stem   막다, 억제하다(= prevent )   cf)  stem from  --로부터 유래하다

POWER VOCABULARY 2 : TEST 1 (Part5 116-120/Part7 32-35p)

1) count on   믿다, 의지하다

2) confide 비밀을 털어놓다 / 믿다   cf) confidential  비밀의    confident  확신하는

3) coverage   보도, 취재 / (보험) 보상 범위     * cover  보도하다 / 보상하다

4) in return    -- 대한 보상으로, 보답으로

5) respond to   -- 에 응답하다

6) in regard to   --에 관하여

7) account balance  계좌 잔액(잔고)

8) credit card statement  신용카드 명세서    * credit rating   신용등급

9) be credited to  --에 입금하다 cf) credit  채권/신용/신용공여(외상)/학점/공적

10) due date / deadline  만기일    cf) due  지급 만기의/--할 예정인/(to) --때문에

11) be concerned about  --에 대하여 걱정하다

12) home mortgage / mortgage loan   집을 담보로 주택 자금을 융자받는 것

13) stop payment   지불 정지

14) refund   환불         * non-refundable  환불이 불가능한

15) itinerary  여행 일정표(계획표)

16) transfer desk  비행기를 갈아타고 여행 할 때 다시 탑승권을 받는 창구

17) non-transferable   양도 양수가 불가능한   <-> transferable

18) locate   위치시키다

19) well-equipped  장비가 잘 갖추어진

20) blizzard   눈보라

21) a handful of  소량의

22) moderate-sized  적절한 규모의

23) manufacture  제조하다

24) industrial park  산업 단지 (= industrial complex )

25) tenant   세입자

26) subsidy  보조금  v. subsidize         cf) subsidiary  자회사

27) unemployment   실업

28) property   (집합적) 재산      cf) properties  (구체적인) 토지, 건물

29) expansion   팽창, 확장

30) utilities   수도, 전기 등의 기반(공익시설)     cf) facilities  편의 시설

31) installation   설치   v. install

32) take place   발생하다, 일어나다     33) construction   건설, 건축

POWER VOCABULARY 3 : TEST 1 (Part5 121-130/Part7 36-40p)

1) cautious   주의 깊은, 신중한

2) puzzle   당황하게 하다

3) toxic    독성이 있는

4) chemical   화학물질     cf) chemistry  화학     chemist  화학자

5) down payment   (할부로 물건을 살 때) 처음 내는 지불액

6) entrepreneur    기업가, 사업주

7) decent   점잔은, 예의바른 / (복장이) 단정한

8) eloquent   웅변력이 뛰어난, 말을 잘하는

9) complacent  만족하는, 자만하는 (= satisfied )

10) enclose  동봉하다   cf) enclosure  동봉 한 물건    cf) fringe benefits

11) convertible   전환(변환)이 가능한    * convertible car  지붕이 개폐되는 차

12) equivalent  동등한, 같은

13) retractable   (안으로) 들어갈 수 있는,   * retract 수축하다, 철회하다

14) collision   충돌       * collision insurance  대물(對物) 보험

15) personal injury coverage   대인(對人) 보험      * surcharge  할증료

16) rate  (등급이 정해진 경우의) 요금    cf) fare  교통요금    fee  공공요금

17) relieve  완화시키다, 누그러뜨리다      n. relief

18) symptom  증상, 증후      * dosage  (약 등의) 복용 량

19) sneezing  재채기    cf) sore throat  인후(목) 통    itchy eye  눈 가려움

20) brisk  활발한                         21) tilt back  뒤로 기울이다

22) insert  삽입하다                      23) comply with -에 부합하다, 따르다

24) squeeze  꽉 쥐다, 붙잡다             25) inhale  (안으로) 흡입하다

26) properties   재산(건물, 토지등)        27) consult  의견을 듣다, 참고하다

28) exceed   초과하다                   29) temporary  일시적인  <-> permanent

30) hazardous  위험한                   31) persist  지속되다

32) physician   (내과) 의사               33) attorney at law  (미) 변호사

34) lease   임대차 계약                 35) negotiate  협상하다

36) renovation  개선, 보수, 수리          37) amicable   우호적인

38) contract  계약                       39) relocate  이동시키다, 재배치하다

40) commitment  공약, 약속 / 이행       41) file a lawsuit   소송을 제기하다

42) fluctuation   변동                    43) sluggish  느린, 완만한

44) upswing  상승 <-> downswing       45) consistent  지속적인

POWER VOCABULARY 4 : TEST 1 (Part5 131-145/Part7 41-43p)

1) dismiss   해고하다           * eventually  결국, 궁극적으로

2) be supposed to   --하기로 되어 있다.  --할 예정이다

3) at the latest  늦어도        * recruit   (신입 직원을) 채용하다, 모집하다

4) misplace  잘못 놓다 / 잘못 배치하다     * displace   제거하다 / 바꿔 놓다

5) assume  가정하다, 추측하다        * go on --ing   계속해서 --하다

6) keep track of  --의 뒤를 쫓다. 추적하다 (= trace)

7) be suited for  --에 적합하다. 어울리다      * distribute  공급하다, 분배하다

8) competence  능력, 적성, 자격       * convenience  편의, 편리

9) subside  가라앉다   * subsidy  보조금 v. subsidize     * subsidiary  자회사

10) cosmetics  화장품         * trend  추세, 경향

11) strategy  전략     * adopt  채택하다 / 양자로 삼다

12) cater  (음식물, 음료 등을) 제공하다    * cater to (욕구 등을) 충족시키다

13) adjust  조절하다, 조정하다

14) contrast  대조, 대비

15) blank  공백의, 비어있는 / 멍청한

16) faulty  결함이 있는

17) representative  대표자, 대리인        * malfunction  기능 장애

18) circuit  board    회로 판

19) appliance  기구, 설비

20) motivated   적극적인, 진취적인, 의욕적인      n. motive  동기  v. motivate

21) applicant   지원자    cf) apply for  지원하다   application 지원, 신청

22) demonstrate  입증하다, 증명하다

23) account  계좌, 구좌 / 설명, 보고 / 고객(거래처)

24) maintain   유지하다 / 주장하다

25) overall  전반적인, 전체적인

26) earnings  수입     <-> expense  지출

27) budget  예산            * estimate  집계, 추산, 견적(= forecasting)

28) fringe benefits  (직장에 다니면서 얻는) 부수 혜택, 부가 혜택 / 복리후생 혜택

29) discipline   학문의 분야, 학과       30) statistics  통계

31) coalition   연맹                    32) major in  전공하다

33) graduate   n. 졸업생               34) shift  변하다, 이동하다

35) credit  학점    36) domestic  국내의    37) transferable  양도(교환) 가능한

POWER VOCABULARY 5 : TEST 1 (Part6 146-160/Part7 44-48p)

1) peer   동료, (사회적 지위, 능력이) 동등한 사람

2) apply for  지원하다, 신청하다    cf) apply to --에 적용하다 / 딱 들어맞다

3) abbreviation  (단어의) 축약, 생략     cf) Mister --> Mr.

4) extension  (전화의) 내선(內線) / 연장, 연기, 확대     * approve of  승인하다

5) pretend  --인 척 하다         * be suited for  --에 딱 들어맞다, 적합하다

6) account for  설명하다         * revenue  총 수입(매출)   cf) profit  순 이익

7) ensure  --을 보증하다, 보장하다      * be likely to  -- 할 것 같다

8) be impressed with  --로(에게) 감명 받다

9) adopt  채택하다 / 양자로 삼다(입양하다)     cf) adapt  적응시키다

10) reminiscent  유산, 잔재      * ethnic  인종의, 민족의

11) extermination  근절, 전멸    v. exterminate

12) crush  눌러서 뭉개다, 짓밟다

13) superior  우수한, 뛰어난  <-> inferior

14) as a token of  --의 표시로, --의 증거로써

15) confidence  확신, 자신  a. confident    /  비밀  a. confidential

16) grant  주다, 수여하다

17) terms  조건 (= conditions ) / 사이, 관계( = relations )

18) regards  안부    * Give my best regards to your parents.

19) annual  일년마다의

20) audit  회계감사  cf) auditor = controller  회계 감사관

21) work load   업무량                     22) productivity  생산성

23) access  접근                           24) lagging  느린, 꾸물거리는

25) administrative procedure  행정절차        26) revenue  총 수입, 총 매출액

27) Account Payable  채무계정(받을 것)      28) analysis  분석

29) outstanding  미 지불된 / 뛰어난          30) in-depth  깊이 있는, 상세한

31) postponement   연기, 지연               32) streamline  단순화시키다

33) executive   (회사의) 중역                34) barrier  장벽

35) corporate  회사 ( = corporation )         36) buttress  버티다, 지지하다

37) optimistic  낙관적인 <-> pessimistic      38) sexual harassment  성희롱

39) compensation  보상                     40) occupy  차지하다, 점유하다

41) vehicle   탈 것, 차                     42) be attributed to  -- 때문이다

43) sticker price  희망 소비자 가격          44) determination  결정, 결심

POWER VOCABULARY 6 : TEST 2 (Part5 101-120/Part7 78-80p)

1) prescription   처방(전)   v. prescribe        * pill 알약

2) pharmacist   약사

3) tenancy  차용, 임차   cf) tenancy agreement  임대차(차용) 계약

4) declare  선언하다(선포하다) / 신고하다

5) be on friendly terms with  --와 사이가 좋다      * terms  사이, 관계 / 조건

6) get involved in   --에 연루되다, 포함되다     * initial  최초의

7) retail  소매(의) / 소매로 팔다   cf) wholesale  도매(의) / 도매로 팔다

8) journalist   언론인, (신문, 잡지사 등의) 기자, 발행인     * vacancy  빈자리/빈방

9) authorized   인가 받은, 허가 받은    cf) authority  허가, 권한, 권위 / pl: 당국

10) reside  살다, 거주하다  residence 거주, resident 주민, residential 주거에 적합한

11) legal  합법적인          * break through  돌파하다, 헤치고 나아가다

12) write-off   미수 계정, 결손 처분, 감가상각 /  (차나 비행기가) 쓸모 없게 된 것

13) architecture  건축   * architect  건축가   cf) archaeologist  고고학자

14) break off  파기하다   * break out  발발하다  * break into 침입하다

15) adhere to 집착하다, 고수하다, 지키다   * article  계약서 조항 / 기사

16) go with  어울리다 (= match)      17) cover   보상하다 / 보도하다, 취재하다

18) delicate   미묘한, 섬세한         19) demonstrate   증명하다, 입증하다

20) Senator  (미국) 상원의원    cf) Representative  하원의원

21) present   (자신이 직접 가지고 나와) 발표하다  *presentation 발표회, 설명회

22) upcoming   다가오는 (= forthcoming)      23) conference   회의

24) in advance  미리, 사전에           25) enclose  동봉하다

26) woe   슬픔, 비애, 고통 / pl) 화, 재난

27) comb  빗

28) clip  (보석 등이 붙어있는) 장식용 핀 / 종이 끼는 클립 / 깎다, 오리다

29) hairpiece / toupee  부분 가발          cf) wig  전체 가발

30) delivery  배달     v. deliver

31) retirement  은퇴, 퇴직       cf) retirement plan  퇴직금

32) corporation  회사   *corporate / incorporated / firm

33) on behalf of  --를 위하여 /--을 대표하여

34) defer  유예하다, 늦추다         cf) deduct  공제하다, 차감하다

35) contribution  기부, 기여, 공헌           36) withdraw  인출하다

37) amass  쌓다, 축적하다                38) account balance  계좌 잔액

POWER VOCABULARY 7 : TEST 2 (Part5 121-125/Part7 81-84p)

1) bi-weekly   1주일에 두 번(twice a week) / 2주일에 한 번(every two weeks)

