01강 문맥 속 어휘 추론

수능특강 외국어영역

1. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Some pessimistic scientists believe that climate change on Earth has already passed the "tipping point" beyond which it is not (A)[difficult / possible] to stop the slide into global meltdown. But other groups of scientists think that even if the tipping point has been and gone there might still be hope for the planet in the form of geo-engineering, which is superscale design-and -build work that could (B)[estimate / reverse] the effects of climate change. The ideas put forward include sending giant sunshades into space to block out some of the Sun's light; building a network of industrial plants around the globe that would suck in carbon dioxide, compress it into liquid, and then pump it underground; and tipping gallons of fertilizer into the oceans to (C)[hinder / encourage] the growth of marine plant life to absorb carbon dioxide from the air by photosynthesis.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	difficult	…	estimate	…	hinder
②	difficult	…	reverse	…	encourage
③	possible	…	estimate	…	encourage
④	possible	…	reverse	…	hinder
⑤	possible	…	reverse	…	encourage

2. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Ostentation can be a credible boast of quality. A good example of this is the peacock's tail. Although it may appear to be a wasteful display, the showy tail actually has the purpose of (A)[showing / doubting] that the male is healthy. The peacock's tail has many and varied economic equivalents in the business world. Banks and insurance companies have head offices that are extremely magnificent beyond the needs of their dealings. The showy offices signal that the company is (B)[failing / stable,] distinguishing it from shakier companies that cannot afford them. As a signal that they (C)[expect / hesitate] to still be there for you long into the future, retailers locate themselves in high-rent districts like New York's Fifth Avenue when a less expensive address would serve.

* Ostentation (재산, 지식, 힘 등의) 과시

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	showing	…	failing	…	expect
②	showing	…	stable	…	expect
③	showing	…	stable	…	hesitate
④	doubting	…	failing	…	hesitate
⑤	doubting	…	stable	…	hesitate

3. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Although many important Greek scientists such as Galen and Ptolemy lived in the Roman Empire, the Romans themselves (A)[contributed / distributed] comparatively little to science. They adopted the mathematics of the  Greeks and applied it very successfully to engineering and architecture. The fruits of this (B)[applicant / application] are seen today in many Roman remains, especially in some of their very wonderful aqueducts for carrying water to their towns. But their engineers and scientists were always servants and very often slaves, and no honor or recognition was given to them. It is no wonder, therefore, that science did not (C)[advance / decline] during the Roman Empire.

*aqueduct 도수관, 수로

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	contributed	…	applicant	…	advance
②	contributed	…	application	…	advance
③	contributed	…	application	…	decline
④	distributed	…	applicant	…	decline
⑤	distributed	…	application	…	advance

4.  (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Intellectually, we all know that people can look at issues from many different viewpoints. Intellectually, we even (A)[deny / admit] that at least some of the perspectives that differ from our own have something to offer -- a new opinion on the problem or an insightful notion. We may even be perfectly capable of bringing these (B)[opposing / established] perspectives to our minds. Yet, we persist in focusing on our own viewpoint, a tendency that David Perkins calls my-side bias. This my-side bias acts like a default setting. It (C)[overturns / supports] our intellectual understanding that different interpretations of events and different opinions about them are highly likely so that we return to seeing the world from our own point of view even after acknowledging differing positions.

* default 달리지정하지 않는 한 이미 지정된 대로 작동하게 하는 (설정값)

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	deny	…	opposing	…	overturns
②	deny	…	established	…	supports
③	admit	…	opposing	…	overturns
④	admit	…	opposing	…	supports
⑤	admit	…	established	…	overturns

5. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Reaching beyond realism, the naturalists tried to illustrate as faithfully as possible whatever was observable to them within literary works. They wanted to (A)[hide / reveal] the dominant states of things in all areas of life. While the realists tried to evoke the impression that the characters really exist and that the events narrated are the events of ordinary experience, the naturalists wanted to give a strictly (B)[objective / subjective] depiction of the struggle against nature as a hopeless fight, believing that human behavior is determined by the environment. The reason for this shift of the fundamental idea of realism was the (C)[unnoticeable / visible] decline of the living conditions of the lower classes in the 19th century. Large cities became the focus of literature due to miserable housing conditions, factories, diseases, and widespread hunger.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	hide	…	objective	…	unnoticeable
②	hide	…	subjective	…	unnoticeable
③	reveal	…	objective	…	unnoticeable
④	reveal	…	objective	…	visible
⑤	reveal	…	subjective	…	visible

6. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

If there is to be toleration in the world, one of things taught in schools must be the habit of weighing evidence and the practice of not giving full (A)[consent / objection] to propositions which there is no reason to believe true. For example, the art of reading newspapers should be taught. The schoolmaster should select some incident which happened a good many years ago, and roused political passions in its day. He should then read to the school-children what was said by the newspapers on one side, what was said by those on the other, and some (B)[biased / fair] account of what really happened. He should make them understand that everything in newspapers is more or less untrue. The critical skepticism which would result from this teaching would make the children (C)[unprotected / free] from overly naive appeals to idealism in later life.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	consent	…	biased	…	unprotected
②	consent	…	fair	…	unprotected
③	consent	…	fair	…	free
④	objection	…	biased	…	unprotected
⑤	objection	…	biased	…	free

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Human skin owes its color to the ① presence of particles known as melanin. The primary function of melanin is to ② protect the upper levels of the skin from being damaged by the suns ultraviolet rays. This radiation poses a critical problem for our kind because we lack the dense coat of hair that acts as a sunscreen for most mammals. Hairlessness exposes us to two kinds of radiation ③ dangers: ordinary sunburn and skin cancers Melanin is the body's first line of defense against these afflictions. The more melanin particles, the darker the skin, and the ④ higher the risk of sunburn and all forms of skin cancer. This explains why the highest rates for skin cancer are found in sun-drenched lands such as Australia, where light-skinned people of European descent spend a good part of their lives ⑤ outdoors wearing scanty clothes.

* scanty (옷이) 몸을 가린 듯 만 듯한

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Two psychologists, Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson, who wrote together a book entitled Raising Cain, argue that America, as a society, has so ① mishandled the emotional lives of boys that it has produced many distant and troubled men. Fathers and mothers, male and female teachers alike, all unconsciously conspire, the authors suggest, to ② limit the emotional development of boys. As they put it, we want our boys to be "tough" and "strong" based on images of ③ manliness we absorbed from our culture. So when a child is hurting, when he's sad, and angry, frustrated, disappointed, or frightened, we don't ④ allow him to learn about what he's feeling. We push him back inside himself with comments like "Just tough it out" or "You need to be strong." As a result, boys ⑤ possess "emotional literacy," the ability to express their own feelings and understand emotions in others.

* conspire 공모하다

9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

After millions of years experience on earth, we have acquired the power to affect our planet's climate. The theory has to do with the ① accumulation of dust and carbon dioxide that modern technology pours into the atmosphere in great quantities. The dust tends to reduce the amount of incoming solar radiation, thereby ② cooling the earth. The carbon dioxide tends to ③ trap heat that would ordinarily escape to outer space, thereby warming the earth. If either effect is large enough, the earth's average temperature might change a degree or two, with ④ disastrous results. An increase in temperature might melt the icecaps and raise the level of the ocean as much as 300 feet. All of this is ⑤ confirmed, of course. No one really knows what, if anything, is happening to the climate or how long such events might take to occur.

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

There are several Egyptian paintings of great interest preserved among the numerous other ① remains of Egyptian art in the British Museum. Unfortunately, the originally brilliant colors of these have faded, and many of them are now fast ② decaying. When first discovered, however, such at least as had not been exposed to the influence of the ③ atmosphere, their colors were as bright and pure as when they were first painted. Red, yellow, green and blue, with black and white, were the colors employed. These were applied ④ collectively, so that no variety of tint was produced. Different colors were used for different things, but almost ⑤ invariably the same color for the same thing. Thus men and women were usually red, the men several shades darker than the women, water blue, birds blue and green, and so on.

11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

The underlying idea of world history is that the interaction among human societies ① resembles not the relationships among building blocks, but rather among bacteria. Building blocks can be stacked next to or on top of each other, but they rarely if ever ② affect their neighbors' shapes or composition. Bacteria, however, fundamentally shape each other as they interact. Because the membranes covering bacteria are full of pores, bacteria can exchange genetic information and can even fundamentally ③ alter each other's basic make-up when they touch. Similarly, human societies in contact affect each other's development. World historians, ④ rejecting this, seek to understand human history through studying both developments within societies and the way in which societies relate to each other. They look not only at the process of invention but also at the key role played by the ⑤ spreading of people, things, and ideas around the world.

* membrane 얇은 막, 막피

12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Spotlights can be more or less focused. When focused to their maximum extent, they illuminate a very small area with a very bright light. When de-focused, they illuminate a larger area, but the light is less ① intense. The same is true for attention. When we are relaxed, and not in the grip of any particular emotion, our mental spotlight is relatively ② unfocused, and more thoughts may drift through our awareness. When an emotion occurs, however, our mental spotlight suddenly ③ contracts, focusing on one small thought to the exclusion of all others. This thought is usually a representation of the external object that ④ stabilized the emotion. Love, for example, makes it hard to think of anything except the beloved. Emotions are often blamed for ⑤ distracting us, so it might seem strange to say that they help to focus our attention. However, emotions distract us from one thought only to make us pay attention to another.

02강 문맥 속 문법성 판단

1. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

No magic pills can be given to make a person capable of matching wits with an expert. But it is possible to acquire through long experience some appreciation of the point of view of the laboratory scientist, some (A)[understand / understanding] of his methods and the way he conceives a problem. Not a few citizens have made themselves intelligent critics of scientific work by a process of self-education in relation to some phase of modern science (B)[to connect / connected]with their activities in the world of affairs. A series of episodes has left permanent imprints on their minds which serve as fixed points ─ a sort of map (C)[which / to which] they may refer any new proposal from the laboratory. �

* conceives a problem (해결을 위해) 문제에 대해서 생각하다.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	understand	…	to connect	…	which
②	understand	…	connected	…	to which
③	understanding	…	to connect	…	to which
④	understanding	…	connected	…	which
⑤	understanding	…	connected	…	to which

2.  (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Until after World War II, only the very wealthy and the famous enjoyed the benefits of worldwide leisure travel. It was considered too (A)[expensive / expensively] by most, especially compared to what else could be done with the money spent on a trip. The common belief was that (B)[buy / buying] new kitchen appliances or furniture for a home was a better investment than taking a short, expensive trip. Now, wealth abounds to the point that most people in North America own far more material goods than they need, and travel to foreign places seems like a perfect investment (C)[broaden / to broaden] one's perspective on life. And the memories of trips can last a lifetime, whereas material goods will wear out in a few years.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	expensive	…	buy	…	broaden
②	expensive	…	buying	…	broaden
③	expensive	…	buying	…	to broaden
④	expensively	…	buy	…	broaden
⑤	expensively	…	buying	…	to broaden

3.  (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

According to Confucius, all people are born honest and good, and deep down, they remain so. Anyone (A)[sees / seeing] a small child playing near the water's edge will worry lest it fall in, he said. Concern for our fellow human beings and sympathy for the misfortunes of others are inborn sentiments. All we need to do is to make (B)[sure / surely] we do not lose them. And that, said Confucius, is why we have families. Someone who is always good to his parents, who obeys them and cares for them will treat others in the same way, and will obey the laws of the state in the same way that he obeys his father. Thus, for Confucius, the family, with its brotherly and sisterly love and respect for parents, (C)[was / were] the most important thing of all. He called it "the root of humanity".

* Confucius 공자

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	sees	…	sure	…	was
②	sees	…	surely	…	were
③	seeing	…	sure	…	was
④	seeing	…	sure	…	were
⑤	seeing	…	surely	…	was

4. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The city of Athens established procedures for distinguishing right from wrong. On the south side of the chief marketplace stood the Court of the Heliasts, a large building with wooden benches for a jury at one end, and a prosecution and defendant's platform at (A) [others / the other]. Trials began with a speech from the prosecution, followed by a speech from the defense. Then a jury numbering between 200 and 2,500 people would indicate (B) [that / where] the truth lay by a vote or a show of hands. This method of deciding right from wrong by counting the number of people in favor of a proposition (C) [used / was used] throughout Athenian political and legal life. Two or three times a month, all male citizens, some 30,000, were invited to gather to decide on important questions of state by a show of hands. For the city, the opinion of the majority was equated with the truth.

* prosecution 기소, 고발

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	others	…	that	…	used
②	others	…	where	…	used
③	the other	…	that	…	was used
④	the other	…	where	…	used
⑤	the other	…	where	…	was used

5. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A major obstacle to discovery is not ignorance but knowledge. Because Aristotle was so comprehensive, logical, and brilliant, his writings became the ultimate standard of truth for 2,000 years. A major portion of Galileo's works was devoted to (A) [disprove / disproving] Aristotle so that the reader would be able to grasp his arguments. The difficulty was that a single authority (Aristotle) was held in such high regard (B) [that / which] alternative views could not get a hearing. In more recent times the work of Freud has had a similar effect. Freud's system of analysis assumed certain mental constructs a priori such that it was very difficult to revise or improve his theories. The result was that a fairly good number of psychoanalysts (C) [remaining / remained] Freudians though many psychologists began to ignore Freud altogether to make progress in their work.

* a priori 선험적으로

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	disprove	…	that	…	remained
②	disprove	…	which	…	remaining
③	disproving	…	that	…	remaining
④	disproving	…	that	…	remained
⑤	disproving	…	which	…	remained

6. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The “mechanical”quality of life that industrialization promoted (A) [to be / was] proving to be a source of dissatisfaction for many, which made it ripe for its satirization by Charlie Chaplin in his 1936 film Modern Times. Chaplin's famous character, the Little Tramp, goes to work in a factory. He is instructed to stand at a particular spot on a fast-paced assembly line  and (B) [screw / screwing] bolts onto the pieces of machinery that pass him at an ever-increasing rate. His hands become so accustomed to the prescribed movement that even after he has left the assembly line, he continues to compulsively twist anything that remotely resembles a screw. In the film's most famous scene, he becomes so overwhelmed by his work that he simply lies down on the conveyor belt and allows (C) [him / himself] to be pulled into the factory's mechanical belly.                                                                * satirization 풍자

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	to be	…	screw	…	him
②	to be	…	screwing	…	himself
③	was	…	screw	…	him
④	was	…	screw	…	himself
⑤	was	…	screwing	…	him

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

What time of the day is best for exercise? A person can exercise at almost any time of the day except about two hours ① following a large meal, or the noon and early afternoon hours on hot and humid days. Many people enjoy exercising early in the morning because it gives them a good boost ② to start the day. If you have a difficult time sticking to an exercise program, early morning exercise is best because the chances of some other activity or conflict interfering with your exercise time ③ is  minimal. Some people prefer the lunch hour for weight-control reasons. By exercising at noon, they do not eat as big a lunch, ④ which helps keep down daily caloric intake. ⑤ Highly stressed people seem to like the evening hours because of the relaxing effects of exercise.

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The reason nature is so wasteful is that scattershot strategies for reproduction are the best way to do ① what mathematicians call“fully exploring the potential space.” Imagine a desert landscape with two pools of water separated by some distance. If you are a plant ② growing next to one of those pools, you can have one of two different reproductive strategies. You can drop seeds near your roots, ③ where there's a pretty good chance water can be found. This is safe, but soon leads to crowding. Or you can toss the seeds into the air and let ④ it float far away. This means that almost all will die, but it is the only way ⑤ to find that second pool of water, where life can expand into a new place, perhaps a richer one. It is wasteful, but it can pay off in the end. �

* scattershot 무차별의

9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In his book Good to Great, Jim Collins tells the story of Admiral James Stockdale, the highest-ranking American prisoner of war in Vietnam. ① Known for his unbreakable character and resilience, Stockdale described the two defining characteristics of American captives who were most likely to survive the brutal conditions of a Vietnamese prison. First, they openly faced and accepted ② rather than ignored or dismissed the harsh facts of their difficulty. Second, they never stopped ③ believing that they would someday get out. In other words, while they did not run away from reality, accepting the brutal truths about their current conditions, they never lost hope ④which all would work out well in the end. By contrast, both those who believed that they would never get out and those who believed that they would be freed within an unrealistically short period of time ⑤ were unlikely to survive.

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

I was ① seated in the office of the vice-president of sales of a company I'd been consulting with for several years. The vice-president was interviewing someone for the position of regional sales director and asked me to listen in. The man ② interviewing was an experienced, successful salesman. Still, it was an important career meeting for him, and he was nervous. His response to the pressure of the interview was ③ to talk too much. He felt ④ uncomfortable and was attempting to fill the uncertainty of the moment with sound. While trying to make a good impression, he presented himself poorly. A little conscious breathing would have enabled him to feel better about ⑤ himself and allowed him to be more calm and clear.

11.  다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In the middle of the thirteenth century, Matthew Paris drew a picture of an elephant, which was the first elephant ① that had been seen in England. The figure of the servant by its side is not a very convincing likeness, though we are given his name, Henricus de Flor. But what is interesting ② is that in this case the artist was very anxious to get the right proportions. Between the legs of the elephant there is a Latin inscription saying: ‘By the size of the man ③ portrayed here you may imagine the size of the beast represented here.’ To us this elephant may look a little odd, but it does show that medieval artists, at least in the thirteenth century, were very well aware of ④ such things as proportions, and that, if they ignored them so often, they ⑤ were so not out of ignorance but simply because they did not think they mattered. �

* inscription 새긴 글, 비문

12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The Louvre's CD-ROM offers a wonderful view of the Mona Lisa. One can almost see her very pores on the computer screen; the reproduction is brighter than the original, ① revealing more of the landscape in the background. The zoom tool permits viewers to ② carefully examine features as the commentator lists them. Yet people do still make a journey ③ see Leonardo's original painting in the Louvre. The feeling of awe is almost religious as international crowds file past the mysterious face ④ that rests, smiling, in her closed glass box. The atmosphere is one of quiet excitement and people record the momentous occasion with videos and snapshots. Mona Lisa's aura is by no means an illusion, ⑤ though there is something sadly ironic about visitors' trying to capture her with their own mechanical reproductions.

* aura 영묘한 기운

03강 주제 추론

1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Parents often fail to address early childhood lying, since the lying is almost innocent ─ their child is too young to know what lies are, or that lying is wrong. When their child gets older and learns those distinctions, the parents believe, the lying will stop. This is dead wrong, according to Dr. Victoria Talwar. The better a young child can distinguish a lie from the truth, the more likely he or she is to lie given the chance. Researchers test children with elegant anecdotes, and ask, “Did Suzy tell a lie or tell the truth?” The kids who know the difference are also the most prone to lie. Ignorant of this scholarship, many parenting websites and books advise parents to just let lies go ─ kids will grow out of it. The truth is, kids grow into it.

① how to stop children from lying

② the necessity of learning to let go

③ the misconception about children's lies

④ effective strategies for educating children

⑤ the effects of trust on children's personalities

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Because classical music today has largely become something we listen to in concert or on recordings, it is easy to forget the essential role it once played as a part of daily life. An enormous amount of the music written in the Baroque period and earlier was designed to support dancing. Supplying music for dancing was an essential task for nearly every composer until the twentieth century. Vast quantities of dance music were written in the Baroque period because people danced all the time, and composers had to supply music to match the demand. As time passed, however, dance music gradually became more abstract and sophisticated and eventually left its original real-world function behind. Put simply, the minuet, which was originally designed to be danced to, ultimately became something to listen to, and the switch transformed both content and form.

① the role of dance in modern arts

② causes for the decline of classical music

③ how to appreciate various types of music

④ changes in the function of classical music

⑤ audio-visual components in performing arts

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

A species that survives by eating another species is typically referred to as a predator. The word brings up images of some of the most dramatic animals on Earth: cheetahs, eagles, and killer whales. You might not picture wood warblers, a family of North American bird species characterized by their small size and colorful feathers, as predators; however, these beautiful birds are huge consumers of insects. The hundreds of millions of individual warblers collectively remove literally tons of insects from forest trees every summer. Most of these insects prey on plants. By reducing the number of insects in forests, warblers reduce the damage that insects inflict on forest plants. The results of a study that excluded birds from white oak seedlings showed that the trees were about fifteen percent smaller because of insect damage over two years, as compared to trees from which birds were not excluded.

* seedling 묘목

① new ways to protect endangered species

② smart ways to escape from forest predators

③ the role of wood warblers in forest preservation

④ the uniqueness of wood warblers' survival instinct

⑤ the rapid decrease in the number of predator species

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Corporations were once task-oriented groups, created in the nineteenth century through charters to perform specific  projects like canal or railroad building. The word “"corporate”" still suggests a group engaged in some collective project ─ beyond making money for shareholders ─ and well into the postwar period corporations continued to define themselves in terms of their products and overall contribution to society. But with the rise of “finance capitalism”in the 1980s, shareholders' profits came to beat all other considerations, even pride in the product. Harvard Business School's Rakesh Khurana, who has recorded the decline of professional management, traces how the idea of the corporation evolved through policy statements made by the Business Roundtable. In 1990, the Business Roundtable representing America's large corporations stated that “corporations are chartered to serve both their shareholders and society as a whole,”including such stakeholders as employees, customers, suppliers, and communities.

* charter 인가서, 설립하다

① conflict management in corporations

② the social responsibility of corporations

③ strong competition among corporations

④ the changing conception of the corporation

⑤ shareholders’growing influence on corporations

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In monkey colonies, where rigid dominance hierarchies exist, beneficial innovations do not spread quickly through the group unless they are taught first to a dominant animal. When a lower animal is taught the new concept first, the rest of the colony remains mostly oblivious to its value. One study on the introduction of new food tastes to Japanese monkeys provides a nice illustration. In one troop, a taste for caramels was developed by introducing this new food into the diet of young minors, low on the status ladder. The taste for caramels inched slowly up the ranks: A year and a half later, only 51 percent of the colony had acquired it, and still none of the leaders. Contrast this with what happened in a second troop where wheat was introduced first to the leader: Wheat eating ─ to this point unknown to these monkeys ─ spread through the whole colony within four hours.

* oblivious 알아차리지 못하는

① peer pressure in monkey colonies

② cooperation for survival in monkey colonies

③ monkeys’learned behavior through imitation

④ the difference between monkeys and humans in learning

⑤ monkeys’deference to authority in adapting themselves to new things

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The rationale for taking up great growth is that firms need to “run with the ball”if they ever get that rare opportunity to suddenly double or triple sales. But there are times when a slower, more controlled growth is sensible. Risks lie on both sides as businesses reach for these opportunities. When a market begins to boom and a firm is unable to keep up with demand without greatly increasing capacity and resources, it faces a dilemma: Stay conservative in fear that the opportunity will be shortened, but thereby give up some of the growing market to competitors; or expand vigorously to take full advantage of the opportunity, but risk being overextended and vulnerable should the potential suddenly fade. Regardless of the commitment to a vision of great growth, a firm must develop an organization and systems and controls to handle it.

① arguments for and against company extension

② the types of dilemmas in company extension

③ the growth and the manageability of companies

④ the need for company downsizing in competitive markets

⑤ the relationship between market demand and company growth

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

It is known that the sum of evaporation and transpiration of water through the leaves of plants will increase with temperature, so that in hot environments, rising temperatures will make rainwater less available for human use and crop production before it evaporates. Rising temperatures will also accelerate the melting of glaciers and snow in the high mountains. Hundreds of millions of people downstream of mountains depend on snowmelt and glacier melt for their water in the spring and summer, and climate change will greatly threaten these vast areas of Asia and the Americas. For some decades, the communities will be threatened by flooding caused by rapid glacier melting, but after that the risk will switch abruptly to water scarcity when the glaciers disappear altogether. Snowmelt will come earlier in the spring and not be available during the dry summer months when crops require water to grow.

* transpiration 증산

① ways to prevent global warming

② the effects of glaciers on the environment

③ factors influencing the Earth's greenhouse effect

④ the decline in crop production and its consequences

⑤ changes in water availability due to rising temperatures

8.  다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. As philosopher of science Karl Popper has emphasized, a good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence in it is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree, we have to abandon or modify the theory. �

* provisional 잠정적인, 일시적인

① a trend in modern physics

② ways to collect data in science

③ limitations of a physical theory

④ the disprovability of theoretical accounts

⑤ making observations using the scientific method

04강 요지 추론

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

It has been shown repeatedly that the link between amount of salary and happiness is not as strong as one would expect it to be (in fact, it is rather weak). Studies even find that countries with the “happiest”people are not among those with the highest personal income. Yet we keep pushing toward a higher salary. Much of that can be blamed on sheer envy. As H. L. Mencken, the twentieth-century journalist, social critic, and freethinker noted, a man's satisfaction with his salary depends on (are you ready for this?) whether he makes more than his wife's sister's husband. Why the wife's sister's husband? Because (and I have a feeling that Mencken's wife kept him fully informed of her sister's husband's salary) this is a comparison that is salient and readily available.

① 보수와 행복의 상관관계는 생각보다 높지 않다.

② 사람은 자신과 남의 보수를 비교하고 싶어 한다.

③ 보수가 많은 사람은 시기심 때문에 남들한테 비난을 받는다.

④ 사람은 주변의 아는 사람보다 더 많은 보수를 받고 싶어 한다.

⑤ 더 많은 보수를 받을수록 가족 내에서 더 많은 영향력을 행사 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

We are deeply ambivalent about children. Our attitudes to children are rooted more often in myth rather than in reality. At one moment we see children as innocents and guard them from every real or imagined danger; at the next moment we treat youngsters as monsters from whom society needs protection. Such attitudes serve both children and society badly. Only those with no recollection of the childhood cruelties of the playground or the sports changing room can entertain the illusion that children are unspoiled by the rougher ways of the world. The attempt to protect children from every source of harm or danger will create a generation of young people incapable of looking after themselves. Society needs to be actively concerned with fostering children's capacity to look out for themselves. �

* ambivalent 양면적인

① 아동에 대한 양면성이 부모와 자녀간의 갈등을 초래한다.

② 부모의 언행은 아동의 가치관 형성에 많은 영향을 미친다.

③ 어린 시절의 나쁜 경험은 성년이 되어도 부정적인 영향을 준다.

④ 아동을 안전하게 지키는 것이 건강한 사회 건설의 밑거름이 된다.

⑤ 아동이 세상의 어려움으로 스스로 보호 할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The more expert your client is in a given area, the more features (not benefits) that person needs information about to make a decision. Knowledgeable people are going to match your message to what they already have stored in their memory and mind. If you come across as not knowing the actual working details of whatever your idea or proposal is, you lose. If you have quality information, you engage the client and optimize your chances of making the sale. On the other hand, when your client is not an expert in a certain area, less information is generally more likely to be processed more quickly and favorably. In this case, because less is better, you want that message to be very different. You want to share benefits and not features with this client. When the client is not an expert, peripheral cues become crucial.

① 기업가는 틈새시장 개척을 위해 창의성을 갖추어야 한다.

② 해외에 진출 하고자 하는 기업은 문화차이를 고려해야 한다.

③ 판매자의 외모와 몸짓 언어는 고객의 호감에 큰 영향을 끼친다.

④ 제품에 대한 고객의 식견에 따라 제공되는 정보가 달라야 한다.

⑤ 선택의 기회가 많을수록 소비자는 제품의 구입을 주저하기 마련이다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

It cannot be too often repeated that it is not the so-called blessings of life, its sunshine and calm and pleasant experiences that make men great, but its rugged experiences, its storms, and trials. Early hardship, especially, is often a blessing in disguise. It is the rough Atlantic Ocean, the cold, dark, winter nights, the fierce “"northers,”" that make the British and the American sailors the toughest and most skillful in the world. The training in the school of hardship and sorrow produces the most able pupils, and the hill of difficulty is the best of all exercises for the strengthening of mental backbones. Great men can no more be made without trials than bricks can be made without fire.

* norther 북풍

① 시련은 인간을 강하게 해 준다.

② 누구나 정신적 고통을 겪는다.

③ 자연에서는 강자만이 살아남는다.

④ 생존 경쟁이 점점 더 치열해지고 있다.

⑤ 좋은 기회는 준비된 사람에게만 찾아온다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Because our society equates intelligence with school learning, children who have difficulty developing the academically prized capacities are at high risk for feeling “stupid.” Children with reading disabilities, for example, find it difficult to think of themselves as smart. They discount evidence of their intelligence, such as well-developed social skills, clever problem solving in building a soapbox car, or even above-average scores on IQ tests. The mother of one such child told me about an incident that happened when her son Matt was playing at a neighbor's home. The neighbor later commented, in a surprised voice, “Matt's really witty! I mean, I knew he was in the special reading group ...” Her voice trailed off as she realized what she was saying, and Matt's mother, like every parent whose child struggles with academic learning, had to contend with yet another person who felt that such children cannot be intelligent.

