01강

1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

I conducted an interview with a woman who was thought to be a witness to a serious crime. For hours the interview was going nowhere; it was □frustrated and tedious. She revealed no significant behaviors. However, I □did notice she jiggled her foot all the time. This behavior was □of no consequence until I asked the question, “Do you know Mrs. Dewey?” Immediately □upon hearing that question, and even though she didn't answer, the woman's foot went from jiggling to an up-and-down kicking motion. I instinctively knew Mrs. Dewey had a positive effect on her. It was a significant indicator that she □had been at the scene of the crime with the interviewee. In further questioning, she later admitted that Mrs. Dowey had involved her in the crime. Her leg-kick reaction was a critical clue to me that there was something more to explore.

EBS교재[수능특강] 출제예상지문 변형문제                                           묵샘 영어교실

2. (A),(B),(C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mary Wulff-Tilford and her husband, Gregory Tilford rely on Mother Nature to prevent a flea infestation at their three-pet home. Two to three times a year, they stock their yard with flea larvae-eating worms that are directly from some garden supply stores. They add fresh garlic to their pets' food bowls as well as essential fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6. They brew tea (A)[making / made] from freshly picked and chopped chrysanthemums and served it as a treat. They spray their window screens with a bottle of distilled water (B)[containing / contained] several drops of bitter orange essential oil; fleas hate the scents. “Treating the entire environment, inside and outside, is critical,” adds Mary. “People think that fleas spend most their time on animals, but they (C)[aren't /don't]. They leap, feed, and leave and spend most of their time in the carpets, couches, and floors.”

(A)         (B)        (C)

□ making    containing   aren't

□ making    contained   aren't

□ making    contained   don't

□ made     containing   don't

□ made     contained   don't

EBS교재를 내 혓바닥처럼!

3. (A), (B),( C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When Michelangelo was putting the final touches on a statue, Soderini, Florence's mayor, entered the studio. He studied the huge work, and told Michelangelo that the nose of the statue was too big. Michelangelo realized (A) Soderini was standing in a place right under the giant figure and did not have the proper perspective. He gestured for Soderini to follow him up the scaffolding. (B) the nose, he picked up his chisel, as well as a bit of marble dust. With Soderini just a few feet below him on the scaffolding, Michelangelo started to tap lightly with the chisel, letting the bits of dust he had gathered in his hand (C) little by little. He actually did nothing to change the nose, but gave every appearance of working on it. After a few minutes, he stood aside and said, “Look at it now.” “I like it better,” replied Soderini, “You've made it come alive.”

what / that

Reaching / Reached

fallen / fall

(A)      (B)      (C)

① what ― Reaching ― fall

② what ― Reached  ― fallen

③ that  ― Reaching ― fallen

④ that  ― Reaching ― fall

⑤ that  ― Reached  ― fall

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

David Hume owned a house in Edinburgh. He rented it to his friend James Boswell, who in turn sublet it to a *subtenant. The subtenant decided that the house needed some repairs. He hired a contractor to do the work, without consulting Hume. The contractor made the repairs and sent the bill to Hume. He refused □to pay on the grounds that he □hadn't consented. He hadn't hired the contractor. The case went to the court. The contractor acknowledged that he didn't make a contract with Hume. But the house needed the repairs, and he performed them. Hume told the court, "This is not a good excuse, □because by the same rule he may go through any house in Edinburgh, and do what he thinks □properly to be done without the owner's consent." But his defense failed, and the court ordered Hume □to pay  because he eventually benefited from the work of the contractor.

5. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

For Indian women cow dung is regarded as a ①superior cooking fuel because it burns with a clean, slow, long-lasting flame that doesn't scorch the food. This enables the Indian housewife to start cooking her meals and to leave them ②unttendeded for several hours while she performs other chores. Cow dung has one other major function. Mixed with water and made into a paste, it is used as a household flooring material. Smeared over a dirt floor and left to ③softened into a smooth surface, it keeps the dust ④down and can be swept clean with a broom. In the country of India every bit of cow dung is carefully collected because of its many ⑤useful properties. A village's small children are given the task of following the family cow around and of bringing home its daily fecal output.

6. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

Cow dung has one other major function.

For Indian women cow dung is regarded as a superior cooking fuel because it burns with a clean, slow, long-lasting flame that doesn't scorch the food. □This enables the Indian housewife to start cooking her meals and to leave them unattended for several hours while she performs other chores. ②Mixed with water and made into a paste, it is used as a household flooring material. ③Smeared over a dirt floor and left to harden into a smooth surface, it keeps the dust down and can be swept clean with a broom. ④In the country of India every bit of cow dung is carefully collected because of its many useful properties. □A village's small children are given the task of following the family cow around and of bringing home its daily fecal output.

7. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

There was once a wrestling master who was versed in 360 skills. He came to like one of his pupils, to whom he taught 359 skills over a period of time. As months went by the young man became so ①proficient in the art that he ②defeated every other player. He was so proud that one day he boasted before the king that he could readily beat his master. The king became upset at his ③irreverence and ordered an immediate match. At the gong the youth pushed forward with a yell, only to be confronted with the ④familiar 360th technique. The master seized his former pupil and flung   him to the ground. When the king asked the master how he was able to win, the master ⑤confessed that he had reserved a secret technique for himself for such a contingency.

02강

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

With radical Islamic terrorist cells thriving in poverty-stricken countries, we must acknowledge and address the AIDS pandemic that can fuel desperation, and ultimately, hospitality toward violent groups that seek the destruction of America. With an estimated 55 million Africans who will lose their lives to AIDS by 2020, the United States has both an opportunity and an obligation to help defeat AIDS in order to bring stability to these suffering countries. Already, African militaries are feeling the results of high infection rates among their soldiers. As countries lose their ability to maintain peace, anarchy will take over and deliver further havoc on society. If the problem is ignored, the ability of terrorists to recruit more sympathizers will only multiply. By helping _________________________ , we can help ensure that terrorists are given no safe harbor in Africa.

□ attack against terror-sponsoring nations

□ prevent the further spread of this horrible disease

□ destroy peace and stability in the region

□ eliminate the fear of being infected by virus

□ send considerable money to African countries

9. 글의 흐름상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

With radical Islamic terrorist cells ①thriving in poverty-stricken countries, we must acknowledge and address the AIDS pandemic that can fuel desperation, and ultimately, □hostility toward violent groups that seek the destruction of America. With an estimated 55 million Africans who will lose their lives to AIDS by 2020, the United States has both an opportunity and an obligation to help defeat AIDS in order to bring ③stability to these suffering countries. Already, African militaries are feeling the results of high infection rates among their soldiers. As countries lose their ability to maintain peace, anarchy will take over and deliver further havoc on society. If the problem is ④ignored, the ability of terrorists to recruit more sympathizers will only multiply. By helping prevent the further spread of this horrible disease, we can help ensure that terrorists are given no safe ⑤harbor in Africa.

10. 다음 글의 빈 칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

After studying the catalogue and price list received with your letter of January 31, we have no doubt we could obtain good orders for many of the items. (A)____________, we feel you are placing both yourself and us at a disadvantage by adopting a cash settlement basis. Nearly all business here is done on credit, the period varying from 3 to 6 months. Your prices, (B)___________________, are reasonable, and your products sound in both design and quality. We therefore suggest that you could afford to raise your prices sufficiently to cover the cost and fall into line with your competitors in the matter of credit. In our experience, to do so would be sound policy and greatly strengthen your hold on the market. With the best will in the world to serve you, we are afraid it would be neither worth your while, nor ours, to continue business on a cash basis.

(A)             (B)

① However  …… Besides

② Besides   …… Therefore

③ However   …… On the other hand

④ In addition  …… In fact

⑤ For example …… By contrast

11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

After studying the catalogue and price list ①received with your letter of January 31, we have no doubt we could obtain good orders for many of the items. However, we feel you are placing both yourself and us at a disadvantage by adopting a cash settlement basis. ②Nearly all business here ③is done on credit, the period varying from 3 to 6 months. Your prices, On the other hand, are reasonable, and your products sound in both design and quality. We therefore suggest that you could afford to ④rise your prices sufficiently to cover the cost and fall into line with your competitors in the matter of credit. In our experience, to do so would be sound policy and greatly strengthen your hold on the market. With the best will in the world to serve you, we are afraid it would be neither worth your while, nor ⑤ours, to continue business on a cash basis.

03강

12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humor columnist Erma Bombeck observed, "It takes a lot of courage to show your dreams to someone else." It takes confidence to talk about a dream and even more to pursue it. And sometimes confidence separates the people who dream and pursue those dreams from those who don't. In her research at the University of Wisconsin, Karen Greno-Malsch discovered that self-confidence is vital to success. In a study of children, she found that lower self-worth translated into 37 percent more willingness to negotiate and use of 11 percent fewer negotiation strategies with others. She also discovered that the greater a child's self-worth, the greater the willingness to incur the risks of prolonged negotiation and the greater the adaptability. In other words, the more confidence you have in yourself, the less likely you are to give up trying to get what you want.

① Why do you tremble? Come on!