2) literate  읽고 쓸 수 있는 (<-> illiterate ), cf) literary  문학의, literal 문자 그대로의

3) probation  검증, 수습    cf) probationary period  검증 기간, 수습기간

4) geologist   지질학자    cf) geographer  지리학자

5) hazard  위험       * comply with --에 응하다, 따르다   * engross 몰두시키다

6) adjacent  인접한, 이웃한(to)      * arrange  준비하다, 마련하다

7) calculation  계산      * orderly  질서 있는, 순서 있는

8) cumbersome  성가신, 귀찮은, 부담되는

9) spectacular  장관을 이루는, 볼만한     * scarce  드문, 희박한

10) utmost  최고한도(의), 극도(의)      * remote  외딴, 멀리 떨어진

11) scroll   (컴퓨터 화면을) 순차적으로 이동시키다

12) assignment   배정, 배당, 배치 / 과제     v. assign

13) post  게시하다, 고시하다

14) earnings  수익

15) lay off  (대량으로) 직원을 해고하다

16) recession  경기 침체, 퇴조     cf)  depression  장기적인 불황

17) in the midst of  --가 한창인 가운데

18) speculate  숙고하다, 생각(추측)하다 / (부동산 등에) 투기하다  n. speculation

19) reap  쌓다, 축적하다

20) dividend  배당금

21) diversification   다각화   v. diversify

22) critic   비평가

23) overreach itself  과다 팽창하다

24) commit  위임하다, 맡기다 / 고약하다 / --한 일을 범하다, 저지르다

25) strategy  전략

26) on behalf of  --를 위하여

27) apply for  지원하다, 신청하다   cf) apply to --에 적용되다, 딱 들어맞다

28) claim  (손해배상, 보험금 등의) 청구

29) division   부, 부서

30) promote  승진시키다 / 조장하다, 장려하다 / (상품 등을) 선전하다, 광고하다

31) motivated  적극적인, 진취적인    cf) motive 동기, motivate 동기를 부여하다

32) outstanding  뛰어난, 두드러진        33) think highly of --를 높게 평가하다    POWER VOCABULARY 8 : TEST 2 (Part5 126-140/Part7 85-87p)

1) in progress  진행중인           * constant  끊임없는, 지속적인

2) sustenance   유지, 지탱 / 음식 / 생계    v. sustain 유지하다, (가족을) 부양하다

3) consecutive   연속되는         * fill in(=out) = complete  기록, 작성하다

4) bureau   (공공 관청의) 국, 부, 청        * register  등록하다

5) delegate  대표자, 파견위원      * admission  입학, 입장

6) raw material  원료, 원재료       * budget  예산

7) account for  설명하다         * probationary period  검증(수습) 기간

8) be entitled to  --할 자격이 있다 (= be eligible to )   cf) eligibility  자격

9) tele-commuting   컴퓨터로 집에서 근무하는 것     * commute  통근하다

10) self-employed worker  자영업자     cf) be anxious about  걱정하다

11) hectic  열광적인, 흥분시키는           * corporation = corporate  회사

12) initiative  독창성, 창의력 / 주도권      * global reputation 세계적 명성

13) come up to  ( --의 기대 등에) 부합하다, 충족시키다  * install  설치하다

14) synthesis  합성         cf) synthetics  합성물질

15) textile fiber   직물 섬유

16) warranty   품질 보증(서)              * appliance  기구, 설비

17) component  부품             * defect  결함

18) workmanship  운송, 조립, 수리과정 / 세공 기술

19) maintain  유지하다, 관리하다

20) qualified dealer  공식 대리점     cf) outlet  (공장 등에 부속된) 판매점

21) authorized  허가 받은, 인가 받은   22) reimburse   배상하다, 상환하다

23) receipt   영수증                   24) submit  제출하다

25) predictable  예측할 수 있는, 예상 가능한     * film review  영화 평론

26) depict  묘사하다            * protagonist  주인공

27) stubborn  완고한, 고집 센 (= tenacious )      * collapse  쓰러지다 / 붕괴하다

28) determination  결심

29) nominate  지명하다, 임명하다   n. nomination

30) subsidiary  자회사   cf) subsidy 보조금  v. subsidize 보조금을 지급하다

31) electronic  component  전자 부품

32) manufacture  제조하다

33) revenue  총 매출, 수입        cf) profit  순 이익

34) dividend  배당금

POWER VOCABULARY 9 : TEST 2 (Part5 141-150/Part7 88-91p)

1) be familiar with  --을 잘 알다    * be familiar to --에 잘 알려져 있다

2) manual  설명서, 입문서 / 수동의     * invoice   송장

3) conclusive  결정적인, 확실한

4) dominant  지배적인, 주도적인    v. dominate

5) entertainment   연예, 오락

6) insurance policy  보험 증권(증서)

7) clarity    명료, 명확

8) authorized   인가 받은, 허가 받은   n. authority  권위, 권한

9) digest  요약하다 / 소화하다

10) corporate  회사  * corporation / incorporated / firm

11) equities  보통주           cf) preferred stocks  우선주

12) publication   출판 / 발표

13) tap  (정보 등을)  얻어내다 / 연결하다 / (지식의 원천 등을) 개척하다

14) customized  주문형의 / 개인의 주문에 따라 만든

15) subscribe  서명하다 / (to) 잡지, 신문 등을 정기구독(신청) 하다

16) payroll tax  급료 명부에 부가하는 세금 , 갑근세

17) approximately  대략

18) calculate   계산하다

19) end up - ing    결국 --되다

20) penalty   벌금

21) constant  지속적인, 끊임없는

23) flux    변화, 변동 / (물의) 흐름

25) scrutinize   자세히 조사하다    * IRS  the Internal Revenue Service 국세청

26) be compatible with    --와 양립할 수 있는, 조화를 이루는

27) tax returns   소득세 자진 납부      * auditor  회계 감사관

28) Certified Public Accountant (CPA)  공인 회계사

29) conference  (공식) 회의         *spectacular  장관을 이루는

30) adjoin   --와 인접(이웃)하다, 접하다

31) promote  광고하다 / 일을 도모하다, 촉진시키다 / 승진시키다

32) accommodate  수용하다 / 숙박시키다 / 편의를 도모하다

33) presentation   (논문) 발표회 / (신제품) 설명회    * VAT  Value-added Tax

34) suite  스위트룸       35) snobbish  속물의, 겉치레하는

POWER VOCABULARY 10 : TEST 2 (Part5 151-160/Part7 92-94p)

1) sharp   a. 날카로운   ad. 정각에    *sharply  날카롭게

2) place an order with   --에 주문을 하다

3) concession   양보

4) board meeting   이사 회

5) outbreak  발발, 돌발          * prison officer  교도관

6) detention  구금, 억류   v. detain     cf) detention center  수용소

7) asylum  망명 / 수용소

8) riot  폭동

9) protest  항의하다

10) repatriation   송환   v. repatriate

11) authorities   당국    cf) authority 권위, 권한

12) obstacle  장애물

13) outlaw  불법화하다

14) bill  법안

15) criticism   비판    v. criticize     cf) critic  비평가

16) threaten  위협하다, 협박하다   n. threat

17) sanction  규제, 제재

18) carry out  이행하다, 수행하다

19) alcoholic beverage   술, 주류

20) shift   교대근무

21) due to  -- 때문에

23) frequent  잦은, 빈번한

25) abuse  남용(하다)  drug abuse   /  학대(하다)  child abuse

26) cost-cutting measure  비용 절감 조치

27) skyrocket  치솟다

28) effective 유효한, 효력이 있는

29) select  선정, 선택

30) available  이용 가능한, 이용할 수 있는

31) ensure   보증하다, 보장하다

32) acquaintance   앎 / 면식    cf) make one's acquaintance  --와 알게 되다

33) supervisor   관리자, 감독관 / 부서 책임자

34) recruit   (직원을) 채용하다      35) notify  통보하다, 통지하다

POWER VOCABULARY 11 : TEST 3 (Part5 101-110/Part7 124-5p)

1) keep track of    --의 뒤를 쫓다, 추적하다

2) quality control   품질 관리

3) manufacture   제조하다

4) random check  무작위로 물건을 골라서 검사하는 것

5) exclusive distributorship  독점 분배 권

6) expand   넓히다, 팽창시키다

7) wholesale  도매(의)    cf) retail  소매(의)

8) naturalize   귀화시키다

9) outlive  -보다 더 오래 살다    cf) outnumber / outgrow

10) on average  평균적으로

11) physically  신체적으로  <-> mentally

12) get behind  뒤지다, 뒤 처지다

13) line    줄, 선 /노선 / 직업 / (상품의) 종류

14) crucial  중요한

15) keep up with  --에 뒤지지 않고 따라가다 (= keep abreast of )

16) up-to-date  최신의

17) every two weeks  2주에 한 번씩  cf) every three hours , every five days ....

18) current  현재의, 최근의

19) summarize  요약하다

20) condense  응축(압축)하다 / 요약하다

21) memorandum  공문, 회람 (= memo )

22) configuration  구성, 윤곽, 배치

23) be equipped with  --한 장비를 갖추다

24) spreadsheet  여러 수치를 컴퓨터 화면에 한꺼번에 나타나게 하는 프로그램

25) mainframe  컴퓨터 본체

26) have access to  --에 접속하다

27) estimate    어림잡아 산정 하다, 추산하다 / 평가하다

28) lease  임차(대) 하다

29) installation  설치  v. install

30) cost effective  비용 효율적인

31) managing editor  편집부장(국장)

POWER VOCABULARY 12 : TEST 3 (Part5 111-127/Part7 126-8p)

1) due  지급 만기가 된, 마땅히 지급할 / --할 예정인 / (to) -- 때문에

2) credit  신용 / 외상(거래) = 채권 / 학점 / 공, 공적

3) be short of  --가 부족하다    cf) be sufficient of

4) grant   주다, 수여하다 / 보조금     cf) stipend  (성직자에게 주는) 수당, 급료

5) illustration  그림, 삽화

6) a progression of   일련의, 연속되는 (= a series of )

7) cooperation  협력, 협조    v. cooperate

8) rebuke  꾸짖다, 비난하다  * recede 물러나다, 퇴각하다   * recall 기억(회상)하다

9) chore   (일상적인) 잡일             10) arrange  준비하다, 배열하다

11) jot down  받아 적다               12) priority  우선 순위

13) take out insurance  보험에 들다

14) inquiry  문의, 조회   v. inquire

15) circuit   회로

16) modulate   조절하다, 조정하다    cf) modulator  음향 조절기

17) available   이용 가능한, 이용할 수 있는

18) commercial distribution   상업적 분배

19) inconvenience   불편

20) place an order   주문하다(with)

21) Stock Exchange   증권 거래소, 주식시장

22) break through   돌파하다

23) analyst  분석가    v. analyze  분석하다    n. analysis  분석

24) momentum  힘, 여세, 계기       * draw momentum   힘을 받다

25) bond   채권                     26)  sink  가라앉다

27) Blue-Chip Stock  최고 우량 주 (예: 삼성전자, SK Telecom.....)

28) Stock Exchange Index  주가 지수

29) volume  거래량        * Volume is heavy(low).  거래량이 많다(적다)

30) economic upturn   경제 호황

31) make yourself at home   마음을 편히 가지다

32) degree  학위                      33) cater to  --의 욕구에 부합하다

34) field of study   학문의 분야        35) hands-on = practical  실용적인

36) internship   견습 과정              37) multitude  다수

38) academic  학자, 교수              39) institution  제도, 기관

POWER VOCABULARY13 :TEST 3 (Part5 128-140/Part7 129-33p)

1) scramble  (--을 얻으려고 서로) 다투다 / 기어오르다 / 긁어모으다

2) keep up with  뒤지지 않고 따라가다 (= keep abreast of )

3) confide  비밀을 털어놓다  a. confidential  / 신뢰하다  a. confident

4) imitate  모방하다    * urgent  긴박한, 긴급한      * remarkable  괄목할만한

5) circulate  돌다, 순환하다  / 배포하다, 유포하다  n. circulation

6) contribute to + N/G  --에 이바지하다, 기여하다

7) meager  빈약한, 야윈 / 불충분한     8) dwindle  줄어들다, 감소하다

9) staggering  비틀거리는(게 하는), 어마어마한    * skeptics 회의론 자, 회의주의자

10) fatal  치명적인 / 운명적인    cf) fatality 불운, 불행 / 재난  pl) 사망자수

11) reliable  믿을 만한                 12) communal  모두가 이용할 수 있는

13) halt  중단시키다 / 머뭇거리다, 망설이다   cf) haltingly 망설이면서, 불완전하게

14) tremendous  엄청난, 어마어마한    15) stride 큰 걸음, 활보  pl) 진보, 발전

16) estate  토지, 저택 / 재산          17) hazard light  비상등

18) lane  차로(선)                     19) steer  조종하다  * steering wheel

20) depression 불경기, 불황            21) manifest 분명한 / 명백히하다

22) dominate  지배하다       * male-dominated  남성이 지배하는

23) conventional  전통적인, 재래식의        * rate  (등급이 정해진 경우의) 요금

24) compatible 조화를 이루는, 병립할 수 있는(with) / 호환성 있는

25) broadcast  방송하다, 방영하다

26) transmission  전송, 전달

27) a spate of   연달아(연속해서) 나오는  * spate 다수, 홍수

28) institute  만들다, 설치하다  / 협회, 전문학교, 연구소

29) enforce  집행하다, 이행하다

30) accompany  동반하다, 수반하다       31) identification  신분증

32) penalty  벌금                        33) assess  부과하다, 할당하다

34) returned checks / bounced checks / bad checks   부도 수표

35) local bank  현지 은행                36) apologize  사과하다

37) inconvenience  불편                  38) processing fee  처리 수수료

39) encourage  격려하다, 용기를 주다     40) organization  조직, 기관

41) participatory  management  참여경영   42) conflict  갈등, 알력

43) decentralize  분화시키다              44) authority  권위, 권한

45) merger   합병  cf) M&A  = Merger & Acquisition

POWER VOCABULARY 14 : TEST 3 (Part6 141-150/Part7 134-6p)