① 읽기 능력 향상은 학업 능력 향상의 바탕이 된다.

② 아이들의 능력 차이에 따른 수준별 지도가 필요하다.

③ 아이들의 지능과 학업 능력이 일치 하는 것은 아니다.

④ 부모의 신뢰가 자식의 지능에 긍정적 영향을 미친다.

⑤ 아이들의 학력에 대한 사회의 기대 수준이 지나치게 높다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In our daily lives, all of us, no matter how determinedly upbeat, rely on what psychologist Julie Norem calls “defensive pessimism”to get through the day. Not only airplane pilots need to envision the worst; so does the driver of a car. Should you assume, positively, that no one is going to cut in front of you or, more negatively, be prepared to brake? Most of us would choose a physician who is willing to investigate the most dire possibilities rather than one who is known to settle quickly on an optimistic diagnosis. In matters of the heart as well, a certain level of negativity and suspicion is universally recommended. You may try to project a thoroughly “positive”outlook in order to attract a potential boyfriend, but you are also advised to find out more about him.

* upbeat 낙관적인

① 어려운 처지에 빠진 사람을 외면하지 말아야 한다.

② 안이한 낙관보다 신중하게 살피는 태도가 필요하다.

③ 주어진 상황에 대해 긍정적인 태도로 대처해야 한다.

④ 미래에 대한 근심으로 현재의 기쁨을 놓치지 말아야 한다.

⑤ 계획을 세우는 것 보다 실천하는 데 더 많은 공을 들여야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

It is important to take a look at the personality that you've created. Perhaps one of the reasons you keep yourself from doing this is because you have been an imitator. It is not uncommon to get hung up on this. It may help to understand that nobody can create a self from scratch. Everyone has to do the same thing. Everybody chooses from what is available. Even though you may have built your personality through imitation, you are not a fraud. No one else has ever put together the exact same combination that you have. Do not forget there are only twelve notes in the musical scale, and yet many hundreds of thousands of unique and beautiful combinations are created. It is all a matter of how they are put together.

* fraud 사기꾼, 협잡꾼

① 타고난 성격에 맞는 일을 찾아서 하는 것이 중요하다.

② 모방을 통해 형성한 자신의 개성을 긍정적으로 생각하라.

③ 평범한 것도 새롭게 이해하려고 하는 태도를 길러야 한다.

④ 인격 도야를 위해 타인과 조화롭게 지내는 것이 필요하다.

⑤ 성찰을 통해 자아를 완성해 가는 노력을 부단히 기울여야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Global climatic stability and ecological resilience are global public goods that require cooperative global solutions, whereas fossil fuels are market goods that promote competition and resource struggles. The transition to sustainability demands new energy sources that are “non-rival,”such as energy from the sun and wind. For example, U.S. development of cheap and efficient solar power will not limit China's use of this resource; moreover, China would likely improve the technology, thus offering benefits to other users. Unfortunately, international trade institutions such as the World Trade Organization give priority to private, market goods and services at the expense of public goods. Countries that cannot afford renewable energy technologies will continue to burn coal, preventing the new technologies from helping to address climate change. Open access to information about renewable energy  technologies is needed to solve this problem.

* sustainability 지속 가능성, 환경 파괴 없이 지속될 수 있는 상태

① 환경 보존을 위해 화석 연료의 생산을 감축해야 한다.

② 선진국들은 후진국에 대한 경제 지원을 늘려야 한다.

③ 국제 사회의 공조를 통해 화석 연료 가격을 낮춰야 한다.

④ 친환경 기술을 개발하는 기업에 대한 지원을 확대해야 한다.

⑤ 공익을 위해 국가 간에 재생 에너지 기술이 공유되어야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In attempting to accomplish a group goal, meeting partners actually attempt to complete a particular “task.” More than a single task is usually sought in most meetings, but the tasks are still distinct. There is a tendency to mix these different tasks together, however, without recognizing that the individual or group with whom you're meeting may not understand what specific task is being undertaken at a particular time. Thus, the task may be to offer advice, but the group thinks the task is to make a decision. You may want the group to give factual information, but the group thinks the task is to provide subjective advice. Some tasks are inappropriate for some groups. Some tasks are incompatible with a particular meeting, although the participants will attempt them. In planning a meeting, make clear what task it is you're asking your meeting partners to perform.

* incompatible 양립할 수 없는, 조화를 이룰 수 없는

① 회의 장소와 참석 인원을 미리 확정하라.

② 일의 성격에 부합하는 사람에게 일을 맡겨라.

③ 회의에서 처리할 과제의 성격을 명확하게 하라.

④ 회의의 제한 시간을 정하고 참석자들에게 알려라.

⑤ 회의에서 결정이 내려지면 신속하게 행동으로 옮겨라.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

A few decades ago, people in wheelchairs, as well as many on crutches and with strollers, couldn't use pay telephones or revolving doors or buy articles of their choice in a supermarket, where many shelves were placed too high or too low to be reached with ease. Stairways needed to be replaced by ramps. In recent years, this picture has changed greatly. Pay telephones have been placed in lower positions, many ramps have been built to accommodate those in wheelchairs, and other important control areas such as light switches and elevator controls have also been lowered. But much else needs to be done. For example, most ramps were simply added to comply with laws governing the handicapped. Both the materials selected for these ramps and their angle of incline frequently lead to their icing up or becoming slippery during the winter. �

* ramp 연결용 경사로

① 파손된 공공 시설물 수리를 신속하게 해야 한다.

② 장애인에게 더 많은 취업 기회를 제공해야 한다.

③ 장애인을 위한 시설물이 더 많이 개선되어야 한다.

④ 공공 시설물에 대한 안전 검사를 더 자주 해야 한다.

⑤ 장애인을 위한 편의 시설 설치에 관한 법률을 제정해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Some researchers argue that food science is necessarily reductive because the entire food system is so complex that all they can do is break the system down into isolated parts and study them. The problem is that when nutrients are studied in isolation, we ignore the vastness of the system as a whole, making it extremely difficult to know what any given nutrient's effect really is within the system. For example, the combinations in which we consume foods and drinks can have tremendous influence on their benefit or harm. We can hardly absorb the iron in a steak if we drink a cup of coffee with it. That simple addition of a particular liquid into the steak meal yields a different nutritional result. In other words, if we want healthy meals, we have to understand the entire process of eating ─ with all of the factors that affect a healthy outcome.

* reductive 환원주의적인(한 현상을 구성요소의 기능의 합으로 여기는 )

① 식품의 안전성 확보를 위한 대책을 세워야 한다.

② 식품 생산과 유통의 감독체계를 일원화해야 한다.

③ 식품에 대한 구체적인 성분 표시를 의무화해야 한다.

④ 건강을 위해 음식 섭취의 전체적인 과정을 이해해야 한다.

⑤ 건강에 필요한 필수 영양 성분을 체계적으로 분류해야 한다.

12. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

It is true that the police have exercised a degree of discipline in handling antiracism demonstrators. In this sense they have conducted themselves rather “nonviolently”in public. But for what purpose? Over the past few years I have consistently preached that nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek. I have tried to make clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends. Perhaps the police have been rather nonviolent in public, but they have used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice. As T. S. Eliot has said: “The last temptation is the greatest treason: To do the right deed for the wrong reason.

* treason 배신, 배반

① 인종 문제는 비폭력적 시위와 타협으로 해결해야 한다.

② 도덕적 수단으로 비도덕적 목적을 정당화해서는 안 된다.

③ 무분별한 시위 엄단으로 시민의 불편을 최소화해야 한다.

④ 정당한 목적을 위해 비도덕적인 수단을 사용해서는 안 된다.

⑤ 정부는 평화적 시위를 통해 표출된 의견을 존중해야 한다.

05강 제목 추론

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Texting seems to meet a new communicative need in a society where increased pressures on time and short attention spans are increasingly the norm. The medium appeals to people who do not want to waste time engaging in the linguistic hand-shaking that is needed in traditional face-to-face or voice telephone conversations ─ what has sometimes been called ‘phatic communion’in linguistics. In those contexts it is normal polite behavior to exchange social messages on meeting someone (How are you?, Nice day ...), and in some languages the conversational rituals of greeting and farewell are quite elaborate. None of this is required in texting, where the messages are typically short and direct, and introduced with few or no opening remarks. In a face-to-face setting, they would seem abrupt or even ─ depending on the relationship between the participants ─ rude.

* phatic communion 사교적 언어 사용

① Text Generation Gap: R U 2 Old?

② Cultural Differences in Greeting

③ Is Texting Corrupting Language?

④ Make a Positive Impression When Greeting People

⑤ Characteristics of Texting: Shortness and Directness

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Memory is a very basic aspect of cognition, so we might expect it to operate in much the same manner among human beings everywhere. This is true: No matter where they live and in what culture, people all around the world have the same basic memory abilities. This does not mean, however, that memory is unaffected by culture. For example, in many industrialized societies, students learn as part of their education to remember lists of unrelated terms and practice entering abstract information such as mathematical and chemical equations into their memories. In traditional societies, in contrast, individuals have little if any practice with such tasks.

People in these societies, too, commit large amounts of information to memory; but most of it is directly linked to their daily lives. They only memorize the names of large numbers of plants and animals that are a part of everyday life.

① Common Myths about Memory

② Does Culture Influence Memory?

③ What Makes Man a Rational Being

④ How Does the Brain Store Knowledge?

⑤ Natural Ways to Improve Your Memory

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

To live with constant energy, it is important to get your emotional faults corrected. The late Knute Rockne, one of the greatest college football coaches ever, said that a football player cannot have sufficient energy unless his emotions are under spiritual control. In fact, he went so far as to say that he would not have a man on his team who did not have a genuinely friendly feeling for every fellow player. “I have to get the most energy out of a man,”he said, “and have discovered that it cannot be done if he hates another man. Hate blocks his energy and he isn't up to par until he eliminates it and develops a friendly feeling.” People who lack energy are disorganized by their deep, fundamental emotional and psychological conflicts, such as guilt and fear. Sometimes the results of this disorganization are extreme, but healing is ever possible.

① Keep in Tune with Your Colleagues

② Get Absolutely Absorbed in Something

③ Just Listen to Your Body's Natural Rhythms

④ Fill Your Mind with Creative and Healthy Thoughts

⑤ Optimize Your Energy Levels through Emotional Growth

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Not surprisingly, workers are more productive and effective when they receive guidance and support based on an accurate appraisal of their performance. In an ideal world, appraisal of workers’performances would be based solely on how well they do their jobs. However, subjective biases often affect workers’evaluations. For example, supervisors tend to focus on the worker rather than on the worker’ performance. Supervisors may form general impressions of liking or disliking workers and base their evaluations on these impressions rather than on the work performed. The tendency to rate workers according to general impressions can be reduced by instructing raters to focus on how well the worker carries out specific tasks. Learning theorists have suggested that the criteria for appraisal be totally objective ─ based on publicly observable behaviors and outlined to workers and supervisors before performance. Workers should be penalized for no such thing as “poor attitude.”

① Accurate Appraisal and Task Types

② Effects of Personal Biases on Task Selection

③ Developing Objective Evaluation Procedures

④ Unbiased Appraisal of Workers’Performance

⑤ Supervisors’Styles and Types of Evaluations

5.  다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Given the growing human population, it is difficult to imagine a complete stop to habitat destruction. However, biologist Norman Myers and his collaborators have concluded that twenty-five biodiversity “"hotspots,” making up less than two percent of Earth's surface, contain up to fifty percent of all mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, and plant species. Hotspots occur in areas of the globe where favorable climate conditions lead to high levels of plant production, such as rain forests, and where geological factors have resulted in the isolation of species groups, allowing them to diversify. Stopping habitat destruction in these hotspots could greatly reduce the global extinction rate. Of course, preserving these biodiversity hotspots is not easy, but by focusing conservation efforts on hotspot areas at the greatest risk, humans can very quickly prevent the loss of a large number of species.

① It's Too Dangerous to Stay in Hotspot Areas!

② How to Classify Species in Biodiversity Hotspots

③ Climate Change Brought about by Habitat Destruction

④ Biodiversity Hotspots: Key Areas for Species Conservation

⑤ Relationships between Human Population and Habitat Destruction

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Newspapers love to print stories about five-year-old musical prodigies giving solo recitals, but you rarely read about one going on to become a Mozart. The point here is that whatever his initial gift, Mozart was also an artist who learned to work on his work, and thereby improved. In that respect he shares common ground with the rest of us. Artists get better by sharpening their skills or by acquiring new ones; they get better by learning to work, and by learning from their work. They commit themselves to the work of their heart, and act upon that commitment. So when you ask, “Then why doesn't it come easily for me?” the answer is probably, “Because making art is hard!” What you end up caring about is what you do, not whether the doing came hard or easy.

* prodigy 영재

① What Really Matters in Making Art

② Mozart: The Greatest Musical Genius

③ Moderate Giftedness: Blessing or Curse?

④ Identifying Artistically Talented Children

⑤ Art Making: Fun and Rewarding Experience

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Undeniably, cancer comes with age. Eighty percent of all cancers happen after age sixty-five, and by the end of life about one-third of us will be stricken by cancer. But cancer is not due to aging itself. It strikes later in life because a long life span provides cancer a longer incubation period in which to develop. Cancer is not an overnight phenomenon like an infection; it is a long, slow process that happens over twenty, thirty, or forty years, as cells are bombarded by free radicals, causing initial mutations in genetic DNA, followed by years of tiny encouragements to grow into a tumor and then to spread to other tissues in the body. A cancer discovered today is the result of free radical catastrophes that began occurring several decades ago and are still piling up.

* free radical 활성 산소

① Free of Cancer? Go Slow!

② Growing Old Without Cancer

③ Cancer: A Long Time Comer

④ Cancer: A By-product of Stress

⑤ Rest: The Best Policy for Cancer

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Consider an eight-year-old girl who is given a hammer and nail to hang a picture on the wall. She has never used a hammer, but from observing others do this she realizes that a hammer is an object to be held, that it is swung by the handle to hit the nail, and that it is usually swung a number of times. Recognizing each of these things, she fits her behavior into this schema she already has (assimilation). But the hammer is heavy, so she holds it near the top. She swings too hard and the nail bends, so she adjusts the pressure of her strikes. These adjustments reflect her ability to slightly alter her conception of the world (accommodation). Just as both assimilation and accommodation are required in this example, so are they required in many of the child's thinking challenges. �

* schema 배경지식

① Educating Children Using Tools

② Ways to Develop Children's Independence

③ Environmental Effects on Children's Cognition

④ How Children Use and Adjust Their Knowledge

⑤ Differences between Assimilation and Accommodation

06강 빈칸 채우기

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

“I am what I am and that's all what I am,”the cartoon character Popeye used to say. In the information age, __________─ whether it concerns your intentions, the information you provide, or even your admiration ─ has become a valuable and much-sought-after attribute. People respond with trust when they know you're dealing straight with them. At a conference, when I run into someone Ive been dying to meet, I don't hide my enthusiasm. "It's a pleasure to finally meet you. I've admired your work from afar for quite some time and been thinking how beneficial it might be if we could meet one another." Always keep in mind that you should be transparent when you're looking to establish a deeper, more meaningful connection.

* from afar 멀리서

① humility	② openness

③ fairness	④ carefulness

⑤ patience

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The spirit of modern science was born with the Renaissance. What made the scientific method new in the Renaissance was its emphasis on __________ as a route to knowledge. How do you know something is true? There are two possible roads to the truth: You can sit in your armchair and reason about what you think must be true, or you can go out and see what happens in the world. For example, you might reason that planetary orbits must be circles because a circle is a perfect shape, and it would make sense for the universe to be organized in terms of perfect shapes. Or you might get a telescope and see the planets and try to determine what orbital shape is consistent with what you see. Before the Renaissance, contemplation and logic were often considered the best route to knowledge.

① nature	② analysis

③ unification	④ observation

⑤ reasoning

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Some biologists have explained how evolution can lead to greater and greater degrees of __________. Repeatedly in the history of life, replicators have teamed up, specialized to divide the labor, and coordinated their behavior. It happens because replicators often find themselves in nonzero-sum games, in which particular strategies adopted by two players can leave them both better off, as opposed to a zero-sum game, where one player's profit is another player's loss. An exact analogy is found in the play by William Butler Yeats in which a blind man carries a lame man on his shoulders, allowing both of them to get around. During the evolution of life this dynamic has led replicating molecules to team up in chromosomes, cell organs to team up in cells, cells to form into complex organisms, and organisms to hang out in societies.

* replicator 복제인자

① fertility	② accuracy

③ resistance	④ enthusiasm

⑤ cooperation

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The best way to evaluate people is to watch them work. This isn't practical in the selection process, so the next best method is to use __________. This is an exercise that demonstrates how well an applicant can perform key job responsibilities and is useful in evaluating applicants with little previous experience in the area. For example, if you are seeking servers who can use suggestive selling techniques effectively, you might give them an assignment to role-play upselling products on your menu. You would provide the applicant with a role description, information about menu items to upsell, and a partner to role-play the situation. If you were interviewing bell staff attendants and you wanted to hire individuals who have knowledge of the city, you might ask applicants several questions about area restaurants and for directions to area attractions to test their ability to answer guest questions in a knowledgeable manner.

* suggestive selling 권유판매

① intuition	② knowledge

③ competition	④ simulation

⑤ collaboration

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

An English teacher once introduced me to her way of _______________ in her classroom. Each student has his or her daily folder. Inside each folder, she will write instructions to each student about what is expected of him or her during the work that will generally be assigned to the class that week. One student may be told to only do five of the twenty spelling words that week. Another may be told to find a story to read on the same topic that the rest of the class is doing. She explains that each of us has differences. Some of us play basketball better than others. Some of us run faster than others. So, it is not fair to expect everyone in the classroom to accomplish the same things.

① stimulating creativity	② encouraging self-study

③ promoting cooperation	④ communicating knowledge

⑤ accommodating differences

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Much of socialization takes place during human interaction, without the deliberate intent to impart knowledge or values. For example, a four-year-old approaches two teachers conversing and excitedly says, “Miss Jones, Miss Jones, look!” One teacher says, “Sally, don't interrupt; we're talking.” Later that morning Sally and her friend Tanya are busily playing with Legos. Sally is explaining and demonstrating to Tanya how to fit the pieces together. Miss Jones comes over to the block corner and interrupts with, “Girls, please stop what you're doing and come see what Rene has brought to school.” It is very likely that the message Sally received from the morning's interactions was that it is not OK for children to interrupt adults, but it is OK for adults to interrupt children. The example shows that _______________ may be the product of involvement in human interaction or observation of interaction.

① antisocial behavior	② social consensus

③ accumulated knowledge	④ increased responsibility

⑤ unintentional socialization

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a classic series of experiments, rats were given various types of food and then exposed to radiation several hours later that made them sick. The rats learned to avoid the foods that were followed by illness on the basis of a single trial. By contrast, when they were exposed to avoidable light and sound signals followed by radiation-induced sickness, the rats did not learn to avoid these signals even on repeated trials, although they did learn very quickly to avoid such signals when they were paired with electric shocks. The results suggest that the rats behaved as though they assumed that if they became sick this must have been caused by ____________________, but that exposure to noises and lights were not the sorts of thing that could cause sickness.

① something they ate

② a pair of electric shocks

③ unavoidable exposure to radiation

④ repeating a series of trials and errors

⑤ exposing themselves to sound signals

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When you see an apple, how do you know it has seeds inside? You've never seen this apple before, but you know about the seeds because you generalize from other apples to this apple; in other words, you put this object in the category apple. You can identify the class or category to which an object belongs, even if you've never seen that particular example of the object before. A category is a group of objects that have something in common (e.g., dog is a category) and an exemplar is an instance of a category (a particular dog is an exemplar of the category dog). Your experience allows you to generalize, that is, to apply information gathered from one exemplar to a different exemplar of the same category. In other words, things you know from your experience with dogs (it eats, it breathes, it could bite you but probably won't, it smells when wet) _________________________.

① are merely subjective

② can be applied to any dog

③ cannot be exact exemplars

④ are different from time to time

⑤ give you a prejudice against dogs

9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

For any given topic in science, it should be possible to improve experimental procedures, develop better statistical tests, explain exceptions, etc. Falling in love with a theory and developing that contented glow of companionship is a guaranteed way to overlook opportunities to improve the field. To put it another way, the scientist needs to develop _____________________________________. If different individuals seem to debate without resolution, perhaps it is because they are using terms differently or perhaps it is because certain phenomena act differently in different systems. In either case, an opportunity exists for clarification. There are always odd phenomena that don't fit in, and they offer opportunities for discovery. For example, certain lizards can reproduce without males. How did this evolve? What about mutations in such a system? Maybe the opportunities exist at the experimental level. �

* contented 만족해 하는

① an open-minded attitude toward criticism

② a solid understanding of basic principles

③ software for data analysis to test his hypotheses

④ an eye for imperfections which can be improved

⑤ ways to apply his professional knowledge to basic problems

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

My direct experience of African nkisi nkondi fetish statues from Loango, in the Kongo region, which are bristling with nails, is that they look quite fierce ─ like a horror-movie monster. This first perception is modified when I learn‘external facts’ that the nails were driven in over time by people to register agreements or seal dispute resolutions. The participants were asking for support for their agreement (with an expectation of punishment if it is violated). Such fetish sculptures were considered so powerful that they were sometimes kept outside of the village. Although I may directly perceive that the sculptures embody frightening power, I do not  _________________________ without understanding additional facts about why and how they were made. Original users would find it very odd for a small group of them to be exhibited together in the African Art section of a museum. �

* fetish 주물, 숭배의 대상

① recognize their economic value

② understand their social meaning

③ think of art as a means to possess

④ distinguish between art and religion

⑤ break down barriers among cultures

11. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When making decisions, people almost always assume that more information is better. Modern corporations are especially dependent on this idea and spend a fortune trying to create “analytic workspaces” that  “maximize the informational potential of their decision-makers.” These conventional practices are based on the assumptions that executives perform better when they have access to more facts and figures and that bad decisions are a result of ______(A)______. But it's important to know the limitations of this approach, which are rooted in the limitations of the brain.

The prefrontal cortex can handle only so much information at any one time, so when a person gives it too many facts and then asks it to make a decision based on the facts that seem important, that person is asking for ______(B)______.

* prefrontal cortex  (뇌의) 전두엽 압에 있는 피질

(A)                 (B)

① competition	……	cooperation

② competition	……	change

③ poverty	……	feedback

④ ignorance	……	trouble

⑤ ignorance	……	approval

12. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the best examples of the trend toward worldwide _____(A)_____ comes from black-and-white photographer John Spence Weir, who has been visually documenting the modern history of Mexico for the past fifty years. According to him, the story of Mexico is really the story of the slow removal of color. At one time all the houses were purple, pink, yellow and orange. The clothes and baskets, markets and people, were colorful, too. But today, no one wants a purple house with yellow shutters. They all want beige. Everything is beige ─ beige clothes, beige stores, beige garden walls. The wealthy people wanted their homes to look just like the houses in the United States. So they started painting them beige. He said, “If I have a regret it's that I should have been photographing Mexico in _____(B)_____. I missed the entire story.”

(A)                                (B)

① competition	……	color

② competition	……	person

③ recession	……	focus

④ uniformity	……	color

⑤ uniformity	……	focus

07강 문단 요약

1. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In an experiment, researchers presented eight college students with thirteen sets of three anagrams. In eight of the thirteen trials, participants solved their anagrams working alone in separated private spaces. In the other five trials, they were instructed to stand up, walk to the front of the room, and try to solve the anagrams on a large blackboard in plain view of the other participants. In these public trials, performing well on the anagrams was more important, since the participants would reap some social rewards in the form of the admiration of their peers or be humiliated if they failed in front of everyone. Would they solve more anagrams in public, when their performance mattered more or in private, when there was no social motivation to do well? As you've probably guessed, the participants solved about twice as many anagrams in private as in public.

* anagram 철저 바꾸기 놀이

The anagram experiment suggests that when the participants have to demonstrate their _____(A)_____ in front of other people, they tend to perform _____(B)_____.

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	leadership	…	more accurately	②	leadership	…	less successfully
③	competence	…	less successfully	④	competence	…	more accurately
⑤	compassion	…	with confidence			…

2. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

One study found that people who had just watched a video of television bloopers were better at solving a puzzle long used by psychologists to test creative thinking. In the test people are given a candle, matches, and a box of tacks and asked to attach the candle to a corkboard wall so it will burn without dripping wax on the floor. Most people given this problem fall into “functional fixedness,”thinking about using the objects in the most conventional ways. But those who had just watched the funny film, compared to others who had watched a film on math or who exercised, were more likely to see an alternative use for the box holding the tacks, and so come up with the creative solution: tack the box to the wall and use it as a candleholder. �                                 * blooper 바보스러운 실수

A good laugh provides _____(A)_____ benefits when it comes to solving a problem that _____(B)_____ a creative solution

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	emotional	…	inspires	②	emotional	…	yields
③	intellectual	…	demands	④	intellectual	…	denies
⑤	physical	…	presuppose			…

3. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sensory adaptation is extremely useful. It allows us to “get used to”the train whistle during the night and learn to sleep through it. It allows the people who live near a paper mill to get used to the odor that makes visitors to their town wrinkle their noses. This kind of habituation allows us to notice what is different in case we need to react to some change ─ and then to ignore it so that we can turn our attention elsewhere. But it has a drawback. We can miss any change that occurs slowly because we are habituating to it without even realizing it. This means that the same sensory habituation that enables us to sleep through the train whistles can cause us to miss noticing smoke if it has been seeping very slowly into the room, which can cause serious damage.           * seep (물기 연기 등이) 스며 나오다, 새다

Sensory adaptation enables us to get used to familiar things so that we can use our _____(A)_____ effectively, but it may also hinder us from _____(B)_____ slow changes

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	habit	…	noticing	②	habit	…	accepting
③	attention	…	creating	④	attention	…	noticing
⑤	senses	…	creating			…

4. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed a system of classifying animals based on their exterior similarities, but his results were not very useful. Using his system, we would place airline pilots, gliding squirrels, flying fish, owls, and grasshoppers into the same group as birds because each can fly! Such an arrangement is an artificial system of classification. By contrast, the natural system of classification for living organisms that biologists use today relies on the evolutionary history and developmental characteristics of organisms. We place all insects together regardless of their flying ability just as we place all books by Melville together, all compositions of Bach's sons together, and all sea stars together because each group has a common underlying natural origin. The groups are arranged systematically─ that is, in some order that makes structural and evolutionary sense.

Contrary to Aristotle's classification in which animals were grouped in terms of superficial _____(A)_____, the natural system of classification appeals to the basis of the _____(B)_____ species.

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	change	…	biochemical	②	change	…	evolutionary
③	resemblance	…	evolutionary	④	resemblance	…	conceptual
⑤	benefits	…	biochemical			…

5. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The classic demonstration of the impact of experience on brain growth was by Nobel Prize-winners Thorsten Wiesel and David Hubel, both neuroscientists. They showed that in cats and monkeys, there was a critical period during the first few months of life for the development of the synapses that carry signals from the eye to the visual cortex, where those signals are interpreted. If one eye was kept closed during that period, the number of synapses from that eye to the visual cortex dwindled away, while those from the open eye multiplied. If after the critical period ended the closed eye was reopened, the animal was functionally blind in that eye. Although nothing was wrong with the eye itself, there were too few circuits to the visual cortex for signals from that eye to be interpreted.

* synapse (신경세포) 접합부

Two neuroscientists’experiment demonstrated that the ____(A)_____ of visual experience during a critical period of development leads to blindness from the _____(B)_____ point of view.

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	quality	…	physical	②	orientation	…	physical
③	lack	…	functional	④	intensity	…	functional
⑤	quantity	…	mental			…

6. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many European nations take an approach to social protection that differs from the social insurance in the United States, which distributes benefits on the basis of contributions made into an insurance system during periods of employment. In Sweden, for example, the government offers benefits on the basis of citizenship rather than on the basis of contribution. Qualification for benefits does not rely on past work history, contributions, or income levels. Universal health care makes medical services available to all citizens. Some argue that programs based on citizenship rights promote even more popular support than social insurance. Despite their general popularity, social insurance programs tend to divide mainstream workers from those who do not qualify. A gap emerges between the “haves”and “have-nots.” In contrast, universal systems gain support from all segments of the stratification system and unite rather than divide citizens. �        * stratification 사회 성층(계층)

Unlike the social insurance in the United States where the distribution of benefits is based on _____(A)_____, the social protection in Europe emphasizes the importance of _____(B)_____.