② Importance of being self-awareness

③ Tips for avoiding stage fright

④ Self-confidence as the essential element

⑤ Results of subjects who are less confident

13. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

People who worry about money all the time always have money problems. People who think and talk negatively about other people always seem to have problems in their relationships. People who complain about their companies or their jobs are surprised to find that they are always having problems at work. By the Law of Attraction, you get more of whatever you think and talk about most of the time. When you worry, you attract into your life more of those things that you are worrying about. You must be careful to think about, talk about, and imagine only the things that you want. You must refuse to dwell upon the things that you don't want. You must do everything possible to assure that these mental principles and laws are working for you and not against you.

① 긍정적인 사고방식을 가져야 할 필요가 있다.

② 인생은 고난과 극복과정을 거처야 한다.

③ 정신적 가치가 무엇보다도 중요하다.

④ 삶을 살면서 그 삶의 의미를 찾는 것이 중요하다.

⑤ 지나친 걱정은 화를 부를 수 있다.

14. 밑줄 친 His(he)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

Born in China, Xuehua "Sherwood" Hu began his directing career at the New York Public Theater. ①His latest project has a foot in both worlds. The Prince of the Himalayas sets Shakespeare's Hamlet in ancient Tibet. ②He filmed the all-Tibetan cast high in the Himalayas. "One can image how the crew worked in this sort of condition," ③he says. "I loved every minute of it. We knew that we were doing something meaningful and magnificent." He fulfilled his father's wish to direct Hamlet before ④he died. "I was excited to have Hamlet ask ⑤his own destiny - Where am I coming from? Where am I going? To be or not to be? -at the top of a Himalayan mountain, so close to the universe that you could almost touch the sun if you extended your arms," he says. "I wanted to make a Tibetan Hamlet about love, not about revenge."

15. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

We tend to miss a lot of opportunities to think about things, to make changes, and to make things better. We often continue down the path we are on regardless of whether we find it rewarding or even acceptable. It's as if our lives are just a series of schooldays, one after the other, in which we show up where we are told and do what we think we are supposed to. We know someday there will be a graduation, when we will do something different, but until then we continue without question. Don't wait for the moment that shakes you out of your routine to examine what you are doing. Work on making your personal life as fulfilling as you want right now. Don't wait to start moving in the right direction.

① 겸손한 마음으로 초심을 잃지 않는 것이 중요하다.

② 미래생활에 대한 대비를 할 필요가 있다.

③ 현재 최선을 다하는 것이 중요하다.

④ 한번 간 기회는 다시 돌아오기 힘들다.

⑤ 망설이지 말고 하던 대로 계속 하라.

16. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Abraham Maslow proposed that every human being behaves in ways that are designed to satisfy certain needs. Further, there exist levels of needs, and the high-level needs do not emerge until the low-level needs are satisfied. Until hunger and thirst are satisfied, you will not be concerned with safety.           (A)    , if you need food badly, you might even chase a lion away from a felled prey. Until you feel safe and secure, you will not be concerned with others loving you. Until you are loved, you will not be concerned about whether others respect you. And until you are respected by others, you will not care about your potential for achieving your life goals. In our society, most of these needs are met to some degree.     (B)    , the degree to which they are met varies and consequently our behavior varies.

(A)             (B)

① In fact    ……   In addition

② In fact    ……   However

③ However   ……  Besides

④ For example  …… In fact

⑤ For example …… However

17. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can be neither created nor destroyed. This notion of mass balance means that if there is an increase in the amount of a chemical present in a given environment such as a lake, this cannot be due to some sort of 'magical' process of formation.  (A)___________, it is the result of the chemical having been either transported into the lake from elsewhere or produced by a chemical or biological reaction from other compounds which have already existed in the lake. (B)____________, if these reactions were responsible for the mass increase of this particular chemical, they must have caused a corresponding decrease in the mass of one or more other compounds.

(A)            (B)

① Above all    …… However

② That is      …… Thus

③ Instead      …… Similarly

④ In contrast   …… Nevertheless

⑤ However     …… Furthermore

18. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은?

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can be neither created nor destroyed.  ① This notion of mass balance means that if there is an increase in the amount of a chemical present in a given environment such as a lake.  ② This cannot be due to some sort of 'magical' process of formation. ③ However, In chemistry, the law of definite proportions, sometimes called Proust's Law, states that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. ④ Instead, it is the result of the chemical having been either transported into the lake from elsewhere or produced by a chemical or biological reaction from other compounds which have already existed in the lake. ⑤ Similarly, if these reactions were responsible for the mass increase of this particular chemical, they must have caused a corresponding decrease in the mass of one or more other compounds.

19. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

This skill is so crucial that a low capacity to discriminate phonemes in infants links to later difficulties in learning to read.

How do we read when we see the text messages, books, newspapers and so forth? ( ① ) The eye is the gateway, the first connection between man and word. ( ② ) Yet sound is the foundation of reading, as is fitting for a species that developed complex oral communications long before writing was born.  ( ③ )  A child must be able to understand the sounds of language, from syllables all the way down to phonemes, the smallest units of sounds in speech, before she can read.  ( ④ ) Dyslexics, in essence, suffer from a kind of cognitive "deafness," in that they are not as sensitive to letter sounds within words as skilled readers are. ( ⑤ ) We really do have a voice in our head that brings the written word to life, making music with the silent text.

20. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can be neither created nor destroyed.

(A) Instead, it is the result of the chemical having been either transported into the lake from elsewhere or produced by a chemical or biological reaction from other compounds which have already existed in the lake.

(B) This notion of mass balance means that if there is an increase in the amount of a chemical present in a given environment such as a lake, this cannot be due to some sort of 'magical' process of formation.

(C) Similarly, if these reactions were responsible for the mass increase of this particular chemical, they must have caused a corresponding decrease in the mass of one or more other compounds.

① (A) - (B) - (C)     ② (A) - (C) - (B)

③ (B) - (A) - (C)     ④ (B) - (C) - (A)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

21. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Who hasn't been tempted to slip the overly ①sophisticated word into a report or letter to make themselves sound especially intelligent? According to a study conducted by Daniel Oppenheimer, however, an unnecessary love of the complex word may have the ②positive effect. Oppenheimer systematically examined the complexity of the vocabulary used in various passages such as job applications and academic essays. He then asked people to read the samples and rate the intelligence of the person who allegedly wrote them. The simpler language resulted in significantly ③higher ratings of intelligence, showing that the unnecessary use of complex language sent out a ④bad impression. This study suggests that you can increase how bright people think you are simply by ⑤simplifying your language.

22. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Who hasn't been tempted to slip the overly sophisticated word into a report or letter to make themselves sound especially intelligent? According to a study conducted by Daniel Oppenheimer, however, an unnecessary love of the complex word may have the opposite effect. Oppenheimer systematically examined the complexity of the vocabulary used in various passages such as job applications and academic essays. He then asked people to read the samples and rate the intelligence of the person who allegedly wrote them. The simpler language resulted in significantly higher ratings of intelligence, showing that the unnecessary use of complex language sent out a bad impression. This study suggests that you can increase how bright people think you are simply by ______________________________.

□ focusing on the complicated words

□ studying language structure

□ simplifying your langaue

□ displaying your intellectual ability

□ expressing body langauge

23. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sometimes people are  (A)[deliberately / mistakenly] vague in their communications, hoping to make a point through vague and veiled wording. This way, they cannot be accused of having intentionally suggested wrongdoing. Ethics author Nan De Mars, writing in You Want Me To Do What?, suggests this for (B)[vague / obvious] situations: Restate your understanding of what you're being asked to do, to make certain that you heard what you think you heard. If the expressed request borders on the illegal or (C)[immoral / immortal], ask the person who made the request to put it in writing and to sign the written request. If he or she refused to do so, make a note of the incident and keep it on file. If it's truly a shockingly bad request, request a meeting with a higher authority.

(A)            (B)          (C)

□ deliberately     vague      immoral

□ deliberately     vague      immortal

□ deliberately     obvious    immoral

□ mistakenly      obvious    immortal

□ mistakenly      obvious    immoral

24. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sometimes people are deliberately vague in their communications, hoping to make a point through vague and veiled wording. This way, they cannot be accused of having intentionally suggested wrongdoing. Ethics author Nan De Mars, writing in You Want Me To Do What?, suggests this for ambiguous situations: Restate your understanding of what you're being asked to do, to make certain that you heard what you think you heard. If the expressed request borders on the illegal or immoral, ask the person who made the request to put it in writing and to sign the written request. If he or she refused to do so, make a note of the incident and keep it on file. If it's truly a shockingly bad request, request a meeting with a higher authority.

① 법적인 소송에 휘말리지 않으려면 모호한 표현을     써라.

② 진술을 할 때 분명하고 단호한 어조로 하라.

③ 불순한 의도로 한 모호한 진술을 분명히 해라.

④ 당신이 무엇을 원하는지를 살펴보아야 한다.

⑤ 권위가 있는 사람에게 자신의 처지를 부탁해라.

25. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Smith Company is a small manufacturer and distributor of plastic bottles. Nearly 80 percent of their customers are located within a 200-mile marketing area.