1) in terms of  --의 관점에서 / --에 관하여

2) stall  오도가도 못하다 / (엔진 등이) 멈추다     cf) n. 마구간, 축사

3) income inequality  소득 불평등(불균형)

4) compensation  보상

5) outdated  구식의, 시대에 뒤떨어진 (= out-of-date )

6) initiative  독창성, 창의력 / 주도권

7) succession  계승   cf) success  성공     * executive  (회사의) 중역, 실무자

8) in collaboration with  --와 협력하여     * collaboration 협력, 협조

9) detergent  (합성) 세제        * pollute  오염시키다

10) in a hurry  급히, 서둘러서

11) resident   주민, 거주자   v. reside   n. residence

12) valid   타당한, 유효한               * motorist  운전자

13) certificate  증명서, 자격증            * vehicle  차량, 탈 것

14) law enforcement officer  법 집행관 (대개는 경찰관을 말함)

15) insurance claim  보험금 청구

16) legal  합법적인 <-> illegal

17) prosecution   (法) 기소      v. prosecute  기소하다 / 수행(이행)하다

18) robbery / mugging   강도 짓    * robber, mugger    cf) theft  절도(stealing)     19) overt  명백한, 분명한

20) offensive  공격적인              cf) Green Card  (미) 영주권

21) conduct  (일을) 행하다 / 지휘하다 / 안내하다

22) issue  발행, (잡지 등이) 나옴   * January issue  1월 호

23) location  위치            cf) questionnaire  설문지

24) commercial bank  일반 시중은행     cf) merchant bank  종금사, 투자금융 회사

25) earnings  소득, 수입         26) profit  순 이익      cf) net losses  순 손실

27) bad loans  부실 대출                   28) fiscal year  회계 연도

29) debt  빚, 채무     cf) credit   채권      30) frantic   (열)광적인

31) speculation   투기 / 추측, 사색    v. speculate  투기하다, 생각하다

32) real estate  부동산                      33) skyrocket  치솟다

34) deflate  (공기나 거품 등이) 빠지다  cf) deflation  통화량이 감소 & 가치가 하락

35) collateral   빚을 갚을 수 없을 때 채권자에게 대신 제시하는 재산, 부대 담보물

36) sluggish   불경기의, 침체된 / 느릿느릿한  37) recession  (일시적인) 경기 침체

POWER VOCABULARY 15 : TEST 3(Part6 151-160/Part7137-40p)

1) be committed to  --에 몰두하다, 헌신하다, 전념하다

2) sensitivity  민감함, 예민함          * environmental issue  환경문제

3) look into = investigate   조사하다

4) waste disposal  쓰레기 폐기물

5) climatologist  기후(풍토) 학자   cf) meteorologist  기상학자

6) predict  예상하다, 예측하다      * overall  전반적인

7) ratio  비율

8) money order  우편환         * financial institution  금융 기관

9) net revenue  순 수입    cf) revenue  총 수입(매출)   * profit  순이익

10) revere  존경하다, 숭배하다

11) compassion  동정, 불쌍히 여김

12) specialize in  --을 전공하다, 전문적으로 다루다

13) immigration   입국 / 출입국 관리     cf) emigration

14) obtain  얻다, 획득하다

15) embassy  대사관  * ambassador     cf) consulate 영사관   * consul

16) destination  목적지

17) renewable  (계약 따위를) 갱신할 수 있는

18) local  현지의, 그 지역의

19) grant  주다, 부여하다           * provided (that) = if

20) permanent visa  장기 체류 비자

21) duly  정당하게        * naturalization  귀화

22) register  등록하다            * permission  허락, 허가

23) transportation  운송, 교통

24) on-time performance  정시 이착륙 율

25) performance  이행, 수행 / 공연, 연기, 연주 / 업적, 성과

26) indicate  나타내다, 지시하다      * commercial flight  민간 항공기

27) ETA (= Estimated Time of Arrival ) 예정 도착 시간    cf) ETD

28) performance review (= evaluation )  직업(업무) 수행능력 평가

29) supervisor  관리자, 감독관, (부서) 책임자   v. supervise

30) appropriate  적절한, 적합한       31) be aware of  --을 알다

32) take on  --한 일을 (처음으로) 떠맡다, 착수하다    cf) take over

33) available 이용 가능한  34) grab 꽉 쥐다, 붙잡다 35) gross  총액, 총계

POWER VOCABULARY 16 : TEST 4(Part5 101-105/Part7170-73p)

1) bankrupt   파산한   * go bankrupt(=broke)      n. bankruptcy

2) financial  재정적인, 재무상의

3) manufacturer  제조업자, 생산업자   v. manufacture

4) specifications   (pl) 명세서, 설명서

5) keep track of  뒤를 쫓다. 추적하다

6) enquire  (= inquire )  문의하다, 조회하다

7) credit worthiness  신용 가치

8) high volume production  대량 생산

9) retail  소매 / 소매의 / 소매로 팔다     cf) wholesale

10) promotion  선전, 광고 / 진흥, 장려 / 승진

11) sweepstakes  (건 돈을 몇 사람이 전부 휩쓰는) 내기 / 경품 대 행사

12) be eligible to (= be entitled to ) --할 자격이 있다   * eligibility  자격

13) fill out (=in) / complete   --한 양식에 기입하다, 작성하다

14) enclose  동봉하다

15) public phone / pay phone   공중 전화

16) indicate  나타내다, 시사하다

17) immediate family  직계가족

18) notify  통보하다, 통지하다

19) entry  참가, 가입 / 입장, 등장

20) postmark   우체국 소인(消印) / 소인을 찍다

21) when it comes to  --에 관해서 말하자면, --에 관한 한

22) perk  으쓱대다, 뻐기다 / (pl) 이익, 혜택

23) executive  실행상의, 실행 가능한 / 집행권을 갖는 / (회사의) 중역, 간부 임원

24) treatment  취급, 처리 / 대우, 접대 / 치료

25) reasonable  (가격 등이) 비싸지 않은, 알맞은 / 합리적인, 이치에 맞는

26) astrological  점성학의   n. astrology

27) incorporated   회사  = corporate / corporation / firm

28) identify  구별하다, 식별하다 / 찾아내다

29) perform  이행하다, 수행하다   n. performance

30) cash in on  --에서 이익을 얻다 / --를 이용하다

POWER VOCABULARY 17 : TEST 4(Part5 106-130/Part7174-77p)

1) inventory   재고 목록, 상품(물품) 명세서

2) register  기록부, 등록부 / 등록하다    cf) cash register  금전 등록기

3) interchangeable  교환할 수 있는, 바꿀 수 있는

4) effluent  (폐기물 등이) 유출되는   * effusive  (감정 등이) 분출되는, 토로되는

5) affective  감정적인, 정서적인     * aircraft  비행기

6) expertise  전문 기술(지식)      * experiment = experimentation  실험

7) accumulate  쌓다, 축적하다    * savings account  예금 계좌

8) emergency  비상사태   * hire 고용하다  * translator  번역(통역)사

9) deduct  공제하다, 차감 하다    * balance  (계좌의) 잔액, 잔고

10) laud  칭찬하다    * lavish 아낌없이 주다, 낭비하다   * launder 세탁하다

11) launch  (배를) 진수시키다 / 시작하다, 착수하다 / (우주선 등을) 발사하다

12) assets  자산, 재산     * liabilities  부채

13) stock option  액면가 주식매입 선택권         * performance  업적, 성취

14) verse in --에 정통하다, 숙달하다       * verse  n. 시, 운문

15) diverse  다양한  v. diversify     * reverse  반대로 하다  a. 거꾸로 의

16) normal   정상적인  <-> abnormal    * extended period  장기간

17) draft  징병 / 초안    * evade  피하다   * deserter 탈영병

18) be compatible with  --와 양립(조화) 하다   * be eligible to --할 자격이 있다

19) come up with  --안(제안)을 생각해내다, 제출하다

20) controversial   논란의 여지가 있는  21) make a fortune  돈을 벌다

22) feature  주인공으로 등장시키다 / 특징 지우다     * driving force  추진력

23) state-of-the-art  최신식의, 최첨단의  24) conventional  재래식의, 전통적인

25) integrate  통합시키다              26) ethnic  민족의, 인종의

27) welfare  복지                     28) purchasing power  구매력

29) statistics  통계                    30) unify  통합시키다

31) greet  인사하다 / 맞이하다        32) trend  추세, 경향

33) afford  --할 여력이 있다         34) sophisticated  매우 세련된 / 최신의

35) overseas  해외의(로)  <-> domestic   36) enter into  시작하다, 착수하다

37) established   잘 정립된, 확립된    38) consult  참고로 하다 / 의견을 듣다

39) maximize  극대화시키다           40) vast  광범위한

41) exclusive  독점적인, 배타적인      42) incorporate  통합시키다

43) evaluation  평가                   44) logistics  전략 / 계획

POWER VOCABULARY 18 : TEST 4(Part5 131-140/Part7178-80p)

1) contrary  to  --와는 정 반대로   * prediction  예측

2) place an order with  --에(을) 주문하다     * receipt  영수증 / 수령

3) workmanship  운송 / 조립 / 수리의 모든 과정

4) workload   작업량, 업무량

5) wear and tear  마모, 마멸, 달아 없어짐    * normal  정상적인

6) backlog   축적, 예비 / 주문 잔액   * backlog of bills  대금 명세서가 쌓임

7) take out a loan  대출을 받다

8) outstanding   미 결제된 / 두드러진, 뛰어난

9) stockholder / shareholder / stakeholder   주주    * income tax  소득세

10) disagreement  의견 불일치     * terms of the contract  계약서 조항

11) be responsible for  --에 책임이 있다     * renegotiation  재협상

12) remain / feel / smell / taste / sound + C      * omit 빼다, 생략하다

13) cable  전보     * consignment  위탁, 탁송 (화물)

14) regarding  --에 관하여      * for the sake of  --을 위하여

15) in comparison with  --과 비교해서    * in connection with  --과 관련하여

16) complement  보충(하다)   cf) compliment  칭찬(하다)

17) compensation 보상    * claimant  보험금 청구 자  * negligent  태만한

18) deficit  적자    * budget deficit  예산 적자    * trade deficit  무역 적자

19) FRB ( the Federal Reserve Board )   美  연방 준비 제도 이사회

20) expenditure   지출           * interest rate  금리

21) Democrats  민주당 (국회의)원   cf) Republicans  공화당 (국회의)원

22) attribute A to B   A를 B의 탓(공)으로 돌리다

23) slowdown  감소, 하락 / 경기 후퇴 / 태업  24) non-partisan  비 당파적인

25) enterprise  기업                    26) biannual  1년에 2번씩의 (6개월마다의)

27) include  포함하다  <-> exclude     28) dividend   배당금

29) fall far short of  --보다 뒤떨어지다  30) projection  사출, 투사 / 나온 결과

32) telecommunication   이동 통신      33) account for  설명하다 /--를 차지하다

34) entrench itself (=establish itself)  입지를 굳히다, 자리를 확고히 하다

35) subscription  가입(구독) 신청        36) cellular phone   이동 전화

37) revenue  총 수입(매출)         38) account  고객(=customer) / 계좌

39) commend  칭찬하다            40) innovative  혁신적인

41) insurance carrier  보험 업체(자)   42) the personnel office  인사과

43) policy보험 증서(권)   44) turn in 제출하다    45) delay 지연시키다

46) reimbursement 배상, 상환  47) subsequently 차후에  48) submit제출하다

POWER VOCABULARY 19 : TEST 4(Part6 141-150/Part7181-84p)

1) novice   초보자      * executive  (회사의) 중역, 간부, 임원

2) insure  보험에 가입하다, 보험 계약을 하다    n. insurance

3) revenue  총 수입(매출)   * profit  순 이익

4) financial  재정적인     * fit in with  --와 어울리다, 조화하다

5) career  직업 / 경력     * aspiration  열망, 열정  v. aspire

6) be wary of  --을 주의하다, 경계하다   a. wary  주의 깊은, 조심하는

7) go broke (= bankrupt )  파산하다

8) evaluate  평가하다

9) proficiency  숙달, 능숙     a. proficient

10) satellite  위성             * beforehand  미리, 사전에

11) association  협회, 연맹 / 교제

12) delegate  대표자, 파견 위원

13) conference  회의        * theme  주제

14) panel  위원회       * prominent  저명한, 유명한

15) plenary   전원이 다 출석한  -- session  전체 회의(본 회의)

16) emerging economies  신흥 공업국

17) shareholder / stakeholder / stockholder  주주

18) presentation  (신제품) 설명회 / (논문) 발표회

19) reference  문의, 조회 / 참고 / 신용 조회 처, 신원 보증인

20) retrieval  만회, 복구, 수선 / (정보의) 검색

21) archaeologist  고고학자     * architect  건축가

22) disappoint  실망시키다

23) spend + 시간 + -ing  --하는데 시간을 보내다

24) merit  장점                   25) arrangement  준비, 배치, 배열

26) refund  환불(하다)             27) deposit   보증금, 계약금 / 예금하다

28) colleague  (같은 직종, 직책의) 동료, 동업자

29) coordinate  통합하다 / 조정하다 / 대등하게 하다   * coordinator

30) take advantage of  --을 잘 이용하다

31) rate  (등급이 정해진 경우의) 요금    * specialize in  --을 전문으로 하다

32) transmission  전송             33) itinerary  여행 일정표, 여정표

34) accommodate  편의를 도모하다 / 수용하다 / 숙박시키다 / 조정하다

35) regards   안부   * Give my best regards to your parents.