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	citizenship	…	efficiency	②	citizenship	…	equality
③	contribution	…	efficiency	④	contribution	…	equality
⑤	need	…	fairness			…

7. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humor can wipe out perceptions of media violence. When humor is present, most viewers regard the violence as absent, even if all other factors are present. This allows viewers to experience some of the highest rates of graphically violent acts while feeling that they are watching no violence. For example, viewers did not rate cartoons as particularly violent although in fact the cartoons did present very high rates of shootings and bombings. They probably think that there is no harm because the cartoon characters are not really hurt, and there is no violence when there is no harm. There may be no harm to characters, but there is more serious harm to viewers than when humor is absent. When violence is linked to humor, people tend to trivialize violence. This is particularly troubling because the more trivial forms of violence are more likely to be imitated.

Media violence portrayed in a humorous way is particularly _____(A)_____  because people are more likely to consider it _____(B)_____.

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	harmful	…	acceptable	②	harmful	…	insulting
③	attractive	…	innocent	④	attractive	…	imaginative
⑤	beneficial	…	unrealistic			…

8. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the history of China, the economy first truly flourished in the unstable Zhou dynasty of the first millennium BC. Later, after the Han empire fell apart in AD 220, the Three Kingdoms period saw a rapid advance of culture and technology. When the Tang empire came to an end in 907, and the ‘Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms’fought each other continually, China experienced its most spectacular burst of invention and wealth yet, which the Song dynasty inherited. Even the rebirth of China in the late twentieth century owes much to the breakup of government and to an explosion of local autonomy. The burst of economic activity in China after 1978 was driven by ‘township and village enterprises’ agencies of the government given local freedom to start companies. One of the conflicting features of modern China is the weakness of a central, would-be authoritarian government.

China _____(A)_____ in many respects, including economy, culture and science, when it was _____(B)_____.

	(A)		(B)		(A)		(B)
①	prospered	…	rebuilt	②	prospered	…	fragmented
③	recovered	…	defeated	④	recovered	…	rebuilt
⑤	collapsed	…	fragmented			…

08강 연결어(구) 넣기

1. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Flexible programs give employees some control over their work hours. They include a variety of arrangements, depending on the business. Some programs allow people to set their starting and quitting times each day. _____(A)_____, a clerk with children might work from seven to three so she can be home when school is out. Other flexible programs offer compressed workweek options that allow a person to work ten hours a day for four days instead of eight hours a day for five. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, forty-six percent of firms have flexible starting times and twenty-three percent permit compressed workweeks. Managers sometimes complain about flexible work schedules because they are complicated to manage. _____(B)_____, productivity and job satisfaction of federal workers shot up after the government implemented flexible work schedules in 1985.

	(A)		(B)
①	However	…	Nonetheless
②	However	…	Furthermore
③	For example	…	Therefore
④	For example	…	Nonetheless
⑤	Similarly	…	Therefore

2.  다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

People with high self-esteem have confidence in their skills and competence and enjoy facing the challenges that life offers them. They willingly work in teams because they are sure of themselves and enjoy taking the opportunity to contribute. _____(A)_____, those who have low self-esteem tend to feel awkward, shy, and unable to express themselves. Often they compound their problems by opting for avoidance strategies because they hold the belief that whatever they do will result in failure. Conversely, they may compensate for their lack of self-esteem by exhibiting boastful and arrogant behavior to cover up their sense of unworthiness. _____(B)_____, such individuals account for their successes by finding reasons that are outside of themselves, while those with high self-esteem attribute their success to internal characteristics.

	(A)		(B)
①	However	…	In comparison
②	However	…	Furthermore
③	Likewise	…	In comparison
④	Likewise	…	Furthermore
⑤	Likewise	…	For example

3. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Economic distance relates to the time and cost involved in traveling from the origin to the destination area and back. The higher the economic distance, the higher the resistance for that destination and, consequently, the lower the demand. _____(A)_____, it follows that between any origin and destination point, if the travel time or travel cost can be reduced, demand will increase.

This may be best illustrated by two turning points in the history of commercial airline service. The introduction of the jet plane in 1959 first cut travel time between California and Hawaii from twelve hours to five hours, and demand grew dramatically. _____(B)_____, the introduction of the wide-bodied plane for transatlantic flights in the late 1960s brought a surge in demand for seats. The introduction of these planes cut the travel cost by almost fifty percent between the U.S. and most countries on the European continent.

	(A)		(B)
①	Additionally	…	In a word
②	Additionally	…	On the contrary
③	Conversely	…	Likewise
④	Conversely	…	In a word
⑤	Nevertheless	…	Likewise

4. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In offering help to their partners, women are inclined to express sympathy and share examples of their own similar experiences in an effort to convey the message, "I understand you; you're not alone." _____(A)_____, men are more likely to help by problem-solving or offering suggestions. Both are caring responses! But often neither effort goes over very well. Women are apt to hear men's problem-solving efforts as unsympathetic. What women want is a sympathetic ear; what they hear is an impatient, "Why don't you just fix it this way?" ─ often with the shaming message that they are incompetent. _____(B)_____, men are truly puzzled by their partners’lack of appreciation for their problem-solving efforts. Moreover, the rejection of their well-meaning offer of help is hurtful and, in many cases, shaming.

	(A)		(B)
①	For example	…	In turn
②	For example	…	Above all
③	In contrast	…	By all means
④	In contrast	…	In turn
⑤	In other words	…	By all means

5. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In all societies, relatives are referred to by special terms. In every system of kinship terminology, some relatives are classed together (referred to by the same kinship term). _____(A)_____, in the kinship language of English, the individual uses the term “aunt” to refer to both the mother's and the father's sisters. The women who marry the brothers of either the father or the mother are also called aunts. The English language puts these women together in the same category because their relationship to the individual in terms of intimacy and authority is generally similar. In other cultures, _____(B)_____, where the father's sister and the mother's sister have different rights, obligations, and relationships to the individual, these female relatives are differentiated from each other (called by different terms). Thus, the ways in which relatives are classified differ from culture to culture.      * terminology 용어

	(A)		(B)
①	For example	…	moreover
②	For example	…	however
③	In other words	…	therefore
④	In other words	…	moreover
⑤	In the same way	…	however

6.  다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

As most parents will tell you, children sometimes prompt how others treat them. The way you socialize children is often influenced by their reaction to you. For example, I needed only to look sternly at my son or speak in an assertive tone, and he would comply with what was asked of him. _____(A)_____, my daughter would need to experience consequences ─ being sent to her room, withdrawal of privileges, having to do extra chores ─ before she would comply with family rules. Even in college, she had to get numerous parking tickets before she realized paying for them was more painful than getting up earlier to find even a distant parking space from her class and walking. _____(B)_____, not only do children actively contribute to interactions, but in so doing, they affect their own developmental outcomes, transforming themselves in the process and influencing how others respond.

* comply 따르다, 응하다.

	(A)		(B)
①	Moreover	…	Thus
②	Moreover	…	In contrast
③	However	…	Thus
④	However	…	Nonetheless
⑤	In fact	…	In contrast

7. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Music affects our emotions indirectly, by changing our mood. Little scientific research has been done to find exactly which kinds of music tend to put people in which moods. _____(A)_____, most people today know the irritating effects of being exposed to loud, repetitive music from a fellow-passenger's MP3 player. Hearing such music does not usually send you into a fit of rage immediately. Rather, it gradually puts you in a bad mood, which then makes you more easily angered. _____(B)_____, supermarkets do not use soft music to make us happy directly; that would rather defeat their objective, since the supermarket bosses do not want you to feel fulfilled by the music itself. Rather, they hope that the music will put you in a relaxed mood, which will in turn make you more sensitive to happy thoughts, such as the pleasure of consuming an expensive chocolate cake.

	(A)		(B)
①	For example	…	Similarly
②	For example	…	In fact
③	Nonetheless	…	Instead
④	Nonetheless	…	Similarly
⑤	Besides	…	In fact

8. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

An illusion that has puzzled man for hundreds of years is the moon illusion ─ the fact that the moon looks larger near the horizon than when it is overhead. _____(A)_____, of course, the moon does not change size, and the image cast on the retina is the same whether the moon is overhead or at the horizon. What, then, is the cause for such a difference? One theory holds that when the moon is seen in context ─ that is, in relation to its background ─ objects in the background provide distance cues. Since we think of the moon as being farther away than the trees and buildings seen with it on the horizon, we perceive it as larger. _____(A)_____, if the retinal image of an object remains constant, an increase in apparent distance will produce a corresponding increase in perceived size. �

* retina 망막

	(A)		(B)
①	In addition	…	For example
②	In addition	…	As a result
③	In actuality	…	As a result
④	In actuality	…	In other words
⑤	Similarly	…	In other words

09강 세부 내용 파악

1. Anthony Burns이 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

Anthony Burns was born a slave in Virginia, and early on disregarded law by learning to read and write. Converted to the Baptist faith while a young man, he began to preach. When his owner hired him out, he gained enough autonomy to plan his escape. In February 1854, at the age of nineteen, he hid himself on a ship bound from Richmond to Boston, where he found work. Ironically his ability to write led to his capture. A letter home was intercepted; it revealed where he was, and his master demanded that the Boston court return him to slavery in accord with the Fugitive Slave Law. Despite the desperate mobilization of the abolitionists to save him, government forces succeeded in shipping Burns back to Virginia in June 1854.

* abolitionist 노예 폐지론자

① 태어나면서부터 침례교 신자였다.

② 열아홉 살에 Richmond로 가는 배를 탔다.

③ 글을 쓸 수 있어서 도피 생활을 할 수 있었다.

④ 주인이 노예 신분으로 되돌려 달라고 법원에 요구했다.

⑤ 노예 폐지론자 덕분에 Virginia로의 송환을 피할 수 있었다.

2. The Complete Herbal 에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

The Complete Herbal written by Nicholas Culpeper first appeared in 1652. Culpeper's aim was to supply the information that would allow ordinary people to identify medicinal plants they could find growing in fields and bushes near their homes and use them to make home remedies that would heal them. Sometimes he described precisely where a particular herb could be found. The book sold for three pence, which made it available to the poor.

Also, Culpeper wrote in simple, straightforward English that ordinary people could understand. The Complete Herbal was an immediate success. For more than 250 years it was the principal guide to traditional cures that ordinary people used, and it is still in print. Nicholas Culpeper is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern herbalism.

* herbalism 약초 연구

① 전문 의료인을 위한 참고 자료로 저술 되었다.

② 비싼 가격 때문에 가난한 사람들이 구하기 어려웠다.

③ 일반인들이 이해하기 어려운 용어가 많이 사용 되었다.

④ 발행 초기에는 많은 관심을 받지 못했다.

⑤ 전통적 치료법의 주요 안내서로 현재도 출판 되고 있다.

3. Rosalind Elsie Franklin에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born in London, England. She excelled at science and received a doctorate in physical chemistry from Cambridge University in 1945. She spent three years in France, where she learned to use x-rays to study tiny structures such as crystals. At King's College, London, Franklin used this technique to discover crucial keys to DNA's structure. DNA stores all the information needed to create an organism, or living individual. Without Franklin's knowledge, a colleague, Maurice Wilkins, presented her findings to James Watson and Francis Crick, rival scientists at Cambridge University. They used her data to build a description of DNA's structure. In 1962, four years after Franklin's death at 37 from cancer, Waston, Crick, and Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Many scientists believed that Franklin should have been honored with them. �

* physiology 생리학

① 1945년에 생물학 박사 학위를 받았다.

② DNA 구조의 결정적 단서를 발견하기 위해 엑스레이를 이용했다.

③ Cambridge 대학교 과학자들에 연구 결과를 제공하는 데 동의 했다.

④ 사십대 초반에 암으로 사망했다.

⑤ 1962년에 노벨상을 공동으로 수상 했다.

4. Canella 족의 부락에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

The Canella always settle near some watercourses and galleria forests; because of their passion for daily dancing they choose for a site some hard dirt ground. A typical village is about nine hundred feet in diameter, with the houses arranged along the circular boundary. A ring-like boulevard, uniformly over twenty feet in width, runs along the inner side of the house circle, widening at two spots into a dance ground. Since the residents are forever dancing and racing there, not a blade of grass is to be seen growing on the boulevard. In the center of the village is a circular plaza about one hundred and fifty feet in diameter, with which each house is connected by a path kept clear for festive occasions, while between these paths the grass grows undisturbed. The total aspect of the settlement thus suggests a giant wheel with its spokes.

* galleria forest 변종 열대림

① 수로에서 멀리 떨어진 곳에서 형성된다.

② 가옥의 배열이 타원형을 이루고 있다.

③ 가옥을 따라 일정하지 않은 넓이의 큰길이 나 있다.

④ 중앙에 지른 150여 피트의 원형 광장이 있다.

⑤ 풀이 자란 곳을 발견하기가 어렵다.

5. 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

Around 2000 B.C., the Indo-European tribe known as the Hittites settled in Asia Minor. Around 1630 B.C., Hattusilis I united the multiple communities of the region under his rule. Through the capital city of Hattusa, the Hittites expanded their empire throughout Asia Minor. In their attempt to gain control over Syria, the Hittites clashed with the Egyptians. Following the Battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. between the Hittites and the Egyptians, a peace treaty divided Syria. Afterwards, the Hittite empire began to show signs of decline. Power struggles within the royal court, poor harvests and hunger compounded the empire's problems. Attacks by “Sea-people”led to a rapid collapse of the empire, which occurred practically overnight. The capital was destroyed around 1200 B.C. while smaller Hittite countries continued to exist in southeast Anatolia and northern Syria. These, however, were later conquered by the Assyrians during the 7th century B.C.

① Hittite 인들은 인도-유럽어족으로 기원전 2000년경에 소아시아를 떠났다.

② Hattusilis I세는 기원전 13세기에 수도 Hattusa를 통해 제국을 확장했다.

③ Hittite 인들은 기원전 1285년에 시리아를 얻기 위해 이집트와 전쟁을 벌였다.

④ Hittite 인들은 기원전 1200년경에 Sea-People의 침략으로부터 수도를 지켜냈다.

⑤ Hittite 인들은 기원전 7세기에 소규모 나라들을 모아 제국을 재건했다.

6. 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

Anyone who has seen Akira Kurosawa's 1961 samurai classic Yojimbo knows that Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars (shortened as Fistful) is an almost scene-for-scene remake. But Leone seemed unaware of the legal implications of his copycatting. He never publicly acknowledged his creative debt to Kurosawa and refrained from offering the Japanese master any royalties. In fact, during production of Fistful, Leone's production company told everyone concerned to “refrain under any circumstances from mentioning the word Yojimbo.” When Kurosawa learned what was going on, he sent Leone a letter praising the Italian's film and asking for his cut of the pie. "Fistful is a very fine film, but it is my film. You must pay me,”Kurosawa wrote. Leone, who was thrilled that a filmmaker of Kurosawa's stature would threaten to sue him, eventually agreed to give him fifteen percent of Fistful's worldwide box-office receipts.

* copycat 모방하다, 흉내 내다.

① Yojimbo는 Fistful을 다시 만든 영화이다.

② Leone는 Kurosawa의 작품을 모방한다는 사실을 미리 공표했다.

③ Leone가 먼저 Kurosawa에게 저적권 사용료에 대해 문의 했다.

④ Kurosawa는 Leone가 만든 영화에 대해 혹평했다.

⑤ Kurosawa는 Fistful 흥행 수입 일부를 받기로 했다.

7. Sally Kristen Ride에 고나한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하지 않는 것은?

Sally Kristen Ride was born in Encino, California, on May 26, 1951. Although she was a great tennis player, she gave up hopes of playing professionally and studied physics at Stanford University. In 1977 she was selected by NASA to become an astronaut. Ride achieved fame when she flew around the Earth on the seventh space shuttle mission on June 18, 1983.

At the age of 32 she was also the youngest U.S. astronaut. During the six-day mission the crew put satellites in space and conducted research. Ride also flew on the 13th mission in 1984 and later served on the commission that investigated the 1986 Challenger disaster, when the shuttle exploded after takeoff. After retiring, Ride spent much of her time encouraging young women to study science and math and to become scientists and engineers.

① 프로 테니스 선수가 되는 것을 포기했다.

② 일곱 번째 우주 왕복선 임무 수행 후 큰 명성을 얻었다.

③ 삼십대 초반에 미국의 최연소 우주 비행사가 되었다.

④ 이륙 후 폭발한 우주 왕복선 참사의 책임을 추궁 받았다.

⑤ 은퇴 후 젊은 여성들에게 과학과 수학을 공부하라고 격려 했다.

8. Lance Mackey에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

I am excited today to congratulate Alaskan dog musher Lance Mackey and his team of dogs that carried him across the Iditarod finish line for a first-place finish in Nome, Alaska on March 16, 2010. The Iditarod is known as the toughest race on Earth. The trail spans across a significant portion of Alaska, and is roughly 1,100 miles long. The race begins in Willow, AK, and mushers cross the finish line in Nome. Mackey and his team rode into Nome just 51 seconds short of 9 days on the trail ─ this is the second fastest time in the 38-year history of the race. He crossed the finish line with 11 of the 16 dogs he started the race with ─ tired but still strong after the 1,000-mile journey. This victory landed Mackey his fourth win in a row─ a title no Iditarod musher has claimed before.

* musher 개썰매를 모는 사람

① 2010년의 Iditarod 경주에서 우승했다.

② 2010년의 Iditarod 경주에서 개썰매를 약 1,100마일 몰았다.

③ 38년 된 Iditarod 경주 대회의 신기록 보유자다.

④ 2010년의 Iditarod 경주에서 열여섯 마리의 개와 함께 참여 했다.

⑤ Iditarod 대회 사상 처음으로 4년 연속 우승했다.

9. Carl Rogers에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Carl Rogers spent his early years in a wealthy Chicago suburb. His father viewed such activities as playing cards and going to the movies as questionable. When Rogers was twelve, his family moved to a farm farther from the city to protect the children from what his father perceived to be immoral influences. Rogers took refuge in books and developed an interest in science. His first college major was agriculture. During a student visit to China in 1922, he was exposed for the first time to people from different racial backgrounds. It was during this period that he wrote his parents proclaiming his independence from their conservative views. Shortly thereafter he developed an ulcer and had to be hospitalized. It is unclear whether Rogers's rebellion against his father and the development of the ulcer were causally linked, but the coincidence seems quite noteworthy.

* ulcer 궤양

① 아버지가 카드 게임이나 영화 구경을 부정적으로 보았다.

② 열두 살 때 가족이 도시에서 멀리 떨어진 농장으로 이사를 했다.

③ 과학에 대한 흥미가 있었고 대학에서 농업을 전공 했다.

④ 1922년에 처음으로 다른 인종의 사람들을 만났다.

⑤ 병원에 입원한 동안 부모님의 견해에 반대하는 편지를 썼다.

10. split-level houses에 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

You may never have visited a split-level home, but you have probably seen one on TV, especially if you have ever watched an American television show recorded during the 1960s or 1970s. These houses have internal stairs that allow the main entrance to reach both a sleeping level and an entertainment level. Because of a high demand for this kind of “isolated”living in the 1950s and later, many of these houses were built quickly and cheaply. The concept of a split level derives from legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright's idea of houses with “half floors”that would blend more naturally with the surrounding landscape. The method behind split-level mania is that a house with a stacked floor plan does not require a level lot. Like “bank barns,”split-levels could be built into, against, or even on a hill. �

* bank barn 언덕과 연결해서 지은 헛간

① 1960년대 제작된 미국 방송 프로그램에서 볼 수 있다.

② 중앙 출입구에서 두 개의 층으로 연결되는 내부 계단이 있다.

③ 짧은 공사 기간과 저렴한 비용으로 1950년대 이후 많이 지어졌다.

④ Frank Lloyd Wright의 집에 대한 생각에서 비롯되었다.

⑤ 경사진 곳을 피해 주로 평평한 부지에 지어졌다.

11. Henri Matisse에 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Henri Matisse came late to painting, having trained to be a lawyer to please his father. While he was in the hospital recovering from surgery, his mother brought him a box of paints and a how-to book, and the world lost an attorney and gained an artist. "It was as if I had been called," he remembered. "Henceforth I did not lead my life. It led me." Matisse left for Paris to study art, with his father shouting, "You''ll starve!" He gained fame as leader of the Fauves' 1905 show. In 1917 Matisse began to spend winters in Vence, where he donated a chapel of his own design that is one of the most moving religious buildings in Europe. After local nuns nursed him through a serious illness in the 1940s, the grateful Matisse devoted himself to every detail of the chapel.

* Fauve 야수파 화가

① 한때 변호사가 되기 위해 공부했다.

② 어머니가 주신 물감과 책을 계기로 화가가 되기로 했다.

③ 미술을 공부하기 위해 파리로 갔다.

④ Vence에 예배당을 기증 했다.

⑤ 중병을 앓은 후에 예배당에 관련된 일을 포기 했다.

12. 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하지 않는 것은?

The northern part of Sumeria, known as Babylonia, gave rise to the earliest successful attempt to unite the Near East when Sargon crushed the power of Lugalzagesi of Umma, securing control over the region. His capital at Akkad dominated an empire that became ever more centralized. A calendar was introduced for the whole of Babylonia, new systems of taxation and standardized weights and measures were imposed, and Akkadian became the language of government. Sargon's armies reached as far as the Mediterranean coast, but it was difficult to control the outlying regions. Rebellion broke out in the reign of Sargon's grandson, Naram-sin, who took on the title “king of the world”and was worshipped as a god while alive. Naram-sin was victorious, but thereafter the Akkadians were on the defensive; their empire eventually fell during the reign of King Sharkalisharri, the son of Naram-sin.

�* the Near East 근동 (터키, 이란 지역)

① Akkad 제국은 중앙 집권형 이었다.

② Akkad 제국에서는 새로운 조세제도와 표준화된 도량형이 시행 되었다.

③ Sargon은 변방까지 수월하게 통치했다.

④ Naram-sin은 생전에 신적 존재로 숭배되었다.

⑤ Akkad 제국은 Naram-sin의 아들이 재위하던 시기에 멸망했다.

10강 지시 대상 파악

1. 밑줄 친 he(his)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

My husband, Greg, told me about an eight-year-old boy who had a splendid way of reacting to derision. Greg was working as an interior home painter at the time. As he was painting an upstairs bedroom, the young boy watched him curiously for a while and then asked if ① he could help. Greg gave him a roller and a few tips. The youngster had been painting the wall for about five minutes when ② his older brother leaned on the door to observe. After a moment, ③ he said, “That looks terrible. You're doing a terrible job.” With barely a noticeable pause in ④ his work, the eight-year-old responded, “Well, of course, I'm just learning. This is the first time I've ever done this.”And ⑤ he went on working. �

* derision 비웃음, 조롱

2. 밑줄 친 부분 이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

In 1957, a young Muslim in Harlem witnessed the beating of a drunken black man by several policemen. When the Muslim protested, the police beat him senseless and carted ① him off to jail. An angry crowd gathered outside the police station, ready to riot. Told that only Malcolm X could prevent violence, the police commissioner brought him in and told ② him to break up the protesters. Malcolm refused. Speaking more mildly, the commissioner begged ③ him to reconsider. Malcolm calmly set conditions for ④ his cooperation: medical care for the beaten Muslim, and proper punishment for the police officers. The commissioner reluctantly agreed. Outside the station, Malcolm explained the agreement and the crowd dispersed. In Harlem and around the country, ⑤ he was an overnight hero ─ finally a man who took action.

* police commissioner 경찰 국장

3. 밑줄 친 She(her)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

We met Tasmika one afternoon when we were visiting Tanya and her son, Victor. Tasmika was playing with Victor. ① She was a small child with quick dark eyes and long braids of hair that reached her waist.  There was nothing shy about Tasmika. ② She was happy and cheerful. She smiled and tossed ③ her braids as she talked, and she seemed to fill the room with her liveliness. Tanya told us that Tasmika lived on the next street with her mother and father. ④ She added with a smile that Tasmika was also in first grade and that she was a good reader. That was all Tasmika needed to hear. She had come straight from school, and she had her book bag with ⑤ her. She opened it up, took out a book, and flipped through the pages.

4. 밑줄 친 부분 이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

Marlon Brando was the leading man in Charlie Chaplin's last movie, 1967's A Countess from Hong Kong. The two men never went together well, and Brando emerged from the experience with considerable bitterness for the filmmaker ① he had once called “Probably the most talented man the medium has ever produced.” Chaplin, ② he revealed in his autobiography, was a “fearsome cruel man,”and “an egotistical tyrant and a penny-pincher.” “③ He harassed people when they were late,”Brando charged, “and scolded them unmercifully to work faster.” One time when Brando showed up fifteen minutes late to the set, Chaplin chewed him out in front of the entire cast and crew, scolding ④ him as a disgrace to the acting profession. ⑤ He subsequently demanded and received an apology from Chaplin. For his part, Chaplin said that working with Brando was simply “impossible.”�

* penny-pincher 구두쇠

5. 밑줄 친 He(he)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

A very successful financial consultant once told me about being photographed for a financial magazine at his home. A photographer arrived with several cases of cameras and lighting equipment. ① He began to shoot several different pictures of the consultant inside the house and in the garden. The financial consultant, by no means a timid soul, protested. “I'm a busy man,”② he told the photographer. “I don't have eight hours for pictures.” Finally, with the sun setting in the background, the photographer announced that he had all the shots ③ he needed. When I asked the financial consultant why he tolerated such a massive intrusion on his time, he said, “The fellow obviously had very high standards. ④ He wasn't going to leave until he got the best possible shot. But what impressed me most was that he loved what ⑤ he was doing.”

* intrusion 점유, 침입

6. 밑줄 친 he가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

When his son, Justin, told him he was dropping out of college, Seth did his best to hide his disappointment. Still, ① he was upset and needed someone to talk to. Hoping that his brother would understand, Seth gave him a call. It wasn't easy for Seth to talk about his feelings, so ② he started out making small talk. After a few minutes ③ he told his brother that Justin was dropping out of college and that he was very discouraged about it. There was a pause, and then his brother went on to talk about something else. Seth was shocked. How could his brother be so unsympathetic? With great effort, ④ he confronted his brother, saying, “Didn't you hear what I said?” His brother replied that ⑤ he had never thought of Seth as someone who needed emotional support.

7. 밑줄 친 he( He )가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

One morning, Hughie went to see a great friend of his, Alan Trevor. Trevor was a painter and artist. When ① he took up the brush he was a real master, and his pictures were eagerly sought after. ② He had been very much attracted by Hughie at first, it must be admitted, entirely because of his personal charm. “The only people a painter should know,” ③ he used to say, “are people who are beautiful, people who are an artistic pleasure to look at, and restful to talk to. Men who are well-dressed and women who are lovely rule the world ─ at least they should do so.” However, after ④ he got to know Hughie better, he liked him quite as much for his bright, cheerful spirits, and his generous, careless nature, and had asked him to come to see him whenever ⑤ he liked.

8. 밑줄 친 her ( she )가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

The death of Martha Graham on April 1, 1991 finally permitted Agnes de Mille to publish ① her biography of the dancer, after nearly twenty-five years of work and four years of waiting. It is a measure of de Mille's respect for Graham that ② she should have withheld until after the subject's death what is by any standard an affectionate and appreciative account of ③ her life and art, rather than risk offending Graham's own sense of herself in the slightest degree. De Mille seems to feel that ④ she is approaching something truly sacred in discussing Graham, not simply writing the life of a rare artist and an old friend who had become a touchy old woman. She tells us in her preface that Martha had wished to leave a legend, not a biography; and ⑤ she knows she is going too far.

11강 글의 목적 파악

1. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

My dear friends and colleagues, you and I have fought the good fight for the peregrine falcon, and we have won a great victory. Now, this bird has been officially removed from the endangered species list. What we have accomplished together is truly incredible, and I believe that the recovery of the peregrine falcon will be recorded in the annals of conservation as a major event of the twentieth century. But, as we all know, conservation is a continual series of challenges ─ the fight for conservation never ends ─ and so I urge you: press on to meet new challenges, for they surely await, and will always be waiting for, those who strive to keep the earth fit for life in all its many beautiful forms.

