1. 병렬구조

고등부 문/법/성/판/단 Level-1-600제

PRACTICE & PERFECTION

Words

최선을 다하는 당신은 아름답습니다.

고등부- 문/법/성/판/단 기본-600제

PRACTICE & PERFECTION

Words

① 등위접속사

② 등위상관 접속사

③ 비교구문

2. 수의 일치

① 명사+관계사+동사

② 명사+관계사+동사+동사

③ one of+복수명사

④ a number of/ the number of

⑤ 부분을 나타내는 말

⑥ 동명사가 주어인 경우

3. 시제

① 현재완료

② 과거 완료

③ 가정법 시제

④ 제안, 주장, 요구 등의 동사가 주절에 있을 때

4. 수동태

① 수동태가 안되는 동사

② use 정복

③ 대명사가 주어일 때

④ 감정의 동사 / ~ing, p.p

5. 부정사/ 동명사

① 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는동사

② 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는동사

③ 부정사와 동명사가 오면 뜻이 달라지는 동사

6. 간접 의문문

7. 접속사

① that과 what

② that과 if

③ 기타

8. 관계 대명사

9. 조동사

10. 대명사

11. 품사에 따른 문제

1. 병렬구조

최/선/을/다/하/는/당/신/이/아/름/답/습/니/다.                                      늘푸른 학원 643-4758

① 등위접속사

<예문>

The polluted air reduces the amount of oxygen in the air.  It can make people ill and [harms / harm] plants.

<설명>

등위 접속사 앞에 -s붙어 있는 동사가 없다. harm이 답

상관접속사

both A and B

either  A or  B

neither A nor B

② 등위상관 접속사

: not A but B,  A as well as B,  not only A but also B

<예문>

On a rainy evening Phillip took me to a restaurant in Beak Street, famous not only for its history -it had memories of the 18th century glories- but also its beer.

<설명>

not only ~but also 구문이므로 뒤에 오는 문장의 구조가 같아야한다.

its beer를 for its beer로 고쳐야 된다.

③ 비교구문

<예문>

Mr. Phillips's teaching style is worse than Mr. Green.

<설명>

비교급 구문이다. 같은 구조끼리 비교해야 된다.

Mr. Green이 Mr. Green's가 되어야한다.

※ 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

tool:도구

age:시대

share:공유하다

These may be about going to school or [to be/being] part of a family.

<병렬 구조>

being

The animals must either move or [die/to die] out.

die

The cover of this book is different from [you/yours].

yours

Their interest is as strong as [us/ours].

ours

But now the tools of the digital age give us a way to easily get, share, and [act/acting] on information in new ways.

act

She was dancing, talking, and [laughed / laughing]

laughing

Most of us go abroad either on business or [pleasure / for pleasure]

for pleasure

That actress is both skillful and [beautiful / beauty]

beautiful

My father is not a musician but [writes novels/a novelist].

a novelist

Joe is  good not only  at math but also [English/at English].

at English

Eating out is cheaper than [to cook/cooking] dinner at home.

cooking

He was inside for about three or four minutes, then came out, got in the car and [driving, drove] about five meters to the general store next door

drove

Writing a poem is as difficult as [finishing/finishes] a 400-page novel.

finishing

To answer accurately is more important than [to finish/finish] quickly.

to finish

Riding a bicycle is similar to [driving/drive] a car.

driving

The population of Korea is smaller than [those/that] of Japan.

that

Money should be saved, not only to spend, but also [give away / to give away.]

to give away

By the time he reaches adolescence, a boy knows that there are times when it is better to tell a lie than [telling/to tell] the absolute, unsparing truth.

to tell

After feeding my brother and me breakfast, she would scrub, mop, and [dust/to dust] everything.

for pleasure:재미로

general store:잡화상

accurately:정확하게

be similar to~

:~와 비숫하다

give away:주다

adolescence:사춘기

absolute:절대의,확실한

unsparing:엄한

scrub:문지르다

mop:자루걸레로 훔치다

dust:먼지를 털다

emotion:감정

dust

Emotion is what makes us hate or (A)like / liking］certain things.

like

She took a course in nursing and [becoming / became] superintendent of a London hospital.

became

nursing:간호

superintendent:원장

relax:긴장을 풀다

fix up:수리하다

strength:힘

strengthen:강하게하다

강화하다

unload:짐을 부리다

civil defence:시민군

In addition, playing sports can be a good way of keeping healthy, getting exercise, and [relax/relaxing] from stress.

relaxing

It might be fixed up and [give/given] to someone else who can use it.

given

I had to decide between going up to senior high school and [being /to be] a professional baseball player.

being

Walking not only [strengths/strengthens] the muscles, but also builds up the bones.

strengthens

Two men had unloaded a couple of large boxes from the back and [drive/ driven] off quickly.

driven

Then he wants to get married, buy a beautiful house and [has / have] three or four kids.

have

The men and boys were fighting; the women and girls were in the factories, making war materials or [help/helping] with civil defense and fire fighting.

helping

Visiting a farm is far more educational than [looking/to look] at a book about a farm, because your child can pat a cow, hear ducks quack, and smell hay in a farm.

pat:가볍게 치다

hay:마른 풀

available

:이용 할 수 있는

doubt:의심하다

consider:고려하다

duty:의무

interest:흥미, 관심

be dependent on

:의지하다

looking

When he was looking for a good brand name, someone told him the letter K made a nice sound to remember, [and / and that ] five letters were a good name length. He took that advice.

and that

She used the network not only to find available jobs but also [get/to get] advice when considering offers.

to get

No one can doubt that if it is duty of men and women to think not of their own interests, but [of the/ the] interests of those who are dependent on them

of the

※ [  ]에서 알맞은 형태를 고르고, [  ]이 없으면 틀린 부분을 골라

바로잡으시오.

In the winter, many people enjoy sports such as skiing, ice skating. and sledding. Other people keep themselves warm by staying indoors and [to read/reading] good books.

sledding:썰매타기

defend:변호하다

reading

do

Billy was having problems in school. Billy's teacher called his mother and said that he didn't study, listen, or [do/ doing] his homework.

There have always been people who have looked for adventure. These people have climbed the highest mountains, or sailing in small boats across the greatest oceans.

sailing→sailed

to be→being

But some of these stories show what it's like to live today. These may be about going to school or to be part of a family.

Darrow was very famous in America around the start of the twentieth century. He often defended people who were thought to be guilty and [taken/took] on many unpopular cases.

case:사건

guilty:죄를 범한

유죄의

traditionally

전통적으로

took

Gulliver could make the little men understand that he needed food and drink, and they climbed on his body and [to bring/brought] him bread, meat and wine

brought

Traditionally, most American mothers worked only at home or on the farm. It was their job to take care of the children and[helped/help] with the farm work.

help

Then he expects to study in Moscow for a year because he wants to improve his ability to speak Russian.  After  coming back from Russia, he wants to return to school and [finishes/finish] his Ph.D.

expect:기대하다

improve:향상시키다

ability:능력

ph.D: 박사학위

limit:제한하다

amount:양, 총계

contribute

:원인이되다

기여하다

disappearance:사라짐

provide

:주다,공급하다

shelter

:피난처, 은신처

captive:사로잡힌

would rather~than ...

..하느니 차라리~하겠다

blanket:담요

clinic:개인 병원

be prepared:준비하다

several:몇몇의

display table:진열대

quietly:조용히

first-class:일등급

seldom:좀처럼~않는

go beyond;넘어가다

activity:활동

finish

The earth is limited in size, in farmland, and [the amount/ in the amount] of food that can be grown on land and in the sea.

in the amount

Tomas was a real friend, for he advised me as well as [helping /helped] me with my work.

helped

Zoos in the past often contributed to the disappearance of animal populations. Animals were cheap, and getting new ones was easier than provided the special diet and shelter necessary to keep captive animals alive.

provided→

providing

She said softly that she would rather stay at home than to go out  in the rain.

to go→go

When a baby chimp became sick, she wrapped him in a blanket, took  him to the clinic, and  waits in line.

waits→waited

When you go to the fish market, behind the Rialto Bridge, be prepared to see several cats [sitting/ to sit] under the display tables quietly and   eating first-class seafood.

sitting

I seldom went beyond the daily activities of getting up, eating, and [went/ going] to school.

going

The doctor told her to rest in bed. He also told her not to eat too much for dinner, and [to call, called] him in the morning if she was still sick.

take A to B

A를 B로 가져가다

medicine: 약

enter:들어가다

encourage:권하다

장려하다

express:표현하다

opinion:의견

for oneself:스스로

fill out

:(서류를)채우다

form:서식, 용지

anytime(when)

~할 때마다

remove:제거하다

polish:윤을내다

take off:이륙하다

height:높이

as sonn as:~하자마자

to call

When I returned, I took the medicine to my parents' bedroom. I looked in quietly before entering and [seeing/ saw] my mother lying on the bed.

saw

However, American students are encouraged to ask questions, express their own opinions, and [thought/ think] for themselves.

think

You can buy almost anything you want just by filling out a form and  to send it off by mail.

to send  → sending

I can go hiking, camping, or fishing anytime I want to. The people in the country are more friendly  than [that in the city/those in the city].

those in the city

Thirty-five hundred years ago, not only (A)[did women / women did] in Egypt remove all the hair from their heads, but (B) [they polished / did they polish] their heads to a mirror-like finish.

(A) did women

(B) they polished

After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly (A) [gain / gaining] height. Then after a while the plane suddenly turned round and (B) [flying / flew] back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, a flight attendant told us to keep calm and (C) [get off / got off] quietly as soon as it touched down.

(A) gaining

(B) flew

(C) get off

< 수의 일치>

2. 수의 일치

① 접속사에 따른 수의 일치

1. A poet and novelist [is/are] coming.

A poet and a novelist [is/are] coming to this place.

2. Bread and butter [is/are] their staple.

3. Either you or she [are/is] going out

4. Neither he nor I [is/am] going out.

5. Not only you but also he [are/is] not about to agree to my decision.

= He as well as you [is/are] not about to agree to my decision.

② 명사+관계사+동사+동사

People who do not take regular exercises is the ones who easily fall ill.

<설명>

독해 할 때 관계대명사를 만나면 앞에 동사가 있나 확인한다. 없으면 뒤에 동사가 2개, 2번째 동사 앞에서 끊어서 앞이 주어, 2번째 동사가 본동사.

에문에서 people이 주어 is가 본동사. 주어가 복수이므로 is를 are로.

③ one of+복수명사

One of the situations that make people very nervous [is / are]  a job

<설명>

전치사+명사구는 문장내에서 주요한 역할을 못하고, 꾸며주는 역할을 하므로 전치사이하는 괄호로 묶어서 버리면 주어, 동사가 눈에 들어온다.

에문에서 one이 주어이고 단수이므로 is.

④ a number of/ the number of

A number of people [was/were] arrested.

The number of the tickets [is/are] limited.

a number of는 복수, 복수 동사가, the number of는 단수, 단수 동사가 온다.

⑤ 동명사가 주어인 경우

<예문>

Caring for children share with husbands.

<설명>

share 동사 앞에 있는 children은 복수이나 care for의 목적어다, 즉 주어가 아니다. 문장 주어는 caring이다. 단수이므로 share가 shares가 되어야한다.

⑥ 부분을 나타내는 말

☆ About one fourth of them [was/were] drowned

☆ The rest of the milk [were/was] given to the cat.

물은 셀 수 없는 명사다. 즉 단수다. 단수의 3분의 2도 단수다. 부분을 나타내는 단어는 그 뒤에 오는 명사가 단수면, 단수 취급, 복수면 복수 취급한다.

예문에서 one fourth 가 단수이나 them이 복수이므로 복수 취급

정리하면

◎분수 / half / the rest / most / a lot / some / any / none +  of + 명사의 경우, 뒤에 오는 명사에 동사의 수를 일치시킨다.

⑦ 명사+수식어구+동사

The building of bridges [were/ was] not a job that the Incas took lightly.

<설명>

전치사+명사구는 문장내에서 주요한 역할을 못하고, 꾸며주는 역할을 하므로 전치사이하는 괄호로 묶어서 버리면 주어, 동사가 눈에 들어온다.

예문에서 bridges가 주어가 아니고 building이 주어다. 답은 was

⑧　every, each, many a , a little , little , much + 단수 명사

many , a few , few  + 복수 명사

<예문>

Each boy [has/have] received 20 dollars.

Every person [is/are] to blame in this plot.

⑨ 관계대명사는 선행사와 일치한다.

Many people who [live/lives] in New York City think that life in a city offers special advantages.

⑩　알아두어야 할 단,복수

☆  news(셀 수 없는 명사임)는 단수임

☆ goods(상품), riches(재산), valuables(귀중품), belongings(재산),          savings(저금)은 복수 취급한다.

☆ 학과명: economics : 경제학-> 단수 취급

economics : 재정 상태 -> 복수 취급

statistics : 통계학 -> 단수 취급

statistics : 통계표(자료) -> 복수 취급

관계 대명사 선행사 선택하기

He is one of the famous people who run a company.

He is the one of the famous people who runs a company.

※둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Three-fifths of the passengers [was/were] killed in the accident.

passenger:승객

rest:나머지

theory:이론

search for:~을 찾다

certain:어떤

nearby:가까운

be likely to+R:

R 할 것 같다

a number of :많은

advantage:유리, 이점

cannot afford to+R

:R 할 여유가 없다

were

The half of the story [are/is] not true.

is

The rest of her life [were/ was] devoted to helping sick people.

was

Parts of the theory [seem / seems] impossible to believe.

seem

parts는 뜻이 부분일 뿐이다

Most of the windows [are/is] broken.

are

A student searching for a certain book in a library may learn quickly that the book he or she needs [is/are] owned by another nearby library.

is

Many people who live in this part of the world [is/are] likely to be worried again with the beginning of the cold weather.

are

Of course it is clear that students who go to England to learn English [has/have] a great advantage over others, but a large number of students cannot afford to do so.

have

The Dust Bow is known for its light soil, low rainfall and high winds that [whip/whips] across the flat ground.

soil:흙, 토양

whip:채찍질하다

갑자기 움직이다

flat:평평한

water source:수자원

depend on:의지하다

freeze froze-frozen:얼다

contain:포함하다

statement:말, 진술

form:형태

instruction:지시, 교육

direction:지시,명령,방향

mercury:수은

risk:위험

heart attack:심장마비

whip

The water sources they can depend on in the summertime  [is/are] frozen in the winter.

are

A number of listening tests [contains / contain] short statements in the form of instructions or directions.

contain

One study suggests that people who [eat/ eats] fish high in mercury may increase their risk of having a heart attack.

eat

The fact that someone is interested enough to give help to poor villagers often [works/work] wonders.

works

Such teachers as Susan [is /are ] rare.

are

One of the first things you will need to do when you settle into your house or apartment [are/is] to find a doctor and get on his "list."

is

Never before [has / have] they seen such a big diamond.

have

evidence:증거

belong to~:~에 속하다

crash:충돌

patient:환자

limit:제한하다

deck:갑판

rot:썪다

be composed of~

:~으로 구성되다

be known for:~으로

유명하다

accuracy:정확성

discontinue:그만두다

중지하다

manufacturer:제작자

reverse:반대

This is one of the buildings that [belong / belongs] to my uncle.

belong

Sally is the one of the passengers who [has / have] survived the air crash.

has

The patients are told to follow [his / their] doctor's advice.

their

He as well as you [is / are] right.

is

The number of students in the class [is / are] limited to ten.

is

A number of sailors [ was / were] seen on the deck.

were

70 percent of apples in the basket [is / are] rotten.

are

70 percent of Korea [is / are] composed of the mountains.

is

Either the teacher or the students [has / have] your books.

have

Neither the students nor the teacher [is / are] allowed to smoke.

is

The news written by Michael is well known for [its / their] accuracy.

its

Every country has [its / their] own tradition.

its

The Pontiac is one of those cars which [has / have] been discontinued by the   manufacturers.

have

The population of Japan [is / are] much larger than [that / those] of Korea.

is/that

The seasons of South Africa [is / are] the reverse of [that / those] of Korea.

are/those

The behavior of Tom Cruise  [is / are] like [that / those] of little child.

is/that

The eyes of yours [is / are] like [that / those] of dead fish.

are/those

Each nation [has / have] a way to go.

has

One of the situations that [make / makes] people very nervous [is / are] a job interview.

make/is

behavior:행동

situation:상황

nervous:불안한

what I am:현재의 나

surface:표면

with great interest

:아주 흥미롭게

alternative sources

:대체 자원

presently:현재

tend to+R:R하는 경향이 있다

skip:건너뛰다

work:효과가 있다

participant:참가자

invention:발명품

He together with his friends [is/ are] to attend the meeting.

is

It is these books that [has/ have] made me what I am.

have

Three fourths of the earth's surface [is/ are] water.

is

The secretary and the typist [is/are] very kind to us.

are

All work and no play [make/makes] Jack a dull boy.

makes

People all over the world watch each [game / games] with great interest.

game

We can't give up electricity, but we can control the ways we use [it / them]

it

We can use alternative sources of energy that [is / are] not as harmful to the environment as those which we are presently using.

are

One out of every two Americans [is / are] overweight.

is

They tend to skip their breakfast. But [it / they] won't work well.

it

The half of the story [is / are] not true.

is

Most of the windows [ is / are ] broken.

are

It was the coach as well as the players who [was/were] happy over the victory.

was

The number of participants on the contest [was/were] smaller than we had expected.

was

Early to bed and early to rise [make/makes] a man healthy ,wealthy, and wise.

makes

Many a mother [has/have] spoiled her children by loving them too much.

has

Ten minutes [is/are] too short a time to finish this test.

is

A number of modern inventions [come/comes] from minor discoveries.

come

All study and no play [make/makes] you a lonely girl.

makes

※ [  ]에서 알맞은 형태를 고르고, [  ]이 없으면 틀린 부분을 골라

바로잡으시오.

bill:지폐

emergency:비상 상태

journalist:신문기자

jewel:보석

flea market:벼룩시장

arrowhead:화살촉

pottery:도(자)기

artifact:문화유물

pot:단지, 항아리

valuable:귀중한

transition:변천, 변이

make transition

옮겨가다

be familiar with~

~에 친숙하다

computerized

:전산화된

catalog:목록,출판목록

discovery:발견

recent years:최근에

be likely to+R

R 할 것 같다

atomic:원자의

In the United states, for example, all paper money is the same size and the same color; only the printing on the bills [is / are] different.

is

The job of reporting car crashes or other emergencies [are/is] usually given to new journalists after they finish college.

is

The custom of decorating the body with jewels are an ancient habit.

are→is

It's a shopping place where people may find all kinds of things for sales. A flea market in many areas are held outdoors every week or every month.

are→is

Arrowheads and pieces of pottery are artifacts. A pot that is very old and beautiful [are/is] valuable.

is

Students who learn to read and write in their first language  [makes / make] an easier transition to English.

make

People who are still not familiar with the computerized catalog  has to make several telephone calls or make several car trips to find out the books they need.

has→have

No discovery, however, that has been made of recent years [is/are]  likely to prove so important as that  of atomic energy.

is

One out of every two Americans are overweight.

are→is

One of the first Europeans who came here were a man named Christopher Columbus. Columbus was a sailor and also a dreamer

were→was

Every green plant [make/makes] food from the sun's energy and many animals depend directly upon them for food.

plant:식물

depend on:

~에 의지하다

with great interest

대단히 흥미롭게

attend:출석하다

double: 두 배로하다

갑절이다

more than:~이상

enroll:등록하다

developing:계발하는

nuclear weapons

핵무기

increase:증가하다

mostly:대개

have ~in common

:공통점을 갖다

vegetarian

;채식주의자

in her honor

:그녀에게 경의를 표하려

truly:정말로

mansion:대저택

massive:큰, 육중한

oak:떡갈나무

makes

People all over the world [watches/watch]  each game  with great interest.

watch

The number of children attending school [have/has] more than doubled during the last half century. More than three-fourths of the population between the ages of five and nineteen [is/are] now enrolled.

is

The number of countries of developing nuclear weapons have increased to more than 20 in recent years.

have→has

Some people eats mostly "fast food." One study shows that many fast-food eaters have a lot in common with one another, but they are very different from vegetarians.

eats→eat

When there [was/were] bad storms with wind and snow, Barry  used to go out to find the travelers who lost their way.

were

During Cleopatra's days there [was / were] a coin made in her honor. The picture on the coin shows a woman who is ugly.

was

In the United States, there is four main ways to travel: by bus, by car, by train and by plane.

is→are

The house was truly a mansion.  The front hall was as large as a house.  At the end of the hall was two massive oak doors.

3번째 was→ were

Watching *fireflies [is / are] one of the nicest things about summer evenings.   *fireflies:개똥벌레

is

every 15 hours

:15시간마다

somewhere

:어딘가에서

run into

:우연히 만나다

progress:경과, 추이

consider:~라 여기다

be aware of~:~을 알다

remarkably:매우,대단히

현저하게

tuberculosis:결핵

sew:바느질하다

general:장군

wreck:난파시키다

trial and error

:시행착오

Almost one-third of all hamburgers sold in the U.S. restaurants  [is/are] sold in McDonald's. A new McDonald's opens every 15 hours somewhere in the world, so wherever you go, you might run into it.

are

"How is the progress?"

"Two-thirds of the work [is/are] finished."

is

Every day we hear something or other on the news. I remember  hearing about some California beaches last week which [was/were] considered dangerous for swimming.

were

He as well as Mary and Tom (is, are) coming to the party.

is

Either you or he (is, are) aware of it.

is

The number of cars (has, have) been remarkably increasing.

has

All work and no play (make, makes) Jack a dull boy.

makes

There (was, were) lots of people suffering from tuberculosis.

were

A needle and thread (was, were) needed to sew the button.

was

Not only the general but all his soldiers (was, were) annihilated.

were

In my opinion, physics (is, are) badly taught in our schools.

is

The news that he's suffered from lung cancer (is, are) a shock to us.

is

Many a boat (have, has) been wrecked here.

has

Ham and eggs (is, are) my favorite breakfast.

is

According to religious people the soul and the body (are, is) one.

is

Trial and error (is, are) the source of our knowledge.

is

<시제 일치>

3. 시제 일치

①현재 시제

☆불변의 진리(과학법칙, 수학공식, 속담, 격언 등)은 현재 시제로 표시

We learned that light travels much faster than sound.

My teacher used to teach us that the earth revolves around the sun.

☆ 시간이나 조건의 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 대용한다.

( will, shall 사용 불가)

단, 명사절, 형용사절은 그러하지 않다.

The time when you will have more leisure will come. (형용사절)

I will tell you when he will come. ( 명사절 )

I will tell him so when he comes. ( 부사절 )

② 현재완료

<예문1>

When have you heard the news?

<설명>

현재완료시제는 기준 시점이 현재이므로 의문사 when 과거를 표시하는 어구인, yesterday, ago, just now등과 함께 쓸 수 없다.

예문을 When did you hear the news? 해야 됨

<예문2>

He has been sick since last year.

<설명>

현재완료는 과거에서 현재까지 계속되는 상태 및 동작을 나타내므로 since, for등과 쓰임

<예문3>

You have gone to America.

<설명>

1,2인칭에는 gone이라는 과거분사를 쓰지 못한다. gone을 been으로 고쳐야함

③ 과거 완료

<예문>

He said that he lost his umbrella.

<설명>

said한 시점이 과거라면, lost한 시점은 한 시제 먼저다. 과거보다 빠른 시제는 과거 완료로 나타낸다. 예문 lost를 had lost로 고쳐야함

⑤ 진행형이 없는 동사

(1) 존재 및 소유 동사 : belong to , resemble , appear , consist

This bicycle is belonging to my sister. (X)

He was resembling his father. (X)

(2) 지각 및 감각 동사 : hear , see , taste , like ,

(3) 사고 및 지식 동사 : know , mean , understand , think

(4) 순간적 , 일시적 동사 : stand , sit , start

(5) 진행형에 관련된 주의사항

The tourists are seeing the sights of Seoul.

She is having breakfast.

⑥ to 부정사와 동명사의 시제

① 단순 부정사 : 술어 동사와 같은 시기를 나타내거나,

술어 동사보다 미래를 나타낸다.

He seems to be sleeping

= It seems that he is sleeping

He is sure to succeed

= I am sure that he will succeed.

② 완료 부정사 : 술어 동사 시제보다 앞선 시제를 나타낸다.

He seems to have had bitter experiences in youth.

= It seems that he had bitter experiences in youth.

He seemed to have been sleeping all day long

= It seemed that he had been sleeping all day long

④ 제안, 주장, 요구 등의 동사가 주절에 있을 때

주절에 과거동사가 오면 종속절에 과거, 과거 완료, 과거완료수동.... 과거 돌림시제가 와야 한다. 그런데 교묘하게 동사 원형이 올 때가 있다.

<예문>

Mother insisted that we (should) start early.

I suggested that she (should) join us.

I required that they (should) pay attention to the fact.

<설명2>

insist가 어떤 사실을 주장하다의 뜻일 때와, suggest가 암시하다의 뜻일 때는 시제 일치에 따라야한다.

<예문>

He insisted that he saw a UFO. ⇒_______

Her words suggested that she loved Paul.   ⇒_______

③ 가정법 시제

<설명1>

if절 속의 동사가

과거면 가정법 과거라고 부르고,

had+p.p면 가정법 과거 완료라 부른다

<예문>

If I were you, I wouldn't buy that coat.

(be 동사는 인칭에 관계없이 were를 쓴다.)

If I had been hungry, I would have eaten the cake.

<설명2>

가정법 과거는 문장 구조가

If+주어+과거동사~, 주어+조동사과거+동사원형 순서이고

가정법 과거완료는

If+주어+had+p.p~, 주어+조동사과거형+have+p.p 순서다

※틀린 부분을 바로 잡으시오.

1. If he was a true Korean, he would not say so.

2. If I had wings, I can fly to you like a bird.

3. If I know the news about it, I would tell you.

4. If I were rich, I will help others.

5. If he have been in the room, we could have found him.

6. If I had enough money then, I would have bought a nice house.

7. If I had enough time, I could have solved the problem.

8. If I had money yesterday, I would have bought it.

9. If I was diligent when I was young, I should have been happier now.

※괄호 안에 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

I didn't think that he [will / would] come that evening.

would

In old days, people believed that the earth [is / was] flat.

flat:평평한

break out:발발하다

so that ~may...