(A) This procedure saves the customer the cost of maintaining a large inventory. Because of the high number of small orders, Smith knows the "just in time" approach is a more expensive method of doing business.

(B) The system, however, has helped lock in their customers. Other bottle manufacturers and distributors are unwilling to provide the service Smith does for small orders.

(C) Smith provides a high service level to their market area by offering competitive pricing and fast delivery.  Smith customers have learned that they don't need to carry a large inventory of bottles because they can place "just in time" orders and receive fast delivery.

① (A) - (B) - (C)     ② (A) - (C) - (B)

③ (B) - (A) - (C)     ④ (C) - (A) - (B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

04강

26. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

A compelling reason for an international language is the frequency and gravity of misunderstandings owing to ___________. For instance, the 1905 draft of a treaty between Russia and Japan, written in both French and English, treated the English control and French controler as synonyms.  In fact, the English form means “to dominate or hold power” while the French means simply “to inspect.” The treaty nearly fell apart as a result.  Similarly, the Japanese involvement in World War II may have been unintentionally prolonged when the Domei news agency, the official Japanese government information service, translated the word mokusatsu as “to ignore” when the sense intended was that of “to reserve a reply until we have had time to consider the matter more clearly.”

① difficulties of translation

② increasing of international treaties

③ difficulties of attending the meetings

④ difficulties of sharing transformation

⑤ having to use two languages

27. 글의 흐름상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Many baby birds are fed in the nest by their parents. They all gape and scream, and the parent drops a worm in the ①open mouth of one of them. The loudness with which each baby screams is ②proportional to how hungry he is. Therefore, if the parent always gives the food to the loudest screamer, they should all get their unfair share, since when one has had enough he will not scream so loudly. But we must expect that individuals will cheat, will tell lies about how hungry they are. This will ③escalate, apparently rather pointlessly because if they are all lying by screaming too loudly, this level of loudness will become ④the norm.  However, it cannot de-escalate, because any individual who ⑤increases the loudness of his scream will be fed less.

28. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Artistic expression is as basic to human beings as talking and is by no means limited to a special category of people called “artists.” For example, all human beings adorn their bodies in certain ways and by doing so make a statement about who they are, both as individuals and as members of society. Similarly, people of all cultures tell stories in which they express their values, hopes, and concerns, and in the process reveal much about themselves and the nature of the world as they see it. In short, all people ________________________. And, they have been doing this in countless ways for at least 40,000 years - from fashioning and playing bone flutes, to painting animals on ancient rock walls, to digital music jamming on iPhones.

① engage in artistic expression.

② are involved in artistic society.

③ play a role in telling artistic stories.

④ adorn their bodies in an artistic way.

⑤ are expressing their emotions.

29. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Artistic expression is as basic to human beings as talking and is by no means limited to a special category of people called “artists.” For example, all human beings adorn their bodies in certain ways and by doing so (A) [make / making] a statement about who they are, both as individuals and as members of society. Similarly, people of all cultures tell stories (B) [which / in which] they express their values, hopes, and concerns, and in the process reveal much about themselves and the nature of the world as they see it. In short, all people engage in artistic expression. And, they have been doing this in countless ways for at least 40,000 years - from fashioning and playing bone flutes, to (C) [paint / painting] animals on ancient rock walls, to digital music jamming on iPhones.

(A)         (B)       (C)

□ make      which      paint

□ make      in which   painting

□ make      which      painting

□ to make   in which    paint

□ to make   which      painting

30. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Flowering plants can be classified according to the way their flowering responds to day length.  Strawberries, potatoes, dahlias, and soybeans are classified as “short-day” plants because they flower only if the day length is shorter than a critical period (that is, when the night length is longer than a critical period).  In contrast, lettuce, spinach, radishes, and irises are “long-day” plants because they flower in spring or early summer, when the light period is longer than a critical length. Ornamental plant growers use these facts. They manipulate day length to produce flowers for market during seasons when they are not naturally available.  For example, chrysanthemums are short-day plants that usually flower in fall, but growers use light-blocking shades _________________ in order to produce these flowers at any season.

① to imitate long days

② to make artificial light

③ to create long light period

④ to mimic shorter night

⑤ to mimic short days

31. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

Ornamental plant growers use these facts.

Flowering plants can be classified according to the way their flowering responds to day length. ( ① ) Strawberries, potatoes, dahlias, and soybeans are classified as “short-day” plants because they flower only if the day length is shorter than a critical period (that is, when the night length is longer than a critical period). ( ② ) In contrast, lettuce, spinach, radishes, and irises are “long-day” plants because they flower in spring or early summer, when the light period is longer than a critical length. ( ③ )  They manipulate day length to produce flowers for market during seasons when they are not naturally available. ( □ ) For example, chrysanthemums are short-day plants that usually flower in fall, but growers use light-blocking shades to mimic short days in order to produce these flowers at any season.  ( ⑤ )

05강 ~ 06강

32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Silence plays as an crucial part in the Western Apache's societies as any verbal talk does. Children returning from government boarding schools are greeted with silence and the children themselves are expected to be silent. Silence is maintained until each person once again becomes accustomed to the presence of the others. When one is 'cussed out,' i.e., disciplined verbally, silence is again the appropriate response, even though the 'cussing out' may be undeserved; the Western Apache believe that responding only serves to make matters worse. The initial stages of courting behavior also require silence; in this case, silence is taken to be a proper indication of the shyness that is expected between two people attempting to enter into a close relationship. They regard talkativeness in such a situation, especially in the female of the pair, as _____________.

□ polite

□ immodest

□ couteous

□ illegal

□ honest

33. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Liberals tend to view politics and economics as separate and autonomous areas of activity. Many liberals believe that governments should not interfere in economic transactions and that their role should be limited to creating an open environment in which individuals and private firms can freely express their economic preferences. Thus, the state should prevent restraint on competition and provide public goods such as national defense and infrastructure (roads and railways) to facilitate production and transportation. If governments permit the market to operate freely, a natural division of labor develops in which each country produces those goods for which it has a comparative advantage and everyone benefits from the efficient use of the world's scarce resources.

① 경제활동에 동등한 기회를 주어야 한다.

② 국가는 저소득층을 배려할 필요가 있다.

③ 정부는 경제활동을 개입하지 않아야 한다.

④ 정부는 개인의 경제 활동을 통제해야 할 의무가      있다.

⑤ 지나친 경쟁은 국가의 경제 위기를 유발한다.

34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

At the San Diego Zoo, right next to the primate habitats, there's a display featuring half a dozen life-size gorillas made out of bronze. Posted nearby is a sign reading CAUTION: GORILLA STATUES MAY BE HOT. Everywhere you turn, the obvious is being stated. CANNON MAY BE LOUD. MOVING SIDEWALK IS ABOUT TO END. To people who don't run around suing one another, such signs suggest a crippling                 . Place bronze statues beneath the southern California sun, and of course they're going to get hot. Cannons are supposed to be loud, that's their claim to fame, and-like it or not-the moving sidewalk is bound to end sooner or later. It's hard trying to explain a country whose motto has become “You can't claim that I didn't warn you.”

① lack of physical ability

② lack of intelligence

③ lack of citizenship

④ lack of self esteem

⑤ lack of polished etiquette

35. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is one central law about study: the law of mass effect. This states that the amount of work you do is strongly correlated with the amount of time you spend doing it. Certainly, many students study in an inefficient way, so that long hours of hard work achieve much less than they could. But it is important not to believe the myth that by studying incredibly efficiently you can achieve a lot by doing remarkably little. What you can do is achieve a great deal by combining work and recreation in moderate amounts. Any worthwhile study will therefore take some time. The main reason why people who study often achieve less than they want to is that they do not put in the hours. Therefore, if you want to study, you need to __________________.

① save your time.

② get good grades.

③ plan to study abroad.

④ reduce sleeping hours.

⑤ set aside time to work

36. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Numerous humanitarian campaigns to end world hunger have been mounted in the last 50 years. A number of serious famines have been moderated or averted by these efforts. And the need for ongoing emergency food aid is undeniable.     (A)    , routinely supplying food aid in developing countries may be the worst thing to do. The price of food supplied by other countries for emergency aid is almost free or very cheap. And people will not pay more than they have to for food.      (B)     , free or very cheap foreign food undercuts the local market. In effect, the local farmer must compete economically with free or low-cost imported food. When they cannot earn a profit, they stop producing and eventually enter the ranks of the poor. The cycle continues and the entire local economy        deteriorates in the long run.

(A)           (B)

① However …… Therefore

② Likewise …… Therefore

③ However …… In contrast

④ Hence   …… Conversely

⑤ Besides  …… That is

37. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Numerous humanitarian campaigns to end world hunger have been mounted in the last 50 years. A number of serious famines have been moderated or averted by these efforts. And the need for ongoing emergency food aid is undeniable. However, routinely supplying food aid in developing countries may be the worst thing to do. The price of food supplied by other countries for emergency aid is almost free or very cheap. And people will not pay more than they have to for food. Therefore, free or very cheap foreign food undercuts the local market. In effect, the local farmer must compete economically with free or low-cost imported food. When they cannot earn a profit, they stop producing and eventually enter the ranks of the poor. The cycle continues and the entire local economy        _______________ in the long run.