* peregrine falcon 송골매

① 생태 탐험 캠프 참가를 유도하려고

② 동식물 종(種) 보존 방법을 설명하려고

③ 환경 보호 센터의 개소식을 홍보하려고

④ 멸종 위기의 동물 종(種) 을 위해 모금 하려고

⑤ 지속족인 동물 종(種)  보호 노력을 당부하려고

2. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

It was a pleasure meeting with you yesterday morning, and I believe the new design plan that we discussed will complement the existing carpeting and interior decoration of your office. I have already ordered the brown leather sofa, armchair, and office desk set you selected, and they should arrive within the month. Unfortunately, however, the fabric we chose for your curtains is incredibly popular and, consequently, my distributor is currently out of stock. However, he has assured me that the fabric will be available in six to eight weeks. The late arrival of the fabric may delay the estimated completion date of February 1 by two weeks or more. If such a delay is unsatisfactory, please let me know, and we can select another equally suitable fabric at your earliest convenience

① 상품 주문에 대해 문의하려고

② 사무실 실내 장식을 의뢰하려고

③ 유해하는 커튼 천을 추천하려고

④ 실내 장식 작업 결과가 만족스러운지 확인하려고

⑤ 물품 조달 지연에 따른 작업 일정 변경을 알리려고

3. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Thank you for answering my questions about the ATM fees I've checked on my bank statements. Thank you, too, for refunding your bank's fees from my previous two months' statements since I was not aware of your new fee policy. I also understand that what other banks charge Second National customers for using their machines is out of your control. With the established fee structure of all the banks involved, though, I guess I should expect to pay more bank machine fees from now on. I must use ATMs frequently to do my banking, and Second National machines are rarely the most convenient for me. Because I cannot accept such fee increases, I will be moving my accounts to First Mutual, whose ATM fee policy seems much more reasonable. Thank you for the nearly 20 years of outstanding service you've given my family.

① 은행와의 거래 중단을 알리려고

② 은행의 친절한 상담에 대하여 감사하려고

③ 은행의 서비스 개선 방안에 대해 건의하려고

④ 현금 자동 입출금기의 수수료에 대해 문의하려고

⑤ 최신형 현금 자동 입출금기로의 교체를 요구하려고

4. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Last week, an excellent article in the New York Times of August 29 detailed the renaissance of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. This extraordinary endeavor has adopted a bold economic revitalization strategy centered on the arts and historic preservation involving the restoration of the popular Colonial Theater of a century ago. As anyone will agree, the Colonial Theater certainly qualified as an American Treasure. The restored theater reopened on August 29 to wide acclaim, and I am proud of all that Pittsfield mayor James Ruberto and the entire Pittsfield community have accomplished. This recognition of their efforts is exceptionally well-deserved, and I believe all of our colleagues in this organization will be interested in Pittsfield's extraordinary achievement. I commend Mayor Ruberto and the people of Pittsfield for a job well done.

① 극장 복원의 성과를 치하하려고

② Pittsfield의 유적지를 소개하려고

③ 재건축 공사 진척 상황을 알리려고

④ 시장 후보에 대한 지지를 호소하려고

⑤ 시사 잡지에 실린 기사를 비평하려고

5. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Malaria claims five million victims every year, but treating the disease is extremely hard. Even though field workers collect plenty of data from victims, using it to work out the best treatments is slow. So the Swiss Tropical Institute (STI) is asking you to help. It has developed a computer program to study the cause, distribution and controls for malaria that simulates possible treatments and transmission patterns. But it needs massive computing power. So the STI researchers have chopped the program up into little chunks that can be processed simultaneously by thousands of home PCs around the world. And that includes your computer. All you need to do is to log on to the AFRICA@home website to sign up. They will give you software to download, and then send you data to run on your PC to help the scientists to understand, treat and maybe one day wipe out malaria.

① 신형 컴퓨터의 성능을 홍보하려고

② 말라리아의 발병 원인을 설명하려고

③ 시뮬레이션 참여 협조를 부탁하려고

④ 신종 백신 실험 참가자를 모집하려고

⑤ 아프리카 풍토병의 위험성을 알리려고

6. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Thank you for sending me the most important mail of the last two weeks.

It reached me here on my arrival at Baku yesterday. My business talks in Russia have been quite successful so far, and I look forward to reporting on them when I am back at the office. As you know from my travel schedule, from here I am travelling by rail to Tiflis and on to Istanbul, where I shall be from 20-22 March. As it is rather difficult for me to make travel arrangements from here, would you please make the following reservations for me, and wire a confirmation to me at the Oriental Hotel, Istanbul? Would you please book me on a flight to Marseilles on 22nd of March and then to Manchester on the 26th? If possible try to find a direct flight from Marseilles to Manchester.

① 계약 관련 서류 전송을 요청하려고

② 여행 사업 제휴 제안을 거절하려고

③ 출장 관련 예약 사항을 취소하려고

④ 출장 관련 항공편 예약을 부탁하려고

⑤ 출장 일정이 변경되었음을 통지하려고

7. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

My wife, Janice, and I have seen a marked decrease in our daughter, Noreen's, performance in your science class during the last two grade periods. We'd like to make an appointment with you to discuss your ideas on what might be causing the problem and how we might work with you to help her. Mrs. Hamilton in the main office tells me that your regular conference period runs from 3:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. Would it be possible to meet with you next Wednesday, March 11, at 4 p.m.? Please leave a message on our home answering machine confirming this day or suggesting an alternative. Because my wife's work regularly takes her out of town during the day, 4 p.m. would be the earliest time we both could meet you. Our number is 968-9696. We'll wait to hear from you.

① 상담을 신청하려고

② 성적 확인을 요청하려고

③ 상담 시간 변경을 통보하려고

④ 약속 취소에 대해 사과하려고

⑤ 성실한 강의에 대해 감사하려고

8. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Several years ago I was teaching two introductory psychology courses at a community college. One was a transfer course for psychology majors, and the other was designed for the non-major. The non-major course was a real problem because there was no appropriate text available for the students. Existing texts were so encyclopedic or high-level that many students couldn't read the material and were frustrated. Other books were so dry and boring that many students fell behind from lack of interest. Things haven't changed much over the years, so I finally decided to write a book for students and not, frankly, for their professors. This book is intended as a somewhat brief, up-to-date introduction to the body of knowledge we call psychology. I have taken special care to organize and include content that is both important and interesting to the beginning student of psychology.

* transfer course 편입을 위한 과목

① 심리학의 비과학적 특성을 논하려고

② 심리학 관련 서적의 집필을 의뢰하려고

③ 심리학에 관심 있는 학생들을 모집하려고

④ 심리학 전공 학생들과의 모임을 공지하려고

⑤ 기초 심리학 서적을 쓰게 된 동기를 설명하려고

12강 분위기 및 심경 파악

1. 다음 글의 상황에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?

The sun was just far enough in the west to send inviting shadows. In the center of a small field, and in the shade of a haystack which was there, a girl lay sleeping. She had slept long and soundly, when something awoke her as suddenly as if it had been a blow. She opened her eyes and stared a moment up in the sky of blue and white. She yawned and stretched her long brown legs and arms, lazily. Then she arose, never minding the bits of straw that clung to her black hair, to her red sweater, and to the blue cotton skirt that did not reach her ankles. The girl absentmindedly watched a cloud that floated lazily overhead, trying to decide what kind of animal it most looked like.

① lonely and boring	② lively and festive

③ calm and peaceful	④ sad and miserable

⑤ funny and exciting

2. 다음 글에 드러난 “I”의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

My mother! My father! After English became my primary language, I no longer knew what words to use in addressing my parents. The old Spanish words (those tender accents of sound) I had earlier used ─ mama' and papa' ─ I couldn't use any more. They would have been painful reminders of how much had changed in my life. On the other hand, the words I heard neighborhood kids call their parents seemed equally unsatisfactory. “Mother”and “Father,”“ma,”“papa,”“pa,”“dad,”"pop"  ─  all these I felt were unsuitable terms of address for my parents. I was just at a loss. As a result, I never used them at home. Whenever I'd speak to my parents, I would try to get their attention by looking at them. In public conversations, I'd refer to them as my “parents”or my “mother”and “father.”

① bored	② relieved

③ amused	④ confused

⑤ grateful

3. 다음 글의 상황에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?

The villagers pair off quickly, and the whole hall is soon in motion. Apparently nobody knows how to waltz, but that is nothing of any consequence ─ there is music, and they dance, each as he pleases, just as before they sang. Most of them prefer the “two-step,”especially the young, with whom it is the fashion. The older people have dances from home, strange and complicated steps which they execute with grave solemnity. Some do not dance anything at all, but simply hold each other's hands and allow the undisciplined joy of motion to express itself with their feet. Among these are Jokubas Szedvilas and his wife, Lucija; they are too fat to dance, but they stand in the middle of the floor, holding each other fast in their arms, rocking slowly from side to side and grinning with delight.

① peaceful and calm	② lively and festive

③ solemn and sacred	④ adventurous and thrilling

⑤ scary and depressing

4. 다음 글에 드러난 Ara의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?

Ara worked hard on the field that day, and her husband, Urgh, had departed several days before to go hunting with some adults in the clan. Her baby stirred and started to cry. She knew that this crying was not because the little one was hungry, but because of the loud roaring in the sky. She hoped that Urgh would be able to come back before a furious storm would break out. As things became darker and the winds were gaining strength, she heard the sounds of the returning hunting party and rushed out of the hut. Her husband was with the leading males, a small animal dangling around his shoulders. He greeted Ara by hugging her. When looking him in the eyes, she realized that the days of hunting had been successful.

① worried → pleased	② annoyed → regretful

③ hopeful → frustrated	④ nervous → sorrowful

⑤ jealous → grateful

5. 다음 글의 상황에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?

On the day we were to leave Warsaw, we formed a long line. The soldiers were dividing people up ─ women and children and old people one side, and able-bodied people the other side ─ separated by barbed wire. My mother and I were standing about next to the train that we were going to get into and my father was on the other side. My mother shouted at him, “｠Jurek!”(George, come over!) He ran and vaulted the fence and they shot at him but missed. My mother immediately made him sit under the train and she put some flour on his head to make him look as if he had grey hair. They came and looked in a cursory way. My mother and I stood still as if we didn't know anything, waiting for them to go back. �｠�

* cursory 몹시 서두르는, 피상적인

① tense and urgent	② noisy and humorous

③ quiet and peaceful	④ exciting and thrilling

⑤ promising and hopeful

6. 다음 글에 드러난 필자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When my daughter was three years old, I took her ice skating for the first time, even though I hadn't been on the ice for almost twenty years. I laced up her tiny white skates, my fingers performing the act as if I did it every day, and then we hobbled to the rink. She reached up, grabbed my hand, and stood upright, and we glided into the cold. At that moment of sliding across the ice, holding someone's hand was surprisingly emotional. After a few times around the rink, I let go of my little girl's hand and off she went, by herself. With a big grin on my face I watched the small figure outstretching her arms and gliding away and thought she would soon be skating through life on her own. �

* hobble 비틀비틀 걷다

① pleased and proud	② nervous and worried

③ calm and determined	④ disappointed and angry

⑤ ashamed and embarrassed

7. 다음 글에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?

The silence came over everything again, as though sound itself had been ripped from the earth. I stood there, wondering what to do. Should I go down to the beach? K might be down there somewhere, buried in the sand .... But I decided not to leave the dike. I knew from experience that big waves often came in twos and threes. I'm not sure how much time went by ─ maybe ten or twenty seconds ─ when the next wave came. Another enormous roar shook the beach, and again, after the sound had faded, another huge wave raised its head to strike. It towered before me, blocking out the sky, like a deadly cliff.

* dike 제방, 둑

① gay and exciting	② calm and peaceful

③ solemn and sacred	④ boring and lonely

⑤ desperate and horrifying

8. 다음 글에 드러난 “I”의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

I saw Miss Brown floating majestically upward at the front of the line. Why? How? What was happening? It took me a second to remember that there were a dozen or so steps up to the stage and she was walking up them. Steps! I had forgotten there were steps. I had seen them before, but they were not part of my mental practice; I hadn't practiced them in my mind's eye. My ankles went shaky, and I felt hot and cold all over. Lula glided upward in front of me without any apparent problem. I followed her and somehow made it to the top, and then stopped myself just in time from staring into the dazzling safety lights that marked the edge of the stage. We made it to our chairs, and the applause died down like a passing storm.

* majestically 당당하게, 위엄 있게

① bored and tired	② calm and relieved

③ proud and pleased	④ tense and nervous

⑤ envious and regretful

13강 무관한 문장 찾기

1. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

With the spread of Islam in the seventh century, the Byzantine empire entered a time of instability. ① Islamic forces seized many territories from Byzantium, permanently transforming the eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and Spain. ② In 726, a violent dispute erupted in Byzantium over the legitimacy of creating or owning images of saintly or divine figures. ③ During the ensuing period of iconoclasm, which lasted until 843, images were officially banned in the empire and early depictions of Jesus, his mother, Mary, and the saints were destroyed. ④ Elsewhere in the Byzantine empire, different regional image styles coexisted, some more abstract than others but each reflecting the varied conditions of its area. ⑤ Thus, from an artistic point of view, the eighth and ninth centuries represent a period of hard times for Byzantine religious art.

* iconoclasm 성상 파괴(주의)

2. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Advertisements have long provided historians with insights into America's social history. ① A historian, for example, can follow the changing patterns of dieting and weight reduction by studying newspaper and magazine ads from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. ② In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, one can see a clear trend toward a heavier and more curvaceous female body. ③ But during the Jazz Age of the 1920s, a preference was quickly established for thinness. ④ The widespread use of the automobile, radio, and increased educational opportunities encouraged young women to cut off their hair and kick up their heels. ⑤ This preference was largely promoted by the rapidly expanding movie industry which began putting a premium on slender, girlish figures.

* curvaceous 육체미의, 풍만한 곡선미의

3. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Through experience, I've learned to associate car horns with danger, or at least with someone trying to get my attention. How did this happen? Some sounds are intrinsically soothing while others are frightening. ① Although there is a great deal of interpersonal variation, we are born with an inclination toward interpreting sounds in particular ways. ② Abrupt, short, loud sounds tend to be interpreted by many animals as an alert sound; we see this when comparing the alert calls of birds, rodents, and apes. ③ Many animals make certain sounds for their mate, offspring, or others in their group to tell them that there is food. ④ Slow onset, long, and quieter sounds tend to be interpreted as calming, or at least neutral. ⑤ Think of the sharp sound of a dog's bark, versus the soft purring of a cat who sits peacefully on your lap. �

* onset 시작, 개시

4. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Just as there are no two sets of fingerprints alike in the world, so the imprints of animals have a like individuality. ① To take a single example: Elephants can be identified by their pads as definitely as human beings by their fingerprints. ② As William Baze, who spent forty years in the Indonesian jungle, puts it in Just Elephants, the footprints of elephants, like those of human beings, are all different. ③ Sometimes the nails are most prominent, sometimes the heel, sometimes the imprint shows a closed foot, sometimes a flat foot; everything depends on the way in which the animal walks. ④ No elephant works mechanically as other animals do, and he never stops learning because he is always thinking. ⑤ These distinct variations make it possible to provide every trained elephant in Indo-China with its own identity card. �

* imprint 자국, 흔적

5. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

As the travel and tourism industry has become more and more wired, guest customization has reached new heights. ① Earlier customer relationship management (CRM) systems in lodging, for example, had profiled customers as to room specification (view, temperature, etc.) and amenities (extra pillow, sparkling water, etc.). ② By 2030, however, the entire travel experience from start to finish, where airlines, hotels, and rental car companies served the same traveler, could be tailored or customized to order. ③ Clearly, the higher the cost of services at a destination, the higher the resistance to travel to that destination will be and, therefore, the lower the demand. ④ All that will be required of a customer is to log on to a personal Web site and indicate a basic schedule. ⑤ The CRM system would then be ready for the client at every step of the trip guaranteeing the correct personal attention.

* amenity (pl. -ies) 생활 편의 시설

6. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Job relatedness, the foundation of effective human resource management, requires that all employment decisions be based on the requirements of a position; that is, the criteria used in hiring, evaluating, promoting, and rewarding people must be tied directly to the jobs being performed. ① For example, a policy that all office managers must be women would violate job relatedness because gender is irrelevant to the job. ② In contrast, hiring only young females to model clothing designed for teenage girls is a job-related practice and thus reflects sound human resource management. ③ It is for this reason that teenage girls tend to be most interested in the latest trends in fashion and hair styles. ④ Central to the principle of job relatedness is person-job matching: the process of matching the right person to the right job. ⑤ Good human resource managers match people's skills, interests, and dispositions with the requirements of their jobs.

7. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

The Internet has not only created a place for people to come together to share information, but now people can take information from others and distribute it freely. Peer-to-peer (P2P) sites, for instance, have become very popular. ① Often these sites take copyrighted material and provide it to anyone with access to the site. ② Consequently, the government has had to step in and create laws that govern these activities. ③ The problem is that if the laws become too restrictive in one country, the people supporting the server will simply relocate to another country. ④ The number of sites and various digital technologies have grown so quickly that it is hard for Internet users to keep up. ⑤ If digital citizenship is to reach its full potential, it has to be adopted by all users of technology, not just those in one country.

8. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

One principle asserts that social work clients have the right to hold and express their own opinions and to act on them, as long as doing so does not infringe on the rights of others. ① This principle is in sharp contrast to the layperson's perception that social workers seek to “remold”clients into a pattern chosen by the workers. ② Rather, the efforts of social workers are geared to enhancing the capability of clients to help themselves. ③ Client self-determination derives logically from the belief in the inherent dignity of each person. ④ The social workers should seek to accept and respect the client but not the abnormal behavior, which needs to be changed. ⑤ If people have dignity, then it follows that they should be permitted to determine their own lifestyles as far as possible.

14강 문단속에 문장 넣기

1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가 가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

One simple, effective method is a pill box that looks like a matrix, with days of the week listed along the top and times of the day along the side.

In the medical community, not taking medicine is known as patient noncompliance and it's a huge problem. ( ① ) Overall, about half of patients fail to correctly follow their doctors’directions for prescriptions. ( ② ) They forget to take pills, take the wrong amount of medicine, or skip a few days without thinking about it. ( ③ ) Noncompliance behavior has large social consequences through unnecessary medical costs and lost revenue. ( ④ ) Fortunately, devices to help people remember to take their pills have been around for years. ( ⑤ ) The user fills the box once a week and then it is easier to remember to take (and whether you have already taken) your medicine.

* noncompliance 불복종, 불응

2. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

There are also constraints consisting of the established methods, procedures, and statistics for a field.

Science consists not just of a method, but of a body of knowledge and of technique. ( ① ) The established body of textbook knowledge forms a set of constraints (a box, if you will) that the scientist must work within. ( ② ) Any study must obey the conservation of momentum, of energy, and of mass, whether you like it or not. ( ③ ) Ignoring physical constraints can lead to failure. ( ④ ) These methods have been widely tested and debated over time and accepted as reliable or at least standardized. ( ⑤ ) For example, for DNA studies there are lab procedures to guard against cross-contamination. If you ignore this guidance you may end up sequencing your own DNA instead of that of the target organism.

＊cross-contamination 교차 오염

3. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

From the perspective of 1950s telecommunications costs, that's incredibly wasteful.

The funny thing about waste is that it's all relative to your sense of scarcity. Our grandparents grew up in an age when a long-distance telephone call was an expensive luxury, to be scheduled and kept short. ( ① ) Even today many people find it hard to keep people of that generation on a long-distance call for long ─ they still hear a meter ticking in their head and rush to finish. ( ② ) But our kids are growing up in an age when long-distance is free on their cell phones and they'll happily chat for hours.

( ③ ) But today, when those costs have fallen to near zero, we don't give it a second thought. ( ④ ) It doesn't feel like waste at all. ( ⑤ ) In other words, one generation's scarcity is another's abundance.

4. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Language also makes possible an explosive growth in a child's capacity to retain information in memory.

It is not at all hard to understand why having a good start increases the likelihood of a young person eventually becoming an especially capable adult.

( ① ) Consider, for example, the advantage of gaining above-average language skills at an early age. ( ② ) Acquiring language affects a child's capacities as a thinker in some fundamental ways. ( ③ ) That information in turn opens up the possibility of undertaking cognitive activities such as planning, reasoning and making choices and judgements, and anticipating the future, which are literally inconceivable in a species that lacks language. ( ④ ) In sum, acquiring language brings about a complete transformation in what a child is capable of. ( ⑤ ) As a result, those children who gain the advantages that are brought by the early acquisition of language skills will have their capacity to learn from their experiences broadened considerably.

5. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

More recently, however, new sources of information have begun to emerge through the application of techniques borrowed from archaeology, linguistics, and other disciplines.

The premodern world was complex. ( ① ) Its societies were intricate, its social networks sophisticated, and the stories of its inhabitants are both fascinating and valuable to us today. ( ② ) If this has not always been widely understood, it is because we know less about the inhabitants of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica or Zhou Dynasty China than we do about nineteenth-century Britain, for example. ( ③ ) For a long time, historians had little understanding of these periods because few written records survived. ( ④ ) Moreover, more and more documentary sources are being dug up and interpreted from these periods. ( ⑤ ) These new sources of information reveal not only the complexity of societies around the world but also the sophistication of their trading and exchange networks.

＊inhabitant 거주자

6. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Rather it is a question of bringing home to ourselves the negative consequences of such states of heart and mind.

One technique helpful in developing real confidence and humility is to reflect on the example of those whose self-importance makes them an object of scorn to others. ( ① ) They may not be aware of how foolish they look, but it is plain to everyone else. ( ② ) This is not a matter of sitting in judgement on others, however. ( ③ ) By seeing, through the example of others, where they lead, we will be all the more determined to avoid them.

( ④ ) In a sense, we are making use of the fact that it is much easier to identify others' failings than it is to acknowledge their virtues. ( ⑤ ) It is also much easier to find fault in others than in ourselves.

7. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Since neither the people nor the Earth-mother was offended by plastics technology, the ploughs were finally accepted and used.

A simple problem will show that more than a designer with a little bit of good taste is needed. ( ① ) Several years ago a new low-cost plough was designed, built, and distributed in areas of Southeast Asia that commonly use a forked stick weighted down by a rock to plough the soil. ( ② ) After a few years it was discovered that the ploughs were not in use ─ they were rusting away. ( ③ ) In the religious beliefs of the inhabitants, metal makes the soil “sick” and offends the Earth-mother. ( ④ ) It was then recommended that the ploughs be dipped in a plastic compound similar to Nylon 60. ( ⑤ ) This case just demonstrates that a cross-disciplinary design team, including anthropologists, engineers, biologists, and psychologists, would have prevented the original misdesign.

＊cross-disciplinary 여러 학문 간의

8. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Sooner or later, since you cannot do what you are trying to do, you quit.

To require perfection is to invite paralysis. ( ① ) The pattern is predictable: as you see error in what you have done, you steer your work toward what you imagine you can do perfectly. ( ② ) You cling ever more tightly to what you already know you can do ─ away from risk and exploration, and possibly further from the work of your heart. ( ③ ) You find reasons to procrastinate, since not to work is not to make mistakes. ( ④ ) Believing that artwork should be perfect, you gradually become convinced that you cannot make such work. ( ⑤ ) And in one of those perverse little ironies of life, only the pattern itself achieves perfection ─ a perfect death spiral: you misdirect your work; you stall; you quit.

＊paralysis 불능(상태, 마비)

15강 문단 내 글 순서 정하기

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Why do we continue to think of negotiation as a win-lose proposition?

For one thing, society encourages us to engage in hard bargaining.

(A) Such an attitude is difficult to unlearn because hard bargaining may have worked in the past, so changing to something that is seen as weaker or emotional is not very appealing. Negotiators often feel that any change    would compromise their principles.

(B) But being flexible does not require compromising principles for the sake of an agreement. Being flexible means protecting and fulfilling your own interests, while finding creative ways to minimally satisfy the interests of others as well.

(C) Certainly in our society we learn to win at games, beat opponents, and get the best grades, car, or deal, regardless of anyone else's needs.

① (A)-(C)-(B)         ② (B)-(A)-(C)        ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)         ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Even between equally talkative cultures, there are differences in conversational style. In American society, we tend to believe that, even in casual conversation, only one person should speak at a time.

(A) In the late 1980s, the U.S. president's wife, Nancy Reagan, complained to the press about Raisa Gorbachev, wife of the Soviet president:“From the moment we met, she talked and talked ─ so much that I could barely get a word in.”

(B) Yet in many other countries, it is normal for a listener to chime in when someone is talking in order to show enthusiastic participation or involvement with others. Such logic seems to elude many in the United States.

(C) Probably unaware of the “one speaker at a time” ethic, Mrs. Gorbachev might have been wondering why her U.S. counterpart never said anything ─ and made her do all the conversational work. �

＊chime in (대화에) 맞장구를 치다, 끼어들다

① (A)-(C)-(B)           ② (B)-(A)-(C)           ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)           ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rice merchants in Osaka, Japan, had already set up the world's first futures market. Rice was so important in Japan at the time that it was almost a form of currency in itself.

(A) He paid the farmers ten percent in advance and owed them the rest.  After the harvest came in, he stored the rice for several months, selling it for a tidy profit once the north's poor harvest had driven prices up.

(B) The friend was passing through Nagoya on a journey. He reported that the rice harvest in the north was going to be bad. Chozaemon promptly bought the future Nagoya-area rice harvest.

(C) The idea of forward trading ─ buying now goods that are to be delivered later ─ is said to have originated around 1620, when a Nagoya rice merchant named Chozaemon met a friend from Sendai, in the north of Japan.

＊futures market 선물시장(先物市場)

① (A)-(C)-(B)          ② (B)-(A)-(C)           ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)          ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many states ban people from riding motorcycles without helmets. To some people, however, these bans are questionable. They ask: If people want to take risks, shouldn't they be allowed to do so?

(A) This approach imposes some costs on those who want to feel the wind in their hair. But requirements of this kind are less intrusive than a ban ─ and might do a lot of good as well.

(B) To date, an intense debate has separated those who support such bans from those who insist that the government should let people do what they want. The columnist John Tierney has suggested a novel way that states might promote safety while maintaining freedom.

(C) The basic idea is that riders who do not want to use the helmet have to get special licenses. To qualify for the license, a rider would have to take an extra driving course and submit proof of health insurance.

① (A)-(B)-(C)         ② (B)-(A)-(C)            ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)         ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

For centuries the West has conceived of time as linear. Time is a line stretching between the past and the future, divided into centuries, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

(A) The future is similarly envisioned as a movement along a line: nations follow five-year plans and try to progress; individuals have careers. Everyone should make a determined movement down the line and overcome obstacles and interruptions in order to “get ahead.”

(B) This way of thinking is embedded in our culture, and we think this way without thinking about the way we are thinking. We take this way of thinking for granted.

(C) Every event we unhesitatingly classify along that line: The Age of Dinosaurs is many intervals back, World War II is near our present position; pregnancy may stretch nine months along the line, the act of birth is only a point.

① (A)-(C)-(B)          ② (B)-(A)-(C)           ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)          ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

For Kant, respect for autonomy entails duties to oneself as well as others, most notably the duty to treat humanity as an end in itself.

(A) But man is not a thing ─ not something to be used as a means: he must always in his actions be regarded as an end in himself. Kant concludes that a person has no more right to kill himself than to kill someone else.

(B) If a person does away with himself in order to escape from a painful situation, he is making use of a person merely as a means to maintain a tolerable state of affairs till the end of his life.

(C) This duty constrains the way a person can treat himself. According to Kant, murder is wrong because it uses the victim as a means rather than respects him as an end. But the same can be true of suicide.

① (A)-(C)-(B)         ② (B)-(A)-(C)            ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)         ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Ellen Langer learned from her mother how to prepare a roast. As a little girl she would watch as her mother cut off a small bit from one end of the meat before placing it in the roasting pan.

(A) Langer then asked her grandmother, who explained that when she was a young mother, the only roasting pan she'd had was too short for a standard roast, so she had to cut off the end to fit it into the pan.

(B) She'd long since gotten roasting pans in larger sizes and hadn't cut an end off since. Yet for years both Langer and her mother had mindlessly followed this routine.

(C) As an adult, Langer followed the same routine until one day she wondered what the purpose of cutting off the end of the roast was. She asked her mother, who just said she'd learned to do it from her own mother.

① (A)-(B)-(C)          ② (B)-(A)-(C)            ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)          ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Obviously, using physical punishment on a child for social misbehavior is likely to have the opposite effect and make the youngster less empathic in the future.

(A) Rather, the best way to bring out one's mature empathic potential is through induction, in which parents highlight the other' perspective, point up the other's distress, and make it clear that the child' action caused it.

(B) When the intervention is done with care and fairness, and the child becomes genuinely aware that he caused another's distress, as illustrated, it can lead to a sense of guilt and a sincere effort to want to make compensation.