... 하기 위하여

muddy:진창의

stair:계단

Parliament:국회

was

I was looking for a man who [will / would] help me with my moving.

would

These family trips usually continue until their children [become /will become] teenagers.

become

If the weather [is/will be] good, he will arrive in Yeouido on August.

is

He told us that World War 2Ⅱ [ended / had ended] in 1945.

ended

The stranger spoke clearly so that he [may /might] not be misunderstood.

might

We learned at school that Shakespeare [was / had been] born in 1564.

was

She [finished / has finished] her work two hours ago.

finished

I came to this city last year. I [am staying / have been staying] here since.

has been staying

The road was muddy, because it [rained / had rained] heavily the night before.

had rained

I [ate / have eaten] a lot of candy when I was a child.

ate

I have [been / gone] to a station

been

Ann has lived here only for two months. She's been here [since / for / recently] April.

since

He said that the earth [moves / moved] around the sun.

moves

It was proposed that we [start / started] at once.

start

My grandfather [has died / died] two years ago.

died

When the bell rang, the student [already left / had already left] the class.

had already left

I [stay / will stay] here until you come back.

will stay

I [had known / have known] him well since he was a child.

have known

He looked at the stairs as though he [didn't see / had not seen] them before.

had not seen

My grandmother is still alive, but she [had been / has been] in hospital for two  years.

has been

My father [has been dead / has been died] for two years.

has been dead

I had reached the school before the rain [started / has started].

started

Yesterday, I met a friend of mine whom I [didn't see / hadn't seen] for a long time.

hadn't seen

material:물질

sculpture:조각

break out:일어나다

발발하다

request:요구하다

immediately:즉시

lieutenant:중위

demand:요구하다

lower:낮추다, 내리다

spill up:이혼하다

insist:주장하다

I [had not done / have not done] much more work since I talked to you on  Wednesday.

have not done

She has lived in Busan [since some time /  for some time]

for some time

Lead [has been used / was used] as a material for sculpture since the time of early Greeks.            * lead (n) 납

has been used

It [is raining / has rained] every day so far this month.

has rained

Captain Lewis, our pilot, has been [to fly / flying] for 13 years.

flying

Up to that time I [have studied / had been studying] without any definite  goal.

had been studying

My father [has been dead / died] two year ago.

died

I thought that he [has been / had been] ill in bed.

had been

The teacher said the Korean war [broke /  had broken] out in 1950.

broke

I request that she [be sent / send] home.

be sent

I asked that she [left / leave] the place immediately.

leave

An army lieutenant demanded that the flag [is lowered/be lowered]

be lowered

Research suggests that children whose parents split up [are / should be] more likely to drop out of high school.

are

Her silence suggested that she [be / was] very angry.

was

She insisted that she [get up / had got up] early, but it was not true.

had got up

If I [was/ were] a bird, I [can / could] fly to her.

were/could

If I [knew / had known] her address, I [would write / would have written] to her that day.

had known

would have written

If I [were/were to] be born again, I would be a sailor again.

were to

If I [went/had gone] to the party last night, I would be tired now.

had gone

[If / Were] I rich, I would help you.

were

In 1642, a war [broke/has broken] out between the Parliament and the king.

broke

A man [lived/has lived] on the earth for almost one million years.

promote:진전[진척]시키다, 조장[증진]하다, 장려하다

humanity:인류, 인간성

various:다양한

severe:심한, 모진

drought:가뭄

dense:조밀한, 빽빽한

root:뿌리

hold ~in plce:

~이 그 자리에서 견디다, 지탱하다

blow away:날려버리다

capital punishment

:극형

Mars:화성

reduce:줄이다

discouraged:낙심(담)한

bother:괴롭히다

put off:미루다

determine: 결정하다

exactly:정확히

accident:사고

take place:일어나다

witness:목격자

insist:주장하다

has lived

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter,  who promotes Habitat for Humanity, [has toured/was toured] various countries  since 1994.

has toured

In 1934 a severe drought [hit/has hit] the area, and without the dense root system of the natural grasses to hold the dry soil in place, it was picked up by the strong winds and blown away.

hit

If they had lived in the days of capital punishment, they [were already died/would have already died]

would have

already died

Thus, if you had turned a light toward Mars that day, it [had reached/would have reached]   Mars in 186 seconds.

would have reached

As she told her doctor, she always felt tired. Her doctor found her blood cholesterol was high. Therefore, her doctor suggested that she [reduce/reduced] meat, especially red meat.

reduce

John came back home late, feeling discouraged. His mother asked what had happened. John said that he [had studied/studied] for the history test but he did not get a good score.

had studied

The teeth [have been bothering/had been bothering] David for some time. He knew he should have gone to the dentist's earlier. But he had put it off.

had been bothering

It was difficult to determine exactly where the accident had taken place. Many witnesses insisted that the accident [should take/ had taken] place on the crosswalk.

had taken

Most twins who grew up together are very close. John and Buell Fuller are 79-year-old identical twins. They have always lived together, and still [ do / did ]. They wear identical clothes and work together, too. They think it is funny that people can't tell them apart.

identical twins:일란성

쌍둥이

tell:구별하다

ancient:고대의

participate:참가하다

project:계획, 예정

pain:고통

skull:두개골

shape:만들다

형체를 짓다

laboratory:연구소

beat:뛰다

sidewalk:보도, 인도

do

Thousands of years ago; the ancient people of Babylon and Egypt [studied/has studied] the stars in the sky and created the zodiac.                               * zodiac:점성술

studied

In the summer of 2001, he  [has visited/visited] Asian, Korea to participate in a house-building project.

visited

The reason for that pain is because human skulls are shaped differently today than they are many thousands of years ago.

are→were

Four years ago, I have found myself in a difficult situation. I wasn't able to buy books for my studies because I didn't have any money.

have found →             found

Since the mid 20th century, scientists from many countries [ have been working / are working] together in a huge "laboratory."

have been working

Claire [was/ has been] a vegetarian since she was twenty.

has been

But before her son arrived, the woman's heart stopped beating. The doctor met the woman's son in the lobby of the hospital and told him that his mother [died / had died].

had died

After the sun went down that day, Jack got up from the sidewalk where he [had/has] been sitting and started slowly back to his home.

had

Last Sunday I  paid a visit to the zoo in Washington D.C. I visited the monkeys first. They were of various types from different parts of the world. They were all very active, though they [have/had] been in their cages for a long time.

pay a visit:방문하다

a variety of:다양한

active:황동적인

cage:우리, 새장

within reach

:가까이에

navy:해군

insist:주장하다

inform:알리다

cancer:암

surgery:수술

yacht:요트

jaw:턱

remove:제거하다

repair:수선하다

prove:입증하다

seek-sought-sought

:구하다, 요구하다

posted:붙여진,알리는

bill:지폐

accept:받아들이다

point to~:~ 가리키다

remark:한마디 하다

whistle:휘파람을불다

if it had not been for~:~이 없었더라면

had

Just as a life at sea seemed within reach, he became ill, and had to leave the navy.  His parents insisted that he [went/go] to university,  but after a year's study, James lost interest.

go

In 1893, U.S. President Grover Cleveland was informed that he had cancer. Surgery was done on Cleveland on his own yacht. Most of his upper left jaw was removed. The president insisted that the operation [had been kept/ be kept] secret.

be kept

sought→seek

Getting the chain repaired proved difficult, so my mother sent it to me and suggested I sought the help of the Goldsmith who'd made it.

would not

There was a sign posted: "No bills larger than $20 will be accepted." The woman in front of us turned to me and,  pointing to the sign, remarked, "If I had a bill larger than $20, I [ won't/would not] eat here."

I wish that in my youth I [had had / had] someone to guide me in my reading.

had had

Micky and I [would be/would have been] lonely those long nights when the cold wind whistled around the home if it had not been for our friends who were in the stories.

would have been

<수동태>

4. 수동태

① 수동태가 안 되는 동사

<설명>

※ 우리말을 수동태로 바꾸어보시오.

1. (붕어빵 옆구리 터지는) 일이 일어났다. (뭐가 없나?)

2. 그 남자는 사자처럼 보인다.

<에문>

This was happened near Sydney, Australia, one evening in 1957.

밑줄친 부분이 이상하다는 생각이 들거야. happened로 고쳐야함

즉

appear / look like / belong to / become / resemble / fit / seem /

take place / consist of / have / escape 는 수동태가 안된다.

② use /know 정복

단어 하나의 차이로 천당과 지옥을 왔다 갔다 하는 경우다.

꼭 외워놓길 바람

※ used to+R→R하곤 했다(과거의 습관)

※ be used to+R→R하기 위해 사용되다(수동태)

※ be used to+~ing→~ing 하는데 익숙하다(동명사)

※ be known to + 사람  : ~ 에게 알려져 있다.

※ be known by         : ~를 보면 알 수 있다.

※ be known as         : ~으로 알려지다.

※ be known for        : ~으로 유명하다.

<예문>

☆ He used to drink beer; now he drinks wine.

☆ This machine is used to cook.

☆ She is used to cooking.

③ 지각 동사/사역 동사의 수동태

: 일반적으로 지각(사역)동사가 오면 목적보어 자리에 to 부정사가

오지 않는다. 그러나 수동태가 되면 to 부정사를 사용한다.

We saw him enter the room.

=> He was seen to enter the room.

They made me go there

=> I was made to go there.

④ 대명사가 주어일 때

<설명>

보통 주어가 사람이면 능동태, 사물이면 수동태 문장이 온다.

그런데 주어가 대명사일 때는 사람인지, 사물인지를 따져야한다.

<예문>

Shakespeare is well-known as the greatest English poet and dramatist. His plays  have been translated into every important language. And now they [are read and performed/read and perform ] all over the world.

they가 어떤 단어를 받는가?  his plays다. 수동태 문장이 와야한다

⑤ 감정의 동사 / ~ing, p.p

interest: 흥미를 끌다       excite:흥분시키다  surprise:놀라게 하다

confuse: 당황하게 하다  embarrass:당황하게 하다

여러분! 흥분하시오, 놀라시오. 잘 되우! 감정은 외부 충격에 의해 생기므로 수동의 의미다. 그래서 주어가 사람이면 과거 분사가 와야한다

<예문>

When Tom pulled down the cover, he was surprising.

사람이 주어다. 감정이다. 과거 분사가 답. surprised

I saw a (exciting, excited) game in Seoul Stadium

game은 사물이다. 사물은 감정이 없다. 현재분사 exciting.

⑥ 자동사와 타동사의 구별

자동사 뒤에 올 수 있는 것:전치사+명사, 부사, 아무것도 안 올수도 있다.

명사를 목적어로 취할 수 없다.

타동사 뒤에 올 수 있는 것:오로지 명사인 목적어만 온다. 그 외는 틀림.

자: lie-lay-lain (lying):눕다→명사를 취할 때 반드시 전치사를 동반한다.

타 : lay - laid - laid (laying): 눕히다, 알을 낳다, 두다

→ 전치사 없이 명사가 바로 온다.

자 : rise - rose - risen	: 오르다, 증가하다

타 : raise - raised - raised	: 들어 올리다, 인상하다, 기르다,

문제를 제기하다

자 : arise - arose - arisen	: 일어나다, 발생하다, 생기다

타 : arouse - aroused - aroused	: 불러일으키다, 자극하다, 깨우다

자 : sit - sat - sat	: 앉다

타 : seat - seated - seated	: 앉히다

※ 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Water (used / is used) for drinking, cleaning, and other purposes.

is used

Population growth will be (stopping / stopped) by war and sickness.

stopped

population growth

:인구 증가

site:지역

spell:철자를 쓰다

exhausted:기진맥진한

majority:대다수

confuse:당황하게하다

consist of~

:~으로 구성되다

resemble:닮다

disease:질병

The workers are [built / building] our new hospital on the site.

building

He seems to be [interested / interesting] in your talk.

interested

I think his lecture was [interested / interesting].

interesting

The bag [must have taken / must have been taken] while I was out.

must have been taken

How is the word [spelling / spelled]?

spelled

You know how [interesting / interested] I am in everything you do.

interested

I felt [exhausting / exhausted] after a long walk.

exhausted

For the majority of us the issue is rather [confusing / confused]

confusing

I learned at school that water [is consisted of / consists of] hydrogen and oxygen.

consists of

She [resembles / is resembled by] her grandfather

resembles

The dog was seen [enter / to enter] the room

to enter

The cancer disease will [be disappeared / disappear] someday.

disappear

He [was laughed / was laughed at] by other students.

was laughed at

I was [spoken by / spoken to by] a foreigner on the train.

spoken to by

The tailor saw that seven of the flies were [laying/lying] there dead.

lying

These animals did not seem to be active like the monkeys. They were all [lying/laying]down and looking at the visitors.

lying

I looked in quietly before entering and seeing my mother [lying/laying] on the bed.

lying

By the time she was three, Matilda had taught herself to read by studying newspapers and magazines that [lay / laid ] around the house.

lay

While in Egypt, Alexander [found /founded] the city of Alexandria.

founded

Sometimes things change without appearing  to change at all. Let’s take a stone [ lying / putting]  on a beach as an example.

lying

I hope you will be able to come, and that you will agree to [sit / seat]  on the committee.

sit

sit on:~을 심리[협의, 조사]하다

be noted for~:

~으로 유명하다

exhibition:전시, 전람

keep A from~ing

A가 ing하는 것을 막다

destroy:파괴하다

gamble:도박

sociologist:사회학자

* 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것을 고르시오.