① thrives       ② deteriorates    ③ flourishes

④ fluctuates     ⑤ remains

38. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In the early 1840s, anesthesia was first used ①to relieve pain during surgery. The use of anesthetics allowed doctors ②to experiment with operation that had never before been possible. Many people anticipated the operation could help the treatment of a variety of serious diseases. Yet, throughout the century, hospitals could be dangerous places. Surgery ③was performed with dirty instruments in damp rooms. Often, a patient would survive an operation, only to die days later of infection. For the poor, ④being admitted to a hospital  often a death sentence. Wealthy or middle class patients insisted on treatment in their own homes. So, many people said, "The first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm." And they insisted that surgeons ⑤sterilized their instruments and wash their hands before operating.

39. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Numerous humanitarian campaigns to end world hunger have been mounted in the last 50 years. A number of serious famines have been moderated or averted by these efforts. And the need for ongoing emergency food aid is undeniable. However, routinely supplying food aid in developing countries may be the worst thing to do. The price of food supplied by other countries for emergency aid is almost free or very cheap. And people will not pay more than they have to for food. Therefore, free or very cheap foreign food ________________________. In effect, the local farmer must compete economically with free or low-cost imported food. When they cannot earn a profit, they stop producing and eventually enter the ranks of the poor. The cycle continues and the entire local economy        deteriorates in the long run.

□ increases the local demand

□ undercuts the local market

□ changes the national economy

□ plays a positive role in the local economy

□ fuels the local supply

40. 밑줄 친 His(he)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

We see it as natural that parents should make sacrifices to look after □their children, and that children should respect their parents. This is not surprising, for such behavior is a result of the mode of action of natural selection. Natural selection operates to ensure that individuals behave in a way that maximizes their lifetime reproductive success and also that of □their descendants and close relatives. The genetic constitution of those who leave more healthy offspring than others will be better represented in succeeding generations. In looking after □their children, parents are ensuring the survival of individuals who behave in the unique way as □they do. And □they are likely to pass on similar genetic material. Thus looking after one's children is in keeping with the dictates of natural selection.

41. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

We see it as natural (A)[that / what] parents should make sacrifices to look after their children, and that children should respect their parents. This is not surprising, for such behavior is a result of the mode of action of natural selection. Natural selection operates to ensure that individuals behave in a way that maximizes their lifetime reproductive success and also (B)[that / those] of their descendants and close relatives. The genetic constitution of those who leave more healthy offspring than others will be better represented in succeeding generations. In looking after their children, parents are ensuring the survival of individuals who behave in the unique way as they do. And they are likely to pass on similar genetic material. Thus looking after one's children (C)[is / are] in keeping with the dictates of natural selection.

(A)        (B)          (C)

□ that       that          is

□ that       that          are

□ that       those        is

□ what      those        are

□ what      those        is

07강

42. 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

Manohar was struggling to push his way towards the entrance when he suddenly realized that his son, Pali was not holding his finger. His wife, Kaushalya had already managed to enter the lorry. Manohar felt the sensation of the child's grip still lingering on his hand. Everybody was madly pushing from behind. There was a babble of sounds, and the crowd got more frantic with the passing of every moment. The camp managers shouted at the top of their voices, urging the passengers to hurry up and get into the lorries. They had to cross the border before the nightfall. When Manohar failed to find Pali, he became very anxious. He rushed back crying, “Pali, Pali!” but failed to get any response. Alarmed, he started running frantically alongside the lorries, which had started leaving one by one.

① 아내는 이미 트럭에 타고 있었다.

② 아들의 손을 꼭 잡고 있었다.

③ 시간이 지나면서 소동은 누그러들었다.

④ 승객들은 트럭에 타기 위해 캠프 관리인에게 고      함을 쳤다.

⑤ 아들을 태운 트럭을 발견하고 미친 듯이 뛰기 시      작했다.

43. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Manohar was struggling to push his way towards the entrance when he suddenly realized that his son, Pali was not holding his finger. His wife, Kaushalya had already managed ①to enter the lorry. Manohar felt the sensation of the child's grip still lingering on his hand. Everybody was madly pushing from behind. There was a babble of sounds, and the crowd got more frantic with the passing of every moment. The camp managers shouted at the top of their voices, ②urging the passengers to hurry up and ③got into the lorries. They had to cross the border before the nightfall. When Manohar failed to find Pali, he became very ④anxious. He rushed back crying, “Pali, Pali!” but failed to get any response. ⑤Alarmed, he started running frantically alongside the lorries, which had started leaving one by one.

44. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

For several hours I ①lay there wide awake. At last I ②should have fallen into a troubled doze; and slowly waking from it, I opened my eyes, and the before sun-lit room was now wrapped in outer darkness. Instantly I felt a shock running through all my frame; nothing was to be seen, and nothing was to ③be heard; but a supernatural hand seemed placed in mine. My arm hung over the bedspread, and the nameless, unimaginable, silent form or phantom, ④to which the hand belonged, seemed closely seated by my bedside. For what seemed ages piled on ages, I lay there, ⑤frozen with the most awful silence, not daring to drag away my hand; yet ever thinking that if I could but stir it one single inch, the bad spell would be broken.

08강

45. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sisters are inevitably compared to each other, because they are often together and, in any case, are thought of together. Each one's character or personality tends to be described in contrast to the other's: the outgoing one and the shy one; the artist and the athlete; the smart one and the pretty one. And comparison is never far from _______________. It is built into the relationship, because sisters seek support and approval from the same adults, and it can often seem, whether it's true or not, that love and attention given to one deprives what's available for the other. The same is true of brothers, and of sisters and brothers. Indeed, much of what I say about sisters applies to brothers too. I am certain that examples I give of sister conversations will remind many readers of their brothers and of other relationships.

① develpment    ② interaction    ③ competition   ④ brotherhood     ⑤ jealousy

46. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by (A)[prolonging / prolonged] and violent labor: the forces of the earth striving to create, and all the forces of the sea opposing. The sea floor, where an island begins, is probably nowhere more than about fifty miles thick ― a thin covering over the vast bulk of the earth. In it (B)[is / are] deep cracks and breaks, the results of unequal cooling and shrinkage in past ages. Along such lines of weakness the molten lava from the earth's interior presses up and finally bursts forth into the sea. (C)[Despite / while] the immense pressure of sea water, the new volcanic cone builds upward. Once within reach of the waves, its ash and tuff are violently attacked. But, eventually, in new eruptions, the cone is pushed up into the air and a wide pile of earth against the attacks of the waves is built of softened lava.

(A)          (B)      (C)

□ prolonging      is     Despite

□ prolonging     are     Despite

□ prolonging      is     While

□ prolonged      are    While

□ prolonged      is     Despite

47. 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by prolonged and violent labor: the forces of the earth striving to create, and all the forces of the sea opposing. The sea floor, where an island begins, is probably nowhere more than about fifty miles thick - a thin covering over the vast bulk of the earth. In it are deep cracks and breaks, the results of unequal cooling and shrinkage in past ages. Along such lines of weakness the molten lava from the earth's interior presses up and finally bursts forth into the sea. Despite the immense pressure of sea water, the new volcanic cone builds upward. Once within reach of the waves, its ash and tuff are violently attacked. But, eventually, in new eruptions, the cone is pushed up into the air and a wide pile of earth against the attacks of the waves is built of softened lava.

① 화산섬의 탄생은 땅과 바다의 힘과 관련이 있다.

② 섬이 시작되는 바다 밑바닥은 50마일이 훨씬 넘는     두께로 되어 있다.

③ 바다 밑바닥 속의 균열과 틈은 오랜 기간의 냉각     과 수축의 결과이다.

④ 바닷물의 엄청난 압력에도 불구하고, 바닥의 균열     을 따라 화산추가 형성된다.

⑤ 새로운 분출로 형성된 화산추는 공기 중으로 밀려     위로 올라간다.

48. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by prolonged and violent labor: the forces of the earth striving to create, and all the forces of the sea opposing. The sea floor, where an island begins, is probably nowhere more than about fifty miles thick - a thin covering over the vast bulk of the earth. In it are deep cracks and breaks, the results of unequal cooling and shrinkage in past ages. Along such lines of weakness the molten lava from the earth's interior presses up and finally bursts forth into the sea. Despite the immense pressure of sea water, the new volcanic cone builds upward. Once within reach of the waves, its ash and tuff are violently attacked. But, eventually, in new eruptions, the cone is pushed up into the air and a wide pile of earth against the attacks of the waves is built of softened lava.

① The Destructive Power of Volcanos

② The Origin of Sea Floor

③ The Depth of Volcanic Islands

④ Various Volcanic Cones

⑤ Birth of Volcanic Islands

49. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

However, the economic balance in urban and industrial setting is different.