(C) For example, if the child takes another child's toy away from him, the parent might sit him down and ask him how bad he would feel if someone did the same thing to him. Then the parent might ask him to imagine how bad the other child now feels.

* empathic 감정 이입의, 자신과 대상이 서로 통한다고 느끼는

① (A)-(C)-(B)        ② (B)-(A)-(C)            ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)        ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

16강 도표 정보 글로 옮기기

1. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

The graph above shows the trends in poverty rates for various age groups over the period from 1959 to 1992. ① In 1959, the poverty rates for older people, which were about 33 and 38 percent, were higher than the poverty rate for children (0-15) or the population as a whole. ② But the poverty rates for older people declined during the 1970s, reaching their lowest levels in 1989. ③ By 1992, poverty among older men had fallen below the average for all ages, and poverty among older women differed significantly from the average for all ages. ④ In contrast, the poverty rate for children rose from 1969 to 1992. ⑤ Overall, the elderly experienced larger decline than children and the total population in poverty rates.

2. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

The graph shows the trends of snow sports participation in the past four winter seasons of 2006/2007 to 2009/2010. ① In each of the seasons, alpine skiing had more participants than any of the other sports: snowboarding, cross country skiing, and freestyle skiing. ② But the number of participants in alpine skiing in the 2007/2008 season decreased a little compared to the previous season. ③ In both snowboarding and cross country skiing, the number of participants showed a steady increase over the four winter seasons. ④ In the 2009/2010 season, cross country skiing was more popular than freestyle skiing, and the difference from the previous season's participants was smaller in the latter than in the former. ⑤ In the same season, the combined number of participants in alpine skiing and snowboarding was nearly 19,000,000.

3.  다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

The above graph, from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), shows long-term food and energy price trends, real or nominal. ① The FAO index of nominal food prices was relatively constant from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s but doubled between 2002 and 2008. ② The index of energy prices showed a gentle decline in the early 1990s but began rising in 1999, having tripled since 2002. ③ The index of real food prices began rising in 2002, after three decades of predominantly declining trends, and spiked sharply upwards in 2006 and 2007. ④ By 2008, the real food price index was approximately 60 percent above the level of 2002. ⑤ The only other period of significantly rising real food prices since this data series began occurred in the early 1970s, during which nominal food prices also significantly rose.                                �* �nominal 명목의

4. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

The above graph provides a detailed picture of the tropical deforestation by region during two periods, 1990-2000 and 2000-2005. ①Tropical deforestation was most widespread in three main regions, Africa, Asia, and South America. ② Of these regions, South America showed the largest areas of deforestation, which amounted to over 4,000,000 hectares per year from 2000 to 2005. ③ Similar deforestation happened in Asia, where over 2,700,000 hectares of forest disappeared per year over the same period. ④ Although the pace of deforestation slowed a little, Africa had to witness the deforestation of over 3,500,000 hectares of forest per year from 2000 to 2005. ⑤ In Central America, Oceania, and North America, which experienced relatively little deforestation, the rate of deforestation decreased over the study periods, and each region lost less than 500,000 hectares of forest per year from 2000 to 2005.

5. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

These pie charts show the proportions of the U.S. residential energy consumption in the years 1978 and 2005 by space heating, air conditioning, water heating, and appliances & electronics. ① The share of residential energy used by space heating had decreased by 25% from 1978 to 2005. ② Compared with 1978, water heating accounted for a higher percentage of the total residential energy usage in 2005. ③ The share of residential electricity used by appliances & electronics in homes had increased from 17 percent to 31 percent. ④ The difference in the proportions occupied by water heating and appliances & electronics was smaller in 2005, as compared with the year of 1978. ⑤ The percentages of residential energy used for air conditioning remained the lowest among the four sectors for both of the years.

6. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

The graph shows the changing national shares of global production in motor vehicles from 1950 to 1987. ① The U. S. share of global production dropped from around 75 percent in 1950 to around 25 percent in 1985. ② Europe increased its share from about 20 percent in 1950 to almost 45 percent in 1970, but fell back to less than 40 percent around 1985. ③ Japan increased its share from virtually zero in 1950 to about 30 percent by 1981. ④ Even though Europe remained the largest producing region in the 1980s, Japan's share of global production rose rapidly after the late 1960s, overtaking that of the United States in 1980. ⑤ The rest of the world (ROW) steadily increased their share to around 8 percent in the 1980s from the lowest share of global production in 1955.

7. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

This graph shows the proportion of people who met England's physical activity guidelines in 2006, by sex and age. ① Overall, a consistently higher proportion of men than women in all age groups met these guidelines. ② Over one-half of men aged 16 to 24 met these guidelines, compared with 33 percent of women. ③ The proportion of women achieving the recommended level of physical activity was generally stable for those aged between 16 and 54, after which it declined with age. ④ The biggest gap between the two genders can be seen in the age group of 16 to 24, while the smallest gap in the age group of 65 to 74. ⑤ The proportion of men meeting the guidelines in the age group of 55 to 64 is four times as high as that of men meeting the guidelines in the age group of 75 and over.

8. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 문장은?

The graph shows the R&D/GDP ratios of selected countries ─ Japan, the U.S., South Korea, and China ─ and the EU. ① Over the 1996-2007 period, the economies of the three Asian countries led to an increase in their R&D/GDP ratios; conversely, the ratios of the U.S. and the EU essentially held steady. ② Japan's R&D expenditures amounted to about 3.4% of its GDP in 2007, and those of South Korea increased steeply in the 2000s, accounting for about 3.5% of its GDP in 2007. ③ South Korea's R&D/GDP ratio fell behind that of the U.S. from 1996 to 2003, but the former surpassed the latter after 2004. ④ Meanwhile, China's R&D/GDP ratio more than doubled from 1996 to 2007, a period during which China's economy expanded rapidly. ⑤ Overall, South Korea and China are the countries which showed the biggest increases in R&D/GDP ratios among the four countries and the EU.

17강 장문 독해 (1)

1~3 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

For many years praise was viewed as a tool to make children feel good about themselves and to motivate learning and good behavior.  More recent research, however, indicates that there is a poor correlation between use of praise and success in learning.  Praise is often used by teachers not as a way to express genuine pleasure about a child's actions, but rather as a means to manipulate future behavior.

(B)

Considered as goodies, praise is like the large pink icing rose in the center of a cake. It is appealing and at first bite its sweetness tastes wonderful. A couple more bites still might taste good, but it quickly becomes overly sweet.  It has only one simple flavor; we soon tire of it and if we eat very much at any one time, we might even feel slightly ill.  It may provide some quick energy but it provides no nourishment and doesn't support growth or health.

(C)

Although praise may encourage these children to continue an activity while an adult is watching, it has been suggested by recent work, they are less likely to continue the activity when the adult leaves or to repeat the activity in the future.  Rather than increasing children's commitment to positive behavior, praise encourages children to find ways to get future verbal "goodies" from important adults.

(D)

However, if your goal is to help children build self-direction and inner control, far from manipulating them, then praise is not an effective practice. Praising teaches children to act to receive approval from adults, not because they feel an action is correct or worthy. In some cases, children become so dependent on external evaluation from adults that they can't determine what they like or value.  We have known children who ask for adult approval constantly: “Do you like my picture?” "_____________________" These children were "praise junkies," dependent on praise as the only way to feel good about themselves.

1. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(D)-(C)

② (C)-(B)-(D)

③ (C)-(D)-(B)

④ (D)-(B)-(C)

⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)

2. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① The Magical Power of Praise

② The Secret of a Teacher's Charisma

③ Applauding Praise? Consider the Danger!

④ How to Raise Your Kids: Praise vs. Punishment

⑤ Motivate Your Children with as Many Questions as Possible

3. 빈칸에 들어갈 질문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Can I have a candy?

② Am I climbing well?

③ May I go to bathroom?

④ What does this word mean?

⑤ What animal do you like most?

4~6 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

Harold was a very active man who enjoyed skiing, hiking, and remodeling projects around his house. When he came to see me, he had been living with back pain for several years. Despite the pain, he lived his life fully. But the pain was getting worse. He saw several doctors, many of whom recommended surgery. He did a great deal of research, exploring many other options, before he decided on surgery.

(B)

But, Harold told me, he actually felt relieved when his doctor removed hope. In the absence of hope, he was able to mourn his loss and face his future. His great insight? He realized he didn't have to wonder how he could endure his physical restriction. He already knew how. He had been living with it for eighteen months. And now that he had stopped fighting, he could get the supports he needed to make his life easier. He told me that he learned that having hope could be good news or bad news.

(C)

Trying to resume his usual physical activities, Harold fell several times. He got frustrated. Every time he went to the doctor, he was told, “"There is still a chance.”" But meanwhile, Harold was getting more depressed. Finally, the doctor said to him, “"If you haven't recovered your function by now, you probably won't.”" All hope removed, Harold felt the despair that had always been inside him. And that was his “How am I going to live with this? moment.

(D)

Almost immediately after the surgery, he saw that his pain was greatly diminished, but he had lost mobility in one leg. His surgeon said it was caused by swelling around the spine, and as the swelling diminished, Harold would probably regain function of that leg. So Harold was advised to get a brace for his leg, to walk with a cane, and to cut back on some activity. But he did none of those things because he still had hope that his life would be just the way it had been before.

4. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(D)-(C)

② (C)-(B)-(D)

③ (C)-(D)-(B)

④ (D)-(B)-(C)

⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)

5. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Never Let Go of Hope

② The Gift of Hopelessness

③ Dangers of Being Too Active

④ You've Got to Believe Your Doctor!

⑤ Importance of Keeping in Good Health

6. 위 글의 Harold에 관한 내용과 일치 하는 것은?

① 여러 의사를 만났지만 한 명만이 수술을 권했다

② 희망을 잃게 된 후18개월간 방황했다

③ 재활 치료를 통해 다리의 건강을 되찾았다

④ 수술을 받은 후 통증이 크게 줄어들었다

⑤ 의사의 충고를 따라 수술 후 지팡이를 사용했다

7~9 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

There once was a boy who loved stories. One day The Boy tried to write a story, but it wasn't as good as the stories he read so he tried again and again. After a while he realized he wasn't getting anywhere so he sent his story to ten of his favorite authors so they could offer advice. In the coming weeks he received nine form letters apologizing about how busy the authors were and one very helpful letter from Gabriel Winters, (a) his favorite young author. It made the story better without affecting the core plot.

(B)

As he walked through the hospital doors, he found Gabe's room and the bed's occupant was a small frail man. The Boy thought, “He is going to be okay, no one who has a month to live can seem so happy.”The thought only lasted a millisecond, but it put (b) his mind at ease. The Boy stayed until a little after the funeral. When he arrived home, he wrote a book about Gabe. It received good reviews and finally let The Boy move on. One day The Boy received a letter. It was from a little girl who wanted (c) his advice on her story. The Boy smiled and began to write.

(C)

The Boy kept sending stories and Gabe kept helping until the letters became more like two friends getting each other's comments on a work than a famous author helping out a little kid. As the years dragged on, he went to a college with a good writing program and wrote stories for the school paper, but always wrote to Gabe. After graduation, (d) he got married young, became a well-known author himself and always wrote to Gabe.

(D)

One morning The Boy was eating his breakfast in his new house when the phone rang. The voice on the phone said, “Hello, is this 334-5672?”“Yes, this is,”said The Boy. “Gabriel Winters told me to tell you about his leukemia,”stated the voice. “Where is (e) he staying? I need to get there right away.”The Boy got the first ticket to Rochester he could find. He didn't care about the baby crying, he didn't care about the person kicking his seat, he cared about Gabe and to The Boy that was all that mattered.

7. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(C)-(D)

② (B)-(D)-(C)

③ (C)-(B)-(D)

④ (C)-(D)-(B)

⑤ (D)-(B)-(C)

8. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

① (a)        ② (b)        ③ (c)        ④ (d)        ⑤ (e)

9. The Boy에 관한 내용과 일치하는 것은?

① 아홉 명의 저자 중에서 한 통의 답신을 받았다

② Gabriel을 위해 평이 그저 그런 책을 썼다

③ 대학교 졸업 후에 유명 작가가 되었다

④ 새로 이사간 집에서 Gabriel로부터 직접 전화를 받았다

⑤ 몸이 아파서 휴양을 위해 Rochester에서 살았다

10~12 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

The textile industry routinely deals with dangerous chemicals. Most dye colors contain toxic elements. In fact, the trimmings, or excess cloth, from Rohner Textil's factory contained so many questionable chemicals that the Swiss government classified them as dangerous waste. Furthermore, the trimmings couldn't be burned or buried in Switzerland to comply with government regulations, but they had to be exported ─ shipped to a country with looser regulations, such as Spain.

(B)

McDonough's new process wasn't just safer, but it was also cheaper. Manufacturing costs shrank twenty percent. The savings came, in part, from the reduced complexity and expense of dealing with toxic chemicals. Workers no longer had to wear protective clothing. And the scraps ─ instead of being shipped to Spain for burial ─ were converted to felt, which was sold to Swiss farmers and gardeners for crop insulation. McDonough proved that there can be a _______________ between business goals and environmental goals

(C)

When the production process went on line, inspectors from the Swiss government came to check the water flowing out of the plant to make sure chemical emissions were within legal limits. "At first, the inspectors thought their equipment had broken,”said McDonough. The instruments were detecting nothing in the water. Then the inspectors tested the water flowing into the factory, which was Swiss drinking water, and found that the equipment was fine. McDonough said, “The fabrics during the production process were further filtering the water.”

(D)

To address this problem, Bill McDonough and Michael Braungart studied 8,000 chemicals commonly used in the textile industry. They measured each chemical against a set of safety criteria. Of the chemicals they tested, 7,962 failed. They were left with thirty-eight chemicals ─ but those were “safe enough to eat”according to McDonough. Amazingly, using just those thirty-eight chemicals, they were able to create a complete line of fabrics containing every color but black. The fabric they chose was made from natural materials ─ wool and a plant fiber called ramie.

10. 주어진 글(A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(C)-(D)

② (C)-(B)-(D)

③ (C)-(D)-(B)

④ (D)-(B)-(C)

⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)

11. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① choice

② border

③ tension

④ distinction

⑤ consistency

12. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Going Green Can Pay

② Make Your Workplace Safe

③ How to Pass Water Quality Inspection

④ Reducing the Risks of Toxic Exposure

⑤ Heavy Fine for Dumping Industrial Waste

18강 장문 독해 (2)

1-2 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

One remarkable discovery emerging from science is that we are not cut off from the rest of the universe. A core theme throughout this book is the idea that we each have a natural bond with the cosmos, even though it may be largely unrecognized and undeveloped. The respected author and researcher Dean Radin did an exhaustive analysis of psi research involving more than eight hundred studies and sixty investigators over nearly three decades. After weighing the collective evidence from all these studies, he concluded that we do participate in a subtle field of consciousness where we can both “send”and “receive.” These results are borne out in people's everyday experience. For example, surveys of the American adult population show that two-thirds say they have had an experience of extrasensory perception such as an accurate intuition about the well-being of someone who is far away. In addition, about 40 percent report having had a “mystical”experience such as seeing the universe as alive and feeling a sense of great peace and safety within that aliveness. In keeping with these findings, a recurring theme of this book is that _______________ is not confined within the brain but is an infusing presence throughout the universe that enables us, in cooperation with the brain, to connect meaningfully with the world beyond our physical body.

* psi research 초심리학 연구�* extrasensory 초감각적인

1. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① vision	② reality

③ knowledge	④ experience

⑤ consciousness

2. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① The Living Universe

② Changing Images of Man

③ The Great Awakening: Spiritual Revival

④ Our Intuitive Connection with the Cosmos

⑤ The Road to Happiness through Self-Awareness

3~4 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

One of my responsibilities is to help recruit new independent agencies to represent our company. In our effort to do this, we sent marketing materials to prospective agencies so they could learn more about us. While we hope most agents read our communications, seldom did we receive any direct replies. After learning about the principle of scarcity we realized we were missing out on an opportunity that had been right in front of us all along! We don't do business in every state, and each year we set a modest goal for appointing new agents in our operating areas. We never thought to incorporate those facts, or our current progress, into the communications we were sending. Understanding how the principle can move people to action, we began to include something like this near the end of our communications: “Each year we have a goal of selecting just a few new agencies to partner with us. For 2006 that number was set at only forty-two agencies across our twenty-eight operating states, and so far we've appointed more than thirty-five. It's our sincere hope that your agency will be one of those remaining agencies we appoint before year end.” The difference was noticeable immediately! Within days we began to receive inquiries. No extra cost, no new marketing campaigns, no product or system changes needed. The only change was ______________________________________.

3. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① setting our business goal higher than before

② sending the communications to more partners

③ pointing out that the opportunities are not limited

④ tailoring the product to the specific needs of our clients

⑤ adding three more sentences that contain true statements

4. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Simplicity Can Make a Difference

② Scarcity: the Wizard of Persuasion

③ Trust: the Bridge to a Client's Heart

④ Scarce Resources: the Obstacle to Growth

⑤ Offering People More Makes Them Want Less?

5~6 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

The Sea Gypsies are nomadic people who live in a group of tropical islands in Myanmar and off the west coast of Thailand. A wandering water tribe, they learn to swim before they learn to walk, and live over half their lives in boats on the open sea. They survive by harvesting clams and sea cucumbers. Their children dive down, often thirty feet beneath the water's surface, and pluck up their food, and have done so for centuries. By learning to lower their heart rate, they can stay under water twice as long as most swimmers. They do this without any diving equipment.

But what distinguishes these children is that they can see clearly at great depths, without goggles. Most human beings cannot see clearly under water because as sunlight passes through water, it is bent so that light doesn't land where it should on the retina.

Anna Gislen, a Swedish researcher, studied the Sea Gypsies’ability to read placards under water and found that they were more than twice as skillful as European children. The Gypsies learned to control the shape of their lenses, and more significantly, to control the size of their pupils, contracting them twenty-two percent. This is a remarkable finding, because human pupils reflexively get larger under water, and pupil adjustment has been thought to be a fixed, inborn reflex, controlled by the brain and nervous system.

This ability of the Sea Gypsies to see under water isn't the product of a unique genetic endowment. Gislen has since taught Swedish children to contract their pupils to see under water. This is one instance of the brain and nervous system showing unexpected training effects that alter what was thought to be a hardwired, unchangeable circuit.

* reflex 반사운동

5. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Mother Nature Cannot Be Conquered

② Training Can Change How Brain Works

③ Human History Is Mapped in the Genes

④ A New Era of Nomadic Life Is Emerging

⑤ Prosperity Comes from Exchange and Trade

6. 위 글의 Sea Gypsies에 관한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

① 미얀마와 태국 등지에서 사는 수상 유목 민족이다

② 잠수 장비 없이도 물속에서 오래 머무를 수 있다

③ 물안경을 쓰지 않고도 물속에서 글씨를 읽을 수 있다

④ 동공의 크기를 22퍼센트 수축시킬 수 있다

⑤ 수정체와 동공을 조절하는 유전 인자를 가지고 있다

7~8 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

A small female dolphin was captured by means of a hook placed in a tank. The hook injured her, and the shock of capture and of being wounded was so great that she could scarcely keep herself afloat. Dolphins, being mammals, must come up for air and cannot live without it. Therefore glass jars were attached to her to act as floats. It was touch and go whether she would live; she seemed so aimless and dispirited. She merely floated about, and her captors were sure she would die soon unless they could think something up quickly.

“How about a male companion?”they thought. They brought in a male Delphinus. Pauline, as they named the female, showed favorable reactions to the newcomer, making the sounds which are recognizable as indicating        _______________. Despite the shock and pain of her injury, she even made some effort to swim. The bottles were removed. The male dolphin tried to help Pauline to swim, pushing under her and bringing her to the surface. This he did with infinite patience, again and again.

Pauline recovered. The two dolphins became inseparable, swimming happily around together, playing games, showing every sign of affection. Two months later Pauline died from an infection of the wound that was caused during her capture. As she died, her companion circled round her constantly, emitting a shrill whistle of distress. When she was dead, he continued his cries, swimming round and round for three days, refusing all food. Then he, too, died. An autopsy showed an ulcerous condition aggravated by his refusal to eat. Peritonitis followed, and proved fatal. His ceaseless lamentations after Pauline's death were one of the saddest displays ever witnessed in dolphin research.

* ulcerous 궤양의�* peritonitis 복막염

7. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① confusion	② acceptance

③ submission	④ patience

⑤ indifference

8. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① A Dolphin Is My Lifesaver!

② A Short Film Starring Dolphins

③ A Happy Day with Dolphins in the Sea

④ No More Debate on Dolphins’Intelligence

⑤ Love and Death: A Story of Two Dolphins

19강  IT(컴퓨터, 인터넷, 정보, 교통, 미디어)

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The robotic teddy bear Huggable, built as a companion for children and the elderly, has two thousand sensors under its fur-covered silicon skin that can measure temperature, force, and electrical fields. Embrace it, and it hugs back. Put it on your lap, and it looks up at you with video camera eyes and nuzzles into your arms. Set it on a table, and it can look around, catch your gaze, and gesture to be picked up. All the while, the robotic bear relays audio, video, and other information wirelessly to a nurse, tutor, babysitter, or parent. Is the Huggable being hit or ignored? Has the child fallen or gotten distracted? The Huggable knows, and can tell. A Huggable can strengthen family ties, enabling a soldier, business traveler, or faraway grandparent to be with a child virtually.

* nuzzle (코나 입을) 비비다.

① The Huggable: An Affectionate Robotic Companion

② Try Making Your First Robot with the Huggable!

③ Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Robots

④ Are We Safe from Robots That Can Think for Themselves?

⑤ Improve Productivity by Innovative Application of Industrial Robots

2. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Unlike a printed book, (A)[what / which] can present only text and images, digital media can display content in many formats ─ text, still image, sound, moving image, combinations of text on video, sound in text, video in text, and more. Compared to print ─ and indeed, to any traditional medium ─ this [ versatility ] is astonishing. What is most exciting is that it offers users the chance to work in a preferred medium or (B)[interact / interacts] with multiple media simultaneously. In a digitally equipped class studying Dr. King's “I Have a Dream”speech, for example, a student with reading problems, a student with a preference for visual material, and a student who loves to read could access the material as speech, video, and text, respectively. Or they could access (C)[it / them] as video and text or text and speech.                       �

* versatility 다기능성

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	what	…	interact	…	it
②	what	…	interacts	…	it
③	which	…	interact	…	it
④	which	…	interact	…	them
⑤	which	…	interacts	…	them

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people fear that the computer will replace other valuable forms of content creation, such as writing a short story on a blank piece of paper by using a simple pencil, or painting a picture with watercolors. This concern needs to be taken seriously. The computer does not replace such traditional forms of content creation but rather adds to the long list of forms available. Of course, it is up to us to determine whether digital creativity will replace other forms. Much depends on the choices that we are making ─ whether, for instance, we encourage our children to use paper and crayons to make their first drawings or sit them in front of our PCs and let them draw with the mouse. We should certainly be encouraging them to use a broad range of media to express themselves ─ including low-tech media such as pens, crayons, and paper, among others.

① Let Your Kids Play with Computers!

② Benefits of Computer-aided Instruction

③ Why Children Love Drawing with Computers

④ Computers: Just Another Form of Content Creation

⑤ Can Computers Teach Children to Write and Draw?

4. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Online technology is available to monitor and track employee performance. This information is useful for identifying training needs and providing employees with feedback regarding their skill strengths and weaknesses. In call centers, _____(A)_____, technology provides an ongoing assessment of performance. An employee who triggers the online system by failing to meet a defined standard, such as receiving more than five callbacks on an unresolved issue, is automatically referred to the appropriate job aid or training event. Online technology has several advantages: It provides an objective report of behaviors, the data can be quickly summarized into reports, and it does not require a trainer to observe employees. However, for online technology to be effective, managers need to ensure that the information is used to train and not to punish employees. _____(B)_____, employees will feel threatened, which will contribute to employee dissatisfaction and turnover. �

* turnover 이직률

	(A)		(B)
①	however	…	As a result
②	however	…	On the other hand
③	for example	…	Nonetheless
④	for example	…	Otherwise
⑤	in fact	…	Instead

20강 식품, 영양, 건강, 의학

1. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

According to the World Health Organization, a quarter of modern medicines are made from plants first used in traditional medicine. ① Remedies developed from wild plants are used in the treatment of malaria, diabetes, cardiac illness, HIV/AIDS, cancer, pain, and respiratory ailments. ② The Pacific yew, which was once burned by western logging operations, was recently found to contain in its bark a substance called paclitaxol, which can help shrink cancerous tumors. ③ The removal of trees during logging has in some instances resulted in the scarcity or outright extinction of many important plant and animal species. ④ Some plants long recognized as having medicinal value have only recently been analyzed in a modern laboratory. ⑤ Willow bark, for instance, was used for centuries to relieve pain, but only in modern times was it discovered to contain salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin.

2. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

You can get some physical and mental benefits from swimming. ① Swimming builds up your limbs, heart, and lungs, and improves coordination and strength. ② There's very little risk of injury, and it's an activity you will probably never grow too old to do. ③ Some people enjoy swimming because when they enter a cool, wet world where there are no distractions -- with no one to listen to and no one to argue with, swimming gives them a feeling of peace. ④ If you swim on an empty stomach in the morning, swimming may not be good for you, because swimming is hard work. ⑤ This solitude can be the most pleasant part of swimming, a chance to let the mind relax as the body works, a time to relieve stress and work off tension.

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When people move from one country to another, or from one area to another, their economic status may change. They will be introduced to new foods and new food customs. Although their original food customs may have been nutritionally adequate, their new environment may cause them to change their eating habits. For example, if milk was a staple (basic) food in their diet before moving and is unusually expensive in the new environment, milk may be replaced by a cheaper, nutritionally inferior beverage such as soda, coffee, or tea. Candy, possibly a luxury in their former environment, may be inexpensive. As a result, a family might increase consumption of soda or candy and reduce purchases of more nutritious foods. Someone who is not familiar with the nutritive value of foods can easily make such mistakes in food selection.

① impact of nutrition on eating habits

② importance of a balanced diet in nutrition

③ common misconceptions of food consumption

④ environmental and economic effects on food habits

⑤ relationships between food prices and nutritive values

4. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Teenagers love fast food, and fortunately, some fast-food establishments are offering ① more nutritious choices than the standard hamburger meal. The adult, as a gatekeeper, can help the teenager choose ② wisely by delivering nutrition information in a way that is meaningful to the individual teen. Those who are prone to gain weight will often open their ears to news about calories in fast foods. ③ Others attend best to information about the negative effects of an ill-chosen diet on sport performance. Still others are fascinated ④ to learn of the skin's need for vitamins. Rather than dictating a list of do's and don'ts, the wise gatekeeper does more listening than talking. When asked, teens often identify for themselves the factors blocking healthy behaviors, and ⑤ acknowledge such factors is the first step in eliminating them.

21강  철학, 종교, 역사, 문화, 풍습, 지리

1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Schoolteacher Carol Tateishi writes that in her Asian upbringing, she was taught that ① silence is a sign of self-reliance and strength. She interviewed five Asian American secondary school students from various ② ethnic backgrounds. Even though their families spanned 100 years of immigration, some recurrent themes emerged, such as “You're not supposed to say too much”and “③ talk could cause disrespect and harsh feelings.” The girls who entered U.S. schools as English language learners ④ feared speaking up because they were self-conscious about their language skills. Another girl mentioned that girls “were not supposed to speak unless spoken to.” ⑤ Excess in speech was valued by these students and their families, whereas speaking in class and classroom dialogue is taken as intellectual engagement and meaning-making in U.S. classrooms.

2. Nietzsche에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하지 않는 것은?

Nietzsche is one of the supreme literary artists among philosophers. Many Germans regard him as the greatest of all writers of German prose. One reason why Nietzsche has been able to speak to so many creative artists is that he was himself something of an artist among philosophers. He wrote good poetry and composed music, and the most significant friendship in his life was with the composer Wagner. But more important than any of this, his literary style was one of extraordinary brilliance; and this was almost bound to be attractive to other writers. Most of his books are not written in the same sort of extended prose as other philosophy, with arguments and counter-arguments, laid out at length, but are presented in broken-up forms: aphorisms, or biblical verses, or separately numbered paragraphs.

* aphorism 경구, 잠언

① 많은 독일인이 독일 산문의 대가로 여긴다.

② 예술성이 뛰어난 철학자였다.

③ Wagner와의 친분 관계가 각별 하였다.

④ 다른 작가들이 매력적으로 느끼는 문체의 소유자였다.