The police ①are looking for a missing boy. ②It reported that the boy ③is wearing a white sweater and blue jeans.

② is reported

Ancient Alexandria ①was noted for their huge zoos where animals from all over the world ②gathered together and ③placed on exhibition.

②

Millions of people ①visit the national parks each year. It means that a lot of work has ②to be done to keep the parks ③from destroying.

③

*다음 네모 안에 어법상 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the eighteenth century, John Montagu, the Earl of Sandwich, (A)［invented / was invented］ a small meal that could be (B)［eaten / eating］ with one hand while he continued his non-stop gambling.

invented/ eaten

Should a woman who works at home (A)［pay / be paid］ for her services? In a 1995 study at Cornell University, sociologists (B)［found / were found］ that the value of the services of a housewives was about $11,600 a year.

be paid/found

Perhaps you have (A)［heard / been heard］ what people say about the swan. It(B)［believes / is believed］ that swans are born mute and that they sing their first and last song before death.

heard/is believed

All traffic stopped, and quite a few people  tried to lead the horse away, but no one could move it. However, when a farmer [was appeared /appeared] it got up and followed him.

mute:벙어리의

quite a few: 많은

waist:허리

insect:곤충

thin:얇은, 가는

occur to~:~에게 생각이 떠오르다

lawn:잔디

all of a sudden

:갑자기

down:솜털

feather:깃털

sparrow:참새

appeared

A woman with a very thin waist was said to be "wasp-waisted" because her body [was looked / looked] like the body of a wasp. The wasp is an insect with a very thin middle.        *wasp 말벌

looked

Then it was occurred to me that my boy would never be a seven-year-old again. So we went out onto the front lawn.

was occurred

→occurred

Many people dream about making a lot of money all of a sudden. That is what was happened to Gerald Krigel of Detroit. In 1974, a member of his family died and left him more than $400,000.

was happened

→happened

Some baby birds are covered with down when they [bear/are born]. Other feathers are like those on sparrows.

are born

Those who don't eat meat are [calling / called] vegetarians. In fact, there are may different kinds of vegetarians.

called

Cash is a good way to make small purchases, but carrying large amounts of cash is dangerous. Cash can be lost or stolen. Cash should never [send /be sent] in the mail.

cash:현금

teller:금전출납원

identify

:신원을 확인하다

puzzled:당황한

legendary fountain

:전설의 샘

youth:젊음, 청춘

memorial:기념의

기억의

generation:세대

purchase:구매

fellow:동료

track:(기차)선로

reply:대답하다

be sent

The water of this legendary fountain, which no one has yet found, [ believed/was believed] to give back youth and good health to those who drank it.

was believed

As the bank teller had never seen Lisa before, he asked her if she could identify herself. Lisa had never [asked/been asked] to do this in her hometown, so she looked puzzled for a moment.

been asked

She told him that his blood pressure was normal.  Then she said, " I wish mine were that good."  Michael Pitt has [known/been known] as the great-grandfather of a marathon.

been known

We sing the old memorial songs of our Lakota people. These songs have passed down from person to person for many generations.

have passed  →

have been passed

As the bank teller had never seen Lisa before, he asked her if she could identify herself. Lisa had never asked to do this in her hometown, so she looked puzzled for a moment.

had never asked →      had never been asked

[ Asking/Asked] by a fellow passenger why he did so, Gandhi smiled. "The poor man who finds the shoe lying on the track,"　he replied, "will now have a pair he can use."

Asked

Once you belong to a group, you [ask / are asked] to follow the group's standards.

are asked

I called the campus electrical department and was asked someone to identify it.

campus electrical department: 대학 전기담당부서

active:활동적인

involved:몰두한,~에 열중한

insect:곤충

chemical:화학의

화학적인

upward:위(쪽)로

house:집을 짓다

witch:마녀,

여자 마법사

anxious:불안한

newcomer

:새로온 사람

was asked→

asked

Alone for almost twenty years now, Palmer stays active and involved.  When asking about the secret to her long life, Palmer says that learning something new every day  keeps a person young.

asking→asked

Some insects produce a cold, chemical light. In most cases, this light is produced to attract a mate. In others  it [used/is used] to frighten away animals which would otherwise eat the insect.

is used

Building upward meant that only a small piece of land had to  be [used to housing/ used to house] many people or business.

used to house

Long ago in Britain, people [were used to / used to] go to wise old women called□witches□to learn about the future.

used to

Today, many robots are used in factories for dangerous tasks. However, more robots will [use /be used] at homes in the future.

be used

I didn't have any money. I was very [ worrying/worried]. The books were expensive and I had lost my job. I felt unhappy and anxious.

worried

Newcomers to New York are often [surprising  /  surprised ] to see so many very rich people and so many very poor people.

surprised

People were so interesting that they stayed home from work to watch soap opera.

soap opera:연속극

confuse:당황케하다

grateful:고마워하는

reward:보답, 보상

base:~에 근거하다

theory: 추측, 이론

interesting

→ interested

If you're confusing about choosing the correct fork, knife, or spoon, just watch the other guests, and follow them.

confusing

→confused

The room was full of [excited/exciting] young people who came from eight Asian countries. They were dressed in colorful clothes.

excited

We have found a lot of [interested /interesting] information about life in Ancient Egypt. Most Egyptian children went to school when they were eight.

interesting

Years ago, the United States Mint asked Anthony if he would try to design a new silver dollar. Anthony said yes. It was a great honor for him to [ask/be asked] to do such a thing.   *Mint:국립화폐주조국

be asked

Owls can see in the daytime, but usually not very well. A few owls can [be seen/see] well during the day, so those types hunt both day and night.

see

He was grateful, and he said that he was going to give me a reward. When I got there, he gave me $500. I was very exciting.

exciting

→ excited

A scientist says that Cleopatra was really quite ugly. He bases his theory on the pictures of the queen that were [printed/ printing] on coins.

printed

<부정사/동명사>

5. 부정사/ 동명사

① 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사

목적어 자리에 부정사만 오는 동사

wish, hope, want, expect, refuse, choose, decide, promise등

<예문>

Everybody wishes [to enjoy, enjoying] life.

She pretended [being/ to be] asleep.

② 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사

<설명>

목적어 자리에 동명사만 오는 동사

enjoy, finish, mind, give up, deny, escape, avoid, practice

<예문>

Mr. Park gave up [smoking/ to smoke]

Do you mind [speaking, to speak] a little louder?

③ 부정사와 동명사가 오면 뜻이 달라지는 동사

<설명>

죽어라고 외우는 수밖에 없다

※ stop+to +R :_________________________

stop+ ~ing :_________________________

※ remember/ forget +to R :_________________________

remember/ forget + ~ing :_________________________

※ try+to+R :_________________________

try+ ~ing :_________________________

It takes+목적격+시간+to+동.원: ～가 to 이하 하는데 시간이 걸리다

= It takes + 시간 + for + 목적격 + to + 동.원 - 순서 확인

④ to 부정사와 동명사의 의미상 주어

*부정사의 의미상의 주어

: for+목적격

of+목적격 (kind, nice, foolish, wise, careless, rude, stupid)

*동명사의 의미상의 주어

: 소유격, 일반 명사

It is difficult for me to visit Africa.

It is very kind of you to visit our house.

Mr. Lee complained about [our/us] coming to class late.

⑤ to 부정사와 동명사의 시제

① 단순부정사(동명사)

He seems to be idle

= It seems that he is idle.

He is proud of being rich.

= He is proud that he is rich.

② 완료 부정사(동명사)

He seems to have missed the bus

= It seems that he missed the bus.

He is proud of having won the gold medal.

= He is proud that he won the gold medal.

⑦ 지각/사역 동사

①지각동사(see, hear, watch, feel, listen to 등) + 목적어 + 동사 원형

+ ing

=> 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 능동인 경우

지각동사 (see, hear, watch, feel, listen to 등) + 목적어 + p.p

=> 목적어와 목적 보어의 관계가 수동인 경우

② 사역 동사 ( let, make, have ) + 목적어 + 동사 원형

=> 목적어와 목적 보어의 관계가 능동인 경우

사역 동사 ( let, make, have ) + 목적어 + p.p

=> 목적어와 목적 보어의 관계가 수동인 경우

Let me [to know / know] the truth.

Mr. Cho made them [feel / felt] embarrassed.

You ought to have your watch [repair / repaired]

My daughter had her house [rob/ robbed] last night.

⑥to 부정사와 구별하여 to 다음에 ing를 쓰는 숙어 (동사가 올때)

☆ look forward to + ～ing : ～를 학수고대하다

☆ devote A to + ～ing    : A를 ～하는데 바치다

☆ contribute to + ing     : ~에 공헌하다.

☆ with a view to + ing   : ~하려는 목적으로

☆ be equal to + ing      : ~할 능력이 있다.

☆ fall to + ing = begin to + 원형 : ~을 시작하다.

☆ be used( accustomed ) to + ing : ~ 에 익숙하다.

☆ what do you say to + ing  : ~하는 게 어떨까요?

~에 대해서 어떻게 생각하세요?

☆ object to + ～ing＝be opposed to + ing : ing 를 반대하다

동명사의 관용 용법

① be busy ~ ing

② feel like ~ ing

③ there is no ~ ing = it is impossible to +원형

④ it is no use ~ ing :

⑤ it goes without ~ ing = it is needless to + 원형

⑥ can't help ~ ing = cannot but + 원형

⑦ On ~ ing

⑧ In ~ ing

⑨ of one's own ~ ing

⑩ cannot A without ~ ing

⑪ be on the point of ~ ing

⑫ be worth ~ ing

⑬ make a point of ~ ing

⑭ far from ~ ing

⑮ above ~ ing

부정사의 관용 표현

① You have only to pass the exam.

② He knows better than to marry her.

③ I have something to do with the matter.

④ He had no choice but to accept the offer.

⑤ She does nothing but complain of her teacher.

⑥ I would rather starve than steal.

⑦ You had better go home and rest.

⑧ He may well be disappointed at the result.

⑨ you may as well apologize to him for your bad conduct.

He felt his heart [to beat/ beating] with joy.

beating

It was [considerate/ considerable] of you to treat me kindly.

considerate

He made up his mind [to not return/ not to return] to his hometown.

not to return

Tom was made [stay/ to stay] at home last night.

to stay

The little girl does nothing but [to cry/ cry] all day.

cry

I expect [to earn / earning] five hundred dollars this month.

to earn

We enjoyed [to pack / packing] strawberries.

packing

They encourage me [to apply / applying] for the position.

to apply

Mary spent an hour [to read / reading] a novel.

reading

[Drive / Driving] a car isn't as comfortable as traveling by train.

driving

I became penniless and finally stopped [to paint / painting]

painting

I can remember [feeling / to feel] very frustrated and confused.

feeling

We explored the universe by [observe / observing] it with all kinds of telescopes.

observing

Stop [to work / working] and have a cup of coffee.

working

I'm sorry, I forgot [to return / returning] your books.

to return

People are accustomed [to use / using / to using] blanket to make themselves warm.

to using

Many Americans are not used [to use/to using] chopsticks.

to using

They're looking forward to [watch/watching] the big match.

watching

He [was used/used] to go to church every sunday.

used

Basket is used to [carry/carrying] a variety of things.

carry

They don't object [to follow/ to following] the rules.

to following

Stop [to talk/ talking]! It's too noisy here.

talking

She talked to Billy about school, but he didn't want to [talk/  talking] about it.

talk

Mike and Amy decided [to not waste/not to waste] money.

not to waste

Try [not to touch/to not touch] things that belong to others.

not to touch

Someone opened the door but the man, [entering not/not entering] the house, said, "I have not come to stay.

product:산물, 결과

require:필요로 하다

primitive man:원시인

wisdom teeth:사랑니

treat:다루다,취급하다

human being:인간

get to~:~에 도착하다

suitable:적당한

fairly:꽤, 상당히

early stages:초보 단계

conversation:대화

not entering

Mother was wise enough [to know/knowing] that we were products of the new world and we required freedom.

to know

Primitive man's head was less rounded than ours, and his jaws were large enough [having/to have] wisdom teeth.

to have

I could not help [think/thinking] she was treating her dog better than a human being.

thinking

Sometimes it took years just [making/to make] one book.

to make

This makes you [take/to take] a deep breath, even if you don't want to.

take

It took me a long time [to find/finding] a book that was for beginners like me.

to find

It takes half an hone for me [getting/to get] to school.

to get

It's almost impossible for us [imagine/to imagine] life without computers.

to imagine

Therefore it is generally more suitable [of/for] learners in the early stages to listen to fairly short statements and simple conversations.

for

Nevertheless, some smokers are so addicted that they just cannot quit [to smoke／smoking].

smoking

Babies cry when they are hungry. Someone gives them something to eat. Then they stop [crying/to cry].

crying

nevertheless:그럼에도 불구하고

addict:빠지게 하다, 몰두[탐닉]시키다(to), 마약 중

독이 되게 하다. ★ 대개 나쁜 뜻.

consider:~라 여기다

gymnastics:체육, 체조

in particular:특히

at least:최소한

be likely to+R;

R 할 것 같다

suffer:고통 받다

substance:물질

oxygen:산소

breathe:숨쉬다

I remember [to hear/ hearing] about some California beaches last week which were considered dangerous for swimming.

hearing

People look forward to [ watch/watching] women’s gymnastics in particular.

watching

As a result, smokers are at least twice as likely to [suffer / suffering] from heart disease as non-smokers.

suffer

These substances use up all oxygen in the water, making it impossible for fish [to breathe/ breathing].

to breathe

Doctors say, “If you want to lose weight, you must eat breakfast. Breakfast is a low-fat meal and keeps you [overeating / from overeating] at lunch table.”

lose weight:  체중을 줄이다

low-fat:저지방

overeat:과식하다

keep A from~ing

:A가ing 하는 것을 막다

step:단계

be in love

:사랑에 빠지다

get rid of:~을 없애다

weed:잡초

gardener:정원사

chemical: 화학제품

unexpected:뜻밖의

:기대치않은

essential:근본적인

꼭 필요한

lead poisoning:납중독

layer:칠하기, 층, 켜

content:함유량, 목차

avoid:피하다

toward~:~쪽으로

from overeating

However, during her driving lessons, she made many mistakes and spent much time [passing/to pass] each step of the program.

passing

This means people can have a conversation on the computer about anything from being in love [to get/to getting] medical advice.

to getting

The easiest way is to simply get rid of weeds. But [pull / pulling] them out can be too much work in a large garden. so some gardeners use chemicals to kill weeds.

pulling

[Answer / Answering] this question in a new, unexpected way is the essential creative act.