POWER VOCABULARY 20 : TEST 4(Part6 151-160/Part7185-88p)

1) secondary school   중(고등) 학교    cf) primary(elementary) school

2) admission  입학(허가) / 입장

3) connecting point  연결 편 비행기(connecting flight)를 갈아타는 곳

4) destination  목적지

5) customs  세관    * customs clearance  통관    * obtain 얻다, 획득하다

6) tailor  (양복 등을) 재단하다, 맞추다     n. 재단사

7) tourism management  관광 경영학     * public administration  행정학

8) letter of credit  신용장( 발행 은행이 대금 지급은행에 해주는 지급 보증서)

9) merchant bank  단자회사, 종금사, 투금사   * commercial bank 일반 시중은행

10) draw attention to  --에 관심을 끌게 하다  cf) pay attention to

11) discolor  변색시키다, 더럽히다

12) season ticket  한 시즌 내내 경기를 관람(또는 참여) 할 수 있는 티켓

13) senior citizen  노인          14) prior to  --보다 앞서서, --보다 먼저

15) dismal  음침한, 어두운 / 우울한, 쓸쓸한

16) assign  할당하다, 배정하다   n. assignment

17) compound  (하나로) 합성하다, 조합하다, 만들어내다

18) inconvenience  불편

19) in charge of  --을 책임지고 있는    * in search of  --을 찾아서, 추구하여

20) establishment  설립 / (학교, 호텔 등의) 시설물

21) appreciate   감사하다, 고맙게 여기다 / 감상하다 / 평가하다

22) disrespectful  실례되는, 무례한

23) compliment   칭찬(하다)   a. complimentary  칭찬하는 / 무료의, 공짜의

24) press release  보도 자료

25) release  (문건 등을) 공개하다, (비밀을) 누설하다 / 풀어주다, 석방하다

26) equity  주식(지분)     cf) equities / stocks / securities / shares  주식

27) locate  위치시키다    * commercial development space  상업 발전 지구

28) prime   최고의 / 가장 중요한     * in the process of  --하는 과정에 있는

29) expand  늘리다, 확장하다

30) blockbuster  막대한 돈을 쓰고 크게 히트한 영화

31) feature  크게 다루다, 상연하다 / 주인공으로 등장시키다 / 특징 지우다

32) luxury  호화, 사치           33) establish itself   입지를 굳히다

34) be committed to --에 몰두하다, 헌신하다    35) maintain  유지하다 / 주장하다

POWER VOCABULARY 11 : TEST 3 (Part5 101-110/Part7 124-5p)

1) keep track of    --의 뒤를 쫓다, 추적하다

2) quality control   품질 관리

3) manufacture   제조하다

4) random check  무작위로 물건을 골라서 검사하는 것

5) exclusive distributorship  독점 분배 권

6) expand   넓히다, 팽창시키다

7) wholesale  도매(의)    cf) retail  소매(의)

8) naturalize   귀화시키다

9) outlive  -보다 더 오래 살다    cf) outnumber / outgrow

10) on average  평균적으로

11) physically  신체적으로  <-> mentally

12) get behind  뒤지다, 뒤 처지다

13) line    줄, 선 /노선 / 직업 / (상품의) 종류

14) crucial  중요한

15) keep up with  --에 뒤지지 않고 따라가다 (= keep abreast of )

16) up-to-date  최신의

17) every two weeks  2주에 한 번씩  cf) every three hours , every five days ....

18) current  현재의, 최근의

19) summarize  요약하다

20) condense  응축(압축)하다 / 요약하다

21) memorandum  공문, 회람 (= memo )

22) configuration  구성, 윤곽, 배치

23) be equipped with  --한 장비를 갖추다

24) spreadsheet  여러 수치를 컴퓨터 화면에 한꺼번에 나타나게 하는 프로그램

25) mainframe  컴퓨터 본체

26) have access to  --에 접속하다

27) estimate    어림잡아 산정 하다, 추산하다 / 평가하다

28) lease  임차(대) 하다

29) installation  설치  v. install

30) cost effective  비용 효율적인

31) managing editor  편집부장(국장)

POWER VOCABULARY 12 : TEST 3 (Part5 111-127/Part7 126-8p)

1) due  지급 만기가 된, 마땅히 지급할 / --할 예정인 / (to) -- 때문에

2) credit  신용 / 외상(거래) = 채권 / 학점 / 공, 공적

3) be short of  --가 부족하다    cf) be sufficient of

4) grant   주다, 수여하다 / 보조금     cf) stipend  (성직자에게 주는) 수당, 급료

5) illustration  그림, 삽화

6) a progression of   일련의, 연속되는 (= a series of )

7) cooperation  협력, 협조    v. cooperate

8) rebuke  꾸짖다, 비난하다  * recede 물러나다, 퇴각하다   * recall 기억(회상)하다

9) chore   (일상적인) 잡일             10) arrange  준비하다, 배열하다

11) jot down  받아 적다               12) priority  우선 순위

13) take out insurance  보험에 들다

14) inquiry  문의, 조회   v. inquire

15) circuit   회로

16) modulate   조절하다, 조정하다    cf) modulator  음향 조절기

17) available   이용 가능한, 이용할 수 있는

18) commercial distribution   상업적 분배

19) inconvenience   불편

20) place an order   주문하다(with)

21) Stock Exchange   증권 거래소, 주식시장

22) break through   돌파하다

23) analyst  분석가    v. analyze  분석하다    n. analysis  분석

24) momentum  힘, 여세, 계기       * draw momentum   힘을 받다

25) bond   채권                     26)  sink  가라앉다

27) Blue-Chip Stock  최고 우량 주 (예: 삼성전자, SK Telecom.....)

28) Stock Exchange Index  주가 지수

29) volume  거래량        * Volume is heavy(low).  거래량이 많다(적다)

30) economic upturn   경제 호황

31) make yourself at home   마음을 편히 가지다

32) degree  학위                      33) cater to  --의 욕구에 부합하다

34) field of study   학문의 분야        35) hands-on = practical  실용적인

36) internship   견습 과정              37) multitude  다수

38) academic  학자, 교수              39) institution  제도, 기관

POWER VOCABULARY13 :TEST 3 (Part5 128-140/Part7 129-33p)

1) scramble  (--을 얻으려고 서로) 다투다 / 기어오르다 / 긁어모으다

2) keep up with  뒤지지 않고 따라가다 (= keep abreast of )

3) confide  비밀을 털어놓다  a. confidential  / 신뢰하다  a. confident

4) imitate  모방하다    * urgent  긴박한, 긴급한      * remarkable  괄목할만한

5) circulate  돌다, 순환하다  / 배포하다, 유포하다  n. circulation

6) contribute to + N/G  --에 이바지하다, 기여하다

7) meager  빈약한, 야윈 / 불충분한     8) dwindle  줄어들다, 감소하다

9) staggering  비틀거리는(게 하는), 어마어마한    * skeptics 회의론 자, 회의주의자

10) fatal  치명적인 / 운명적인    cf) fatality 불운, 불행 / 재난  pl) 사망자수

11) reliable  믿을 만한                 12) communal  모두가 이용할 수 있는

13) halt  중단시키다 / 머뭇거리다, 망설이다   cf) haltingly 망설이면서, 불완전하게

14) tremendous  엄청난, 어마어마한    15) stride 큰 걸음, 활보  pl) 진보, 발전

16) estate  토지, 저택 / 재산          17) hazard light  비상등

18) lane  차로(선)                     19) steer  조종하다  * steering wheel

20) depression 불경기, 불황            21) manifest 분명한 / 명백히하다

22) dominate  지배하다       * male-dominated  남성이 지배하는

23) conventional  전통적인, 재래식의        * rate  (등급이 정해진 경우의) 요금

24) compatible 조화를 이루는, 병립할 수 있는(with) / 호환성 있는

25) broadcast  방송하다, 방영하다

26) transmission  전송, 전달

27) a spate of   연달아(연속해서) 나오는  * spate 다수, 홍수

28) institute  만들다, 설치하다  / 협회, 전문학교, 연구소

29) enforce  집행하다, 이행하다

30) accompany  동반하다, 수반하다       31) identification  신분증

32) penalty  벌금                        33) assess  부과하다, 할당하다

34) returned checks / bounced checks / bad checks   부도 수표

35) local bank  현지 은행                36) apologize  사과하다

37) inconvenience  불편                  38) processing fee  처리 수수료

39) encourage  격려하다, 용기를 주다     40) organization  조직, 기관

41) participatory  management  참여경영   42) conflict  갈등, 알력

43) decentralize  분화시키다              44) authority  권위, 권한

45) merger   합병  cf) M&A  = Merger & Acquisition

POWER VOCABULARY 14 : TEST 3 (Part6 141-150/Part7 134-6p)

1) in terms of  --의 관점에서 / --에 관하여

2) stall  오도가도 못하다 / (엔진 등이) 멈추다     cf) n. 마구간, 축사

3) income inequality  소득 불평등(불균형)

4) compensation  보상

5) outdated  구식의, 시대에 뒤떨어진 (= out-of-date )

6) initiative  독창성, 창의력 / 주도권

7) succession  계승   cf) success  성공     * executive  (회사의) 중역, 실무자

8) in collaboration with  --와 협력하여     * collaboration 협력, 협조

9) detergent  (합성) 세제        * pollute  오염시키다

10) in a hurry  급히, 서둘러서

11) resident   주민, 거주자   v. reside   n. residence

12) valid   타당한, 유효한               * motorist  운전자

13) certificate  증명서, 자격증            * vehicle  차량, 탈 것

14) law enforcement officer  법 집행관 (대개는 경찰관을 말함)

15) insurance claim  보험금 청구

16) legal  합법적인 <-> illegal

17) prosecution   (法) 기소      v. prosecute  기소하다 / 수행(이행)하다

18) robbery / mugging   강도 짓    * robber, mugger    cf) theft  절도(stealing)     19) overt  명백한, 분명한

20) offensive  공격적인              cf) Green Card  (미) 영주권

21) conduct  (일을) 행하다 / 지휘하다 / 안내하다

22) issue  발행, (잡지 등이) 나옴   * January issue  1월 호

23) location  위치            cf) questionnaire  설문지

24) commercial bank  일반 시중은행     cf) merchant bank  종금사, 투자금융 회사

25) earnings  소득, 수입         26) profit  순 이익      cf) net losses  순 손실

27) bad loans  부실 대출                   28) fiscal year  회계 연도

29) debt  빚, 채무     cf) credit   채권      30) frantic   (열)광적인

31) speculation   투기 / 추측, 사색    v. speculate  투기하다, 생각하다

32) real estate  부동산                      33) skyrocket  치솟다

34) deflate  (공기나 거품 등이) 빠지다  cf) deflation  통화량이 감소 & 가치가 하락

35) collateral   빚을 갚을 수 없을 때 채권자에게 대신 제시하는 재산, 부대 담보물

36) sluggish   불경기의, 침체된 / 느릿느릿한  37) recession  (일시적인) 경기 침체

POWER VOCABULARY 15 : TEST 3(Part6 151-160/Part7137-40p)