In predominantly rural America of colonial times and the early 1800s, children had been an economic blessing. ( ① ) They cost relatively little to bring up because much of their food, shelter, and clothing was produced on the family farm. ( ② ) At the same time they contributed to their own upkeep by starting to do valuable chores while they were still young. ( ③ ) Finally, as farm parents grew old, it was relatively easy for their children to pay them back by supporting them. ( ④ )  City children are more likely to be economically efficient. On the cost side, all food, clothing, and shelter have to be purchased. ( ⑤ ) Furthermore, the more schooling, the greater the potential return for both parents and child, but the greater the risk and expense.

50. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Although comets appeared free from the effects of gravity, Edmond Halley wondered if gravity influenced their movement. He found three comets - those occurring in 1531, 1607, and the one he viewed himself in 1682-with nearly identical paths.

(A) Halley, however, found a problem with this assumption. The period between the first and second sightings was a year longer than the period between the second and third sightings.

(B) To deal with this inconsistency, Halley suggested that the comet's path was thrown a little off course by the gravitational fields of Jupiter and Saturn as it passed by those large planets. Halley's work dispelled the prevailing theories about comets in that era.

(C) This discovery led him to the conclusion that the comets were really a single comet passing by the Earth three different times.

① (A) - (C) - (B)	② (B) - (C) - (A)

③ (B) - (A) - (C)       ④ (C) - (A) - (B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

51. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the past, employees did exactly what they were instructing to do. If they didn't receive clear directions, then nothing got done.     (A)    , if they received directions that they knew would produce a low-quality product, they carried them out anyway. That was how the management-employee relationship worked. The new workforce presents the polar opposite viewpoint. Today, employees are expected to make minute-by-minute decisions ③related to their work tasks. They are more independent. The company no longer expects to have to give specific directions for each task or problem.      (B)     , employees are asked to direct their own work flow and to keep productivity up even when required resources are not available. They have to learn how to work smarter, make the most of limited time and budgets, and be more productive in their own work environment.

(A)          (B)

① In fact   ―  Therefore

② In fact   ―  Instead

③ however ―  In addition

④ however ―  Besides

⑤ In other words ― However

52. 글의 흐름상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

A leader must possess a ①positive attitude in order to successfully navigate others. You've got to have faith that you can take your people all the way. If you can't ②confidently make the trip in your mind, you're not going to be able to take it in real life. On the other hand, you also have to be able to see the facts realistically. You can't ignore obstacles or ③rationalize your challenges. If you don't go in with your eyes wide open, you're going to get blind sided. As Bill Easum says, “Successful leaders are ④subjective enough to minimize illusions. They understand that self-deception can cost them their vision.” Balancing optimism and realism, intuition and planning, faith and fact can be very difficult. But that's what it takes to be ⑤effective as a navigating leader.

53. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

A leader must possess a positive attitude in order to successfully navigate others. You've got to have faith that you can take your people all the way. If you can't confidently make the trip in your mind, you're not going to be able to take it in real life. On the other hand, you also have to be able to see the facts realistically. You can't ignore obstacles or rationalize your challenges. If you don't go in with your eyes wide open, you're going to get blind sided. As Bill Easum says, “Successful leaders are objective enough to minimize illusions. They understand that self-deception can cost them their vision.” Balancing optimism and realism, intuition and planning, faith and fact can be very difficult. But that's what it takes to be effective as a navigating leader.

① Qualifications of A Successful Leader

② Importance of Realistic Goals

③ Benefits of A Good Leader

④ Drawbacks of Self-Deception

⑤ Various Challenges

09강

54. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The notion of language ecology is in many ways a very useful one since it appeals to a notion of environmental protection that is shared by many. From this point of view the problem with the spread of English through the entire world is a complex distruption to an ecology of languages.

(A) This image then allows us to draw a parallel between the environmental ecology and the language ecology.

(B) Furthermore, the idea that the introduction of a language into a particular ecology of languages may have serious effects on those languages is a powerful argument that militates against any simple view that one more language might not make a difference.

(C) People in Australia are aware of the devastating effects of the introduction of European animals into the delicate ecology of Australian wildlife.

① (C) - (A) - (B)         ② (A) - (B) - (C)

③ (A) - (C) - (B)         ④ (B) - (A) - (C)

⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

55. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The notion of language ecology is in many ways a very useful one since it appeals to a notion of environmental protection that is shared by many. From this point of view the problem with the spread of English through the entire world is a complex distruption to an ecology of languages. Furthermore, the idea that the introduction of a language into a particular ecology of languages may have serious effects on those languages is a powerful argument that militates against any simple view that one more language might not make a difference. People in Australia are aware of the devastating effects of the introduction of European animals into the delicate ecology of Australian wildlife. This image then allows us to __________________ between the environmental ecology and the language ecology.

① confer an opposite

② think of the irrelevance

③ talk about differences

④ draw a parallel

⑤ ignore the effect

56. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

What kills languages? Some of the direct main agents for this linguistic genocide are parts of what we call the consciousness industry: formal education and the mass media, including television. Today it is formal education that makes indigenous or minority children, who come to school speaking their own language and possibly knowing a bit of the dominant language, leave school virtually monolingual in the dominant language. They may leave school believing that their language is not as useful or developed as the dominant language, and that they best raise their future children by speaking the dominant language to them.

① the consciousness industry and formal education

② Cooperation between language and industry

③ Multilingual capacity of indigenous children

④ Killing minor language by formal education

⑤ Various types of indigenous or minor language

57. 밑줄 친 they(their)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

While e-books have yet to make a big impact on the general public, ①they have become a major aspect of library collections over the past several years. E-books have been quietly taking ②their place beside more traditional materials, and many academic libraries now count hundreds of thousands of electronic books as part of ③their collections. E-books offer many advantages; they cannot be lost, stolen, or mutilated, and ④they are particularly valuable to distance-learning students, 24 hours a day. Depending upon what licensing arrangements are made, ⑤they can be made available to multiple users at once. Libraries that have suffered major physical disasters such as fires or floods can continue offer large parts of their collection online. E-books may also offer a level of search ability completely beyond what could be accomplished with more traditional printed text.

58. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Technologies often tend to develop faster than the rhetoric evaluating them, and we are still in the process of developing descriptions for art using digital technologies as a medium. The characteristics commonly assigned to the digital medium need some further clarification since they are often used in (A)[so / such] a general way that they hardly carry any meaning. The term interactive, for instance, has become almost meaningless due to (B)[its / their] inflationary use of numerous levels of exchange. Ultimately, any experience of an artwork is interactive, relying on a complex interplay between contexts and productions of meaning at the recipient's end. Yet, this interaction remains a mental event in the viewer's mind when it comes to (C)[experience / experiencing] traditional art forms. With regard to digital art, however, interactivity allows different forms of navigating, assembling, or contributing to an artwork that go beyond this purely mental event.

(A)      (B)        (C)

□ so       its       experience

□ so       their     experience

□ so       their     experiencing

□ such     its       experiencing

□ such     its       experience

59. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a strong view that holds that success is a myth, and ambition therefore a sham. Does this mean that success does not really exist? That achievement is at bottom empty? That the efforts of men and women are of no significance alongside the force of movements and events? Now not all success, obviously, is worth esteeming, nor all ambition worth cultivating. Which are and which are not is something one soon enough learns on one's own. But even the most cynical secretly admit that success exists; that achievement counts for a great deal; and that the true myth is that _______________. To believe otherwise is to take on a point of view that is likely to be deranging. It is, in its implications, to remove all motive for competence, interest in attainment, and regard for posterity.

① the dragons can fly and breathe fire

② the actions of men and women are useless

③ whoever pursues success can achieve it

④ only man has ambitions

⑤ work always comes before success

11강

60. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Cortisol is the front line stress hormone of the body. Whenever you encounter something stressful or ①frightening, cortisol is released. Cortisol affects many parts of the body. Metabolically, cortisol inhibits cells from using glucose, stimulates the liver to synthesize more glucose, and ②accelerate the breakdown of fat and protein. Because it ③raises levels of glucose in the blood, cortisol worsens diabetes. Cortisol causes the heart ④to beat more vigorously and as a result, raises blood pressure. Perhaps most prominently, cortisol is the stuff you can buy over the counter as an anti-itch cream. ⑤Because of cortisol's wide-ran ging effects on the body, chronic use of cortisol will cause damaging effects to many organ systems.

61. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Berthe Morisot came from a wealthy and cultured family who recognized her artistic talent. She studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts between 1856 and 1859. Her early landscapes were exhibited at the Salon and had a freshness due to being painted out-ofdoors. Increasingly, she painted simple (A)[domestic / foreign] scenes observed directly from her own life, such as her sister by a cradle, or women quietly reading. Morisot was introduced to Manet in 1868. Their close relationship was critical to the development of their (B)[respective / respectful] artistic careers. She posed for Manet's painting That Balcony that year.   The first woman to join the Impressionists, Morisot exhibited in seven of the eight Impressionist exhibitions. She frequently painted young girls -- there are numerous portraits of her daughter - expressing her interest in the (C)[transition / transportation] from girlhood to womanhood.