⑤ 논증과 반증의 방식으로 글을 구성하였다.

3. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

___________________ have influences on the development of form in functional pottery. For example, the way that the pottery is used, and in what sort of environment, has a strong effect on the way that the bases of ceramic objects are made. In cultures that use tables, the base of the object needs to be flat or nearly flat. In other cultures that may have little use for tables, pots may be hung from branches, walls, or hooks: pots used in this way often have pointed bases. In yet other cultures, the objects may be placed directly on earth or sand floors: in this case, we often find pots with rounded bases that can be made to tip or roll easily in use. These forms would often be set on a braided fiber ring, or even a ceramic ring, to facilitate tipping.

* braided 짠, 꼰

① The kinds of raw materials used

② Geographic and climatic conditions

③ The methods by which pots are carried

④ The ways of preparing and serving food

⑤ Mankind’ varied customs and living habits

4. Caral에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치 하지 않는 것은?

Six earth-and-rock mounds rise out of the windswept desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru. They appear to be natural hills in a desert region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the mountains of the Andean Cordillera. However, these are human-made pyramids, remains of a city called “Caral.” Though Caral was discovered in 1905, most archaeologists were uninterested in it because they believed the remaining structures were fairly recent. New evidence, however, indicates Caral prospered nearly 5,000 years ago. Research developed by Ruth Shady Solis, a Peruvian archaeologist, suggests that Caral, with the huge complex of pyramids, plazas, and residential buildings, was a thriving metropolis as Egypt's great pyramids were being built.

① 페루의 사막에 위치해 있다.

② 피라미드가 유적으로 발견 되었다.

③ 발견 당시 많은 고고학자들의 관심을 받았다.

④ 약 5천 년 전에 번창한 도시였다고 추정된다.

⑤ 이집트의 피라미드가 건축되던 시기에 번영했다.

22강  스포츠, 레저, 여행, 취미

1. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Tom Osborne loved coaching. It was his life. But he was more. He was more than just a coach. If you would ask any of his players, they would tell you that he was a father figure, a good friend. He loved the coaching and the teaching associated with college football. But probably more than that, he loved the opportunity to help his players grow mentally and spiritually and become outstanding citizens. As Coach Osborne has said over his magnificent career, that in the end is all that counts. When the game is over, it is over. But what that young man does with his life at the end of his football career is most important; how he contributes to his community, to his family and to his nation is most important.

① Osborne의 코치 경력을 소개하려고

② Osborne의 전인적 교육을 칭송하려고

③ 미식축구의 범사회적 공헌을 홍보하려고

④ Osborne의 미식축구 지도방법을 설명하려고

⑤ 미식축구 훈련과 인성 교육의 연관성을 강조하려고

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

As humorist Will Rogers once said that money was all appropriated for the top in hopes that it would trickle down to the needy, we might expect tourism to generate benefits across the economy. After all, tourists are demanding: they need feeding and watering and entertaining. They need someone to grow the food, make the furniture, bottle the beer and so on. But too often, in poor countries, tourists eat imported food and sleep in rooms where nothing has been made locally. Tourists demand their cornflakes and steaks, their cheeses and crisps ─ as if they were at home; and they want imported beers rather than local brands. All of this contributes to leakage. As a result, many tourism earnings are either retained by the tourist-sending countries or sent back to them in some way. Somehow or other, it ends up with our hosts ─ not us ─ picking up much of the bill.

① Smile Please, We're Tourists

② A Road to Becoming an Eco-tourist

③ Forces Influencing the Future of Tourism

④ Tourism: the World's Fastest-growing Industry

⑤ Does Tourism Really Contribute to Local Economy?

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Tourism services cannot be produced and stored today for consumption in the future. For example, an airline flight that has 100 empty seats on a 400-seat airplane cannot compensate for the shortfall by selling 500 seats on the next flight of that airplane. The 100 seats are irrevocably lost, along with the revenue that they would normally generate. Because some of this loss is attributable to airline passengers or hotel guests who do not take up their reservations, most businesses‘overbook’their services on the basis of the average number of seats that have not been claimed in the past. This characteristic of tourism also helps to explain why airlines and other tourism businesses offer last-minute sales or stand-by rates at drastically reduced prices. While they will not obtain as much profit from these clients, at least some revenue can be recovered at minimal extra cost. �

* irrevocably 돌이킬 수 없게

① reasons to support tourism business development

② strategies to minimize irrevocable loss in tourism

③ roles of international airlines in tourism promotion

④ impacts of rapid tourism expansion on the economy

⑤ different ways of pricing tourism products and services

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Some runners come to realize their creative potential while running. This is when running becomes art. There is clearly a point beyond ① what running the exercise becomes running the art. It varies for everyone, but there is no ② mistaking it once “creative running”occurs. Such creative running occurs when the runner has become so relaxed that he is only barely aware of the physical act of running. Then, running, unlike any other activity, becomes a ③ means toward solving problems and curing depression. Many runners report that they are able to solve the problems of their work, and that they are able to see their potential even ④ while depressed, because of running. This usually occurs only when the runner is relaxed and doesn't carry any great expectations into the run. The apparent magic that running sometimes provides ⑤ occurs almost inevitably as a surprise.

23강  교육, 학교, 진로

1. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Education is a powerful force that can speed up economic growth, improve income distribution, and reduce poverty. It can also improve the quality of life for citizens by contributing to longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality rates, and a more cohesive national identity. _____(A)_____, attaining these benefits from investing in human capital through education is not automatic. All too often, higher investment in education is not associated with faster economic growth, especially when the system fails to produce the quality of skilled labor required to meet demand or when demand itself is inadequate. Similarly, poor-quality education effectively erodes its returns, leading to high dropout rates, especially among the poor. _____(B)_____, rather than enhancing social cohesion, improving health outcomes, and strengthening the future development capacity of a nation, education is sometimes used by vested interest groups to advance particular causes at the expense of the broader public good. �

* vested interest 기득권

	(A)		(B)
①	Rather	…	Therefore
②	Rather	…	Finally
③	Of course	…	In sum
④	However	…	Finally
⑤	However	…	In sum

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Parents today are pretty shocked about how neglectful parents used to be in the olden days. Now some parents think their job is to protect children from every hurt and danger. But that is not possible, and not desirable. What we need to give them instead is the strength, the confidence, the skills, and the connection with others that allows them to cope with being hurt, and even grow from it. Of course, we provide basic safety and try to keep the dangers away, though some things such as illness and injury are largely beyond our control. Why do we keep playgrounds open even though it's possible for children to break an arm or a leg? Because they have to play, even with the risk. The harsher realities of life ─ death, homelessness, war, poverty, injustice, violence ─ are scary to children, but we can't keep them sheltered indefinitely.

① 놀이터의 안전관리 기준을 강화 할 필요가 있다.

② 아이들이 스스로 위험을 이겨낼 수 있도록 해야 한다.

③ 때로는 마음의 상처가 신체의 상처보다 극복하기 어렵다.

④ 발달 단계에 따른 자녀 교육방법을 선택하는 것이 중요하다.

⑤ 안전교육은 어렸을 때부터 반복하여 실시하는 것이 효과적이다.

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of  ______________________________. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they “know”all the words they are reading. This means that when they don't know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. Instantly they are made to realize that they have done something wrong. Perhaps some of the other children will begin to wave their hands and say, “Ooooh! O-o-ooh!” Perhaps they will just giggle or make a face. Perhaps the teacher will say, “Are you sure?”or ask someone else what he thinks. Or perhaps, if the teacher is kindly, she will just smile a sweet, sad smile ─ often one of the most painful punishments a child can suffer in school.

① inspiration and motivation

② amusement for young children

③ possible failure and public humiliation

④ interactive cooperative learning activities

⑤ goals that schoolchildren ought to achieve

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

I am not arguing here that the arts in education cannot serve various educational ends. They necessarily do. Seeing narrative at work in the visual arts expands a student's sense of what storytelling entails, just as a visual or dramatic portrayal of a historic event may make it particularly memorable. When explaining or defending the role of the arts in education, however, we should resist the temptation to package the arts as supplementary to non-arts subjects ─ as a way to help teach math or chemistry or physics. The value of the arts in education is clear and non-negotiable and must withstand rather than respond to differing tides and winds. We need to include the arts in education not because they serve other kinds of learning, but because they offer students opportunities for learning that other subjects do not. The arts are essential to general education.

① 예술 교육의 독립적 가치를 인식해야 한다.

② 예술 교육은 타 교과와 통합하여 가르쳐야 한다.

③ 체험 학습을 통하여 예술을 이해하도록 해야 한다.

④ 시대의 요구에 맞게 예술 교육방법을 다양화해야 한다.

⑤ 예술의 다양한 교육적 용도를 활용하는 방안을 강구해야 한다.

24강  인물, 일화, 기사, 뉴스

1. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When I was a boy, my friends in the south of the Netherlands always ridiculed me when I came home from vacations in the north, (A)[which / where] I played with boys from Amsterdam. They told me that I talked funny. Unconsciously, I would return speaking a poor imitation of the harsh northern accent. The way our bodies ─ including voice, mood, posture, and so on ─ are influenced by surrounding bodies (B)[is / are] one of the mysteries of human existence, but one that provides the glue that holds entire societies together. It is also one of the most underestimated phenomena, especially in disciplines that view humans as rational decision makers. Instead of each individual independently (C)[weighs / weighing] the pros and cons of his or her own actions, we occupy nodes within a tight network that connects all of us in both body and mind.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	which	…	is	…	weighs
②	which	…	is	…	weighing
③	where	…	is	…	weighing
④	where	…	are	…	weighs
⑤	where	…	are	…	weighing

2. Willa B. Brown에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Willa B. Brown was the first African American woman who got a commercial pilot license. She was born in 1906 in Glasgow, Kentucky. She received her bachelor's degree in 1927 at IndianaState Teacher's College. She taught in Indiana for a while and then moved to Chicago. Influenced by Bessie Coleman, Willa started taking flying lessons in 1934. Soon she became a member of the flying club, the Challenger Air Pilot's Association. She also purchased her own airplane. In 1937, she received her pilot's license and that same year, she received a master's’ degree from Northwestern University. In 1938, she and her flight instructor, Cornelius R. Coffey started the Coffey School of Aeronautics, where approximately 200 pilots were trained in the next seven years. Some of those pilots later became part of the 99th Pursuit Squadron at Tuskegee Institute.

① 켄터키 주 Glasgow에서 태어났다

② 인디애나 주에서 학생을 가르치다가 시카고로 이주했다

③ 1934년에 Bessie Coleman에게 비행교육을 시켰다.

④ 1937년에 Northwestern 대학교에서 석사학위를 받았다

⑤ 1938년에 Cornelius R. Coffey와 함께 항공학교를 설립했다

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the autumn of 1939, during the slightly hysterical confusion that comes with the outbreak of war, Great Britain introduced stringent blackout regulations to thwart any murderous ambitions by the German air force.

(A) Worst of all, drivers had to drive around in almost perfect invisibility ─ even dashboard lights were not allowed ─ so they had to guess not only where the road was but at what speed they were moving.

(B) For three months it was essentially illegal to show any light at night, however faint. Rule-breakers could be arrested for lighting a cigarette in a doorway or holding a match up to read a wartime poster.

(C) One man was fined for not covering the glow of the heater light from his tropical fish tank. Hotels and offices spent hours every day putting up and taking down special blackout covers.

* thwart 좌절시키다

① (A)-(C)-(B)	② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)	④ (C)-(A)-(B)

⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

4. Alice Walker에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

In the summer of 1966, Alice Walker, who would later win a Pulitzer Prize for The Color Purple, spent her days battling racism in Mississippi. She had recently won her first writing fellowship and could have chosen to follow her dream of moving to Senegal, Africa, but instead she put herself in the heat of the civil rights movement. Born in 1944, Walker was the eighth child of Georgia farmers who earned about $300 a year. When she was 8, her brother accidentally shot her in the left eye with a BB gun.

By the time her parents got her to the hospital a week later (they had no car), she was blind in that eye. Despite the counts against her, Walker has become an award-winning novelist. As Walker puts it, she writes about people who “make it, who come out of nothing. People who triumph.”

* fellowship 지원금

① 1966년 여름에  퓰리처상을 수상했다.

② 저작 지원금을 받고 아프리카의 세네갈로 이주했다.

③ 1944년에 연300달러를 받고 농장에 취직했다.

④ 8살이 되던 해에 사고로 왼쪽 눈을 실명했다.

⑤ 작품에서는 인생에서 실패한 사람들을 다루었다.

25강  환경, 자원, 재활용

1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Observations and general circulation models of climate trends indicate that all regions of the world will see increased warming, and this will be particularly marked in polar areas and mountainous regions. Coastal areas will experience sea level rise. By 2050, we will see higher temperatures and sea levels, changes in sea surface conditions and coastal water quality, increased weather variability, and more frequent and extreme weather events, even if global greenhouse gas emissions are stabilized at 2。C above pre-industrial levels. Already the entire energy supply chain is significantly vulnerable to climate variability and extreme events that can affect energy resources and supplies as well as seasonal demand; the projected changes will increase this vulnerability, and thus the need to adapt to changing conditions.

① causes of extreme weather conditions

② regional differences in climate change

③ sustainable development of the environment

④ preventive measures against global warming

⑤ climate change and its impacts on energy systems

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

American alligators have no natural predators except humans. Hunters once killed large numbers of these animals to make shoes, belts and pocketbooks. Other people considered alligators to be useless and dangerous, and hunted them for sport or out of hatred. Between 1950 and 1960, hunters wiped out 90% of the alligators in Louisiana, and by the 1960s the alligator population in the Florida Everglades was also near extinction. These hunters often say “So what?”but they overlook _____________________. Alligators dig deep gator holes that collect fresh water during dry spells. As alligators move from gator holes to nesting places, they help keep areas of open water free of invading vegetation. Without these ecosystem services, fresh water ponds and coastal wetlands found in the alligator's habitat would be filled in by shrubs and trees, and dozens of species would disappear.

① alligators in danger of extinction

② the destruction of wildlife habitat

③ the roles of alligators in ecosystems

④ the adaptation of alligators to environment

⑤ the harmful effects of alligators on ecosystems

3. 다음 글의 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Waste has always been intrinsic to industrial production. Because industrial cycles are never complete ─ because there is no return─ there are two characteristic results of industrial enterprise: exhaustion and contamination. ① The energy industry, for instance, is not a cycle, but only a short arc between an empty hole and poisoned air. ② And farming, which is inherently cyclic, capable of regenerating and reproducing itself indefinitely, becomes similarly destructive and self-exhausting when transformed into an industry. ③ Agricultural pollution is a growing problem and industrial agriculture is forced by its character to treat the soil itself as a “raw material,”which it proceeds to “use up.” ④ Among the benefits of industrial agriculture have been cheap food and a release of labor from agricultural activities for employment in other sectors. ⑤ It has been estimated, for instance, that at the present rate of cropland erosion Iowa's soil will be exhausted by 2050.

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Environmental scientists study the influence of human actions on natural processes. These scientists attempt to integrate information from many traditionally separate areas of learning such as ecology, economics, politics, and anthropology. However, more vocal and influential than environmental scientists are those members of the general public who are environmentalists. Recent polls show that 70% of the public are concerned that human actions are leading to the degradation of the planet. Environmentalists object to the degradation of our planet on aesthetic, moral, and pragmatic grounds. Their arguments may be drawn on scientific data, but they are just as likely to be based on emotional appeal or on ethical or moral criteria. Both science and environmentalism have their place in modern society, but a distinction should be maintained. It is important that testable fact as determined by scientific investigation is kept different from __________________________.

* degradation 악화, 퇴보

① unconditional or blind belief

② heartfelt opinion or speculation

③ accidentally disclosed information

④ practical ideas that can be easily implemented

⑤ supernatural forces beyond our understanding

26강 음악, 미술, 영화, 무용, 사진, 건축

1. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

All art is creation, regardless of how closely the imitation resembles the original. Even the most rigorous attempt to create an absolute likeness is ultimately selective. Doing a portrait, _____(A)_____, the artist may ask the subject to look serious, not smile -- selecting a certain aspect of the person. We know Mona Lisa Giaconda, the subject of th emost famous portrait in the world, through her mysterious smile; but we will never know what the entire person was like. The treasure of art, _____(B)_____, is that its reality lives forever. The final product is really an addition to reality, not simply a way of totally reproducing it. The artist always contributes something new, something that never was put together in precisely that way before. Lenardo's Mona Lisa is not Mona Lisa. The latter has long since gone to her reward; the former will never die.

	(A)		(B)
①	in contrast	…	therefore
②	in contrast	…	however
③	for example	…	hence
④	for example	…	however
⑤	in other words	…	therefore

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Fourteenth-century approaches to music had a deep and continuing impact on music and musical life in later centuries. Perhaps most significant was the invention of a precise and unambiguous notation that could record a wide variety of rhythms and allowed music to be distributed in writing and performed accurately wherever it went. We now take this for granted when we play from notation and sight-read through unfamiliar music, but it was a remarkable innovation in the fourteenth century. Among its effects was that composers could fix their music exactly as they wished it to be performed, as poets had long been able to set down their poems, leading them to take pride in authorship as few composers had done before the fourteenth century. In addition, future composers would claim credit for their work more readily and would remain anonymous much less often than was true before 1300.

① the simplification of musical notation

② ways to protect a musician's authorship

③ the relationship between music and poetry

④ the invention of musical notation and its effects

⑤ important roles of composers in the 14th century

3. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Whatever the professional musician may hold, most musical beginners still search for specific words with which to pin down their musical _____(A)_____. That is way they always find Tchaikovsky easier to "understand" than Beethoven. In the first place, it is easier to pin a meaningword on a Tchaikovsky piece than on a Beethoven one. Much easier. Moreover, with the Russian composer, every time you come back to a piece of his it almost always says the same thing to you, whereas with Beethoven it is often quite difficult to put your finger right on what he is saying. And any musician will tell you that that is why Beethoven is the _____(B)_____ composer. Because music which always says the same thing to you will necessarily soon become dull music, but music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.

	(A)		(B)
①	tastes	…	greater
②	careers	…	more popular
③	potential	…	more popular
④	reactions	…	greater
⑤	background	…	more creative

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The visual arts are nonverbal languages, but in more ways than one might expect. We all know that paintings communicate, and that we are able to derive some information from them more effectively than we can from words.

(A) But few of us are aware of the fact that obtaining information from an image is not automatic -- not even from the most realistic picture of a familiar subject.

(B) We have to be able to "read" a particular system of distortions that has been used to translate the original three-dimensional scene into a two-dimensional reproduction.

(C) For example, a great many words would be needed to describe a miracle performed by a saint or what the Rocky Mountains looked like in 1848 with the same degree of detail found in a painted image of such a subject.

① (A) - (C) - (B)	② (B) - (A) - (C)	③ (B) - (C) - (A)

④ (C) - (A) - (B)	⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

27강 정치, 경제, 사회, 법

1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

One way of looking at trust in personal relations centers around your fears of rejection. Let us look at the progressive disclosure of personal information as part of the process of building trust. You show some trust in another by making a disclosure that is a little ① risky. If the other is ② supportive about your disclosure, trust is likely to be enhanced. Trust may be further enhanced if the other risks ③ disclosing at a similar level of intimacy. However, if the other person ④ accepts your initial disclosure, you are unlikely to risk deeper disclosures and may even end the relationship. Where both of you feel relatively ⑤ safe, you may be prepared to continue testing and building trust by disclosing at a slightly deeper level.

2. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Today's TGV drivers, however, spend their working day comfortably seated in a warm or air-conditioned cab.

In the late 1940s, the train drivers in France had been doing dangerous manual work -- operating steam engines -- for upwards of four decades. (①) By retirement in their early fifties, they were exhausted: often sick and with a life expectancy rarely in excess of ten years. (②) Generous pensions were the least they could reasonably ask, and the burden on the state was easily tolerated. (③) The nearest they come to manual labor is when they press a series of electric switches to activate their machinery. (④) For them to retire before the age of fifty-five appears absurd. (⑤) Thanks to the medical and other provisions of the French welfare state, such men may reasonably expect to live well into their eighties, which places a significant burden upon the public finances.

* TGV 프랑스의 초고속 전기열차

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rarely are people recruited to an executive team because their strengths are the best complement to those of the existing team members. When is the last time you heard a leader talking about how your team needed to add a person who not only had the technical competence but who could also help build stronger relationships within the group? The vast majority of the time, we recruit by job function -- and all but ignore individuals' strengths. What's worse, when leaders do recruit for strength, they all too often pick people who act, think, or behave like themselves, although unintentionally in most cases. It's an age-old dilemma. How is a company supposed to grow, adapt, and change if a domineering CEO continues to pick people who agree with him and who have a similar background and personality?

① 기존의 조직을 보완해 줄 수 있는 사원을 선발해야 한다.

② 사원의 복합적인 업무 수행 능력 향상이 경영의 핵심이다.

③ 업무 수행에 있어 개인적인 능력보다 팀워크가 더 중요하다.

④ 불확실한 미래를 대비하기 위해서 상황 적응력을 키워야 한다.

⑤ 회사의 설립 목적을 달성하기 위해 사원 연수를 지속적으로 해야 한다.

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Let's say an ant in a colony stumbles upon a new food source. No dictator ant has to tell the colony to reorganize itself to harvest that source. Instead, one ant, in the course of his normal searching, stumbles upon the food. Then a neighboring ant will notice that ant's change in direction, and then a neighbor of that ant will notice the change, and pretty soon, as Steven Johnson puts it, "____________________________." The entire colony will have a pheromone superhighway to harvest the new food source. A change has been quickly communicated through the system, and the whole colony mind had restructured itself to take advantage of this new circumstance. There has been no conscious decision to make the change. But a new set of arrangements has emerged, and once the custom has been set, future ants will automatically conform.

① Positive change comes from conflict

② Local information can lead to global wisdom

③ Diversity generates a wider range of solutions

④ Cooperation sometimes leads to negative consequences

⑤ The success of any system relies upon a central controller

28강 물리, 화학, 생물, 지구과학, 천문, 동 ․ 식물, 자연

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many fruits, vegetables, and flowering trees depend on pollinators, such as honeybees, for their reproduction.

(A) These include loss of habitat of the pollinators (for example, forests), invasive species of parasites (for example, fire ants that attack honeybee populations), viral infections transmitted from abroad, and large-scale use of pesticides, which kill the pollinators.

(B) Indeed, the fruit industry spends vast sums of money on bee pollinators. There is now a mass decline in the wild populations of many pollinators, including honeybees, and also a replacement of native pollinators by unsuitable invasive species.

(C) The results will be declining crop productivity and rising food costs. There is, as with the other areas of disastrous biodiversity decline, a multitude of interacting factors, probably all of which are contributing to the decline.

① (A) - (C) - (B)	② (B) - (A) - (C)	③ (B) - (C) - (A)

④ (C) - (A) - (B)	⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

2. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Our brain is a great computing machine, but it also places some obstacles in the way of apprehending reality truthfully.

There is no question that the brain-mind mechanism is one of the most glorious achievements of evolution. (①) Unfortunately, despite its many amazing features, it has also developed several procedures that are less desirable. (②) Every impressive evolutionary adaptation winds up blocking other possibilities: the bat has an exceptionally sensitive sonar but poor eyesight; the shark can't see well either but has a fantastic sense of smell. (③) The first of these is the nervous system itself. (④) The more that is known about how the mind works, the more we realize that the filter through which we experience the world has some peculiar built-in biases. (⑤) If we do not understand how these biases work, thoughts and actions are never truly going to be under conscious control.

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

A distinctive characteristic of the African elephant is its extremely large ears. Besides their important use in hearing, the ears serve as _______________________, similar to those of the fennec fox, which is a small nocturnal fox found in the Sahara of North Africa and has unusually large ears. They provide a large surface area through which runs an extensive network of blood vessels. When the animal is hot, the blood vessels expand and rise above the skin, so that blood running through them is more exposed to the air. Spreading of the ears and ear-flapping are characteristically seen when elephants stand in the shade on hot days because of high-temperature. The action increases the air currents over the blood vessels so blood is cooled more efficiently, helping reduce the body temperature.

① radiators to prevent overheating

② useful tools for giving directions

③ ways of hearing predators moving around

④ symbols of representing its status in a group

⑤ channels of communicating with other elephants

4. 미네랄에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Minderals are necessary for the body to build tissues or assist in various body functions. Minerals are found in all body tissues. They cannot provide energy by themselves, but in their role as body regulators, they contribute to the production of energy within the body. Minerals are found in water and in natural (unprocessed) foods, together with proteins, fats, and vitamins. Humans obtain minerals by eating plants grown in mineral-rich soil or by eating animals that have eaten such plants. The specific mineral content of food is determined by burning the food and then chemically analyzing the remaining ash. Most minerals in food occur as salts, which are soluble in water. Therefore, the minerals leave the food and remain in the cooking water. Using this cooking liquid improves the flavors as well as the nutrient content of foods to which it is added.

① 신체 내에서의 에너지 생산에 도움을 준다.

② 물이나 가공되지 않은 자연 식품에서 발견된다.

③ 음식을 태워서 재를 분석하면 성분을 알 수 있다.

④ 음식 속에서 대부분 염류로 존재한다.

⑤ 물에 요리한 후에도 음식 속에 남아 있다.

29강 심리, 인간 관계

1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Almost all teenagers have difficulty with their families. Even the healthiest boys and girls push their parents to validate them as adults before the parents are ready to accept the new situation. All teenagers do some distancing as part of their individuation process. But healthy boys and girls know that their parents love them and stay connected in important ways. They keep talking and seeking contact. Even as they rage at their parents on the surface, a part of them remains loyal and connected to them. Teenagers generally manage to stay close to their families and maintain some family loyalty. They usually have someone in the family whom they love and trust. Through all the chaos of adolescence, they keep the faith with this person.

① maintaining family ties in adolescence

② various ways to resolve family conflicts

③ the effects of counseling on stressed teenagers

④ different attitudes of teenagers toward gender role

⑤ the necessity of giving independence to teenagers

2. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

To say that we need to curb anger and our negative thoughts and emotions does not mean that we should deny our feelings. There is an important distinction to be made between denial and restraint. The latter constitutes a (A)[desperate / deliberate] and voluntarily adopted discipline based on an appreciation of the benefits of doing so. This is very different from the case of someone who suppresses emotions such as anger out of a feeling that they need to present a facade of self-control, or out of fear of what others may think. Such behavior is like (B)[healing / closing] a wound which is still infected. We are not talking about rule-following. Where denial and suppression occur, there comes the danger that in doing so the individual stores up anger and resentment. The trouble here is that at some future point they may find they cannot (C)[contain / attain] these feelings any longer.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	desperate	…	healing	…	contain
②	desperate	…	healing	…	attain
③	deliberate	…	healing	…	contain
④	deliberate	…	closing	…	contain
⑤	deliberate	…	closing	…	attain

3. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Children who have been listened to sensitively are likely not only to be accepted by others but to accept themselves as well.

When children grow up, the quality of listening they experience from the adults around them is almost as vital for their psychological development as food is for their physical development. (①) Their sense of worth is intact. (②) Furthermore, such children have had the safety to express and explore their feelings. (③) Thus they have been helped to acquire the ability to listen to and trust their own feelings, which is an essential part of listening to others. (④) In addition, having at least one parent who listens well provides children with a secure base from which to engage in exploratory behavior. (⑤) Children who have not been adequately listened to are likely to be more out of touch with their feelings, insecure, anxious, angry, and aggressive.

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

According to sociologists and anthropologists, one of the most widespread and basic norms of human culture ① embodies in the rule for reciprocation. The rule requires that one person ② try to repay, in kind, what another person has provided. By obligating the recipient of an act to repayment in the future, the rule for reciprocation allows one individual to give something to another with confidence ③ that it is not being lost. This sense of future obligation within the rule makes ④ possible the development of various kinds of continuing relationships, transactions, and exchanges that are beneficial to the society. Consequently, all members of the society are trained from childhood ⑤ to obey the rule or suffer serious social disapproval.

30강. 언어, 문학

1. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

A child can only improve her talking when she's ready for it; you can't force-feed language, because the baby just won't accept it. _____(A)____, a baby who is two months old can imitate and learn to use vowel sounds, but she can't manage consonants yet. She'll begin to pick them up in another couple of months, though. The baby's first year of language learning holds a number of keys to her later talking and thinking abilities. For example, her early babblings may give an idea of how intelligent the child is going to be; heavy babblers often grow up to be clever children. _____(B)_____, it can be disappointing that babies who can speak before they're expected to don't necessarily grow up to be more articulate or clever, because very early speech is more like imitation than considered utterances.