1) be committed to  --에 몰두하다, 헌신하다, 전념하다

2) sensitivity  민감함, 예민함          * environmental issue  환경문제

3) look into = investigate   조사하다

4) waste disposal  쓰레기 폐기물

5) climatologist  기후(풍토) 학자   cf) meteorologist  기상학자

6) predict  예상하다, 예측하다      * overall  전반적인

7) ratio  비율

8) money order  우편환         * financial institution  금융 기관

9) net revenue  순 수입    cf) revenue  총 수입(매출)   * profit  순이익

10) revere  존경하다, 숭배하다

11) compassion  동정, 불쌍히 여김

12) specialize in  --을 전공하다, 전문적으로 다루다

13) immigration   입국 / 출입국 관리     cf) emigration

14) obtain  얻다, 획득하다

15) embassy  대사관  * ambassador     cf) consulate 영사관   * consul

16) destination  목적지

17) renewable  (계약 따위를) 갱신할 수 있는

18) local  현지의, 그 지역의

19) grant  주다, 부여하다           * provided (that) = if

20) permanent visa  장기 체류 비자

21) duly  정당하게        * naturalization  귀화

22) register  등록하다            * permission  허락, 허가

23) transportation  운송, 교통

24) on-time performance  정시 이착륙 율

25) performance  이행, 수행 / 공연, 연기, 연주 / 업적, 성과

26) indicate  나타내다, 지시하다      * commercial flight  민간 항공기

27) ETA (= Estimated Time of Arrival ) 예정 도착 시간    cf) ETD

28) performance review (= evaluation )  직업(업무) 수행능력 평가

29) supervisor  관리자, 감독관, (부서) 책임자   v. supervise

30) appropriate  적절한, 적합한       31) be aware of  --을 알다

32) take on  --한 일을 (처음으로) 떠맡다, 착수하다    cf) take over

33) available 이용 가능한  34) grab 꽉 쥐다, 붙잡다 35) gross  총액, 총계

POWER VOCABULARY 16 : TEST 4(Part5 101-105/Part7170-73p)

1) bankrupt   파산한   * go bankrupt(=broke)      n. bankruptcy

2) financial  재정적인, 재무상의

3) manufacturer  제조업자, 생산업자   v. manufacture

4) specifications   (pl) 명세서, 설명서

5) keep track of  뒤를 쫓다. 추적하다

6) enquire  (= inquire )  문의하다, 조회하다

7) credit worthiness  신용 가치

8) high volume production  대량 생산

9) retail  소매 / 소매의 / 소매로 팔다     cf) wholesale

10) promotion  선전, 광고 / 진흥, 장려 / 승진

11) sweepstakes  (건 돈을 몇 사람이 전부 휩쓰는) 내기 / 경품 대 행사

12) be eligible to (= be entitled to ) --할 자격이 있다   * eligibility  자격

13) fill out (=in) / complete   --한 양식에 기입하다, 작성하다

14) enclose  동봉하다

15) public phone / pay phone   공중 전화

16) indicate  나타내다, 시사하다

17) immediate family  직계가족

18) notify  통보하다, 통지하다

19) entry  참가, 가입 / 입장, 등장

20) postmark   우체국 소인(消印) / 소인을 찍다

21) when it comes to  --에 관해서 말하자면, --에 관한 한

22) perk  으쓱대다, 뻐기다 / (pl) 이익, 혜택

23) executive  실행상의, 실행 가능한 / 집행권을 갖는 / (회사의) 중역, 간부 임원

24) treatment  취급, 처리 / 대우, 접대 / 치료

25) reasonable  (가격 등이) 비싸지 않은, 알맞은 / 합리적인, 이치에 맞는

26) astrological  점성학의   n. astrology

27) incorporated   회사  = corporate / corporation / firm

28) identify  구별하다, 식별하다 / 찾아내다

29) perform  이행하다, 수행하다   n. performance

30) cash in on  --에서 이익을 얻다 / --를 이용하다

POWER VOCABULARY 17 : TEST 4(Part5 106-130/Part7174-77p)

1) inventory   재고 목록, 상품(물품) 명세서

2) register  기록부, 등록부 / 등록하다    cf) cash register  금전 등록기

3) interchangeable  교환할 수 있는, 바꿀 수 있는

4) effluent  (폐기물 등이) 유출되는   * effusive  (감정 등이) 분출되는, 토로되는

5) affective  감정적인, 정서적인     * aircraft  비행기

6) expertise  전문 기술(지식)      * experiment = experimentation  실험

7) accumulate  쌓다, 축적하다    * savings account  예금 계좌

8) emergency  비상사태   * hire 고용하다  * translator  번역(통역)사

9) deduct  공제하다, 차감 하다    * balance  (계좌의) 잔액, 잔고

10) laud  칭찬하다    * lavish 아낌없이 주다, 낭비하다   * launder 세탁하다

11) launch  (배를) 진수시키다 / 시작하다, 착수하다 / (우주선 등을) 발사하다

12) assets  자산, 재산     * liabilities  부채

13) stock option  액면가 주식매입 선택권         * performance  업적, 성취

14) verse in --에 정통하다, 숙달하다       * verse  n. 시, 운문

15) diverse  다양한  v. diversify     * reverse  반대로 하다  a. 거꾸로 의

16) normal   정상적인  <-> abnormal    * extended period  장기간

17) draft  징병 / 초안    * evade  피하다   * deserter 탈영병

18) be compatible with  --와 양립(조화) 하다   * be eligible to --할 자격이 있다

19) come up with  --안(제안)을 생각해내다, 제출하다

20) controversial   논란의 여지가 있는  21) make a fortune  돈을 벌다

22) feature  주인공으로 등장시키다 / 특징 지우다     * driving force  추진력

23) state-of-the-art  최신식의, 최첨단의  24) conventional  재래식의, 전통적인

25) integrate  통합시키다              26) ethnic  민족의, 인종의

27) welfare  복지                     28) purchasing power  구매력

29) statistics  통계                    30) unify  통합시키다

31) greet  인사하다 / 맞이하다        32) trend  추세, 경향

33) afford  --할 여력이 있다         34) sophisticated  매우 세련된 / 최신의

35) overseas  해외의(로)  <-> domestic   36) enter into  시작하다, 착수하다

37) established   잘 정립된, 확립된    38) consult  참고로 하다 / 의견을 듣다

39) maximize  극대화시키다           40) vast  광범위한

41) exclusive  독점적인, 배타적인      42) incorporate  통합시키다

43) evaluation  평가                   44) logistics  전략 / 계획

POWER VOCABULARY 18 : TEST 4(Part5 131-140/Part7178-80p)

1) contrary  to  --와는 정 반대로   * prediction  예측

2) place an order with  --에(을) 주문하다     * receipt  영수증 / 수령

3) workmanship  운송 / 조립 / 수리의 모든 과정

4) workload   작업량, 업무량

5) wear and tear  마모, 마멸, 달아 없어짐    * normal  정상적인

6) backlog   축적, 예비 / 주문 잔액   * backlog of bills  대금 명세서가 쌓임

7) take out a loan  대출을 받다

8) outstanding   미 결제된 / 두드러진, 뛰어난

9) stockholder / shareholder / stakeholder   주주    * income tax  소득세

10) disagreement  의견 불일치     * terms of the contract  계약서 조항

11) be responsible for  --에 책임이 있다     * renegotiation  재협상

12) remain / feel / smell / taste / sound + C      * omit 빼다, 생략하다

13) cable  전보     * consignment  위탁, 탁송 (화물)

14) regarding  --에 관하여      * for the sake of  --을 위하여

15) in comparison with  --과 비교해서    * in connection with  --과 관련하여

16) complement  보충(하다)   cf) compliment  칭찬(하다)

17) compensation 보상    * claimant  보험금 청구 자  * negligent  태만한

18) deficit  적자    * budget deficit  예산 적자    * trade deficit  무역 적자

19) FRB ( the Federal Reserve Board )   美  연방 준비 제도 이사회

20) expenditure   지출           * interest rate  금리

21) Democrats  민주당 (국회의)원   cf) Republicans  공화당 (국회의)원

22) attribute A to B   A를 B의 탓(공)으로 돌리다

23) slowdown  감소, 하락 / 경기 후퇴 / 태업  24) non-partisan  비 당파적인

25) enterprise  기업                    26) biannual  1년에 2번씩의 (6개월마다의)

27) include  포함하다  <-> exclude     28) dividend   배당금

29) fall far short of  --보다 뒤떨어지다  30) projection  사출, 투사 / 나온 결과

32) telecommunication   이동 통신      33) account for  설명하다 /--를 차지하다

34) entrench itself (=establish itself)  입지를 굳히다, 자리를 확고히 하다

35) subscription  가입(구독) 신청        36) cellular phone   이동 전화

37) revenue  총 수입(매출)         38) account  고객(=customer) / 계좌

39) commend  칭찬하다            40) innovative  혁신적인

41) insurance carrier  보험 업체(자)   42) the personnel office  인사과

43) policy보험 증서(권)   44) turn in 제출하다    45) delay 지연시키다

46) reimbursement 배상, 상환  47) subsequently 차후에  48) submit제출하다

POWER VOCABULARY 19 : TEST 4(Part6 141-150/Part7181-84p)

1) novice   초보자      * executive  (회사의) 중역, 간부, 임원

2) insure  보험에 가입하다, 보험 계약을 하다    n. insurance

3) revenue  총 수입(매출)   * profit  순 이익

4) financial  재정적인     * fit in with  --와 어울리다, 조화하다

5) career  직업 / 경력     * aspiration  열망, 열정  v. aspire

6) be wary of  --을 주의하다, 경계하다   a. wary  주의 깊은, 조심하는

7) go broke (= bankrupt )  파산하다

8) evaluate  평가하다

9) proficiency  숙달, 능숙     a. proficient

10) satellite  위성             * beforehand  미리, 사전에

11) association  협회, 연맹 / 교제

12) delegate  대표자, 파견 위원

13) conference  회의        * theme  주제

14) panel  위원회       * prominent  저명한, 유명한

15) plenary   전원이 다 출석한  -- session  전체 회의(본 회의)

16) emerging economies  신흥 공업국

17) shareholder / stakeholder / stockholder  주주

18) presentation  (신제품) 설명회 / (논문) 발표회

19) reference  문의, 조회 / 참고 / 신용 조회 처, 신원 보증인

20) retrieval  만회, 복구, 수선 / (정보의) 검색

21) archaeologist  고고학자     * architect  건축가

22) disappoint  실망시키다

23) spend + 시간 + -ing  --하는데 시간을 보내다

24) merit  장점                   25) arrangement  준비, 배치, 배열

26) refund  환불(하다)             27) deposit   보증금, 계약금 / 예금하다

28) colleague  (같은 직종, 직책의) 동료, 동업자

29) coordinate  통합하다 / 조정하다 / 대등하게 하다   * coordinator

30) take advantage of  --을 잘 이용하다

31) rate  (등급이 정해진 경우의) 요금    * specialize in  --을 전문으로 하다

32) transmission  전송             33) itinerary  여행 일정표, 여정표

34) accommodate  편의를 도모하다 / 수용하다 / 숙박시키다 / 조정하다

35) regards   안부   * Give my best regards to your parents.