Answering

Eat small amounts of lead can cause lead poisoning. Layers of paint on the walls of many houses built before 1940 may have a high lead content.             *lead:납

Eat→Eating

Have  a driver's license makes it easy for teenagers to go out  to parties, movies, and malls.

Have →Having

For example, both the parents and children often enjoy [going / to go]  out to the movies or to a ballgame.

going

But some buses stop only in the big cities. For example, it is possible to go from New York to Boston without [stop / stopping].

stopping

I crossed the street to avoid to meet him, but he saw me and  came ran towards me.

to meet→meeting

I generally read him a story because he will not go to sleep without one of us to be with him.  Then I don't do anything else for the rest of the evening.

read:책을 읽어주다

rest:나머지

for oneself: 스스로

tribe:부족, 종족

bad spirits:악령

contain:포함하다

cart:손수레, 짐마차

tense:긴장한

scold:꾸짖다

instructor:교관

ashamed:부끄러운

sign:간판

lace:가장자리 장식

consider:~라 여기다

harmful:해로운

especially:특히

besides~:~뿐만 아니라

distance:거리

connection:관련,관계

pronounce:발음하다

to be→being

Encouraging our kids is not always easy. When they are small, it takes time to let them [do / doing] things for themselves.

do

Some tribes sent signals or messages with drums. Other tribes wanted them to make bad spirits [to run/run] away.

run

But the wine contained something that made him to go to sleep, and while he was sleeping, the little men got him onto a kind of cart they had made.

to go→go

The driving lessons were quite tense and difficult. Sometimes, she was scolded by her instructor, which made her [feel / to feel] unhappy and ashamed.

feel

I enjoy looking at the signs on the walls, watching the laces of other passengers, and reading the newspaper headlines over someone's shoulder. It takes half an hour [to / for] me to get to school.

for

The pollution from these cars are considered very harmful, especially to children. Besides that, the traffic is so bad that it can take hours [driving/ to drive] a short distance.

to drive

I'm not sure what "Cynthia" means, but I think it  comes from the Greek and has some connection to the moon. When I was growing up, I found it hard [to pronounce/pronounce] my name ― especially the th.

to pronounce

receiving

I remember [receiving/to receive] a small diary when I was eight years old.

Every Sunday Bob and Jack like watching a football game. Bob always remembers to take his hat, but Jack sometimes forgets [to take/ taking] his hat

to take

So give some care to your clothes. You should, of course, take a bath before you dress for an interview. Some people forget [doing/ to do] this.

take a bath:목욕하다

offspring:후손, 자손

pollute:오염시키다

attractive:매력적인

사람의 마음을 끄는

product:제품

container:그릇, 용기

care:관심을 갖다

걱정하다

affect:영향을 끼치다

a variety of: 다양한

approach: ·에 접근하다

to do

To leave our offspring a better living environment, we should  stop [to pollute/polluting].

polluting

Most of the food in the supermarkets is very attractive. People  stop [looking/to look] at products in attractive containers.

to look

Poor Simba did not even raise his head. Finally, Simba stopped [to breathe/breathing]. The doctor said,  with tears in his eyes. "I regret to tell you that Simba is dead."

breathing

He told the President very proudly who his grandfather was and what he did. When the old man stopped to tell the long story, Lincoln said, "I don't care what my grandfather did. I only care what his grandson will be."

to tell →telling

Storms affect birds in a variety of ways. When a storm is approaching, birds may stop to fly and rest nearby trees.

to fly  →flying

I was sorry to hear about your dad's (A)[pass / passing] away. It's difficult (B)[put / to put in] words how much he meant to me.

pass away:죽다

come in contact with

접촉하다, 만나다

religious:종교의

private:개인의

convenient:편리한

spot:장소

passing/to put in

Before I go on a trip, I always prepare myself for the new country (A)[to read / by reading] about it. When I arrive in the country, I try (B)[coming / to come] in contact with the native people. They tell me many things about the country.

by reading/to come

Parents should be (A)[intelligent enough / enough intelligent] to choose the good TV programs for children. I don't understand why parents (B)[get / let] their children choose TV channels.

intelligent enough/ let

* 다음 중 어법상 어색한 것은?

You can make a cow ①go upstairs , but it is ②nearly impossible to③ get one come down.

③

One day ①after a shower, a boy asked his father how the birds ②could sit on the wet high-voltage power lines without ③killing.

③

Foreign tourists ①should be careful in Korea. First of all, they should remember ②taking off their shoes ③on entering any religious place or a private home.

②

It is difficult ①to find a convenient spot to park a car in the city. I cannot ②help to think that, nowaday, it is ③much easier to walk to drive.

②

<분사>

6. 분사

분사의 의미

분사란 동사원형 뒤에 ~ing나 ed를 붙여서 동사에다 형용사의 기능을

업그레이드 한 것이다. 즉,

(타)동사는 목적어를 갖지만 명사를 수식하거나 보어가 될 수없다

명사 수식, 보어가 되는 것은 형용사의 기능이다.

현재 분사 / 과거 분사

① 현재 분사는 ‘동사 원형 + ing '의 형태로 “능동/진행”을 나타내며

“~ 하고 있는” “~하는”의 의미로 해석된다.

He was repairing the roof.

The girl stood looking at the picture.

② 과거 분사는 ‘동사 원형 + ed '의 형태로 “수동/완료”를 나타내며

“~ 되어진 ” “~ 하여진”의 의미를 가진다.

His car was stolen last week.

This is a recently built house.

③ 일반적으로 타동사의 경우, 뒤에 목적어가 오는 경우 “ ~ing"

뒤에 목적어가 없는 경우 “ ~ed"

The boy [wear/wearing ]blue pants is my brother.

The books [ordering/ ordered] last month have not arrived yet.

분사구문 (부정,시제)

1. When I arrived at my office, I found the door closed.

= ________ at my office, I found the door closed.

3. Though I admit what you say, I cannot yet believe it.

= _______ what you say, I cannot yet believe it.

4. As he was looking around carefully, he took a step forward.

= _______ around carefully, he took a step forward.

5. As she didn't have a car, she couldn't arrive there in time.

= ____  _____ a car, she couldn't arrive there in time.

6. As I had lost my driver's license, I have to apply for a new one.

=______ lost my driver's license, I have to apply for a new one.

7. As it was written in plain English, the book was easy to understand.

=______ in plain English, the book was easy to understand.

8. As it is rainy, we'll be home today.

= ____  ______ rainy, we'll be home today.

There were some children (swimming/ swim) in the river.

swimming

There was a big red car (parked/ parking) outside the house.

parked

The boy (injuring/ injured) in the accident was (taking/ taken) to the hospital.

injured/taken

injure:상처를 입히다

disturb:방해하다

mummy:미이라

last:오래가다,견디다

The (exciting/ excited) children were (building/ built) a snowman in the falling snow.

excited/building

Your friends are disturbing your father [trying/ tried] to sleep.

trying

They are [looking/looked] at the flying birds.

looking

Watch our [exciting/ excited] new program!

exciting

I found some [hiding /hidden] money under the sofa.

hidden

This is picture [taking/taken] by his son.

taken

The languages [speaking/spoken] in Canada are English and French.

spoken

We sat quitely around the [burning/ burnt] fire.

burning

I had visions of mummies [coming/ came] toward us with cold, dead hands

coming

[Using / Used] carefully, the car will last for two years.

used

[Not knowing / Knowing not] his address, I wasn't able to contact him.

Not knowing

I worked [surrounding / surrounded] by thousands of books.

surrounded

Every day I watched the planes [taking / taken] off into the sky.

taking

He came in with his boots [covering / covered] in mud.

covered

The little girl called out to her mother with tears [run / running] down her face.

running

Not [knowing / known] what to do, I asked my mother for advice.

knowing

Once [learning / learned], a language cannot easily be forgotten.

learned

The field lay [covering /covered] with snow.

covered

Frankly speaking, I don't expect [to invite / to be invited] by him.

to be invited

I remembered [having praised / being praised] for the first time by father.

being praised

[Seeing / Seen] from the moon, the earth might look like a ball.

seen

[Educating / Educated] in France, she is a good speaker of French.

educated

praise:칭찬하다

breathless:숨찬

헐떡이는

deliver a speech

:연설하다

be ashamed of:

~을 부끄러워하다

notice:알아차리다

request:요구하다

point out:지적하다

accompany:동반하다

함께가다

He came into the room, [excited / exciting] and breathless.

excited

The president was reported [to be delivered / to deliver] a speech here this Friday.

to deliver

His uncle is said [to have educated / to have been educated] at Harvard.

to have been educated

She was ashamed of [having been blamed / having blamed] in public by them.

having been blamed

He tried to slip into the room without [noticing  / being noticed] by anyone.

being noticed

English is an international language for us [to learn / to be learned]

to learn

[There being fine / It being fine], we went swimming in the river.

It being fine

You should not keep a lady [waiting / waited] long.

waiting

Paul stood with his hand [shading / shaded] his eyes.

shading

We received a call [requesting / requested] information on the new project.

requesting

He thought that all things [considered / considering], he had better do it himself.

considered

Ms. Jones ordered the classroom to [sweep / be swept] by noon.

be swept

I had my mistakes [pointed / point] out by the teacher.

pointed

I heard someone [call / called] my name in the crowd.

call

They admired the picture [painted / painting] by the child.

painted

I have a friend [growing / grown] oranges in California.

growing

There is [burning / burned] candles on the desk. It's beautiful.

burning

The boy came to see me with his mother [accompanying / accompanied] him.

accompanying

He stood with his arms [folding / folded], thinking about his family in America.

folded

How often are we introduced to someone only [to forget / forgetting] his or her name?

to forget

People are surprised to see blankets [using / used] to prevent ice from melting.

used

fold:접다

blanket:담요

crash:충돌하다

regarding:에 관하여

include:포함하다

take:약을 먹다

regularly:규칙적으로

member nations:회원국

fix:고정시키다

He was allowed to stay up [enough long / long enough] to finish the book.

long enough

He is [sure / surely] to pass the driving test.

sure

= It is certain that he will pass the driving test.

Two cars [traveled / traveling] at high speed have crashed into each other.

traveling

Science and the scientific method of finding answers to problems can solve many of our questions [regarded / regarding] work.

regarding

The ability to decide [how / what] to do in what order is an essential skills.

what

When I feel lonely, I try to find a person [to talk / to talk with].

to talk with

I always included a note [explained / explaining] my Christmas experience as a child.

explaining

[Taken / Taking] this medicine regularly three times a day, you will feel better.

Taking

[Found / Founded / founding] after World War 2, the United Nations has helped developing countries around the world with modern technology and human know-how from member nations.

Founded

He was eating hamburger with his eyes [fixing / fixed] on TV.

fixed

Many people have reported the appearance of  "flying saucers," [believed / believing] them to be spaceships from outer space.

believing

The old house smelled musty and was absolutely still. The detective brushed against a curtain, [sent / sending] a cloud of dust across the empty room. She walked closer to the dirty hall, [looked / looking] for any movement and listening for the slightest sound.

musty:곰팡내 나는

detective:탐정

brush:털다

a cloud of dust:

자욱한 먼지

slight:가벼운, 약간의

knee:무릎

embarrass

:당황하게하다

repair:수선하다

sending/looking

Jenny sat next to the driver with her coat [buttoning / buttoned] up to her neck to protect her from the cold night air, [held / holding] her bag on her knees.

buttoned/holding

This made me so [embarrassed / embarrassing] that I just stood there without knowing what to do.

embarrassed

Why don't you have your car [repaired / repair]?

repaired

Unfortunately, my car has just broken down, and it will take a whole day to [cause / get] it repaired.

get

How many times have you heard  it [say / said], just believe you can do it.

said

There are few people who can get everything [done / to do] at first.

done

That accident made your friend [spent / spend] too much noise or jump around.

spend

Have you ever seen a television [throwing / thrown] through a window in your neighborhood.

thrown

I could not make myself [understand / understood] in English.

understood

Safety is very important, so you should keep your room [locked / locking] at all times.

locked

Then she opened her one remaining card, and found these words [printed / printing]

printed

Eskimos [lived / living] in the Arctic today resemble a group Asian people [known / knowing] as Mongolians.

living/known

* 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오.