	(A)		(B)
①	Furthermore	…	On the other hand
②	Furthermore	…	As a result
③	For example	…	Similarly
④	For example	…	On the other hand
⑤	In contrast	…	Similarly

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The French horn is from Germany. The Great Dane has no connection to Denmark. Cold-blooded animals often have warmer blood than warm-blooded animals. A cold is not caused by the cold. Death Valley is teeming with life. Starfish are not fish. These are just a few things I've been keeping in my little "Ironic Facts" file on my computer. Irony is named for "the Greek comic character Eiron, a clever underdog, who by his wit repeatedly triumphs over the boastful character of Alazon." But the stuff above is a different kind of irony. These ironies are a function of our ridiculously inaccurate language. I feel we need someone to come in and clean it all up, a Rudy Giuliani of English who would crack down on all lazy, loitering, leftover-from-other-eras words. But that'll never happen because the inertia of bad ideas is a powerful force.

① 영어는 국제어적인 성격을 지닌 언어이다.

② 어원을 통한 어휘 학습은 매우 효과적이다.

③ 굳어진 부정확한 언어 사용은 바로잡기 어렵다.

④ 반어법을 통해 의도를 더욱 분명히 표현할 수 있다.

⑤ 표준화 정책을 통해 바른 언어 사용을 강화할 수 있다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If someone were to say, "He is a liberal talker," we might interpret liberal as a label for that person's political stance, or we might take it to mean that he or she is very talkative. Unless the user of the word offered a clue as to the intended meaning, we would have to rely on mere guesswork. If we were to hear a movie critic say, "Eddie Murphy's role was better than most," we would be left to speculate about whether the allusion to the role referred to the character part he was asked to play or his acting. Moreover, the claim that the role was better than most might be thought to mean that it was better than the majority of the parts he has been given in films or that his performance excelled that of most of the other performers in the film.

① 능숙한 청자는 행간의 숨은 의미를 잘 파악한다.

② 단서가 없으면 뜻을 알 수 없는 중의적인 표현이 있다.

③ 다양한 표현의 사용이 효과적인 언어 습득에 도움이 된다.

④ 화자의 의도를 문맥을 통해서 유추하는 능력을 길러야 한다.

⑤ 중의적인 표현의 의도적 사용이 영화의 극적 효과를 불러일으킨다.

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Pulitzer Prize-winning psychiatrist Robert Coles urges his students at Harvard Medical School to read George Eliot's Middlemarch and Walker Percy's The Moviegoer. Unlike standard textbooks, these novels explore in human terms many of the ethical issues that physicians face. Dr. John Stone of Emory University School Medicine recommends Leo Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Albert Camus's The Plague for their insights into death and dying. "Literature," Stone says, "will help lead a young doctor to proper sensitivity; it will help to find the proper words for the proper moment; even to place the doctor, vicariously, in the patient's hospital bed." Through literature, young doctors can learn to understand other people not only objectively from the outside but subjectively from the inside. Indeed, they can learn ______________________________________.

① how to bread bad news to patients and their families

② to deal with the intense pressure of life-and-death situations

③ to perceive the world through someone else's mind and body

④ how to use microscopes and examine specimens by themselves

⑤ to identify the multitude of factors that contribute to the diseases

31강 Test 1

1 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There are much more illustrations in color in this edition than in the twelfth edition, but the text remains unchanged. The other new feature is the chronological charts on pages 655-663. Seeing the positions of a few landmarks in the vast picture of history should help the reader to counteract  the perspective illusion which gives such importance to recent developments at the expense of the more distant past. In thus stimulating reflections on the time scales of the story of art, the charts should serve the same purpose for which I wrote this book some thirty years ago. In addition, I have added a Supplement on “New discoveries,” with a brief review on archaeological finds to remind the reader of the extent to which the story of the past has always been subject to revision and unexpected enrichment.

① 도서 개정판의 특징을 설명하려고

② 최근의 인류학적 발견을 소개하려고

③ 역사관 정립의 중요성을 강조하려고

④ 신간 서적에 대한 서평을 부탁하려고

⑤ 효율적인 도서 정리 방법을 제시하려고

2 밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte wanted one thing out of the Russian Czar Alexander I: a peace treaty. Instead of proposing this thing directly, Napoleon decided to seduce the czar. Using polite social encounters and friendly conversations, ① he went to work. A comment here and there seemed to suggest a linking of the destinies of France and Russia. Just before they were to part one evening, he talked of ② his desire for the peace treaty, and then excused himself for bed, leaving the czar to sleep on this. Next day ③ he escorted the czar to a play on the themes of glory, honor, and empire. In later conversations, he could disguise ④ his intentions under the cover of discussing the play. Within a few weeks, the czar was speaking to his  ministers of a treaty with France as if it were ⑤ his own idea.

3  다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Speakers in preliterate societies often lack specific words for colors. ① Lacking control over dyes and paints, they seldom need to be color-conscious. But if the need arises, they can always adapt to the occasion by referring to “the color of the sky,” “the color of milk,” or “the color of blood.” Even parts of the body get ② named in conformity with the cultural need to refer to them. In the tropics, ③ where people don’t wear much clothing, they tend to speak languages that lump “hand” and “arm” under one term and “leg” and “foot” under ④ another. People who live in colder climates and who wear special garments (gloves, boots, sleeves, pants, etc.) for different parts of  the body, more often ⑤ to have separate words for “hand” versus “arm” and for “foot” versus “leg.”

preliterate 문자가 없는

4 (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Two donkey drivers (A)[hated / who hated] each other were walking on a road when the donkey of one lay down under its burden. His companion saw it, and at first he passed it. But then he reflected: Is it not written in The Book of Morality, “If you see your enemy’s donkey (B)[to lay / lying] down under its burden, you should help?” So he returned, lent a hand, and helped his enemy in loading and unloading. He began talking to his enemy: “Release a bit here, pull up over there, and unload over here.” Thus peace came about between them, so that the driver of the overloaded donkey said, “Did I not suppose that he hated me? But look (C)[how / however]  compassionate he has been.” By and by, the two entered an inn, ate and drank together, and became fast friends.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	hated	…	to lay	…	how
②	hated	…	lying	…	however
③	who hated	…	to lay	…	however
④	who hated	…	lying	…	how
⑤	who hated	…	lying	…	however

5 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Educational psychologist Diane Horgan raises the interesting point that a better understanding of one’s skill level is not necessarily the result of greater skill. ① Instead, the causation can run in the other direction: Realistically understanding your skill level might help you improve by enabling you to adjust your expectations, properly gauge feedback, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and so on. ② If you are overconfident in your ability, you may also be less motivated to improve it. ③ Making people more competent is the way to make them better judges of their competence. ④ After all, you “know” that you are already good, so you don’t need to practice more. ⑤ These considerations should give pause to supporters of increasing children’s self-esteem as a comfort for educational underachievement.

causation 인과 관계

6 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Stabilizing our climate would help resolve what many scientists consider to be the gravest environmental danger humankind has ever faced. Each of us has a part to play in shifting our culture toward a way of life that respects the natural world. The choices we make and the way we live can play roles in turning the tide. By eating in a way that is suitable both for our own health and for the health of the biosphere, we can help our society to face and to turn around the enormous environmental challenges of our times. The more people move toward plant-based food choices, the greater the possibility that our species will not only survive, but will thrive. A cultural shift toward a plant-based diet would be a step toward environmental sanity. It would be an act of love for all generations yet to come.

sanity 건전함

① 나라 간의 음식 문화의 차이는 존중되어야 한다.

② 식량 자원 확보를 위한 정부의 노력이 필요하다.

③ 농장주들의 동물성 사료 사용은 금지되어야 한다.

④ 기후 변화에 대처하기 위한 국제적 공조가 필요하다.

⑤ 환경을 위해 채식 기반으로 음식 문화를 바꾸어야 한다.

7 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Genetic engineering has enormous implications; it is full of promise to benefit and improve human lives, but equally heavy with potential to destroy and cause untold suffering. The word “engineering” brings to mind images of roads and bridges and buildings, all designed and constructed to precise specifications. But as a geneticist, I can assure you that genetic engineering    is based on _____________________. For instance, if I want to insert a gene from a fruit fly into a daffodil, I can’t pull out just that gene and set it down exactly where I want it to go in its new home. The technique just doesn’t work like that. Some geneticists even use a kind of molecular shotgun to blast the genes into the cells. And they never know exactly where they’ll end up.

daffodil 나팔수선화

① precision and certainty	② trial and error

③ mutations and varieties	④ tradition and custom

⑤ creativity and innovation

8 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Roman senator Brutus decided, after much soul-searching, that it was his duty to assassinate his close friend Julius Caesar, because he was undermining the Republic. Brutus’s wife Portia had to endure his tears, his moans, his jumping up at night in panics, without his telling her the problem. The reason for this extreme silence was that the Romans had an absurd certainty of a woman’s inability to keep a secret. To persuade her husband Brutus that she could share his burden, Portia took a knife and gashed herself on the thigh. She did not tell anybody and suffered in silence  until she was nearly dead from blood poisoning. Her last-moment confession convinced her husband that here was a woman who_______________________.

gash 깊이 베다

① had a great interest in politics

② could be trusted with anything

③ could not but betray her husband

④ accepted the conventional wisdom

⑤ had been anonymous for all her life

32강 Test 1

9 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The biggest errors in judging a person are made by his parents; this is a fact, but how is one to explain it? We notice that travelers in a strange land grasp correctly the common, distinctive traits of a people only in the first period of their stay; the more they get to know a people, the more they      forget how to see what is typical and distinctive about it. As soon as they see up close, they stop being farsighted. Might parents judge their children wrongly because they never stood far enough off from them? A quite different explanation would be the following: people tend to stop thinking    about things that are closest to them, and simply accept them. When parents are required to judge their children, it is perhaps their _________________ that makes them judge so mistakenly.

① false first impression	② habitual indecisiveness

③ overprotective tendency	④ natural lack of affection

⑤ customary thoughtlessness

10 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brain development is a fascinating construction tale, in which genes and environment collaborate to make us who we are. At some times during pregnancy, the fetus’s brain makes 250,000 new nerve cells per minute. Babies are born with 100 billion neurons, but only a relatively small number of them are connected. In the first decade of life, a child’s brain forms trillions of connections. New research has shown that early childhood experiences do not just create a background for development and learning, but they directly affect the way the brain is wired. In turn, the wiring profoundly affects our feelings, language, and thought. Experiences do not just influence a child’s development; they finish the job of molding and sculpting the brain. About  three-quarters of the brain develops outside the womb, in response to environment and experience. That is, ________________________________ .

① nature and nurture always work together

② sharing experiences leads to new insights

③ the body is the sacred temple of the spirit

④ the size of brain has to do with intelligence

⑤ the human brain is the most sensitive organ

11 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Pessimists are right when they say that, if the world continues as it is, it will end in disaster for all humanity. If all transport depends on oil, and oil runs out, then transport will cease. But notice the conditional if. The world will not continue as it is. That is the whole point of human progress, the  whole message of cultural evolution, the whole import of dynamic change. The human race has become a collective problem-solving machine and it solves problems by changing its ways. It does so through invention driven often by the market: scarcity drives up price, which encourages the development of alternatives and of efficiencies. It has happened often in history. When whales grew scarce, petroleum was used instead as a source of oil. The pessimists’ mistake is _______________________________________.

① insisting that words speak louder than actions

② keeping their own insight and wisdom to themselves

③ sticking to the belief that not all humans are born equal

④ assuming that the future is just a bigger version of the past

⑤ denying the notion of society and encouraging separateness

12 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

One reason many people keep delaying things they should do is that they fear they will do them wrong or poorly, so they just don’t do them at all. For example, one of the best ways to write a book is to write as _____(A)_____ as you can, getting onto paper the thoughts that come to you without regard to style and edition. Then you can go back to revise and polish. If I only wrote when I knew it would be perfect, I’d still be working on my first book! Do you have a hard time relaxing if your house is a mess or if things are out of order? Do you beat yourself up for making mistakes?  I’ve got a simple message for you today: It’s time to let go of your _____(B)_____. It becomes a stumbling block that keeps you stuck.

	(A)		(B)
①	long	…	prejudice
②	clearly	…	optimism
③	clearly	…	self-criticism
④	quickly	…	perfectionism
⑤	quickly	…	pessimism

13 다음 글에 드러난 Jim의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Eventually Jim and Uncle Al drove out of the swamps and plantations and entered a deserted wasteland in which there was nothing at all to see except pine trees. When they crossed finally out of the pines, they discovered the wide sea. Jim’s breath caught up in his throat like it was afraid to come out. He tried to breathe several times, but drew no air. He wished that just for a moment, until he grew used to the wonderful sight, the ocean would simply hold still. But the waves lined up and bore down on the wide, white beach like a gang of boys intent on jumping a gully. Each wave rose up and took a running go and rushed toward South Carolina and cast itself down on the sand. And each wave when it crashed and broke sounded to Jim like the holy breath of God.

gully 도랑

① lonely	② angry

③ hopeful	④ amazed

⑤ nervous

14 (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Listening effectively to others provides you with valuable information about yourself. Although you may not always like what you hear, remaining (A)[fair / open] to others gives you the opportunity to use their feedback to grow. Defensiveness, or tuning out to information that does not fit your picture of yourself, is a major source of corrosion in relationships. Defensiveness is highly unrewarding to the sender; instead of (B)[facilitating / hindering] an open communication system in which you and your partner feel free to share with what you think and feel, defensiveness tends to   develop a closed communication system. In a closed system, you and your partner tiptoe around one another’s weak egos at the expense of honesty. Each partner knows what triggers the other’s unrewarding listening behaviors and may find it easier to (C) [accept / avoid] painful confrontation.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	fair	…	facilitating	…	accept
②	fair	…	hindering	…	avoid
③	open	…	facilitating	…	accept
④	open	…	facilitating	…	avoid
⑤	open	…	hindering	…	avoid

15 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Therapists can sometimes find ways to bring things the client likes into the domains that have been difficult or painful for her. Introducing enjoyable, encouraging elements into ① troublesome domains disrupts habitual reactions and helps clients develop new responses to these situations. For example, children can choose a favorite character from a book or movie and then imagine what that character would say to ② cheer them on in their efforts to overcome a problem. One seven-year-old girl with school phobia will ③ hold back into her classroom with the voice of Wonder Woman shouting encouragement in her ear. Children who have trouble getting up and going in the morning can turn on their favorite music to ④ stimulate them to move through their routine. When youth feel ⑤ intimidated by problems, playing their theme song provides a source of encouragement that they always have with them.

16 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

As big businesses, TV networks are tied to other powerful business organizations through interlocking boards of directors. For example, the board that runs CBS includes members of the boards of IBM and AT&T. _____(A)_____, the networks are tied to the government. Former top officials hold board positions in major media, and well-known journalists alternate between working for various government agencies and reporting on those agencies. On the surface, the media and the government, the media and big business, may appear to be adversaries. _____(B)_____, they are more like tennis players who, after battling for a championship, go out for dinner together. The collaboration between the media and the government is most obvious during coverage of U.S. military actions. TV news anchors regularly use the pronouns “we” and “us,” as if they were part of the invading force, not detached, objective reporters.

adversary 적, 반대자

	(A)		(B)
①	In other words	…	Therefore
②	In other words	…	In fact
③	In the same way	…	As a result
④	In the same way	…	In fact
⑤	On the other hand	…	As a result

33강 Test 1

17 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The longest war in human history is our ongoing war against insect pests. This war was declared about 10,000 years ago, when humans first got serious about agriculture. Today we are not much closer to winning this war than we were then. Some Chinese farmers recently decided to change strategies. Instead of spraying their rice and cotton fields with poisons, they build little straw huts around the fields in the fall. If this sounds crazy, it’s crazy like a fox. These farmers are giving aid and comfort to insects’ worst enemy, one that has hunted them for millions of years: spiders. The little huts are for hibernating spiders. Protected from the worst of the cold by the huts, far more of the hibernating spiders become active in the spring. Starving after their winter fast, they quickly rush into the fields to hunt their insect prey.

① the nest for spiders in a field

② the use of spiders in pest control

③ organic farming technique in China

④ the history of pest control in agriculture

⑤ the protection of spiders from harmful chemicals

18 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

An alien species is any type of organism that is present in an ecosystem as a result of being introduced to that ecosystem through accidental or intentional means. Because they are not native to an area, alien species are sometimes referred to as exotic species, foreign species, or introduced species. Alien species are a matter of concern to environmental scientists because they often disrupt the natural balance of the ecosystem to which they are introduced. One example of an alien species is the zebra mussel. The zebra mussels inhabit the waters of the Great Lakes but are not native to the area. Scientists reported that zebra mussels were accidentally discharged from the   ballasts of cargo ships from Asia that traveled to the ports on the Great Lakes. Over time, the zebra mussels have dramatically increased in population, threatening native mussels and clams by interfering with their reproduction, feeding, and movement.

zebra mussel 얼룩무늬 홍합     ballast (선체의 안정을 위해 싣고 다니는 물, 모래 등의) 바닥짐

① various kinds of mussels

② classification of alien species

③ efforts to maintain the ecological balance

④ worldwide changes in species distribution

⑤ ecological impacts of invasive alien species

19 chipmunk에 관한 설명으로 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

Chipmunks are small squirrels with bright and dark stripes and large cheek pouches. They live mainly on the ground and are found primarily in forested areas in many regions of North America as well as in Siberia, Mongolia, and northern and central China. Chipmunks dig their burrows, which provide living chambers and a place to store food. Even though they hibernate, they do not store fat, so they must awaken periodically to eat. Chipmunks are chiefly vegetarians, feeding mainly on the seeds of woody plants. Corn, wheat, berries, and mushrooms are also eaten along with an occasional earthworm, insect, frog, small snake, and so on. The large internal cheek pouches greatly assist in transporting food to underground storage chambers or to other cache sites in hollow logs or beneath rocks. Life span in the wild is usually two to four years.

cache 은닉처

① 몸에 아무런 무늬도 없다.

② 초원 지역에서 주로 서식한다.

③ 동면을 위해 몸에 지방을 비축한다.

④ 주로 벌레, 곤충 등을 먹는다.

⑤ 볼 주머니에 먹이를 담아 운반한다.

20 Robert Capa에 관한 설명으로 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Robert Capa, born Andre Friedmann in Hungary, worked as a photo assistant in Germany from 1931 to 1933. In 1933 he emigrated to Paris, where he changed his name to Robert Capa and began working as a freelance photographer. His photographs of the Spanish Civil War attracted attention to his name in Paris. His Death of a Spanish Loyalist is still his most famous and much discussed photograph. From then on he concentrated on being a war photographer. His talent for pointedly conveying the feelings and suffering of people in civil wars earned him great admiration. In 1954, he was fatally injured and killed in Vietnam. His death was the tragic consequence of his own motto “If your pictures aren’t good enough, you aren’t close enough.” In his honor, the Robert Capa Gold Medal was created in 1955 by the Overseas Press Club of America and has been awarded annually since then.

① 독일에서 사진과 관련된 일을 했다.

② 1933년에 파리로 이주한 후, 개명을 했다.

③ 파리에서 스페인 내전에 관한 사진으로 주목을 받았다.

④ 종군 사진작가로서 일하다가 베트남에서 사망했다.

⑤ 후진 양성을 위해 Robert Capa Gold Medal을 처음 만들었다.

33강

21. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

This graph shows the number of U.S. Science and Engineering (S & E) doctoral degrees earned from 1987 to 2007 by natives of China, India, South Korea, and Taiwan. ① The number of S&E doctorates earned by students from China dropped in the late 1990s but has increased since then. ② Over the twenty-year period, the number of S&E doctorates earned by Chinese students  increased more than tenfold. ③ The number of S&E doctorate recipients from South Korea also decreased in the late 1990s and then it rose more than the numbers of those from China and India. ④ In 1987, students from Taiwan earned more U.S. S&E doctoral degrees than students from China, India, or South Korea. ⑤ However, the number of students from Taiwan earning S&E doctorates from U.S. universities declined from the mid-1990s.

22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The classic works most often found on required reading lists are irrelevant or less relevant to most young people today. If our students are to become lifelong readers, they must be convinced that reading is worthwhile and enjoyable and that reading materials exist that are interesting and relevant to their lives.  However, few, if any, classics have teens as main characters.  Even if the protagonist is a younger person who is still going through developmental changes in life, the author's point of view should be carefully assessed as to whether an adolescent reader would comprehend the protagonist's interpretation of events and people. We urge those who develop required reading lists for middle and high school students to select only those classic works that hold interest for and are relevant to young people.

① 흥미 위주의 필독서 선정은 지양해야 한다.

② 고전 문학은 시대를 초월하는 감동과 교훈을 담고 있다.

③ 필독서 목록에는 다양한 장르의 작품이 포함되어야 한다.

④ 주인공에 대한 감정 이입이 작품을 이해하는 좋은 방법이다.

⑤ 학생들과 관련 있는 내용의 고전 작품을 필독서로 선정해야 한다.

23. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Storytelling is an example of a right-brain activity that uses imagination to convey the parties' interests behind their arguments.  Negotiation, after all, is not just a left-brain activity, a rational and analytical process by which parties calculate and use reasoning to achieve their goals.  Negotiation requires the use of both reasoning and imagination; it is not left-brained or right-brained, but utilizes the whole mind.  Storytelling is effective as persuasive speech because by telling stories, parties can define for themselves what the negotiation is about and what their real interests and concerns are.  By telling stories, they can explore their inner feelings, their wishes and fears.  They can also remember stories about alternative approaches to problem solving or solutions to various disagreements at the bargaining table.  Thus storytelling can act similarly to brainstorming, letting people explore different options and predict various outcomes.

① 스토리텔링은 효과적인 협상 기법이다.

② 분석력은 성공적인 논쟁을 위한 필수 능력이다.

③ 주요 내용을 이야기로 전달하면 기억효과가 배가된다.

④ 좌뇌형 및 우뇌형 인간에 적합한 협상 기술이 각각 다르다.

⑤ 스토리텔링을 통해 자기주도적 학습 능력을 신장시킬 수 있다.

24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In adolescence, when there are many crises and frustrations, the relating of movement with great music releases tensions and fosters emotional stability.  Similarly, when adolescents feel inadequate and resentful, release through dramatic movement comes to their aid. They may move to strong, discordant music as they act out their intense reactions to life. Creative expressions start with a sense of reality and gradually extend into a sense of relatedness.  Changes occur. The timid, tightly repressed individual learns wide, strong movements and relates his actions to others in the group. The hostile or resentful one finds an understanding acceptance of his genuine reactions and breaks from his isolation. Through mutual acceptance he and others enter into a new area of exploration.  Slowly a new poise and assurance develops with a new freedom of the whole being - body, mind, and spirit.

① Best Ways to Release Stress

② How to Maintain Emotional Stability

③ Dance: One of Mankind's Oldest Art Forms

④ How Making Movements to Music Helps Adolescents

⑤ Adolescence: A Period of Stormy and Stressful Transition

34강 Test 1

25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Some economists and environmentalists would like to see a change on how a country's economic growth and wealth are measured. Currently, economic growth is measured by the gross domestic product (GDP) of nations - the total output of a country's final goods or services valued at market prices. Environmental economists are critical of the GDP because it does not take into account the losses and depreciation of natural resources used for mining, fishing, logging, farming activities, and industrial uses. The GDP also does not consider other debits such as air and water pollution. Critics argue that the GDP includes certain goods and services that make no contribution to the welfare of the people. As a result of these concerns, members attending the UNCED in 1992 proposed measures to use economic and environmental accounting to provide a better tool to measure a country's wealth.

① Green Politics in the Era of Going Green

② Global Cooperation for Economic Growth

③ Is GDP an Appropriate Measure of Wealth?

④ The Impact of Economic Progress on the Environment

⑤ The Reality of Economic Growth: History and Prospect

26. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Our understanding of media differences helps clarify the interaction between the type of skill or knowledge being measured and the medium in which it is being assessed.

(A) The written test does a good job of measuring explicit knowledge, but to assess the Cubs' hands-on knowledge, the field test would be a much fairer and more accurate measure of their understanding.

(B) But were we to give the ballplayers a paper-and-pencil test on the principles of physics, they probably would not score as well.

(C) For example, consider what the members of the Chicago Cubs could demonstrate about their knowledge of physics if they were given a practical "test" in the ball park.  Their ability to intercept a baseball at the precise place where it falls to earth would clearly demonstrate that they understand things like velocity and trajectory.

① (A)-(B)-(C)	② (B)-(A)-(C)	③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)	⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

27. 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

In contrast, the "entertainment" story is designed to help us forget about our problems - to take us on vacation.

The "art" story, what we call literature, is meant to illuminate life as we actually experience it. For that reason, it tends to focus on the human experience, emphasizing character and emotion. That is, the entertainment story serves as a thrilling or scary escape, rather than revealing an honest or true reflection of life. It therefore tends to focus on situation and plot and deemphasizes the messy and confusing aspects of experience. That your creative writing teacher keeps encouraging you toward art and away from entertainment doesn't imply a value judgement. Nobody is saying that art is good and entertainment is bad. The two are simply different; they fulfill different needs, and there should be room for both.

28. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the paradoxes of the Internet age is that while people's use of various technologies allows them a nearly infinite array of possibilities for recreating themselves in a wide range of virtual platforms, it has bound them ever more tightly to a unitary identity in the real world. The capacities of all sorts of organizations to track and record an individual's movements have exploded since the industrial age. The extent to which the information that people reveal about themselves can be tracked from place to place continues to grow: It's much less likely that a sixteen-year-old girl of our time could simply move to another city and begin again, without people in the new place being able to learn about her past identity or identities if they were committed to doing so, as compared with her counterparts in the agricultural or industrial societies.

=>Although it has become easier for people to recreate themselves online, the chance of their identity being detected in the real world has increased.

	(A)		(B)
①	recreate	…	stolen
②	recreate	…	detected
③	exhibit	…	stolen
④	promote	…	detected
⑤	promote	…	shared

29~31. 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

All his life, a young boy dreamed of becoming a police officer. But he couldn't know that his wish would be the inspiration for the largest wish-granting organization in the world, the Make-A-Wish Foundation.  The organization has enriched the lives of children with life-threatening medical conditions through its wish-granting work. The foundation's mission reflects the life-changing impact that a Make-A Wish experience has on children, families, donors, sponsors and entire communities. The Make-A-Wish Foundation traces its beginning to one boy's wish.

(B)

When the day arrived, Chris was welcomed by three squad cars and a police motorcycle ridden by Frank Shankwitz. Then (a) he was treated to a ride in a police helicopter. They finished the day by swearing Chris in as the fist - the only - honorary state trooper. The next day, Cox enlisted the assistance of the company that manufactured the uniforms for the Arizona Highway Patrol, and within twenty-four hours, its people presented Chris with an official patrolman's uniform. With a smile that lit up the room, (b) he accepted it.

(C)

For as long as he could remember, a boy named Chris Greicius dreamed of someday becoming a police officer. But there was a major obstacle standing in his way. He had leukemia, and (c) he was not expected to make it to adulthood. When he was seven years old, Chris's battle with the disease took a turn for the worse, and that's when a family friend, Tommy Austin, who was a U.S. customs officer, arranged for Chris to come as close as (d) he could to living his dream. First of all, he made a call to Officer Ron Cox in Phoenix and arranged for Chris to spend the day with officers from the Arizona Department of Public Safety.

(D)

Two days later, Chris died in the hospital, his uniform close at hand.  Officer Shankwitz was saddened by his little friend's death, but he was grateful that he had experienced the opportunity to help Chris. And he also realized that there were many children in circumstances similar to Chris's. That prompted Shankwitz to co-found the Make-A-Wish Foundation. In about thirty years since then, (e) he and his organization have enlarged the experiences of more than eighty thousand children.  There is nothing as valuable - or rewarding - as adding value to the lives of others.

29. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것 중 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(D)-(C)

② (C)-(B)-(D)

③ (C)-(D)-(B)

④ (D)-(B)-(C)

⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)

30. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

① (a)	② (b)	③ (c)	④ (d)	⑤ (e)

31. Chris에 관한 이 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

① 몸이 아파서 경찰 헬기를 탈 수 없었다.

② 다른 소년들과 함께 명예 경찰로 위촉되었다.

③ 일곱 살이 되던 해에 백혈병 진단을 받았다.

④ Ron Cox에게 전화를 걸러 도움을 요청했다.

⑤ 제복을 선물 받고 이틀 후 숨을 거두었다.