POWER VOCABULARY 20 : TEST 4(Part6 151-160/Part7185-88p)

1) secondary school   중(고등) 학교    cf) primary(elementary) school

2) admission  입학(허가) / 입장

3) connecting point  연결 편 비행기(connecting flight)를 갈아타는 곳

4) destination  목적지

5) customs  세관    * customs clearance  통관    * obtain 얻다, 획득하다

6) tailor  (양복 등을) 재단하다, 맞추다     n. 재단사

7) tourism management  관광 경영학     * public administration  행정학

8) letter of credit  신용장( 발행 은행이 대금 지급은행에 해주는 지급 보증서)

9) merchant bank  단자회사, 종금사, 투금사   * commercial bank 일반 시중은행

10) draw attention to  --에 관심을 끌게 하다  cf) pay attention to

11) discolor  변색시키다, 더럽히다

12) season ticket  한 시즌 내내 경기를 관람(또는 참여) 할 수 있는 티켓

13) senior citizen  노인          14) prior to  --보다 앞서서, --보다 먼저

15) dismal  음침한, 어두운 / 우울한, 쓸쓸한

16) assign  할당하다, 배정하다   n. assignment

17) compound  (하나로) 합성하다, 조합하다, 만들어내다

18) inconvenience  불편

19) in charge of  --을 책임지고 있는    * in search of  --을 찾아서, 추구하여

20) establishment  설립 / (학교, 호텔 등의) 시설물

21) appreciate   감사하다, 고맙게 여기다 / 감상하다 / 평가하다

22) disrespectful  실례되는, 무례한

23) compliment   칭찬(하다)   a. complimentary  칭찬하는 / 무료의, 공짜의

24) press release  보도 자료

25) release  (문건 등을) 공개하다, (비밀을) 누설하다 / 풀어주다, 석방하다

26) equity  주식(지분)     cf) equities / stocks / securities / shares  주식

27) locate  위치시키다    * commercial development space  상업 발전 지구

28) prime   최고의 / 가장 중요한     * in the process of  --하는 과정에 있는

29) expand  늘리다, 확장하다

30) blockbuster  막대한 돈을 쓰고 크게 히트한 영화

31) feature  크게 다루다, 상연하다 / 주인공으로 등장시키다 / 특징 지우다

32) luxury  호화, 사치           33) establish itself   입지를 굳히다

34) be committed to --에 몰두하다, 헌신하다    35) maintain  유지하다 / 주장하다

1. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he (       ) while in Africa.

a) infected  b) complained   c) gained   d) contracted

2. I was proud to be (       ) out for special praise for my performance.

a) selected   b) singled   c) separated   d)distinguished

3. There's no point in telephoning him. He's certain (       ) by now.

a) to leave   b) to have left   c) left   d) having left

4. If you don't stop smoking, you (       ) this risk of developing chronic bronchitis.

a) bear   b) suffer   c) make   d) run

5. I think you'll find that the inconvenience of the diet is (       ) by the benefits.

a) outranked   b) overthrown   c) overbalanced   d) outweighed

6. We started off walking (       ) but had slowed to a snail's pace after an hour.

a) heartily   b) briskly   c) sharply   d) crisply

7. That song (       ) me of my youth.

a) recalls   b) remembers   c) reminds   d) recollects

8. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to (       ) heart disease.

a) push off   b) put off   c) ward off   d) throw off

9. We might just as well have stayed at home (       ) the enjoyment we had.

a) on account of   b) as far as   c) for all   d) concerning

10. Don't stick your elbows out when you eat, (       ) them in by your sides.

a) tuck   b) bend   c) place   d) turn

11. The windows don't fit very well and it makes the room awfully (       ).

a) airy   b) draughty   c) breezy   d) ventilated

12. She gave up nursing training when she found she had no (       ) for looking after      the sick.

a) vocation   b) mission   c) service   d) ambition

13. There's no point in (       ) about all day. Cheer up and try to find a new job!

a) moping   b) mourning   c) brooding   d) sulking

14. He was so (       ) in answer to my questions that I knew he had something to       hide.

a) effusive   b) elusive   c) allusive   d) evasive

15. There is no (       ) for hard work and perseverance if you want to succeed.

a) alternative   b) substitute   c) equivalent   d) imitation

16. He looks much older. His financial worries seem to have taken a terrible (       )       on his health.

a) burden   b) toll   c) strain   d) tax

17. I haven't got the time to do my own work (       ) help you with yours.

a) leaving aside   b) not counting   c) let alone   d) apart from

18. You'll feel better after you've taken a (       ) of cough medicine.

a) ration   b) helping   c) dose   d) portion

19. There's a small hard (       ) on my wrist. I think I'd better see the doctor.

a) swelling   b) lump   c) bruise   d) rash

20. People in financial difficulties sometimes fall (       ) to unscrupulous money lenders.

a) prey   b) fool   c) scapegoat   d) sacrifice

21. What the company needs is a (       ) actor who can take on a variety of roles.

a) variables   b) changeable   c) versatile   d) diverse

22. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon (       ) the older vessels in the race.

a) outstripped   b) caught up   c) overran   d) exceeded

23. If you (       ) too much of your energy on the climb, you'll have none left for the descent.

a) spend   b) lose   c) expend   d) invest

24. I've got such a (       ) headache that I can't concentrate on the lecture.

a) beating   b) drumming   c) hammering   d) throbbing

25. The rules are clearly stated and admit (       ) no confusion.

a) to   b) for   c) of   d) from

정답

1  d) 2  b) 3  b) 4  d) 5  d) 6  b) 7  c) 8  c) 9  c) 10  a) 11  b) 12  a) 13  a) 14  d) 15  b) 16  b) 17  c) 18  c) 19  b) 20  a) 21  c) 22  a) 23  c) 24  d) 25  c)

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (7)

2. Travelling & Transportation  : Sec. 2  항공, 자동차, 도로교통

1) runway      활주로

2) check-in counter     탑승 수속 창구

3) immigration         출입국 관리

4) embarkation card    출국 신고서    * disembarkation card  입국 신고서

5) baggage claim       수하물 찾는 곳

6) customs clearance    세관 통과(통관)

7) declare     신고하다         * customs declaration form  세관 신고서

8) board       탑승하다         * boarding pass     탑승권

9) cockpit     조종실

10) fasten      (안전 벨트를) 매다

11) overhead rack      머리 위의 선반

12) lavatory       화장실

13) flight  attendant    객실 승무원    cf) crew  승무원

14) turnpike   통행료 징수문, 유료 고속도로

15) intersection      교차로

16) overpass     고가도로        * underpass   지하도

17) windshield   앞 유리  * steering wheel  핸들   * transmission 변속장치

18) dashboard    계기판   * rear-view mirror   백 미러    * flat tire 펑크

19) pull over     (차를 세우기 위해) 차를 길가에 대다

20) pull in        차를 세우다/ 기차가 역에 들어오다

21) tow    (선박, 차량을) 견인하다. 끌다

22) median strip    중앙 분리대

23) garage   차고/ 차량 정비소      * mechanic  자동차 수리공

24) limousine  리무진    * compact (car)   소형차     * station wagon

25) convertible   전환 가능한(지붕이 개폐되는)

26) utility vehicle   다용도 자동차    * mini van

27) give a ride   차를 태워주다.  *Can you give me a ride to the airport?

28) traffic lane     차선

29) take off     이륙하다        * land    착륙하다

30) gas station   주유소         * be out of gas  석유가 떨어지다

31) amusement park  놀이 공원

32) memorial     (특히 석조) 기념물

33) quarantine    검역 / 검역소

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (8)

3. Restaurant & Hotel

1) banquet     연회               * reception  리셉션/응접 부서

2) cuisine     요리, 요리법

3) gourmet     미식가

4) a bite     간단한 먹을 것     *He hadn't had a bite all day.

5) eat out     외식하다

6) cereal/lean beef/turkey/lobster/caviar

7) citrus/onion/beverage/pea/salmon/pasta

8) takeout     가져갈 수 있게 포장해 주는 것

9) chef        요리사(특히, 식당, 호텔의 주방장)

10) cater 요리를 제공하다, 음식을 마련하다. *Who's catering this reception?

11) recipe       요리법, 조리법

12) check/bill    계산서

13) seasoning/spice    양념, 조미료

14) bake (빵 등을) 굽다   * broil (석쇠에) 굽다    * roast (오븐에) 굽다

15) topping      요리 위에 얹거나 치는 것

16) garlic       마늘

17) microwave    전자 레인지(로 조리하다)

18) reserve/book/make a reservation     예약하다

19) vacancy      빈 방, 공석

20) no show      예약했으나(표를 구했으나) 사용하지 않는 사람

21) registration form   숙박부

22) rate    (등급이 있는 경우의) 요금   cf) fare  교통요금  *fee  수수료

23) accommodations     숙박 시설

24) single/double/twin room

25) suite     스위트 룸

26) page     (호텔, 공항 등에서) 이름 불러서 사람 찾다.

27) rare/medium/well-done

28) plate    (납작하고 둥근) 접시       * platter (타원형의) 큰 접시

29) saucer    (컵 또는 찻잔의) 받침접시

30) eatery     간이 식당

31) patron     단골 고객

32) receptionist    접수 계원

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (9)

4. Shopping

1) mall   대형 쇼핑센터   * department store  백화점        * arcade

2) bargain basement (백화점 지하에 설치된) 실용품 매장

3) convenient store   편의점

4) factory outlet  공장 직매장         * retail outlet  소매점

5) mail-order firm    통신 판매 회사

6) hardware store     철물점

7) stand    작은 가판대, 노점    * newsstand/ice cream stand

8) vending machine    자동 판매기

9) vendor    행상

10) checkout counter   (수퍼마켓 등의) 계산대

11) shopping cart    쇼핑용 손수레

12) lost and found office   유실물 취급소

13) consumer goods     소비자 상품        * groceries   식료품

14) produce           농산물              * liquor      술, 주류

15) leather goods     가죽 제품           * stationery   문방구

16) cosmetics      화장품                 * souvenir     기념품

17) gift certificate   상품권

18) feature   (특별히)광고하다 /주연으로 등장시키다 / --한 특징을 지니다

19) on sale    세일 중인/ 팔려고 내 놓은

20) mark down    값을 내리다            * mark up   값을 올리다

21) browse    (목적 없이) 구경하다     * I'm just browsing around.

22) charge   대금을 청구하다    * bill     cf) free of charge  공짜로

23) credit terms    신용(외상) 조건

24) major credit card     주요 신용카드   * personal check 개인 수표

25) voucher    경품 교환권/(거래) 증명서

26) installment plan    할부 구입

27) deposit      예약금, 보증금 / 예금하다, 예치하다

28) down payment   (할부로 물건을 살 때) 처음 내는 불입금

29) warranty   보증, 보증서           * guarantee   보증, 보증하다

30) defect    결함, 하자

31) refund     환불(하다)  * return  반품하다     * exchange  교환하다

32) manual    안내서, 사용 설명서

33) subscribe    예약 구독하다, 기부하다    * lease   임대, 임차하다

34) realty/real estate    부동산          * realtor  부동산 중개업자

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (10)

5. Environment & Entertainment

1) environment  환경              * environmentalist   환경 보존주의자

2) Environment Protection  Agency    환경 보호국

3) ecology     생태학

4) ecosystem    생태계

5) resource    자원

6) concentration   농축 / 집중

7) pollute     오염시키다            * pollutant  오염 물질

8) contaminate   오염시키다          * contaminant   오염 물질

9) exhaust   (가스등을) 배출하다     * exhaust gas   배기 가스

10) carbon monoxide   일산화탄소     * carbon dioxide  이산화탄소

11) acid rain       산성 비

12) greenhouse effect     온실 효과

13) synthetic detergent   합성 세제

14) preservative      방부제

15) sewage   하수 쓰레기           * sewage-treatment plant   하수 처리장

16) litter   쓰레기          * garbage (가정이나 사무실에서 나오는) 쓰레기

17) sludge   침전물, 진흙

18) disposable    처분 가능한/ 1회용의  * disposable diaper 일회용 기저기

19) waste disposal    폐기물 처리   * dispose of   처분하다, 처리하다

20) discard   버리다(=dump)     * He discarded old furniture of his office.

21) junk yard     고물 수집/처리장     * junk food

22) insecticide    살충제              * herbicide  제초제

23) fertilizer       비료

24) conserve / preserve     보존하다    * conservationist (자원) 보호론자

25) recycling      재활용

26) wildlife     야생 생물

27) entertainment     연예, 오락

28) perform  공연하다, 연기하다, (맡은 일을)수행하다.   * performance

29) auditorium     강당

30) feature 특집(영화),특별 프로그램 / 주연으로 등장시키다,-한 특징이 있다.

31) documentary    다큐멘터리(기록 영화)

32) intermission     (연극, 음악회의) 휴식시간

33) premiere     처음으로 상연(공연하다), 첫 상연, 공연

“The Titanic" the most popular blockbuster premiered last week.

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (11)

6. Banking

1) Federal Reserve Board (FRB)   미 연방 준비 제도 이사회

2) interest rate      금리, 이자율

3) commercial bank   (일반) 시중은행   * merchant bank  단자회사(종금사)

4) financial market   재정시장

5) trust company    신탁회사         * trust fund   신탁 기금

6) investment bank    투자 은행      * investment trust  투자 신탁

7) mutual fund  개방형 투자신탁 (여러 다른 회사 주식에 동시에 투자함)

8) teller    (은행 등의) 출납 계원

9) account    구좌, 계좌         * account balance   계좌 잔액, 잔고

10) PIN (= Personal Identification Number )   비밀 번호

11) open an account     계좌를 개설하다

12) deposit        예금하다, 저축하다

13) withdraw    출금하다           * withdrawal slip   인출 전표

14) certificate of deposit  양도성 예금 증서(CD)

15) savings account    예금 계좌   * checking account  당좌 계좌

16) bounced check      부도 수표

17) cash a check      수표를 현찰로 바꾸다

18) amount to   합계가 --되다      * Your debts amount to 50.000 dollars.