① Noticed the door was open, I ② decided to go in, which turned out　③ to be a mistake.

①

She ① took a bottle ② with the word "POISON" ③ printing on it.

remaining:남아있는

turn out:임에 입증되다

poison:독, 독약

sill:문지방, 문턱

(threshold), 창턱

③

* 다음 네모 안에 어법상 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the fifteenth century, an Italian (A)［named / name］ Leonard da Vinci had designed a flying machine. Later, in 1930, the Wright brothers (B) ［made / making］the first successful flight.

named/made

People (A)[live / living] in large, crowded cities cannot have gardens. If they want to grow flowers, they often sow seeds in pots (B)[placing / placed] on sunny window sills.

living/placed

I could hear the voice (A)[went / going] on in the grandmother's room. In the drawing below, the aunt and my mother sat knitting, (B)[talk / talking] in low voices.

going/talking

<간접 의문문>

6. 간접 의문문, 특수 구문

간접 의문문

:[의문사+주어+동사]가 주로 타동사의 목적어로 사용되는 경우를 말하며,      어순에 주의해야한다. 단, 주절의 동사가 think, suppose, imagine, believe 등 의 경우 의문사는 문장의 앞으로 가게 된다.

Nobody knows who he is.

I don't know how old she is.

Why do you think he didn't attend the meeting?

도치 구문

① so, neither , nor 뒤에

: So + 동사 + 주어 : ~ 도 그렇다.

( 참고 : So + 주어 + 동사 : 정말 그러하다 )

Nor ( Neither ) + 주어 + 동사 : ~도 그렇지 않다.

My mother is ill this week.        So is my sister.

Jack didn't like the play.          Nor did we.

② 부정 표현뒤

: 문두에 부정적인 의미의 부사 및 부사적 표현이 오면, 반드시 도치.

☆Rarely had his father been more helpful.

(His father had rarely been more helpful)

☆Under no circumstances can we accept checks.

☆Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to         losing our lives.

☆Little did I dream that we won the game.

= I little dreamed that ~

③ 장소 부사 뒤

:장소를 나타내는 부사적 표현이 있으면, 도치할 수 있다. 이 경우 도치     형태는 동사 전체가 주어 앞에 놓인다. do 와 did는 쓰이지 않는다.

On a hill in front of them stood a great lake.

Under a tree was sitting one of the biggest men I have ever seen.

They thought it was a type of lead, and so [did/was] others.

did

Farmers in this second group are usually poor. So (B)[their land is / is their land］

a type of lead

:일종의 납

export:수출

turn in:제출하다

greet:인사하다

official identification

공식적인 확인(증명)

passport:여권

prove

:입증하다, 증명하다

to one's surprise

놀랍게도

fluent:유창한

is their land

Indonesia was the first Asian nation to limit the export of wood.  So [did/was] the Philippines recently.

was

Farmers in this second group are usually poor. So [their land is / is their land］

is their land

Little [we thought / did we think] that we were never to see him again.

did we think

"I haven't turned in reports yet." "Neither [I have / have I]."

have I

Yesterday I went to a bookstore to buy a book about computers. I asked a clerk where [did they have/they had] books about computers.

they had

John greeted Moira and asked [how she was / how was she]

how she was

Sometimes people need to use official identification, such as a passport or a driver's license, to prove who they are, where they live, or  how old [are they/they are].

they are

Mary had a bad stomachache yesterday afternoon. She called her doctor and asked what should she do.

should she do

→ she should do

I spoke in Korean to a young man who looked like a Korean. To my surprise, he answered in fluent English. He was from Vietnam. I wondered why did he look so much like a Korean.

did he look

→he looked

<관계대명사>

7. 관계 대명사, 관계부사

▣관계 대명사는 별명이 _____이다.

▣관계 대명사의 생명은 _____이다.

▣ 주격 관계 대명사는 뒷 문장에 주어가 없는 _____이다.

▣ 목적격 관계 대명사는 뒷 문장에 목적어가 없는 ______이다.

▣ 소유격 관계 대명사는 뒷 문장에 소유격이 없는 ______이다.

○ She is a person ____ can do everything.

검사: 빈 칸 뒤에 _____가 없다.

빈 칸 앞에 명사(선행사)가 있다. 그래서______

what

빈 칸 뒤가 병신이고 선행사가 없으면 관계대명사 _____를 쓴다.

○ I can't believe____ happened to her.

검사: 빈 칸 뒤에 _____가 없다.

빈 칸 앞에 명사(선행사)가 없다. 그래서______

▣what의 관용적 표현

①  what one had : 재산, 가진 것

what one is : 인격, 사람됨

A man's worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is.

② what we ( they , they , people , you ) call = what is called

= so called : 소위 , 이른바 , 말하자면

He is what you call a book-worm.

③ A is to B what ( as ) C is to D :

A의 B에 대한 관계는 C의 D에 대한 관계와 같다.

Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.

Wisdom is to the soul what health is to the body.

that

선행사에 every , all , any, the only , 서수 , 최상급 , -thing 이 있을 때

① 관계 대명사 that은 계속적 용법에 사용 불가

I met a gentleman, that told me the fact. (X)

② 관계 대명사 that은 앞에 전치사를 쓰지 않는다.

This is the lady of that I spoke yesterday. (X)

This is the lady that I spoke of yesterday. (O)

관계 부사

1. 종류와 역할

: 관계 부사는 접속사 + 부사의 역할을 하는 것을 말한다.

관계 부사는 앞에 오는 선행사에 따라 where , when , why , how        중 알맞은 것을 사용할 수 있다.

또한 관계 부사는 전치사 + 관계 대명사로 바꿔 쓸 수도 있다.

This is the room where they slept.

The day when I left Paris was windy.

The reasons why they help us are clear.

This is how he smiled at me.

*관계 부사 how는 방법을 나타내며, 선행사인 the way와 같이 쓰지        않는다.

2. 관계 대명사와 구별하기

:문장이 병신이란 주요 요소가 없다는 뜻이다. 즉, 주어, 목적어가 없다는 뜻이다. 장소, 시간, 방법, 이유를 나타내는 부사는 문장의 주요소가 되지 못한다. 그러니 빈 칸 뒤를 보아서 문장이 완벽하면 관계부사, 불완전하면 관계 대명사를 쓴다.

This is the room where they slept. (sleep은 자동사-완벽)

This is the room which they slept in. (in은 전치사- 뒤에 목적어 없음)

The day when I left Paris was windy.

The day which I left Paris at was windy.

3. 복합 관계 대명사

: 복합 관계 대명사도 관계 대명사 what 과 같이 선행사를 그 자체에

포함하고 있다. 따라서 앞에 선행사가 없어도 된다.

① 명사절 : any + 선행사 + 관계사

▪ whoever = anyone who

▪ whatever = anything that ~,  = all that

▪ whichever = any ~ that

Whoever comes will be welcomed.

Whatever he says is true.

I will give you whichever you like.

② 부사절 ( 양보 ) : no matter + 관계사

▪ whoever = no matter who

▪ whatever = no matter what

▪ whichever = no matter which

Whoever may object, I will carry out the plan.

Whatever you do, do it well.

Whichever you may take, I will object to it.

4. 복합 관계 부사

: 복합 관계 부사도 부사절을 이끌어 양보를 나타낸다.

However much he eats, he never gets fat.

Wherever you may go, you'll be happy.

5. 관계 대명사와 선행사

: 관계 대명사와 선행사는 같다.

We also organize [an activity / activities ] that help fight pollution.

선행사가 단수냐 복수냐를 묻는 문제다.

관계 대명사 that은 주격이며 선행사와 같다. 즉 선행사가 주어다.

주어가 단수냐 복수냐는 동사에 흔적을 남긴다. 즉, help가 단서다.

help가 복수이므로 activities가 정답

6. 앞의 문장 전체가 선행사가 될 수 있다.

I remained silent, which made him angrier.

7. 의사 관계 대명사

:관계 대명사와 역할은 같으나 선행사에 특정한 단어가 오면 그 단어에

따라 특정한 관계 대명사를 써야 한다.

※ 줄친 부분을 가리고 문장을 보면 이해하기 쉽다.

She asked for more money than was needed.

There are no parents but love their children.

Will you lend me as much money as you have?

She has such dresses as we seldom see in Korea.

※ 둘 중 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The river [who / which] flows through London is called the Thames.

flow:흐르다

tail:꼬리

breath:숨, 호흡

port:항구

anymore:더 이상

belief:믿음

witch:마녀

immediately:즉시

which

He has a son [who, whose, whom] name is Tom.

whose

Here is a house [who, whose, which] roof is red.

whose

I have a cat [which, whose] tail is very short.

whose

I saw a girl [whom/whose] beauty took my breath away.

whose

We must do [that / what] is right.

what

The number of people [who / whose] get cancer [is/are] increasing.

who/is

The garden [that / what] is at the back of his house [has / have] a swimming pool.

that/has

All [that / those] you should do [is / are] to do your best.

that/is

What is the name of the woman [who / which] cleans the school?

who

Sally married George, [that/who] made her very unhappy.

who

He wrote down the beautiful musical thoughts [which / what] seem to flow form his brain.

which

We have a pool in the backyard, and they have a stream [what / that] has no end.

that

[What/Which] a blanket always does is to protect heat from passing through one side of it to the other.

What

The audience often finds the speaker interesting and tries to listen more carefully to [that / what] he says.

what

They also found that they could sell the cats they had stolen in the European and British ports [which / what] they visited.

which

As he was very hungry, he ate all [that/what] they gave him.

that

Good manners are [what/that] makes men different from animals.

what

People sell things [that/what] they don't need anymore.

that

There were many beliefs about witches, [who/which] are now a symbol of Halloween.

who

Brainstorming is quickly writing down all the thoughts [that / what] come into your brain.

that

Generally, when you meet people who are almost the same age as you, they will immediately tell you [what/that] they want to call.

what

His two children followed him inside, interrupting each other to tell him [what/that] they had done that day.

what

interrupt:가로막다,저지하다, 훼방 놓다, (이야기 따위를) 중단시키다

opportunity:기회

be sure to+R: R할 것을 확신하다

in contrast:대조적으로

local goverment:지방 자치 정부

administer:관리하다

통치하다

affair:일, 업무

district:지역, 지구

inland:내륙의, 국내의

shellfish:조개

archaeologist

:고고학자

youths:젊은이들

make up:만들어 내다

store:저장하다

He now saw an opportunity [that/what] was sure to succeed.

that

In contrast, a local government in most other countries is a system [which/through which] the national government administers the affairs of the various districts of the country.

through which

From far inland, birds will fly to the seashore, [which / where] they can find shellfish.

where

It's a shopping place [where /when] people may find all kinds of things for sales.

where

Tut was the king of Egypt thousands of years ago. Carter was an archaeologist, a person [who / whom] studies very old things.

who

People [who / whom] write for youths write all kinds of books. Some write about real things like sports, cars, or boats. But others tell stories that are made up.

who

People store different kinds of information in different parts of their brains. One area saves only pictures of things [that/what] we see.

that

Foreigners find different food from [that/ what] they usually eat.

what

That made Athens special was her government.

That→What

Athens:아테네

government:정부

flea market:벼룩시장

be held:열리다

anymore:더 이상

hate:싫어하다

crowd:군중

put up with:참다

organize:조직하다

activity:활동,사업

seek:노력하다

시도하다

be aware of~을 알다,

caused: 일어난, 발생한

experience:경험

terrible:끔찍한

accident:사고

emotional:감정적인

reaction:반응

be connected to~

~와 관계가 있다

birth date: 태어난 날

character;성격, 개성

A flea market in many areas is held outdoors every week or every month. People sell things what they don't need anymore.

what→that

They also learned how deep the ocean is in each place. They also made machines [that /what] took people down to the ocean floor.

that

I hate all the noise, crowds, and traffic [that/what] people in the city  have to put up with.

that

We also organize [an activity / activities] that help fight pollution.

activities

At Jefferson High School, students have organized young people against pollution. It is a club [who / that] seeks to make young people be aware of the problems caused by pollution.

that

However, [because / because of] most people do not have much experience of seeing terrible accidents, these young reporters may have a strong emotional reaction to [that / what] they see.

because / what

A person's zodiac sign is connected to his or her birth date. Some believe this sign can tell us about a person's character. For-example, some think that a person who [was born/were born] under the sign of Aries (between, March 21 and April 20) is adventurous.

was born

*zodiac : (점성술)12궁도

Alfred Hitchcock may be the most famous movie director.  He was an expert in making viewers and characters feel anxious. His characters get caught in perilous situations [what/that]they don't understand.

that

This is the actress [who / whose] his father says tempted his son.

who

tempt:유혹하다

suppose:상상하다

추측하다

fault:결점

expert:전문가

viewer:보는 사람

character:등장 인물

perilous:위험한

Mr. Bell is different from [who / what] he was ten years ago.

what

She is the only one of the girls that [speak / speaks] French.

speaks

I tried to think of something cheerful, but it was impossible.

which

= I tried to think of something different, [that / which] was impossible.