(A)           (B)         (C)

□ domestic     respective   transition

□ domestic     respectful   transition

□ domestic     respective   transportation

□ foreign       respectful   transportation

□ foreign       respective   transportation

62. 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Aspartame is an ①artificial sweetener, approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar, which means that 200 kg of sugar can be replaced with 1 kg of aspartame. Aspartame has an energy value of 4 calories per gram but because only ②minute amounts of aspartame are required to provide the equivalent sweetness of sugar, it can ③reduce a product's calorie content by up to 99%. It offers excellent solubility and is suitable for most product applications within a certain pH and temperature range. Aspartame is utilized as a ④stable sweetener in products ranging from dairy products to beverages, baked goods, cereals and fruit preserves. In addition, aspartame can intensify and extend fruit flavors in foods and beverages. For example, aspartame makes chewing gum taste sweet up to four times ⑤shorter than gum sweetened with sugar.

63. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

Hahn, however, published the results without Meitner's name on the paper, ostensibly to avoid Nazi interference.

Austrian-born physicist Lise Meitner moved to Berlin in 1907 and soon began a 30year collaboration with chemist Otto Hahn. ( ① ) In 1934, she convinced Hahn to join her in studying nuclear processes, and they made great progress. ( ② ) Unfortunately, Meitner's Jewish ancestry made her a target of Nazi academic restriction and she fled to Sweden in 1938. ( ③ ) Meitner continued to lead their collaboration through letters and only months after she left, Hahn and his assistant found that neutron irradiation of heavy elements was creating smaller rather than larger nuclei. ( ④ ) Meitner and her nephew developed a model of nuclear fission based on these measurements. ( ⑤ ) As a result of this omission, the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Hahn alone.

64. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

For this reason, the baobab has been called the upside-down tree.

Baobab trees are among the world's oldest and hardiest trees. They thrive in the harsh, dry environments of Africa. ( ① ) Their unusual barrel-like trunks can reach 9m in diameter and act as a water tank that can store thousands of gallons of water. ( ② ) Their soft bark is spongy and has adapted to swell with absorbed water in the rainy season. Baobab trees have thick, gnarly branches that look like old roots sticking up in the air. ( ③ ) On the Kalahari Desert, human life would be almost impossible without the baobab. ( ④ ) These hollow trees with moisture-rich wood provide sources of water where none would otherwise exists. ( ⑤ ) Baobab trees are frequently referred to as Africa's tree of life.

65. 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The first African-American author to publish a book, Phillis Wheatley was a literary sensation in colonial-era Boston for the volume of poetry she wrote in 1773.

(A) In those times, her work astonished whites, many of whom refused to believe an African-American was capable of writing such elevated poetry. She never published again, however, and died in poverty ten years after the book's appearance.

(B) Many of her poems, heavily influenced by the English poet Alexander Pope, revolve around religious themes.

(C) Only a few of her poems refer to her own status as a slave, and even those references are usually oblique. Although raised as a slave, she learned to read and write and was freed by her owners following the book's publication.

① (A)―(C)―(B)          ② (A)―(B)―(C)

③ (B)―(A)―(C)          ④ (B)―(C)―(A)

⑤ (C)―(A)―(B)

12강

66. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recommending free trade to developing countries, western countries point out that all of the rich countries participate in free trade. This is,      (A)        , like people advising the parents of a young boy to make him get a job, arguing that successful adults don't live off their parents and, therefore, that being independent must be the reason for their success. In fact, most successful people are those who have been well supported by their parents when they were children.      (B)     , rich countries did not practice free trade until their producers were ready. They used various protection programs to help their producers build up their capabilities. So it makes sense to protect domestic industries through subsidies and other measures before they can build up their capabilities to compete with superior foreign producers.

(A)             (B)

① In contrast  …… Moreover

② however    …… In other words

③ however    …… Likewise

④ therefore    …… however

⑤ therefore    …… Furthermore

67. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In recommending free trade to developing countries, western countries point out that all of the rich countries participate in free trade. This is, however, like people advising the parents of a young boy to make him get a job, arguing that successful adults don't live off their parents and, therefore, that being independent must be the reason for their success. In fact, most successful people are those who have been well supported by their parents when they were children. Likewise, rich countries did not practice free trade until their producers were ready. They used various protection programs to help their producers build up their capabilities. So it makes sense to protect domestic industries through subsidies and other measures before they can build up their capabilities to compete with superior foreign producers.

① recommending free trade

② negotiating free trade

③ participating in free trade

④ protecting domestic industries from free trade

⑤ competing with superior foreign producers

68. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

If we are made to live in a small cottage and bend to the rule of an aristocrat occupying a castle, and yet we observe that our equals all live exactly as we do, then our condition will seem normal.

(A) Similarly, if we are short but live among people of our same height, we will not be troubled by questions of size.

(B) If, however, we have a pleasant home and a comfortable job but learn through attendance at a school reunion that some of our old friends now reside in houses grander than ours and have more enticing occupations, we are likely to return home lamenting misfortune.

(C) But if others in our group grow just a little taller than us, we are liable to feel sudden ease and to be troubled by dissatisfaction and envy, even though we have not ourselves diminished in size by so much as a fraction of a millimeter.

① (A) - (C) - (B)       ② (A) - (B) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)       ④ (B) - (A) - (C)

⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

69. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If we are made to live in a small cottage and bend to the rule of an aristocrat occupying a castle, and yet we observe that our equals all live exactly as we do, then our condition will seem normal. If, however, we have a pleasant home and a comfortable job but learn through attendance at a school reunion that some of our old friends now reside in houses grander than ours and have more enticing occupations, we are likely to return home lamenting misfortune. Similarly, if we are short but live among people of our same height, we will not be troubled by questions of size. But if others in our group grow just a little taller than us, we are liable to feel sudden ease and to be troubled by dissatisfaction and envy, even though we have not ourselves diminished in size by so much as a fraction of a millimeter.

① Better late than never.

② A bad workman blames his tools.

③ Do not put the cart before the horse.

④ A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

⑤ The grass is greener on the other side of the       fence.

70. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The deepest subconscious need that people have is the need to feel important. Since you have this need as well, whenever you focus on making other people feel important, you reinforce their self-image, increase their self-esteem, and make them feel happy about themselves ― and by extension, about yourself. Whenever you say or do anything                                 , you trigger a “boomerang” effect that causes your own self-esteem to go up at the same time and in the same measure. You can never do or say anything to make another person feel better about himself without simultaneously feeling better about yourself. Instead of trying to get other people to like you and be impressed by you, focus first on liking them and being impressed by them.

① to impress the need of another person

② to increase the subconsciousness of another         person

③ to focus the feeling of another person

④ to raise the self-esteem of another person

⑤ to reduce the effect of another person

13강

71. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Water is heavily subsidized, especially for agriculture, which (A) [saves / consumes] more water than all other uses combined. Nationwide, irrigation receives government subsidies totaling $2.5 billion. Because the government does not charge the full price of the water it provides, farmers have not always had sufficient incentive to (B) [converse / conserve] or to install more efficient irrigation systems. And manufacturers have not had enough of an incentive to develop water-saving devices. If farmers had to pay the full cost of the water they use, they would use less of it. When farmers in some parts of Texas have been forced to (C) [adopt / adapt] water-efficiency measures because their water supply was running out, they have been able to reduce their use considerably. So there is much to be gained by setting the price of water accurately.

(A)            (B)         (C)

□ saves        converse      adapt

□ saves        converse      adopt

□ consumes    converse      adapt

□ consumes    conserve      adopt

□ consumes    conserve      adapt

72. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Water is heavily subsidized, especially for agriculture, which consumes more water than all other uses combined. Nationwide, irrigation receives government subsidies totaling $2.5 billion. Because the government does not charge the full price of the water it provides, farmers have not always had sufficient incentive to conserve or to install more efficient irrigation systems. And manufacturers have not had enough of an incentive to develop water-saving devices. If farmers had to pay the full cost of the water they use, they would use less of it. When farmers in some parts of Texas have been forced to adopt water-efficiency measures because their water supply was running out, they have been able to reduce their use considerably. So there is much to be gained by ___________________________.

① setting the price of water accurately.

② giving incentives to farmers who use water-saving     machines.

③ spending government subsidies on developing       water-efficiency measures.

④ Encouraging the government to subsidize water      more.

⑤ building more reservoirs in farming area.

73. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many children in poor countries are bound to perform poorly in school, (A) [what / whatever] their innate ability may be. Some of them go hungry at home and also skip lunch at school. This makes it impossible for them to concentrate, with predictable results for their academic performance. If the kids' parents are illiterate or have to work long hours, they will have no one to help them with their homework. (B) [Helping / Helped]  or not, they may not even have enough time for homework, if they have to take care of younger siblings or tend the family goats. (C) [Giving / Given] all this, as far as we accept that we should not punish children for having poor parents, we should take action to ensure that all children have some minimum amounts of food, healthcare and help with their homework. Much of this should be provided through public policy. In most poor countries, however, the budget is limited. The solution is up to you, the world citizen! Your small contribution will help save the children from a life of poverty, sickness, and malnutrition.