32-33. 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Each year the HR Advertising Company in North America presents their top performers with Dream Awards. As most companies do, HR uses objective performance criteria to determine who should receive these awards.  What makes their approach so different, and so powerful, is that each winner receives a unique award. During the year, the company sends out a survey to every employee asking them to identify what prize they would like to receive if they should win. The prize value is capped at $10,000, and it cannot be changed into cash, but other than these two restrictions, each employee is free to pick whatever prize he wants. Then, at the end of the year, after the winners have been identified by their performance, HR cross-references each winner to the prize he identified, shoots a video explaining why he won and why he selected the particular prize, and, in the big Dream Awards ceremony, plays the video and awards the prize.

You can imagine the impact of these personalized prizes. It's a typical thing to be brought up on stage and given yet another plaque and trophy.  However, it's a different thing entirely when, in addition to public recognition of your performance, you receive college tuition for your child or your new kitchen or a fancy motorcycle you've always dreamed of. The airline tickets to fly one winner and his family back to Mexico last year to visit the grandmother he hasn't seen in ten years are the prize everyone at the company still talks about.

* plaque: 기념 명판, 장식판

32. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① The Power of an Unexpected Prize

② Increasing Profits through Advertising

③ How the HR Company Started Its Ads Business

④ Dream Awards: HR's Unique Individualized Approach

⑤ Setting Objective Criteria for Employees' Performance

33. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① the cash prize of $10,000

② the prize you'd chosen long ago

③ the chance to work at the company

④ public recognition of your performance

⑤ the revision of unfair performance criteria

35강 Test 2

1. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

I read "The Body Engineers" in your July issue hoping for a variety of perspectives on hormone research and aging, and I was not disappointed.  However, some opinions concerned me, as they are representative of what doctors have been telling me to get me to stop hormone replacement therapy.  It is unreasonable and unfair for the medical community to conclude that because some hormones may increase the risk of certain health problems, almost no one should take them. Many people may benefit from hormone therapy without developing problems. Perhaps doctors should pay more attention to risks versus benefits for individual patients rather than making global generalizations. I hope there is a middle ground between viewing aging as a disease where every "symptom" is to be prevented or eradicated, and viewing it as a totally natural process for which nothing is to be done.

*eradicate: 뿌리 뽑다, 근치하다

① 호르몬 대체 요법 특집 기사를 제안하려고

② 유용한 의학 정보 제공에 대해 감사하려고

③ 노화에 따른 호르몬 변화에 대해 설명하려고

④ 호르몬 대체 요법의 위험성에 대해 경고하려고

⑤ 호르몬 대체 요법 기사의 부적절함을 지적하려고

2. 밑줄 친 he[He]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

I am the mother of a very intelligent fifth grader. He consistently scores in the 99th percentile on standardized school tests in math, language and science, but ① he has dome very real "self-worth" problems. My husband, who is also an intelligent person, felt his parents never valued intellect and ② he has overcompensated with our son in attempting to praise him for "being smart." Over the past years, I have suspected this was causing a problem, because my son, while ③ he easily excels in school, is reluctant to take on more difficult work or projects because then he would think he's not smart. ④ He projects an over-inflated view of his abilities and claims he can perform better than others (both intellectually and in physical activities), but will not attempt such activities, because of course, in his failure ⑤ he would be shattered.

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Inventors often have to persist at their tinkering for a long time in the absence of public demand, because early models perform too ① poorly to be useful. That makes it difficult for an inventor ② to foresee whether his or her awful prototype might eventually find a use and thus warrant more time and expense to develop it. Each year, the united States issues about 70,000 patents, only ③ a few of which ultimately reach the stage of commercial production. For each great invention that ultimately found a use, there are countless others that did not. Even inventions that meet the need ④ which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While Kames Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) ⑤ propelling locomotives and boats.

tinker 수선하다, 땜질하다

4. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

It seemed that all of the previous magnificence of the Byzantine Empire had disappeared until Emperor Justinian took the throne. Under his rule, the Byzantine Empire improved in several ways. Justinian helped his people by recovering the lands that had once been part of the Roman Empire, many of which had fallen into the hands of invaders from the north. Justinian was tired of paying off the invaders in order to keep them at bay. He decided it was time to recover the lands. With the help of General Belisarius, the areas in Northern Africa were quickly taken back in 533. In 536, Justinian sent Belisarius to fight in Italy. Though outnumbered in battle, the general was victorious.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	has	…	which	…	taking
②	has	…	them	…	taking
③	had	…	which	…	taken
④	had	…	them	…	taken
⑤	had	…	wihch	…	taking

5. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

In almost all countries, nuclear energy has been incorrectly packaged as "clean, renewable energy" simply because it produces no carbon emissions.  This may be true, but it is also a fact that nuclear power plants produce a by-product that is far dangerous than carbon: live radioactive waste. Although not widely known, nuclear power plants must shut down approximately every eighteen months to replace their fuel rods. The old fuel rods contain short-lived, low-level poisons as well as a highly toxic, radioactive material called Np-237, which has a half-life of more than two million years. Today we produce the "equivalent of one-hundred two-level buses" of nuclear waste every year - waste that has to be stored somewhere.

*half-life 반감기(방사성 원소의 원자수가 최초의 반으로 줄 때까지 걸리는 시간)

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

What teenagers are not good at is fully understanding the consequences of what they are doing, in the eyes of society as a whole. And this is where teaching(in the broadest sense of the word) comes in. They need to know when it would be appropriate to text and when it would not be. They need to know when textisms, the languages used in text messages, characterized by the use of abbreviations, single letters and symbols, are effective and when they are not. They need to appreciate the range of social reactions which texting, in its various forms, can elicit. This knowledge is slowly acquired from parents, peers, and teachers. Teenagers have to learn to manage this new behavior, as indeed do we all. For one thing is certain: texting is not going to go away in the foreseeable future.

① 기성세대는 십대와의 소통을 위해 문자 메시지를 적극 활용해야 한다.

② 십대는 문자 메시지를 분별있게 사용하는 법을 배워야 한다.

③ 휴대 전화 개발 시 십대의 휴대 전화 사용 성향을 고려해야 한다.

④ 문자 메시지용 축약 표현을 표준 언어 표현으로 인정해야 한다.

⑤ 과도한 휴대 전화 사용으로 인한 건강상의 위험을 경고해야 한다.

7. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

I was attending an all-day sales seminar and was anxious to shake hands with our sales manager, who had delivered an inspiring speech. After waiting in line for three hours, it was finally my turn to meet him. He never even looked at me. Instead he looked over my shoulder to see how much longer the line was. He wasn't even aware that he was shaking my hand. And although I realized how tired he must have been. I, too, had been there for three hours and just as tired! I was hurt and offended because he had treated me as if I didn't even exist. Right on the spot I made a decision that if I ever became someone whom people waited in line to shake hands with, I'd give the person in front of me ____________________ - no matter how tired I was!

① honest opinion	② best-kept secret

③ generous donation	④ undivided attention

⑤ constructive criticism

8. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

We all know how the media                 . Once when the head of the Swedish Lutheran Church  came to America for a conference, he was warned to watch what he said to reporters. Sure enough, as he got off the plane, a group of news reporters met him and one of them asked, "Do you intend to visit any beer joints in New York?" The bishop smiled innocently and asked, "Are there any beer joints in New York?" The next morning when he opened his paper, he realized what the warnings meant, because the story about his arrival said, "When the bishop stepped off the plane, his first words on American  soil were, 'Are there any beer joints in New York?'"

➀ are able to report news quickly and accurately

➁ have a high regard for what people think, feel, and want

➂ investigate and dig into private life of public personalities

➃ may distort a news story and present an unfavorable twist

➄ try to shine a light on unethical conduct by religious leaders

36강 Test 2

9.  다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a wide consensus that global warming results in an intensification of water cycle, with more intense periods of rainfall and the lengthening of dry periods. Most climate models project                in many regions. Models also project a tendency for drying in mid-continental areas during summer, indicating a greater risk of droughts in these regions. In a warmer climate, the models project that rain tends to concentrate in more intense events, with longer periods of low rainfall in between. Therefore, intense and heavy episodic rainfall events with high runoff amounts are followed by longer relatively dry periods. It is also notable that, in relation to changes in mean rainfall, the wet extremes are projected to become more severe in many areas where mean rainfall increases, and the dry extremes are projected to become more severe in areas where mean rainfall decreases.

* episodic 일시적인

➀ more frequent heatwaves	② seasonal rainfall declines

➂ rainfall intensity increases	➃ extended worldwide droughts

➄ a significant slowdown in warming

10. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of my graduate school advisers, Tom Wallsten, used to say that he wanted to become an expert on wines that cost $15 or less. Tom's idea was that if he started buying fancy $50-a-bottle wines, he would get used to that level of quality and would no longer be able to derive any pleasure from cheaper wines. Moreover, he reasoned that if he started consuming $50 bottles, over time he would have to escalate his spending to $80, $90, and $100 bottles, simply because his taste would have adapted to a higher level of finesse. Finally, he thought that if he never tried $50 bottles in the first place, his taste would be most sensitive to changes in wine quality of varieties in his preferred price range, further increasing his satisfaction. With those arguments in mind, he               , became an expert in $15 wine, and lives very happily that way.

* finesse 피네스 (미묘함과 고상함, 복합성과 우아함을 동시에 지닌 와인을 묘사하는 표현)

➀ kept his spending under control

➁ worked with experienced professionals

➂ focused exclusively on defeating his rivals

➃ learned from others' failures and successes

➄ developed skills in managing customer relationships

11.  다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there were few communities in Europe or America with a population larger than a few thousand. One of the consequences of the Industrial Revolution was the development of large urban areas close to factories. Because employment opportunities were limited in rural areas, many workers moved to cities. With such movement, family and kinship ties were broken, and those who were unable to adapt faced alienation, social breakdown, and a loss of community identity. In an attempt to meet the needs of people living in urban areas,             in the 1800s - primarily at the initiation of the clergy and religious groups. Because of the lack of development of public social services, private agencies provided most of the funds and services to the needy until the 1930s.

➀ human rights movements emerged

➁ independent labor organizations were set up

➂ various kinds of convenient facilities were built

➃ private social welfare services began to spring up

➄ a systematic city planning project came into place

12. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

As we consider media consumption in the context of anonymous social relations, we mean all of those occasions that involve the presence of _____(A)_____, such as viewing television in public places like bars, going to concerts or dance clubs, or reading a newspaper on a bus or subway. Typically, there are social rules that govern how we interact with those around us and with the media product. For instance, it is considered rude in our culture, or at least aggressive, to read over another person's shoulder or to get up and change TV channels in a public setting. Any music fan knows what is appropriate at a particular kind of concert. The presence of other people is often crucial to defining the setting and hence the activity of media consumption, despite the fact that the relationships are totally _____(B)_____.

	(A)		(B)
①	media	…	social
②	media	…	cultural
③	communication	…	unfriendly
④	strangers	…	impersonal
⑤	strangers	…	interpersonal

13. 다음 글의 상황에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?

I go into the high-ceilinged stacks and wander among the shelves, searching for a book that looks interesting. Gentle early-summer sunlight is shining through the open window, the chatter of birds in the garden filtering in. A shelf farther back contains general humanities - collections of world literature, individual writers, and classics. When I open them, most of the books have the smell of an earlier time leaking out between the pages - a special odor of the knowledge and emotions that for ages have been calmly resting between the covers. Since the library has just opened for the day, there's no one else there and I have the elegant reading room all to myself. Every once in a while a gentle breeze blows in through the open window, the white curtain rustling softly in air that has a hint of the sea.

➀ tense and urgent	➁ noisy and festive

➂ quiet and peaceful	➃ scary and frightening

➄ solemn and sorrowful

14. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

A 2001 report reviewed eighty-one research projects conducted over fifteen years and failed to find any new (A)[benefits / risks] to human health posed by genetically modified crops. Genetically modified foods are no more dangerous than "natural" foods because they are not fundamentally different from natural foods. Virtually every animal and vegetable has been "genetically modified" far millennia by selective breeding. Plants do not have any particular desire to be eaten, so they did not go out of their way to be tasty, healthy, or easy for us to grow and harvest. On the conrary, they did go out of their way to (B)[prevent / protect] us from eating them, by evolving irritants, toxins, and bitter-tasting compounds. So there is nothing especially safe about natural foods. The "natural" method of selective breeding for pest resistance simply (C)[increase / reduces] the concentration of the plant's own poisons.

	(A)		(B)		(C)
①	benefits	…	prevent	…	increases
②	benefits	…	protect	…	reduces
③	risks	…	prevent	…	increases
④	risks	…	prevent	…	reduces
⑤	risks	…	protect	…	increases

15.  다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

One of the problems of our time is that there are few effective memes for self-restraint left. For most people the notion of sin is hopelessly ① old-fashioned, and secular attempts to channel energy into complex goals - such as the concept of good citizenship, of professional pride, of law and order, of disciplined responsibility - have also ② gained much of their grip on human consciousness. Yet the need to help individuals see the necessity for self-discipline is as ➂ urgent as ever. Perhaps if we understood that to determine the course of the future we require all our attention, every last spark of psychic energy, we would be more willing to ➃ restrain the natural greed of the self, and heed the call of complexity. After all, it's not a ⑤bad bargain. In exchange for the unnecessary rewards of pleasure, we gain the always exciting joys of spiritual growth.

* meme 모방을 통해서 다음 세대로 전달되는 문화의 요소

16. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many of us believe that amnesia, or sudden memory loss, results in the inability to recall one's name and identity. This belief may reflect the way amnesia is usually portrayed in movies, television, and literature. _____(A)_____ when we meet MattDamon's character in the movie The Bourne Identity, we learn that he has no memory for who he is, why he has the skills he does, or where he is from. He spends much of the movie trying to answer these questions. _____(B)_____ the inability to remember your name and identity is exceedingly rare in reality. Amnesia most often results from a brain injury that leaves the victim unable to form new memories, but with most memories of the past intact. Some movies do accurately portray this more common syndrome; our favorite Memento.

	(A)		(B)
①	In addition	…	Similarly
②	In addition	…	Consequently
③	For example	…	However
④	For example	…	Therefore
⑤	On the other hand	…	Nonetheless

37강 Test 2

17. 다음 글의 주제로 가잠 적절한 것은?

Move future negative consequences into the present. If you turn your air conditioner to a chilly 68oF during the first week in August, meanwhile leaving your back door open for the cat, you might not have to pay any consequences for your inefficient decisions until the second week in September, when the August electricity bill arrives. Alternatively, a household thermostat could be fitted with a bright, digital printout that gave household members continual feedback in dollars and cents about how much energy they were using. In this way, keeping doors tightly closed and covering the windows during the day would have a visible and immediate rewarding effect - whereas turning the air conditioner on would have a visible and immediate punishing effect.

* thermostat 온도 조절 장치

① the necessity of more social pressure on recycling

② one's willingness to act unselfishly in social dilemmas

③ the effect of immediate feedback on energy consumption

④ the importance of the intensity of rewards and punishments

⑤ ways to reverse people's attitudes towards self-gratification

18. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Government authority rests ultimately in legitimacy. If people do not perceive political leaders and the government as legitimate, it is difficult to maintain social order. In the quest to maintain their legitimacy, political officials may use their connections with athletes, teams, and particular sports to boost their acceptance in the minds of citizens. They assume, as Antonio Gramsci Predicted they would, that if they support the sports that People value and enjoy, they can increase their legitimacy as leaders. This is why so many political leaders present themselves as friends of sport, even as faithful fans. They attend highly publicized sport events and associate themselves with high-profile athletes or teams that win major competitions. U.S. presidents traditionally have associated themselves with successful athletes and teams and have invited champions to the White House for photo opportunities.

* legitimacy 법적 정통성

① the influence of media on sports

② the use of sports for political gain

③ the seriousness of violence in sports

④ future of international sports organizations

⑤ sports as a means of solving international conflicts

19. Peter I에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

Following the death of Alexis I, his two sons from separate marriages fought one another for the right of succession. Peter I took over the empire with a coup d'état in 1689. The young czar traveled throughout Western Europe in 1697-1698 and studied shipbuilding in Holland. In Russia he began to construct a naval fleet and modernized the army. During the Great Northern War, the new fleet and army proved their effctiveness as Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea with the conquest of parts of Finland and the Baltics. Within this new territory, Peter I founded the city of St. Petersburg in 1703 as the new Russian capital. Conceived on the drawing board, the city became the symbol of Russian westernization. Peter I married twice, which led to his children fighting bitterly amongst themselves.

① 평화적으로 왕권을 인계 받았다.

② Holland에 조선술을 전수했다

③ Great Northern War에서 크게 패했다.

④ Petersburg를 새로운 수도로 세웠다.

⑤ 결혼은 했지만 자식을 두지는 않았다

20. cowries에 관한 설명으로 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

As early as the 13th century, Arab traders were carrying cowries from the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean to Egypt, then across the desert to the markets of sub-Saharan West Africa. Europeans were interested to find that in commercial transactions, Africans tended to prefer cowries to gold and by the 16th century the shells were being imported in the ships of Dutch and English traders to the Guinea coast of West Africa. With the advent of the Atlantic slave trade, cowries were among the items Europeans exchanged with coastal West African groups for slaves. By the early 18th century, cowrie shells were becoming the bubble wrap of their day. Tons of them were exported from South Asia to Europe to cushion pottery and other delicate items in the china trade, and then reexported from Europe to Africa.

* cowrie (조개) 고둥의 총칭, 그 조가비

① 13세기에 사하라 사막 이남의 서아프리카에 들어왔다.

② 16세기에 영국 무역선에 의해 Guinea 해안으로 수입되었다.

③ 대서양 노예무역에서 노예에게 선물로 주었다.

④ 18세기 초에 껍질을 충격완화제로 사용했다.

⑤ 많은 양이 남아시아에서 유럽으로 수출되었다.

21. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Life Expectancy Then and Now in U.S.

The above graph reports U.S. life expectancy at birth, by gender and race, in selected years. ① Life expectancy of the average person increased over the last 40 years in the U.S.- from 70.8 years (the average for 1970) to 78.3 years in 2010. ② Male life expectancy in the U.S. rose from 67.1 years in 1970 to 75.7 years in 2010. ③ The girl born in 1970 in the U.S. could expect to live 7.6 years more than a boy born at the same time. ④ In 2010, women were still expected to live longer than men, and the gap widened. ⑤ Life expectancy for whites exceeded that for blacks by 7.6 years in 1970, but the gap between white and black life expectancy reduced to 5.1 years over the past 40 years.

22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Prestige differs from wealth and power. Wealth and power are objective entities; an individual can have them regardless of what other people think of the individual. But prestige is subjective, depending on how the individual is perceived by others. If the individual is rich and powerful but is seen by others as unworthy of respect, the individual has low prestige. The boss of an organized crime group may make millions and exercise awesome power, but he will never acquire prestige because most people refuse to hold him in esteem- and they cannot be forced to do so. On the other hand, many college professors may not be rich and powerful, but they do enjoy more prestige than the crime boss.

① 사람들이 선호하는 직업은 나라마다 다르다.

② 부와 권력은 존경을 받기 위한 필요조건이다.

③ 직업을 선택할 때 개인의 적성을 고려해야 한다.

④ 개인의 명망은 직업에 대한 사람들의 인식과 관련이 있다.

⑤ 고등 교육을 받은 사람일수록 더 높은 수입을 얻는다.

23. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은? , ,

In a recent report, people who have to smile for a living were found to be more prone to health problems. Most people need to put on a mask for at least part of the day; basic human courtesy requires that we sometimes curb our emotions, whether anger or frustration or passion. The solution to this problem is to find what Brian Little calls a "restorative niche." The niche can be sharing your feelings with a trusted friend, writing whatever comes to mind in a personal journal, or simply spending time alone in your room. Depending on their constitution, some people may need ten minutes to recover from the emotional deception, while others may need a lot longer. The key during the recovery period is to be real, fully yourself, to do away with pretense and to allow yourself to feel any emotion that arises.

* niche 적합한 환경

① 일의 효율을 위해 적당한 스트레스를 즐겨라.

② 직장 동료들과 함께 하는 여가활동을 개발하라.

③ 건강을 위해 지나친 낙관주의적 태도를 지양하라.

④ 원만한 관계 유지를 위해 신중한 화법을 구사하라

⑤ 자신의 감정에 솔직해질 수 있는 회복 기간을 가져라.

24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Every global opinion Poll shows religion declining among the youngest generation. While traditional religious affiliation is declining in the most technologically advanced societies, spirituality is increasing. Spirituality refers to the very individual quest to find meaning in the broader cosmic scheme of things. The Global Values Survey has been tracking the shift toward spirituality since 1981. Those surveyed are asked: "How often, if at all, do you think about the meaning and the purpose of life? Often, sometimes, or never?" The percentage of those who say "often" has increased dramatically. In Canada, 37 percent said "often" in 1981 and 52 percent in 2001. In the United Stales, Americans who say they are "spiritual but not religious" have increased by 10 percentage points since 1999. In 2006, 40 percent of U.S. adults described themselves as "spiritual but not religious."

* affiliation 가입, 입회

① Meaning of Life Is Hard to Find

② Technology Humans Make Sets Them Free

③ Transformation from Religiosity to Spirituality

④ Sympathy as a Spiritual quest to Find Life's Meaning

⑤ The More Educated, the Less Religious

38강 Test 2

25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

At Purdue University, after giving subjects psychological tests to determine their decision-making abilities, researchers put people into a fitness program in which regular walking was a central feature. They found after six months on the program they had improved their decision-making skills 60 percent more than subjects in the control group who did not exercise. George Macaulay Trevelyan, Britain's highly respected historian who had a real passion for long walks, used to say, "I have two doctors, my left leg and my right." Latest research into the effects of regular brisk walking more than bears out his belief that this kind of moderate exercise can play a central role in keeping the body healthy, young and fit. Besides, walking is the form of exercise least likely to cause injury. It will lift your spirits, help lower if necessary and keep down your weight.

① Have No Time for Exercise? Just Run!

② Learn the Basics of a Healthy Diet Plan

③ The Good Walkers are All Great Workers

④ Walking as a Doctor of the Body and Hind

⑤ Walking: The Best Way to Set the Mind Free

26. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

When people are grouped into societies, they face different kinds of tradeoffs. The classic tradeoff is between "guns and butter."

(A) Thus, while pollution regulations give us the benefit of a cleaner environment and the improved health that comes with it, they have the cost of reducing the incomes of the firms' owners, workers, and customers.

(B) Also important in modern society is the tradeoff between a clean environment and a high level  of income. Laws that require firms to reduce pollution raise the cost of producing goods and services. So these firms end up earning smaller profits, paying lower wages, charging higher prices, or some combination of these three.

(C) The more we spend on national defense (guns) to protect our shores from foreign aggressors, the less we can spend on consumer goods (butter) to raise our standard of living at home.

① (A)-(C)-(B)	② (B)-(A)-(C)	③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B)	⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

27.  글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

There are admittedly several theories of aging but one has emerged as the most compelling and best supported by impressive new evidence.

Not surprisingly, the secrets of aging lie deep in the molecular biology of individual cells. ( ① ) This does not mean the theory necessarily accounts for all aging changes, but many authorities  believe it explains a major part. ( ② ) It is called the free radical theory of aging, and it goes this way. ( ③ ) Aging occurs when cells are permanently damaged by continual attacks from chemical particles called free radicals. ( ④ ) Simply, the cellular damage accumulates over the years, until  the totality of destruction reaches the point of no return. ( ⑤ ) This, then the continuous but vain  struggle of individual cells to stay alive and function normally, in the face of chemical breakdown - is the birth of aging and all its consequences.

28. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Youth is a time of conflict. The more disturbing the environmental conditions in which an adolescent finds himself as he is struggling for self-realization, the greater will be the possibility of inadequate or undesirable development. The individual must progress successfully from dependence upon adult protection toward personal decision making and freedom of behavior. This transition, if it is to be effective, must be gradual, since the adolescent at one and the same time needs both a feeling of security and an opportunity for self-expression and self-determination. Too much and too suddenly gained liberty finds the adolescent unprepared to meet it; then he may become prey to undesirable influences. Adult ever protectiveness or domination of the teenage boy or girl during this period may lead to resentment, confusion, or arrested development.

⇨ Teenagers should get (A)             from adults gradually so that they can achieve a balance between (B)               and freedom.

	(A)		(B)
①	discipline	…	security
②	independence	…	security
③	protection	…	equality
④	discipline	…	rights
⑤	independence	…	equality

29~30. 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오-

(A)

A man was sentenced to death. He was blindfolded and put in a dark cave. He was told that there was a way out of the cave, and if he could find it, he was a free man. The prisoner was allowed to take his blindfold off and roam freely in the darkness. He was to be fed only bread and water for the first 30 days and nothing thereafter. The bread and water were lowered from a small hole in the roof at the south end of the cave. The ceiling was about 18 feet high. The opening was about one foot in diameter. The prisoner could see a faint light only up above.

(B)

As the light flooded into the cave, it illuminated an opening in the wall of the cave about three feet in circumference. The opening was the passage to freedom the prisoner had been told about. It was in the south wall directly under the opening in the ceiling. He had so completely focused on the opening of light that it never occurred to him to look for freedom in the darkness. Liberation was there all the time right next to the mound he was building, but it was in the darkness.

* circumference 원주

(C)

As the prisoner roamed and crawled around the cave, he bumped into rocks. He thought that if he could build a mound of rocks and dirt that was high enough, he could reach the opening and enlarge it enough to crawl through and escape. Since he was about six feet, and his reach was another two feet, the mound had to be at least 10 feet high. So the prisoner spent his waking hours picking up rocks and digging or dirt. In two weeks, he built a mound of about six feet. He thought that if he could duplicate that in the next two weeks, he could make it before his food ran out.

(D)

But as he had already used most of the rocks in the cave, he had to dig harder and harder. After a month had passed, the mound was 9½ feet high and he could almost reach the opening if he jumped. He was almost exhausted. One day just as he thought he could touch the opening, he fell. He was simply too weak to get up, and in two days he died. His captors came to get his body. They rolled away the huge rock that covered the entrance.

29. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B)-(D)-(C)

② (C)-(B)-(D)

③ (C)-(D)-(B)

④ (D)-(B)-(C)

⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)

30. 위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Free Will Is Just an Illusion!

② Efforts and Patience Finally Pay Off

③ Freedom Is Just Around You, Not Farther!

④ Your True Self Is Revealed through Silence

⑤ Awareness of Ignorance Motivates Learning

31. 글의 He에 관한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

① 사형 선고를 받고 어두운 동굴에 갇혔다.

② 첫 30일 동안에만 오로지 빵과 물을 공급 받았다.

③ 동굴을 이리저리 기어 다니다 바위와 부딪혔다.

④ 10피트 높이의 둔덕을 쌓으려고 생각했다.

⑤ 한 달 후 천장의 구멍에 손이 닿았다.

32~33. 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

For a great illustration of the perils of expert decision making when faced with innovation, consider Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nűrnberg. This fabulous comic opera revolves around the Meistersingers, a guild of amateur poets and musicians who are master craftsmen in their main professions. The Meistersingers have developed a craftsmanlike approach to music making, with an Intricate system of rules for composing and performing songs. They use these rules to make important decisions: whether a song is a master song and whether the singer qualifies as a Meistersinger. The group resists input from anybody else. When a new contestant, the knight Walther von Stolzing, delivers a novel free-form tune, breaking all the rules of the craft, they cannot               his innovativeness. However, after some maneuvering behind the scenes, and five hours into the opera, Walther wins the singing contest. Interestingly, as with so many creative ideas. Walther's prize song came to him in a dream.

The opera is also about Wagner, the innovator, and the difficulties he had as a composer. The "Meistersinger syndrome," however, is not just a historical phenomenon. Sadly, I have seen corporate boards and committees that act just like Meistersingers. They insist on absurd small rules and criteria. They are narrow-minded groups that define rules and criteria based on how they have always done business. They are subject to groupthink because they do not seek outside input and do not vote on ideas independently. Bold ideas will not have a chance with them even if there is a clear business case for these ideas.

* intricate 얽히고설킨, 번잡한

32. 위 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① reject	② require	③ tolerate

④ suspect	⑤ manipulate

33. 위 글의 밑줄 친 Meistersinger syndrome이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

① 최대한의 이익을 추구하는 사업가의 본성

② 새로운 해결책을 찾아내는 집단 사고의 효율성

③ 혁신적인 것을 거부하는 기득권 집단의 편협성

④ 정의로운 사회를 구현하려는 예술가의 시대정신

⑤ 자신이 하는 일을 천직으로 여기는 장인의 소명 의식