He said nothing to her, [who / which] made her angry.

which

You should be honest at any place.

No matter where

= [No matter where / No matter what ] you may be, you should be honest.

Her illness was more serious [as / than] was supposed.

than

Everyone has faults.

but

= There is no one [that / but] has faults.

Nowadays parents give their children more money [than/that] is necessary.

than

Read such books [which/as] will benefit you.

as

As many men [who/as] came were caught.

as

8. 접속사

뜻이 같은 접속사와 전치사

뜻	접속사	전치사
~하는 동안	while	during
~때문에	because	because of
~일지라도	though/although	despite/in spite of

접속사+주어+동사               전치사+명사/대명사

부정의 뜻을 갖고 있는 접속사

① unless= if -not

② lest = in order not to+R = so as not to+R

= so that... can (will, may) not

③ nor = and - not

▣ I have never seen him nor do I want to.

= (and I don't want to see him)

▣ She drank strong coffee lest she should feel sleepy.

= so that she could not feel sleepy.

that이 접속사인지 관계 대명사인지 구별하기

▣ They didn't think that they would become very popular in the future.

▣ Jack is the boy outside that is playing tennis with Ted.

▣ School officials say that they cannot afford to lose the funds that come from vending machines.

that과 if 구별하기

목적절에 있을 때 구별하는 문제가 주로 나온다.

that은 ~것의 뜻, if는 ~인지 아닌지의 뜻이다. 앞에 나오는 동사를 잘     보고 이해합시다.

She asked me if I wanted to join her, because I was thinking about a career change.

I wonder if the road is safe after the heavy rain.

I doubt if his statement is true.

You may think that this could only happen in a Hollywood movie.

The government believes that speed is the cause of all accidents.

You can't get good score [if / unless] you study harder.

unless

It's very difficult to go to university [if/unless] you have passed your A-level exams with good grades.

unless

Money has never made a man happy, [nor/ not] will it.

nor

[Although/ In spite of] he was so successful later in life, he left school at the age of sixteen and then studied art for a short time.

Although

[Though/despite] John was very short and skinny, he loved football very much.

Though

I do not know, [nor/no] do I care.

nor

You should not despise a man just [because /because of] he is poor.

because

Don't do anything [unless/if] others never do it.

if

London was growing quickly [during/while] the early 19th century.

during

[During/While] cleaning the living room carpet, I tripped and fell over the vacuum cleaner hose

While

[While/during] looking around in the shop, he found a nice necktie which there are check shapes on.

While

Your team will quickly learn [ what / that] your standards are and perform accordingly.

what

Think of  [ that / what ] things would be like without cars. Our lives would not be the same.

what

In this situation he may fasten and unfasten his watch strap. There is nothing wrong with the strap, and he does not know [that / which] he is playing with his watch.  *strap:가죽 끈

perform:실행하다

skinny:바싹 야윈

despise:경멸하다

trip:헛디디다

발이 걸려 넘어지다

check shapes:체크무늬

situation:상황

fasten:죄다, 잠그다

unfasten:풀다,늦추다

that

While Lisa took a vacation in the mountains,  she discovered [that / what] she hadn't brought enough money.

that

Yesterday evening my son came in to ask [ if / that] I felt like playing ball with him.

feel like ~ing

:ing 하고 싶다

promptly:재빠르게

optimist:낙관주의자

pessimist:비관주의자

bracelet:팔찌

bone:뼈

civilization:문명 문화

regardless of~

~에 관계없이

state:상태

surround:둘러싸다

swine:돼지, 멧돼지

cause:일으키다

~의 원인이 되다

engrave: 조각하다

correct:정확한, 옳은

inaccuracy:부정확

if

The waiter asked her [if / that] she would have a drink. "I never drink anything for luncheon," she said. " [So / Neither] do I," I answered promptly.

if /Neither

Nor

I am not an optimist, because I am not sure that everything ends well. [So / Nor] am I a pessimist, because I am not sure that everything ends badly.

The truck rushed past. Peter waved at the car behind, but it didn't stop either. [Neither/ Either] did the next car.

Neither

did

It was the fashion to wear bracelets and put pieces of bone or wood in the nose or ears. As civilizations developed, so [were/did] fashions.

It is a feeling that life and work have a meaning. You either have it [or / and] you don't, regardless of the state of the world that surrounds you.

or

.

Both pigs [or/and] hogs are swine. A pig is a young swine. A hog is an adult. People who don't know this usually call all swine pigs.

and

The picture on the coin shows a woman who is ugly. He doesn't think that the problem was caused by a bad engraver, [because / so] ancient coins were normally quite correct.

because

Others say that it is [because of / because] the inaccuracy of the theory that the two do not agree.

because of

<조동사>

9. 조동사

조동사 종류

① 능력: can, could, be able to

② 허가: can, could, may

③ 의무: must, should, ought to

④ 추측: may, might, must, cannot

⑤ 제안, 의향: shall

⑥ 습관, 의지: will, would, shall

⑦ need, dare, used to

should 조동사의 생략

①주장/추천/제안/요구/명령등을 나타내는 동사 (insist, recommend,　suggest, demand, order, ask, propose, claim,  request ) 뒤에 that절의 내용이 “~해야 한다”의 당위성을 나타내는 의미를 가질때 조동사 should가 사용되고, 이 should는 주로 생략된다.

The boss asked that we all ( should ) wear a protective clothing.

I insisted that she ( should ) be present.

②이성적, 감정적 판단을 나타내는 형용사 (important, natural, 　　　　　　necessary, right, wrong, regretful, rational, wonder)의 뒤에 오는 　　　that 절에는 should가 사용된다. 이 때 should도 생략이 가능하다.

It is essential that you ( should ) be here on time.

It was important that we ( should ) attend the meeting on time.

should 생략의 예외

① suggest : suggest가 “제안하다”의 뜻일 때는 should를 생략 할 수 있지만, “암시하다, 나타내다”의 뜻인 경우 시제 일치를 따른다.

I suggested that she ( should )  go to school.

They suggested that he was a criminal.

② insist: insist가“과거 사실의 주장”인 경우 시제일치에 따른다.

They insisted that she ( should ) be sent there.

They insisted that she had broken the vase.

조동사 + have + p.p

①하지 않은 일에 대한 후회 : should have p.p:

ought to have p.p:

②한일에 대한 후회 : need not have p.p:

should not have p.p:

③과거 상황에 대한 추측: cannot have p.p:

may have p.p:

must have p.p:

조동사의 관용적 표현

① cannot ~ too : 아무리 ~ 해도 지나치지 않다.

We cannot be too careful in our health.

② can't help ~ ing : ~하지 않을 수 없다.

= can't ( choose ) but + 원형

= have no choice but to + 원형

= have no alternative but to + 원형

③ may well  : ~하는 것도 당연하다.

④ may as well( = had better) : ~ 하는 것이 낫다

⑤ may as well A as B : B하느니 차라리 A하는 편이 낫다.

rude:무례한, 건방진

insist:주장하다

You had better not [climb / to climb] the mountain.

climb

Every driver [should / ought] to follow the rules.

ought

How [many / dare] you say such a rude thing to me!

dare

This door [can / will] not open.

will

Such things [should / ought] not to be said.

ought

He works hard so that he [may / must] succeed.

may

She may [tell / have told] a lie to us last night.

have told

However hard the problem [can / may] be, I'll do my best to solve it.

may

He cannot [be / have been] rich when young.

have been

I believe the news. It [must / has to] be true.

must

They will [can / be able to] find their own food.

be able to

I insisted that Mary [went / go] to school.

go

You've been travelling all day. You [would / must] be tired.

must

It is surprising that you [would / should] know so much about chemistry.

should

One day a truck hit a pedestrian on the crosswalk. Many witnesses insisted that the accident [should taken place / took place] on the crosswalk.

pedestrian:보행자

crosswalk:횡단보도

take place:일어나다

발생하다

be ignorant of:

~을 모르다

put off:연기하다

미루다

murder:살인

commit:범하다

저지르다

took place

I've lost one of my gloves. It (must / should) have dropped somewhere.

must

It was a great party last night. You (may / should) have come.

should

I feel sick. I (wouldn't / shouldn't) have eaten so much chocolate.

shouldn't

I didn't call the doctor when my dog was ill, but I (must / should) have.

should

He (cannot / needn't) have been ignorant of the fact. He must have known it.

cannot

He insisted that he [pay / pays] the bill.

pay

I proposed that the party [be / was] put off till tomorrow.

be

I don't drink coffee now, but I [would / used to]

used to

Students [must / need] not come to school during the vacation.

need

You don't [have to / ought to] stay if you don't want to.

have to

You had better not [go / to go]

go

It was proposed that we [buy / bought] a car to do the job.

buy

He insisted that his son [be / was] at home when the murder was committed.

was

He [need / used] to walk to his office, but now he goes there by car.

used

It is important that students [should / have to] read good books.

should

You [should see / should have seen] the game yesterday.

should have seen

You ought to [attend / have attended] the meeting. It's a pity you didn't.

have attended

※ 다음 대화의 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞게 적절한 형태를 고르시오.

A: what's happened to Susie? She was supposed to be here by 7:30 and it's already 8:00. There's still no sign of her.

be supposed to+R

:R 하기로 되어 있다

sign:징조, 징후

forgetful:잘 잊는

건망증이 심한

remind:상기시키다

direction:방향

breakdown:고장, 파손

flat tire:펑크난 타이어

for the worse: 더 나쁜 쪽으로

in other words

:달리 말하면

get worse:더 나빠지다

cough:기침하다

lung: 허파

several times:몇 번

quit:중지하다

even though

비록 ~일지라ordinary:평범한

focus on~

~에 집중시키다

victim:희생자

talent:재능, 재주

It is a pity that~

~이 유감이다도

at one time: 한 때

prosperous:번영하는

story:층

equip with~

:시설을 갖추다

drainage:하수로

B: She ⓐ[may / should] have forgotten that we invited her. She's rather forgetful. I should ⓑ[telephone / have telephoned] her yesterday to remind her.

A: Or she may have gotten lost. She hasn't been to our house before.

I ⓒ[needn't / should] have given her directions. I totally forgot! How foolish of me !

B: Don't be so hard on yourself ! She ⓓ[may / can't] have had a breakdown or a flat tire.

ⓐ

may

ⓑ

have telephoned

ⓒ

should

ⓓ

may

Now his condition is changing for the worse. I regret having paid little attention to him. In other words, I should [pay /have paid] more attention to him.

have paid

Then I started to cough. Doctors said that my lung got worse from smoking. I tried several times to quit, but it wasn't easy. Now I feel worried about my lung even though I've quit. I think I should [quit/have quit]  smoking earlier.

have quit

We often hear stories of ordinary people who, if education had focused on creativity, could have become great artists or scientists. Those victims of education should [receive/have received] training to develop creative talents while in school. It really is a pity that they did not.

have received

The city at one time [cannot/must] have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses - often three stories high - were built of stone. The city was even equipped with a drainage system.

must

Last week, someone left a briefcase full of money. I didn't count it, but there must [have been/be] at least $10,000. It was a businessman  who left the case.

have trouble ~ing:

~ing 하는데 어려움을 겪다

whatever happened,

무슨 일이 일어났더라도

terribly:몹시, 굉장히

natural:당연한

have been

Perhaps his friend got sick. He  might have trouble getting enough money for the ticket. Whatever happened, Bob thought that his friend

[need not/need] have called him to let him know that he wasn't going.

need

It [must/may] have rained during the night, for the road is wet.

must

He [would/will] often go swimming in the river while he was in the country.

would

I really [should/must] have written to you several weeks ago, but I've been terribly busy.

should

She insisted that he [should/would] go to the hospital immediately.

should

We [can/may] not be too careful about our health.

can

It is natural that she [should/would] say so.

should

He [may/can] have said so, for he knew nothing whatever about it.

may

<대명사>

10. 대명사

1. it의 쓰임

① 가주어 : it은 to 부정사, that 절로 나타나는 진주어의 가주어

It is impossible for the swimmer to win the gold medal.

It is certain that your brother likes the girl.

② 가목적어: to 부정사가 think, believe, make, find, feel 등과 같은 5               형식 동사의 목적어로 쓰일 때는 반드시 가목적어 it을 사               용한다.

I found it amusing to climb a mountain.

I thought it wrong of you to lie to her.

③강조 구문:  It + be + ~ + that ( who, which ) 형식으로

it과 that 사이에 강조 대상을 삽입한다.

It was I that saw Tom here yesterday.

It was Tom that I saw here yesterday.

④ that / those

① those는 반드시 수식하는 어구와 함께 특정한 집단의 사람, 사물을 나타낼 수도 있다

Those ( who were ) present at the meeting were surprised at it.