(A)          (B)         (C)

① whatever …… Helping …… Giving

② whatever …… Helping …… Given

③ whatever …… Helped  …… Given

④ what     …… Helped  …… Giving

⑤ what     …… Helped  …… Given

74. 글의 흐름상 주어진 글이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

That is why the federal government needs to step in and provide an incentive to allow the industry to get over that hurdle.

In addition to providing the largest source of emission-free electricity, nuclear energy possesses the most viable solution to our overreliance on foreign oil. ( ① ) The nuclear industry is mature in the sense that it has been safely, efficiently, and effectively producing electricity for several decades. ( ② ) But we have not brought a new nuclear plant on line for over a decade and a new project will face some uncertainties. ( ③ ) The costs of the first few plants will be higher than those that are built later. ( ④ ) Because the business risks will be greater for the initial few projects, financing will be more difficult to obtain. ( ⑤ )

75. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When health officials were concerned about West Nile virus, they (A) [complimented / implemented] widespread programs to kill mosquitoes. But pesticides used against mosquitoes were so deadly, and used in such a broad manner, that they also caused the death of birds and pollinators such butterflies and bees, (B) [disrupting / interrupting] agriculture. Recently some infectious strains of flu jumped from birds to humans, and global health organizations reacted by killing large numbers of poultry in flocks where cases of flu showed up. Then health authorities recommended killing wild birds, or cutting down trees where wild birds roost, to (C) [encourage / discourage] spread of bird flu. But I want to point out that wild birds are also important members of their natural environments. Unlike culling domestic bird flocks, this plan can be devastating. I hope an ecological tragedy will not repeat itself.

① complimented …… encourage …… encourage

② complimented …… disrupting …… discourage

③ implemented  …… disrupting …… encourage

④ implemented  …… disrupting …… discourage

⑤ implemented  …… encourage …… discourage

14강

76. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Purses represent ____________. In them you carry your passport, credit cards, driver's license, and personal objects such as photos, membership cards and so on. All these items give clues about who you are and the kind of interests you have. So if you dream of a purse, you may interpret the dream in this regard. Is your dream wallet full or empty? Doesn't this relate to your current financial situation? Do you see a very expensive designer purse in your dream? Then you may feel a need to have a more glamorous image. A worn purse may symbolize feelings of being worn out. So if you dream of a worn purse, think about if you need to freshen up your identity, to give yourself a polish so that you look brightened. If your dream purse is in need of repair, ask yourself what it is you might lose if you don't make some repairs.

① reality        ② wealth         ③ identity

④ authority      ⑤ greed

77. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

War work gave women a new sense of pride and confidence.

As millions of men left to fight in World War 1, women took over their jobs and kept national economies going. Many women worked in war industries, manufacturing weapons and supplies. ① Others joined women's branches of the armed forces. ② When food shortages threatened Britain, volunteers in the Women's Land Army went to the fields to grow their nation's food. ③ Nurses shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they tended. At aid stations close to the front lines, nurses often worked around the clock. ④ They challenged the idea that women could not handle demanding and dangerous jobs. ⑤ In many countries, including Britain, Germany, and the United States, it was women's support for winning the war that helped them finally win the right to vote.

78. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

As millions of men left to fight in World War 1, women took over their jobs and kept national economies going. Many women worked in war industries, manufacturing weapons and supplies. Others joined women's branches of the armed forces. When food shortages threatened Britain, volunteers in the Women's Land Army went to the fields to grow their nation's food. Nurses shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they tended. At aid stations close to the front lines, nurses often worked around the clock. War work gave women a new sense of                    . They challenged the idea that women could not handle demanding and dangerous jobs. In many countries, including Britain, Germany, and the United States, it was women's support for winning the war that helped them finally win the right to vote.

① pride and confidence

② ambitious with variety

③ patients with composure

④ elegant with beauty

⑤ kindness and altruism

79. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a reason other than the environment for reducing consumption. Deep down inside, and sometimes close to the surface, we feel that our society places too great an emphasis on money-making and material possessions. According to a survey, most people express concern that greed and materialism dominate our lives, crowding out a more meaningful set of values centered on family and community. We want financial security and material comforts, but we feel that                                      . An overemphasis on making money to obtain more and more possessions does not lead to greater satisfaction. Instead, it takes time away from such important activities as building a close-knit community, spending time with our family, teaching children sound values, and developing new skills and interests.

① profitable line of thought

② more people become indifferent to the spread of     prosperity

③ materialism has thrown our lives out of balance

④ cooperating with people leads to wrong             consequences

⑤ satisfy when we make decisions ourselves

80. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은?

The moon is more than a quarter the diameter of the Earth, which makes the Earth the only planet in the solar system with a sizeable moon in comparison to itself. Then what difference does it make to us? ① Without the Moon's steadying influence, the Earth would wobble like a dying top causing dramatic changes in climate and weather. ② The Moon's steady gravitational influence keeps the Earth spinning at the right speed and angle to provide the sort of stability necessary for the long and successful development of life. ③ It goes round the Earth once every four weeks, and as it does so its appearance changes from a circle to part of a circle. This won't go on forever. ④ The Moon is slipping from our planet at a rate of about 1.5 inches a year. ⑤In another two billion years it will have receded so far that it won't keep us steady and we will have to come up with some other solution, but in the meantime you should think of it as much more than just a pleasant feature in the night sky.

81. 달에 관한 설명으로 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The moon is more than a quarter the diameter of the Earth, which makes the Earth the only planet in the solar system with a sizeable moon in comparison to itself. Then what difference does it make to us? Without the Moon's steadying influence, the Earth would wobble like a dying top causing dramatic changes in climate and weather. The Moon's steady gravitational influence keeps the Earth spinning at the right speed and angle to provide the sort of stability necessary for the long and successful development of life. This won't go on forever. The Moon is slipping from our planet at a rate of about 1.5 inches a year. In another two billion years it will have receded so far that it won't keep us steady and we will have to come up with some other solution, but in the meantime you should think of it as much more than just a pleasant feature in the night sky.

① 달의 크기는 태양계의 다른 그것보다 상대적으로     크다.

② 달은 지구의 안정화에 큰 영향을 미친다.

③ 달은 지구 주위를 영원히 돌지는 않을 것이다.

④ 달은 1년에 1.5인치의 속도로 지구로 미끄러져 오     고 있다

⑤ 20억년이 지나면 달의 영향력은 거의 사라진다.

82. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Would you eat a bat? In the Seychelles Islands, bat is a delicacy - it tastes something like chicken. What we will eat has  few to do with logic and has everything to do with what we believe is food. In short, ______________________. Some of the most nutritious foods are not eaten in North America because they are viewed as disgusting. For instance, fried termites, a favorite in Zaire, have more protein than beef does; spiders are nutritious and in many countries are eaten as tasty treats. At the same time, people from  other cultures might be nauseated by some of North America's favorite foods, such as pizza and ice cream.  Even when people are starving to death, they will refuse to eat perfectly nutritious substances. People died in Naples in 1770 because they were  suspicious of the potatoes sent to relieve their famine; in Ireland, many of those who died in the potato famine refused to eat com sent from America.

① the traditional food reflects world views

② the culture determines what we eat

③ African insets has the nutritional values

④ you win and keep your health with diet

⑤ we should avoid cultural misunderstandings

15강

83. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

What you do in the 15 to 30 minutes after eating your evening meal sends powerful signals to your metabolism. You'll set the stage for more vigor throughout the evening hours along with a weight-loss benefit if you stay active after your meal. Among many possible activities, walking is one of the easiest ways to get some minutes of exercise after a meal. In fact, research shows that if you walk after a meal, you may burn 15 percent more calories than if you walk the same time, distance, and intensity on an empty stomach. A single l0 minute walk after eating supper may trigger a 2-hour boost in your well-being by raising your energy levels. In addition, a walk can make evening family time more enjoyable and invigorating and may also help prevent cravings for high-fat foods.

① 걷기 운동은 생활에 활력을 가져다준다.

② 식후 운동은 체중을 줄이는 효과가 있다.

③ 신체적으로 건강한 사람은 심리적으로 쾌활하다.

④ 저녁 식사 후 걷기 운동은 여러 가지 이점이 있다.

⑤ 저녁 식사 후 걷기 운동은 가장 손쉬운 방법이다.

84. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1700s, barbers not only gave haircuts and shaves but also pulled teeth, and did bloodletting, which means the withdrawal of blood from a patient to cure disease. During the bloodletting, patients were instructed to hold on to a pole in such a way as to cause the veins in their arms to swell and the blood to flow freely. This pole was usually painted red to hide the blood spatters, and when it was not in use, it was left outside to air. Around the pole were usually wrapped white bandages, which were also put out to air, and this red and white combination soon came to symbolize barbershops. After barbers no longer did bloodletting, someone got the idea of using poles painted with red, white, and blue stripes as the barbershop symbol.