19) endorse      이서하다, 보증하다

20) ATM (= Automatic Teller Machine )  자동 현금 인출기

21) mortgage     부동산 저당 대출(-loan), 저당권, 저당 증서

22) security      담보

23) lease        차용 계약, 임대차 계약

24) credit rating    신용 등급

25) money order      우편환             * cable transfer   전신환

26) remit           송금하다

27) transfer        이체하다

28) prime rate      우대 금리

29) principal        원금(원리금)

30) vault         은행의 대형 금고

31) exchange rate     환율

32) cash advance    현금(대출)서비스

I will get a cash advance on my Master card.

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (12)

7. Insurance & Stock

1) insure   보험에 들다         *insurance  보험

2) policy    보험 증권

3) premium    보험료 / 할증금     cf) rate  보험료율, 보험료

4) claim    (보험금의)  지급 청구

5) benefit    보험금, 이득      * beneficiary (보험금 등의) 수령인, 수익자

6) coverage     (보험의) 보상 범위

7) indemnity     보험회사의 보상의무

8) preferred stock   우선주       * equities / securities   주식

9) bond      채권                 * corporate bond  회사채

10) denomination     액면 금액, 화폐의 단위명칭

11) face value      액면 가격

12) securities company    증권회사

13) stockbroker     증권 중개인

14) stock exchange    증권 거래소

15) stock price index   주가 지수

16) Dow Jones industrial average   다우존스 공업주 평균 주가

17) issuance     (주식의) 발행

18) listing       상장              * unlisted stock  비 상장 주식

19) redemption     상환

20) maturity     만기

21) dividend      배당금

22) portfolio     자산구성,(기업이나 투자가 등이 보유한) 유가증권 명세표

23) institutional investor    기관 투자가

24) fluctuate     (시세가) 변동하다

25) quotation      주가 시세          * bear market  주가의 약세

26) close higher    (전일 보다 오른 시세로) 장을 마감하다.  * close lower

27) rally     (주가가) 반등하다

28) transaction     거래

29) commission       수수료 / 의뢰, 임무

30) speculation      투기 / 추측

31) turnover     (주식) 거래량, 거래액

32) over-the-counter trading        장외거래

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (13)

8.  기타 경제 일반에 관한 어휘

1) monopoly    독점, 전매

2) economic stability     경제 안정(성)

3) regulate    규제하다         * deregulation   규제 완화

4) industrialization   상업화, 공업화

5) public sector    공공 부문

6) intervene    개입하다

7) incentive    장려금, 유인책, 자극

8) bailout       (정부 긴급 자금에 의한) 기업 구제

9) infrastructure      사회 기간 시설, 산업 기반

10) economic indicator     경제 지표

11) budget  예산           * revenue  세입, 총 매출액  cf) profit 순 이익

12) expenditure     지출, 경비

13) consumer goods    소비재          * long-term / durable goods  내구재

14) cost of living / living cost       생계비

15) commodity prices       상품 가격

16) inflation    인플레이션, 물가상승  * deflation  디플레이션(통화 수축)

17) recession    경기 후퇴        cf) depression   (장기적) 불황, 불경기

18) stagnation   불황              * stagflation   불황 속의 인플레이션

19) devaluation    평가 절하       * revaluation   평가 절상

20) customs duties    관세          cf) tariff

21) repatriation  (해외 이익금의) 본국 송금, (포로, 망명자의) 본국 송환

22) tax deduction    세금 공제      cf) tax breaks   세금 감면(혜택)

23) value-added tax (VAT)   부가 가치세

24) capital gains tax    자본 이득세

25) consumption tax     소비세

26) surcharge      추가 요금, 할증료

27) rebate        리베이트, 부분적 환불

28) balance of payments       국제 수지

29) invisible trade      무역외 거래

30) trade surplus     무역 흑자

31) levy     과세하다       * We have to levy a heavier tariff on tobacco.

32) protectionism    보호무역주의   * protective tariff 보호 관세

Intensive Vocabulary : Essential Words (14)

9. Advertising & Correspondence

1) P.R (public relation)     홍보

2) classified ad      업종별 안내 광고

3) direct mail (DM)    특정 고객에게 직송하는 우편물

4) account executive   (광고, 서비스 회사의) 고객 담당 중역

5) exposition    박람회, 엑스포            cf) fair

6) brand name     유명상표

7) circular       광고전단, 안내장

8) Wanted        구함, 구인

9) Job Open      일자리 있음

10) state-of-the-art    최신식의, 첨단 기법을 사용하는

11) sophisticated     세련된, 최신의, 정교한

12) exclusive       독점적인, 배타적인

13) the best buy     아주 싸게 잘 산 물건(사는 것)

14) innovative       혁신적인

15) ingredients      요소, 성분

16) zip code       우편 번호

17) P.O. Box (Post Office Box)   사서함

18) memorandum       공문, 사내 회람

19) postscript (P.S.)      추신

20) enclose        동봉하다

21) instructions (제품) 사용 설명서, 지시

22) regards      안부

23) breakdown     (항목별) 명세, 내역 / 고장

24) order form       주문서

25) toll-free number    수신자가 요금을 부담하는 전화

26) yellow pages      업종별 전화 번호부     cf) white pages

27) directory         전화 번호부 / 명부 / 주소록

28) extension(Ext.)      구내 번호, 내선 번호

29) pay phone     공중 전화          cf) cellular phone  휴대 전화

30) correspondence    서신 교환, 통신

31) cable           전보

32) press release    보도 자료

11월 23일까지..기출단어

-----------------------------------------------------

abrupt - sudden (갑자기)/absorb - take in (흡수하다)

abstract → Ant; concrete (문장내 클릭)(추상적인-구체적인)

adjacent - nearby (부근의)

admire - esteem (존경하다)

aimed ? attempted

ambition ? goal

aromatic ? flavorful

behavior ? conduct

beverages - drinks

call for ? require

caption (표제, 제목)- title

characteristics - elements

chiefly ? mainly

coherent (앞뒤가 닿는 ,논리적인)- logical

component (구성하다)- constitute

descent (하강,상속,가계)? origin(근원,가계)

detach - separate (분리하다)

dichotomy (2분법)- division

dimly - aintly (우울하게)

emit (내다,발하다)- give off(발산하다)

especially - notably

evidence - reveal

exceed - go beyond,

exercise - use, practice, 문장에 따라서 둘중 하나가

답이 될 듯

extending back - as long ago as (?)

feasible - possible (실행할수 있는,가능한)

features - elements

fervor - zeal

flourished - prospered

fuse(녹이다,합치다) - join

harness - utilize

hearted(격려하다) - encouraged

hollow (구멍,뻥뚤리곳)- empty

hub(중심) - center

illicit(불법의=illegal) - unlawful

imposing(a-당당한) - substantial

innocuous - harmless

jeopardize(위험에 빠뜨리다) - threaten

lashed(n=충격,채찍질/v=채직질하다,묶다,매다) - hung

locate - place

lodged in - deposited in

maintain -

mark - indicate,

marred by - spoiled by

marvel - wonder

matter - issue

migrate - move from one place to another

negligible(하찮은,무시해도적은 사소한) - insignificant

obsolete(쓸모없는,하찮은) - unused

obscure - conceal

pleasing - attractive

procure(획득하다) - obtain

procurement - obtaining

provide - supply

rather - somewhat

recast(변경하다) - transformed

rotting ?v=썩어문드러지다. N=부패

rudimentary - basic

ruin - destroy

scattered - widely spread

scooped out(크게 벌다) - gather

semblance ? appearance(출현, 외관)

sheen ? luster(광택)

sparse(희박한 희소한) → rich

spur - stimulate

stir -

subsequently - later

transfer - 문장내 클릭- ?

trigger -

utterly - completely

vast - enormous

virtually - nearly

vital - essential

wide range of - variety (wide range of chemical)

capacity

dichotomy = division

even=constant(불변의 일정한)

even=unchanging

exception(반의어)

float = stay on the top

gather = collect (지문에서 찾기)

hallmark 순도검증 각인, 특징, 특질

harness 마구/ 마구를 달다, 이용하다, 지배하다

hearten=courage

hold=include

integral = essential

ominous = threaten

seizable = large(문맥상의 뜻)

speculation 심사숙고, 결론, 추론

substitute for = replace

render = represent

render 1.만들다 2.행하다 8.나타내다

rigidly 굳은 엄정한 엄격한 (3번이 strictly 4번이 correctly였는데 전 3번을...)

Train=aim

inhospitable = unfavorable

hospitable

1 환대하는, 친절한.

2 쾌히 받아들이는(receptive)(to …).

3 <기후환경이> (…에) 좋은

sporadic=infrequent

sporadic

1 이따금 일어나는, 산발적인.

2 <병 등이> 산발성[돌발성]인.

3 <식물 등이> 산재성인, 드문드문한.

important=significant

short-lived <-> permanent

out of the question = impossible

out of question (古) 틀림없이, 의심할 여지없이.

out of the question 생각할 수 없는, 불가능한.

sustain(부양하다.유지하다,지속하다) - support (정확하지 않음)

consequence - result

cluster - group

n.

1 송이(of …).

․a ~ of grapes 포도 한 송이.

2 (사람동물물건의) 무리, 집단;

drawback - disadvantage

장애, 훼방; 불리, 결점, 단점

hub = center

steadily=constantly

GATHERING 동의어찾기 지문상에서...

n. 모으기, 모임, 회합, 모인[모은] 것, 수집품

CONSUME

1 …을 소비하다. 2 …(모조리) 먹어치우다.

․~ a bottle of whiskey 위스키 한 병을 비우다.

3 …을 소멸시키다. 4 열중하게 하다;

RENDER

1 (…으로) 만들다.

2 [Ⅲ명] …을 하다, 행하다.

3 …을 돌려주다(back).

substitute for = replace

environment = setting

ominous(불길한,험악한) = threatening

practical =단어는 생각이 안나는 데 실용주의 였던거 같

bulk = great quan

unwitting

모르는; 무의식적인(unknowing, unconscious)

rendering - representing

capitalize on - take advantage of

capitalize

1 …을 대문자로 쓰다

2 …을 자본화하다.

6 …을 자기 이익에 이용하다

thriller－n.

1 오싹[두근두근, 섬뜩]하게 하는 사람[것].

2 (口) (소설영화 등의) 스릴러물; 추리 소설.

suspense －n. U

1 걱정, 근심, 불안(한 상태); (소설영화 등의) 지속적 긴장감, 서스펜스(↔ certainty

synchronize

1 동시에 일어나다, 동시성을 가지다.

2 (영상과 음성이) 동조하다

3 동일 시간으로 하다

innovation

1 채용[도입]된 새로운 것, 변경[궁리]한 것.

2 혁신, 신 기축의 채용.

scoop up(또 나왔군요) = gather up

n.1 국자 5 퍼내기

v.1.을 퍼내다[떠내다], 푸다

5.그러모으다, 떼돈을 벌다(up)

cluster = group

1.송이 a ~ of grapes 포도 한 송이.

2 (사람동물물건의) 무리, 집단

key - 처음에는 importance로 했다가 color로 했습니다.

lodged in = deposited in

marred by = spoiled by

mar v.손상[훼손]하다, 망쳐놓다; …의 (매력효용 등을) 약화[감소] 시키다

matter - issue

obscure 불명료한, 애매한, 덮어 감추다 = conceal

provide = supply

rather - instead로 답했습니다.

scatter = widely spread

semblance 외형, 표정, 겉보기 = appearance

sheen(광택(luster); 광휘(brightness)) = luster

sparse 드문, 산재하는, 부족한 <=> rich

unequal - 지문중에서 asymmetry(불공평,비대칭)로 답했습니다

trigger 방아쇠; 자극, 유인.

utterly = completely

vast - huge로 답했습니다.

vital = essential

accomplished = skilled

active - (반대말 찾는 문제) passive가 지문에 있더군요.

aromatic = flavorful

beverages = drinks

call for = require

chiefly = mainly

component = constitute(-titution)

descent (가계)= origin (가계)

dimly = faintly(희미한)

flourished = prospered

harness(마구,설비) ? utilize

hearted의 유사어 : encouraged,

hollow 속이 빈, 공허한, 실속 없는, 무의미한

incoherently ? join

jeopardize = threaten

evidence - reveal exceed - go beyond, exercise - use(이게 답이 아닐까요?), practice, symbol.. extending back - as long ago as feasible -possible fervor - zeal illicit - unlawful imposing - substantial innocuous - harmless lashed - hung lodged in - deposited in mark - indicate, notice. marred by - spoiled by marvel - wonder migrate - move from one place to another negligible - insignificant obsolete - unused obscure - conceal pleasing - attractive procure - obtain procurement - obtaining provide - supply rather - somewhat recast - transformed rudimentary - basic ruin - destroy scooped up - gathered sheen - luster spur - stimulate subsequently - later utterly - completely vast - enormous virtually - nearly wide range of - variety (wide range of chemical)

agent 동의어 고르는 문제가 나왔습니다.

agent는 문맥상 화합물의 뜻으로 나와 representative와 element중 element를 선택했습니다.