② 특히 비교문에서 이미 언급된 명사를 “the+명사” 로 나타내지 않고, that of ~/ those of ~로 표시한다.

The population of Korea is smaller than that of Japan.

③ and that : ‘더구나, 그것도’ 의 의미이다.

I want you to go there, and that at once.

A: Did you get a ticket ?  B: Yes, I managed to get one.

A: Did you buy grapes?   B: Yes, I bought some.

I like those pencils ; I'll take a blue one.

Small bananas are often better than large ones.

④ that이 부사로도 사용된다. 이 때의 의미는 ‘그렇게’로 사용된다.

I can't walk that fast.

one 과 it 의 구별

①  it = the + 단수 보통 명사 / one = a + 단수 보통 명사

복수형은 some이다. ‘a+형용사+one'의 경우 one은 ‘것’으로 해석되며,

이 때의 복수형은 ones 이다.

A: Did you get a ticket ?         B: Yes, I managed to get one.

A: Did you buy grapes?           B: Yes, I bought some.

I like those pencils ; I'll take a blue one.

Small bananas are often better than large ones.

* one을 사용할 수 없는 경우

㉠ 셀 수 없는 명사 ( 물질, 추상 명사 )

I like red wine better than white one ( X )

I like red wine better than white     ( O )

㉡ 소유격 혹은 소유격 + own 다음에는 생략한다.

Your father's house is larger than my father's.

㉢ 기수, 서수, 최상급 다음에는 생략한다.

He has three cars and I have two.

재귀대명사

▶ 주어를 목적어로 취할 땐, 재귀대명사를 쓴다. 즉 문장 안의 목적어가 주어와 동일한 대상을 가리킬 때 사용한다.

We got out of the river and dried ourselves.

Some students study for themselves and think they can teach [them / themselves] at home with dictionaries.

※ 비교해 보시오.

She killed herself.         She killed her.

2어 동사에서의 대명사의 위치

▶ 동사+대명사+부사 의 순서/동사+명사+부사 or 동사+부사+명사

You must take it off when you enter the room.

They put the tent up in the mountain.

앞문장과 뒤 문장을 받는 this

He did not say anything, and this made me all the more angry.

I want to tell you this; we have no time to lose.

None, No의 용법

* none: 단독으로 쓰여 부정대명사.

no  : 명사에 붙어 형용사로 쓰임.

* none은 원래 no one의 뜻으로 대명사로서 단수, 복수 어느 쪽에나 쓰이지만 가산명사를 나타낼 때는 보통 복수 취급을 한다.

* no는 I have～, There is～ 문형에서 not any 대신에 쓰여 ｢조금도 ～  아닌｣의 뜻을 나타낸다.

* None have succeeded in solving the problem.

(아무도 그 문제를 풀지 못했다.)

He sought rest and found none.

(그는 휴식을 찾았으나 조금도 찾지 못했다.)

* I have no children. (나는 어린애가 없다.)

There is no hope. (희망은 조금도 없다.)

He is no genius. (그는 결코 천재가 아니다.)

②one, another(또는 a second), the other:셋 중에서 순서없이 열거할 때.

one, another, a third, the other: 넷 중에서 순서없이 열거할 때.

the first, the second, the third: 셋 중에서 순서나 등급대로 열거할 때.

* There are three men. One is a doctor, another(is) a teacher, and     the other(is) a lawyer.

* There are four flowers in the vase; one is 'rose', another,     'tulip', a third, 'carnation' and the other (또는 the fourth) is 'lily'.

[Most/Most of] the people in the city voted for his opponent.

not ~at all:전혀 ~아닌

Most of

There were three foreigners in the room; one was English, [another/other] was American, and the third was French.

another

[Every / Each] of the boys has his own laptop.

Each

[Most/almost] of the foreign wives don't speak English at all when they first come here.

Most

I don't have a nice bookcase, so I'm going to have [it/one] made

one

The tail of a fox is longer than [that/those] of a cat.

that

The population of our country is smaller than [that/those] of America.

that

The ears of a rabbit are longer than [that/those] of a wolf.

those

Sometimes [it / one] takes a long time till the voice of conscience is heard.

it

Cats often find [them/themselves] in dangerous situations because of their curiosity,

themselves

This method of using old products again instead of simply throwing [them away/away them] is called recycling.

them away

Supermarket managers have all kinds of tricks to encourage people to spend more money. [His/their] aim is to make customers go more slowly through the supermarket.

their

curiosity:호기심

method:방법

recycle:재활용

encourage:조장하다

부추기다

aim:목표

customer:고객, 손님

as they please

:좋을대로

metal:금속의

basement:지하실

witch:마녀,여자 마법사

electricity:전기

they

With cars, people can come and go as they please. They can work far from home. Many people live in the country, but [ they / he ] work in the city.

Gerald thought he had a safe place for all that money. He put [ it / them ] in a metal box in the basement of his mother's house.

it

It's a good idea to bring a small gift when you go to a dinner party. Flowers are always nice, or you might bring a bottle of wine if you know that the family drinks [it / them]

it

They believed that these witches had the power to tell the future and to use magic words to protect people or change [it / them].

them

We can't give up electricity, but we can control the ways we use them.

them→it

Being a good mother does not come automatically, and they will never be easy.

they→it

Conflict arises whenever your needs interfere with [that/those] of other people. Since everyone's needs are different, conflict is a natural and healthy part of all human relationships.

conflict:갈등

arise:일어나다

interfere:간섭하다

relationship:관계

down:솜털

feather:깃털

sparrow:참새

Antarctica:남극대륙

research station

:연구소

include:포함하다

organize:조직하다

activity:활동, 사업

litter:쓰레기

spider:거미

be supposed to+R

R하기로 되있다

release:배출하다

sweat:땀흘리다

mineral:광물질

weed:잡초

soil:토양, 흙

wrap:감다,

relativity:상대성이론

expert:전문가

statement:설명

explain:설명하다 둘러싸다

those

Some baby birds are covered with down when they are born. Other feathers are like [that / those] on sparrows.

those

Today, Antarctica has more than 30 research stations, including  [that / those] of Argentina, Australia, Germany, and so on.

those

We also organize activities that help fight pollution. This year we cleared litter from [their / our] town's parks.

our

The people thought that the spiders could kill [them / themselves]. Fast dancing was supposed to release the spider's poison by making  people sweat.

them

Some weeds steal the water and minerals from the soil. They don't leave anything for the garden plants to use. Others wrap themselves around plants and kill [them / themselves].

them

Understanding Einstein's idea of relativity is not easy for someone who is not an expert in mathematics. .We can understand [ it / them ] fully only by understanding the mathematical statements that explain it.

it

It's a good idea to bring a small gift when you go to a dinner party. Flowers are always nice, or you might bring a bottle of wine if you know that the family drinks [it / them].

it

It is now the capital of Nepal and, such as, the center of [its / it’s]  government, economy, and culture.(05년 수능기출문제)

its

capital:수도

such as:이를테면

possibly:혹은, 아마

effective:효과적인

goal:목표

attempt:시도하다

intend:~할 작정이다

in spite of~:~임에도

불구하고

remain:남아 있다

~한 대로이다

deadly:치명적인

favor:지지하다

standard:표준, 기준

Possibly the most effective way to focus on your goals is to (A)  [write them down / write down them].(05년 수능기출문제)

write them down

When you attempt to do something and fail, you have to ask [you / yourself] why you have failed to do what you intended.(2002년 )

yourself

In spite of  [their / its] close location to these countries, however, Korea has remained free of the deadly disease. (2004년 기출)

its

In Japanese society, the group is usually favored over the individual. Once you belong to a group, you are asked to follow the group's standards. And being the same as others becomes extremely important. [It means / They mean] that every Japanese looks, thinks and acts alike.

It means

<품사 문제>

11. 품사 문제

The beggar looked so [sad/ sadly] and lonely.

sad

You need to look [careful/ carefully] at the situation.

careful

I [discussed/discussed about] the plans for the new school with them.

discussed

fain6t:희미한

criticize:비판하다

extended:광범위한

My father [reached/ reached at] New Orleans on Thursday.

reached

Alice ran till she was quite tired and out of breath, and till the dog's bark sounded quite [faint/faintly] in the distance.

faint

Salt is (B)[necessary / necessarily] to life.

necessary

The lizard used their tails to keep [safely/safe].

safe

When you [enter / enter into] the classroom, you will notice that American students are quick to criticize something and quick to defend themselves. The teacher encourages the students to [discuss / discuss about] many topics.

enter/discuss

It's amazing how closely Brian and Steve [resemble with/resemble] each other.

resemble

What (A) [lies / lays] under the street of a city?

lies

The club's advising teacher [entered to/enter] the room and introduced himself.

enter

An extended family [is consisted/ consists] of at least two generations

consists

If you [confuse / are confused] about anything, [call / call to] my office

are confused/call

Mom made sure we did our part by keeping our rooms [neat / neatly].

neat

Taking a bath in water whose temperature ranges between 35C and 36C helps calm  you down when you are feeling [nervous / nervously].

nervous

Seeing elderly people working low-paying, physically demanding jobs makes me [sadly/sad].

sad

They will be smart, strong, and untiring workers, and their only goal will be to make our lives  [easier / more easily]

easier

Nothing around me feels [interesting / interestingly]

interesting

The bus [ price / fare ] depends on the distance traveled.

fare

You know how [interesting / interested] I am in everything you do.

interested

I felt [exhausting / exhausted] after a long walk.

exhausted

For the majority of us the issue is rather [confusing / confused]

confusing

But it was highly [dangerous/danger] because pilots had to fly through the world's weather over the Himalays.

dangerous

variety:다양성

rich:풍부한

analyze:분석하다

He had a [surprising/ surprised] answer to Shy-Ann's problem.

surprising

It is [amazing/amazed] to see the variety of fish and plant life and exist underwater.

amazing

The wind was blowing so hard that I could [hard / hardly] walk.

hardly

It hasn't rained for three months, so there is [little / few] water in the pond.

little

I've been really tired [late / lately]

lately

She thinks very [high / highly] of your work.

highly

In the old days when there was no school, [few / a few] children were taught to read.

a few

The price of the digital camera is too [high / expensive]

high

It was very [sensitive / sensible] of him to accept the offer.

sensible

He said that she had died three years [before/ago].

before

She kept her lamp burning day and night to care for [the sick/sick] and wounded. In many countries, soccer is gaining [much  /  more] popularity than any other sport.

the sick/more

For an (A)[increasing / increasingly] large number of people in the country, (B)[using / used] a computer has become an ordinary and regular part of life.

increasingly/using

Studies show that women who exercised [regular/regularly] as children and young adults decreased their risk of developing bone-related problems.

regularly

The jobs that ⓐ [most/almost] companies are doing with information today would have been impossible several years ⓑ [ago/before]. At that time, getting rich information was very expensive, and the tools for analyzing it weren't even available ⓒ [by/ until] the early 1990s. But now the tools of the digital age give us a way to ⓓ [easy/ easily] get , share , and act on information in new ways.

most/before/until

easily

* comparative : 비교의, 비교상의.

comparable  : ～에 필적하는, ～과 비교할 수 있는.

* continual   : 계속적인, 번번이 일어나는.

continuous  : 연속적인.

* considerable: 많은, 상당한.

considerate : 동정심 많은, 사려깊은.

considering : ～을 고려하면, ～에 비해.

* credible [kredəbl]   : 신용할 수 있는, 믿을 수 있는.

credulous[kredjuləs] : 잘 속는, 잘 믿는.

* desirable[dizaiərəbl]: 바람직한, 호감이 가는.

desirous [dizaiərəs] : 원하는.

* economic    : 경제학의, 경제적인, 경제의.

economical  : 절약하는, 낭비하지 않는.

* healthy     : 건강한, 건장한.

healthful   : 건강에 좋은.

* historic    : 역사적으로 유명한, 역사적인.

historical  : 역사에 관한.

* industrious : 근면한.

industrial  : 산업의, 공업의.

* imaginative : 상상력이 풍부한.

imaginary   : 가상적인, 비현실적인.

imaginable  : 상상할 수 있는.

* momentous   : 중대한.

momentary   : 순간적인.

* literal     : 문자의, 글자의, 원문에 충실한.

literary    : 문학의, 작가의.

literate    : 학식이 있는. (≠ illiterate; 문맹의)

* luxurious[lʌgʒuəriəs] : 사치스러운, 호화스러운.

luxuriant[lʌgʒuəriənt]: 번성한, 풍부한, 무성한.

* memorable   : 기억할만한.

memorial    : 기념의, 기념이 되는.

* practical   : 실제적인, 실천적인, 실용적인.

practicable : 사용할 수 있는, 실천할 수 있는.

* sensible    : 분별있는, 현명한, 깨닫고 있는.

sensitive   : 민감한, 섬세한, 상하기 쉬운.

* respectable : 존경할만한, 훌륭한.

respectful  : 경의를 표하는, 공손한.

◇ ‘명사 + ly’가 부사 아닌 형용사형인 것.

* likely      : 그럴듯한, 있음직한, ～할 것 같은.

* timely      : 때에 알맞은.

* orderly     : 정돈된, 규칙적인, 규율있는.

* lovely      : 사랑스러운, 아름다운.

* cowardly    : 겁많은, 비겁한.

문법성 판단 정답