10. coherent = logical

11. evidence = reveal

12. negligible = insignificant

antidote 해독제 (remedy)fluster 혼란시키다. 당황하게 하다. (confuse)insolent 오만한, 거만한 (impudent-뻔뻔스러운, impertinent뻔뻔스러운)innate 타고난noxious 몸에 해로운, 유독한( <-> innocuous)lay off 해고하다(일시적)barren 불임의 (sterile=살균의 불모의)hectic 열광적인, 격앙된pension 연금, 보조금eradicate 근절하다. 박멸하다. 뿌리뽑다

accommodate

1. 친절하게 하다, 돈을 융통해 주다,(숙박처를) 제공하다

2. 적응시키다,순응[적응]하다(adapt)(to)

3. 조절[조정]하다, 화해시키다

intact

1. 손상되지 않은,온전한,영향 받지 않은.

substitute

n. 대리인

1. 대신하다. (substitute A for B=replace B with A)

vociferous

떠들썩한,성가신.

loom

어렴풋이 나타나다(=emerge)

bulk

1 체적, 용적

2(…의) 대부분, 태반(of …).

3 배의 짐

동의어 1. absorb =take in

==========================

동의어 2. scoop up(또 나왔군요) = gather up

============================================

n.1 국자 5 퍼내기

v.1.을 퍼내다[떠내다], 푸다

5.그러모으다, 떼돈을 벌다(up)

동의어 3. cluster = group

==========================

1.송이 a ~ of grapes 포도 한 송이.

2 (사람동물물건의) 무리, 집단

동의어 4. thriller=suspense

============================

thriller

－n.

1 오싹[두근두근, 섬뜩]하게 하는 사람[것].

2 (口) (소설영화 등의) 스릴러물; 추리 소설.

suspense

－n. U

1 걱정, 근심, 불안(한 상태); (소설영화 등의) 지속적 긴장감, 서스펜스(↔ certainty).

동의어 5. rendering - representing

===================================

render

1 …을 (…으로) 만들다, 되게 하다(make).

2 [Ⅲ명] …행하다, 이루다(perform)

<순종주의 등을> 보이다, 나타내다

동의어 6. capitalize on - take advantage of

============================================

capitalize

1 …을 대문자로 쓰다

2 …을 자본화하다.

6 …을 자기 이익에 이용하다.

지문단어1. synchronize

=======================

1 동시에 일어나다, 동시성을 가지다.

2 (영상과 음성이) 동조하다

3 동일 시간으로 하다

지문단어2. innovation

======================

1 채용[도입]된 새로운 것, 변경[궁리]한 것.

2 혁신, 신 기축의 채용.

-----------------------------------------------------

a quarter = a fourth

abhor = loathe(몹시 싫어하다)

abrupt = sudden

absolutely = totally

absorb = take in

abstract <-> concrete

abundant = plentiful

accommodate(편의를 도모하다, 숙박시키다)

accomplished = skilled

accordingly = for that reason

accretion(증대, 부착) = accumulation

accumulated = collected

ache = hurt

adjacent = near

admire = esteem

afforded = provided

agriculture = farming

aim = attempt

alter = modify

ambition = goal

antidote (해독제,해독하다)= remedy

apathetic(무관심한,냉담한) = indifferent

apparent = obvious

arbitrarily(제멋대로) = randomly

artificial = synthetic

assist = help

associated = connected

assumption = supposition

attain = achieve

avail = make use

backbone(중심이 되는, 분수령) = foundation

barren = sterile(불임)

bear = yield

behavior = conduct

blotted out(지우다,감추다) = covered

bred(Breed의 과거형) = raise

breeding = reproduction

brightness = radiance(발광, 광채)

brittle(부서지기 쉬운) = breakable

bulk = great quantity

bury(묻다,감추다)= cover

call for = require

capitalize on(이용하다) = take advantage of

capricious(변득스러운) = unpredictable

caption = title

capture = seize

cast = project

ceaseless

chamber = compartment(구획, 객실)

chance = probability

chiefly = mainly

cluster = group

cohere = stick

coherent = logical

commemorate(기념하다) = celebrate

compel = oblige

complex = group of buildings

component = constitutive

comprehensible = understandable

compact = compress

conceal = cover(감추다)

concentrate on = focus on

condense 응축하다

conjure(요술을 부리다, 생각해 내다=recall, 간청하다=implore)

consciously = intentionally

consequence = result

conspicuous = obvious

consumption = use

context = setting

contour(윤곽, 외형) = outline

coordination(동등, 조정)

cram(쑤셔 넣다) = stuff

crucial = important

curative(치료의)= healing

dangle(매달리다) = hang

decisive(중대한, 명확한)

defeated = conquered

defection(배신, 변절) = betrayal

depict = picture

depose(내쫓다) = oust

descent = origin

detach = separate

deter(방해하다) = inhibit

devote = dedicate(봉남,헌납,노력하다)

dichotomy = division

diminish

diminutive(소형의, 작은) = small

discrete(분리한,분리적인,개별적인) = distinct

dorsal(등의) <-> ventral(배의)

draw = attract

drawback = disadvantage

duplicate = copy

duplicate = identical (?)

durability = endurance

duration = length

elaborate = detailed

element = part

emerge = appear

emit = exhale(발산하다)

emit = give off

enact

endless = limitless

enlist = join in

entail(필요로 하다, 수반하다) = require

enthusiasm = intense interest

entice(유혹하다) = allure

environment = setting

equivocally(애모호한) = ambiguously

eradicate

especially = notably

established = organized

evidence = proof

exceed = go beyond

exception <->

exercise = practice

extending back = as long ago as (?)

extensive = far-reaching

extensively = widely

fainter(희미한) = less bright

feasible = possible

feature = element

fervor = zeal

flair(재능, 직감, 기호)

flaw = defect

float = stay on the top

flourished = prospered

fluster(어리둥절하게 하다) = confuse

flyer = conductor (?)

foliage(잎) = leaves

food chain

fragrance(향기로움) = scent

full blown = complete

fusion (융해)= union

futile = useless

genre (장르, 풍속화)

generate = produce

given = particular

gleaming(얼굴에 윤기나게 하는) = shining

harness(동력화하다) = utilize

hearten = cheer up, encourage

hectic(흥분한, 열광적인, 열이 있는)

heightened = increased

hiatus = break, interruption

hollow(속이 빈) = empty

hallmark(보증하다)

hub = center

hue(빛깔, 색조) = tint

illicit = unlawful

illustrate = represent

imitate = copy

impartial = unprejudiced(공평한)

important = significant

imposing = substantial (?)

in charge of (맡다, 책임지다)= responsible for

inaction (무활동, 게으름)

inadequate = insufficient

incessantly (끊임없는)= constantly

incised(새긴, 깊이 갈라진) = carved

indispensable(필요 불가결한) = essential

infectious = contagious(전염성의)

inhospitable = unfavorable

initiate = originate

innate = inborn, natural

innocuous(해가없는) = harmless

innovation

insolent(무례한) = impudent, impertinent

institute(설립하다,시작하다) = start

intact(본래되로의 완전한) = unchanged

integral = essential

intimately(친밀히, 상세히) = closely

intricate(뒤썩인 복잡한) = complex

invoke(빌다,기원하다,호소하다,간청하다) = exercise (?)

irreversible(취소할 수 없는) = permanent

jeopardize = threaten

jubilant (기쁨에 넘치는)= exulting(무척기뻐하다)

juvenile(젊은) = children's

lash(묶다, 매다) = hung

last = continue

launches = establish

lay off(그만두다, 해고하다, 구획하다)

lease = rent, hire, charter

locale(장소, 배경) = place

loom(어렴풋이 보이다, 갑자기 나타나다)

loop = circle

maintain = preserve

mankind = human

mark

marvel = wonder

matter = issue

maxim = principle

meditate(숙고하다) = think deeply

merit = value

meticulously(꼼꼼하게) = carefully

microorganism

migrate = move from one place to another

murmur(투덜되다) = mumble

negligible = insignificant

noticed = observed

noxious

obscure = dim, conceal

obsolete(안 쓰는, 진부한) = unused

ominous = threatening

out of question = impossible

output = production

outrage(격노, 불법) = anger

outstanding = remarkable

overstate = exaggerate

participate = share

peculiar(독특한) = distinctive

pension

perform = carry out

periphery(주위, 둘레) = edge

perspective

phase = period

photosynthesis 광합성

pleasing = attractive

pore (작은 구멍)

practical

precipitation(투하, 침전, 강수)

precise = accurate

presently = currently

preserve = save

previous = prior

prey(먹이, 희생) = victim

procurement(획득) = obtaining

promoted = furthered

prophetic(예언적인) = predictive

pure = clear

purified = cleansed

purveyor(식료품상인) = supplier

quit = give up

raggle(뒤섞인, 잡다한)

rapidly = quickly

rare

rather = somewhat

recast(고쳐쓰다, 배역 바꾸다) = transformed

recede(물러가다, 감소하다, 움푹 들어가다)

reciprocal(상호간의) = mutual

recorded = documented

region = area

reluctant(마지못해하는) = unwilling

remove = eliminate

rendering(표현) = representing

renowned(유명한) = celebrated, famous

resort to(의지하다) = turn to

retard = delay

revolutionize = completely change

revolve = rotate

rig(조작하다, 속임수)

rigidly = strictly

rotting(썩은, 부패한, 부서지기 쉬운)

roughly(대충) = approximately

rouster

rudiment = basic

ruin = destroy

rupture(파열) = breach(갈라진 틈)

sanction = approval (찬성,인가)

savor(맛) = taste

scarce(결핍,=부족한) <-> abundant, sufficient

scattered = widely spread

scoop up = gather up

scrub(박박문지르다) = scratch

scruple(망설임, 의심) = hesitation

sedentary (줄곳앉아있는)tribe <-> plains tribe

seep(새어나오다) = pass through slowly

semblance(외형) = appearance

sensational = exciting

serene(고요함) = tranquil

severe = harsh

shift = moving

short-lived <-> permanent

simultaneously = at the same time

simultaneously = concurrently

sizable(꽤 큰)

slaughter(도살하다) = massacre(학살하다)

snatch (와락붙잡다)= seize

solidify = assure(확신시키다)

sparse(희박한, 드문) <-> rich

sparsely(희박하게) = lightly

sporadic(산발적인) = infrequent

spur(자극, 격려) = stimulate

steadfast(견실한) = unwavering

steadily = constantly

stick to = cling to

still(문장 중에서) = nevertheless

stint(절약하다, 제한하다) = limit

stir(자극하다, 움직이다, 휘젓다)

stock = bond

strictly(엄격한) = tightly

strike = work stoppage

submarine = underwater

subsequently = later

subsided = diminished

substitute = exchange

substitute for = replace

summit(정상, 절정) = peak

superficial(표면상의, 하찮은)

surge = increase

surmount(극복하다, 오르다) = overcome

surreal(초현실주의의)

survival = existence

sustain(지지하다, 유지하다, 부양하다) = support

synchronize

tailored = adapted(개조된, 적당한)

tangled(얽힌) = twisted together

terminate = stop

terrestrial = land

thaw(녹이다, 누그러지다) = defrost

thriller = suspense

timid = shy

tiny = a little

touching(감동시키는) = moving

trace = very small

transcend(초월하다) = go beyond

transferred = moved

trigger(계기, 일으키다)

turn into = become

type = kind

undertaking(약속, 사업) <-> digging(파기)

unequal = asymmetry

unique = particular

unwittingly(고의 아닌) = unintendedly

vacant = empty

vague(모호한) = imprecise

vast = enormous

vile(몹시 나쁜, 비열한) = wicked

virtually(실질적으로) = nearly (?)

vital = essential

vociferous(시끄러운)

weariness = fatigue

wide rage of = variety

widespread = prevalent

wielding(사용하는) = using

wild = uncultivated

withstand = resist