① Importance of cleanliness

② The origin of barbershop symbol

③ Role of barbers in the past

④ Effective way of hemostatic

⑤ an epoch-making of technology of haircut

85. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Disposable cups, plates, hats, napkins, and party decorations are essentials of your child's birthday party. But unless you make greener choices, many of these items will still be in landfills when your child celebrates his or her 90th birthday. Avoid disposable plastic, polystyrene, and non-recycled paper products altogether; they're not biodegradable. For party basics, look for bio-plastics and natural fiber ware made from corn, sugar cane, and bamboo, or 100 percent recycled paper products that are tree-friendly, biodegradable, or recyclable. Buy birthday candles made from soy or beeswax, because traditional candles are often made from paraffin, which is derived from petroleum.

① 생일 파티에 사용할 일회용품을 홍보하려고

② 생일 파티 용품을 절약해야 됨을 알리려고

③ 일회용품 사용으로 많은 자원들이 소모됨을 알리     려고

④ 친환경적인 파티 용품을 사용할 것을 권유하려고

⑤ 콩이나 밀랍으로 만든 초를 사용해보라고 권유하     려고

86. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

What you do in the 15 to 30 minutes after eating your evening meal sends powerful signals to your metabolism. You'll set the stage for more vigor.  throughout the evening hours along with a weight-loss benefit if you stay active after your meal. Among many possible activities, walking is one of the easiest ways to get some minutes of exercise after a meal. (A)             , research shows that if you walk after a meal, you may burn 15 percent more calories than if you walk the same time, distance, and intensity on an empty stomach. A single 10-minute walk after eating supper may trigger a 2-hour boost in your well-being by raising your energy levels. (B)           , a walk can make evening family time more enjoyable and invigorating and may also help prevent cravings for high-fat foods.

(A)              (B)

① likewise     …… because

② because     …… however

③ in fact      …… in addition

④ for example …… in fact

⑤ moreover    …… similarly

87. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

It does not take much for           to escalate into greater conflict. Take a look at some of these seemingly petty agrements that grew into a full-blown war. A dispute between the cities of Modena and Bologna over a well bucket about nine hundred years ago began a war that devastated Europe. Sweden and Poland fought in 1654 because the king of Sweden discovered that his name in an official dispatch was followed only by two honorary titles, while the king of Poland had three. The spilling of a glass of water over the Marquis de Torey led to a war between France and England. By throwing a pebble at the Due de Guise, a small boy caused the massacre of Vassy and the Thirty Years' War.

① hardship          ② intolerance

③ integrity           ④ disability

⑤ adversity

16강

88. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The most obvious fact which philosophers refuse ①to see is that we have got a body. Tired of seeing our mortal imperfections and our savage instincts and impulses, sometimes our preachers wish that we were made like angels. And yet we are at a total loss to imagine what the angels' life would be ②alike. We either give the angels a body and a shape like our own -except for a pair of wings -- or we ③don't. It is interesting that the general conception of an angel is still ④that of a human body with a pair of wings. I sometimes think that it is an advantage even for an angel to have a body with the five senses. If I ⑤were to be an angel, I should like to have a school-girl complexion, but how am I going to have a school-girl complexion without a skin?

89. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Strictly speaking, art is never naturalistic in the sense of being an exact copy of reality. The artist always differs from a photographer in giving values which nature does not supply, in stressing this or that part of his canvas, because either he individually or his school considers such emphasis essential. This is as true of the drama as it is of painting or sculpture. Shakespeare was more realistic than the French dramatists in making the rabble speak like common folk. But he, too, made Greeks and Romans converse in English and crowded a quite unusual series of events within the scope of an evening's entertainment. Realism, therefore, is a __________ term, never to be taken absolutely. We speak of a style as realistic when it recognizably pictures something real, but it is always a matter of tradition which part of reality the artist insists on showing and which he ignores.

① natural        ② absolute        ③ relative

④ objective      ⑤ realistic

90. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In 1949 Dr. Thomas Jukes discovered that animals fed small doses of antibiotics gained weight faster. In the early 1950s farmers began to incorporate antibiotics into livestock feed to both promote growth, and thus cut production cost, and also to treat subclinical diseases - diseases that do not cause obvious symptoms but nevertheless are potentially dangerous to the animal. (A)____________, scientists began to realize that the use of antibiotics in this way was not without consequences. Many research bodies have found that antibiotic use in livestock could enhance development of antibiotic resistance. In 1969 the Swann Committee in England recommended that antibiotics only be used to treat animals when prescribed by a veterinarian. (B)____________, the Swann Committee report stated that penicillin and tetracycline should not be used at subtherapeutic doses for growth promotion. In the early 1970s, most Western European countries banned the two drugs for livestock use.

(A)             (B)

① Therefore   …… Moreover

② However    …… Moreover

③ However    …… Likewise

④ Therefore    …… however

⑤ In addiiton   …… Furthermore

17강

91. 다음 글의 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Descartes' famous conclusion, cogito ergo sum-J think, therefore J am-came at the end of a project to subject all of his beliefs to radical doubt. In other words, Descartes set out to decline any belief he could not know for certain to be true.      (A)    , he rejected his belief in the world of sensory experience because he believed his senses could be deceived. However, he found one belief he could not doubt-that he was thinking. Descartes claimed it was impossible for him to doubt that he was thinking, because in doubting this, he would be thinking. Then, Descartes declared, if he knew for certain that he was thinking, he knew for certain that he existed.     (B)    , Descartes had found one unquestionable belief - belief in his own existence.

(A)               (B)

① Therefore     …… Moreover

② Therefore      …… Thus

③ For example   …… Thus

④ For example   …… however

⑤ In other words …… however

92. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

During adolescence individuals feel attracted to people of the opposite sex. However, not all attraction can be categorized as sexual attraction. In the age of adolescence, a boy and a girl may like to talk to each other, praise their intellect and beauty, and share their books and notes, but all these are simply likeness and friendship. In addition, at this age young people witness change in their bodies and become indifferent to know the opposite sex. This is a normal process of growing up. But if not handled properly, this curiosity may help the adolescent's understanding of the opposite sex. Therefore, adolescence is the right time to help them understand the process of change so that they can take it as a normal and natural aspect of life and show _________________ for each other.

□ mutual respect

□ great creativity

□ endless conflict

□ infinite patience

□ subjective view

93. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

During adolescence individuals feel attracted to people of the opposite sex. However, not all attraction can be categorized as sexual attraction. In the age of adolescence, a boy and a girl may like to talk to each other, ①praise their intellect and beauty, and share their books and notes, but all these are simply ②likeness and friendship. In addition, at this age young people witness change in their bodies and become ③indifferent to know the opposite sex. This is a normal process of growing up. But if not handled properly, this curiosity may □help the adolescent's understanding of the opposite sex. Therefore, adolescence is the right time to help them understand the process of change so that they can take it as a normal and natural aspect of life and show ⑤mutual respect for each other.

94. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the Philippines, the rural poor venture into steep, mountainous terrain to clear forests to make room for crops. To prevent widespread  destruction of these regions, government agencies devised numerous demonstration plots to introduce agroforestry practices to the rural people. Because deforestation of steep hillsides leads to soil erosion, the first step in these projects was to stabilize the soil by landing bamboo poles along the foothills. The bamboo barriers capture soil, preventing it from washing down the slope. Fast-growing trees were then planted along the foothills; the trees provide wood for fuel and leaves for animal feed and soil enrichment. Fruit trees like mango and food crops like pineapple were planted in the fields. Today, the agroforestry plots provide a year-round food and fuel supply for the people. By stabilizing the soil and getting more food and fuel, they reduce the need to ______________________.

□ use harmful chemicals on crops

□ water the garden in this dry climate

□ cut down more trees

□ make more paper

□ mine minerals

95. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The idea of making clean and disposable paper cups available at public water fountains gained currency at the beginning of the twentieth century. One group of Boston investors saw money to be made in such an enterprise, and they were looking to form a company to manufacture a drinking cup that could be dispensed from a vending machine in exchange for a coin. The investor group was planning to employ a design for a paper cup that would be stored and dispensed in a flat, folded configuration, and that could be opened to receive water from a nearby cooler. The idea made sense. After all, paper bags were stored in a flat, folded configuration and were opened only when they were used. Machines that made paper bags had long been operating, and it would have been                                to make similar machines for the manufacture of folded paper cups.

① overcome present troubles

② payment for over time

③ achievement in daily lives

④ no great leap of technology

⑤ opportunities to manipulation

18강

96. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

I'm sure you have at one time or another gone to fetch something from another room ― only to find that when you get there you have forgotten what (A)it was you carne for. The most effective way to solve this is to go back to the original room, where the memory often immediately comes back. The reason for this is probably that the original room contains many cues which help you reconstruct the original thought. So if your class meets in one room all semester and then you take the final in a different room, your ability to recall study material is increased. And the same effect applies to your physiological state: If you learn all your best jokes while drinking beer in campus bars, you're more likely to recall those jokes when you're in __________________.

□ love with someone

□ a controlling relationship

□ that identical surroundings

□ emotional distress

□ that unfamiliar state and environment

97. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The work on the Hopi, a native American people, contributed to the formulation of a language hypothesis which states that language creates                      through which humans make sense of the world. The proposition is that the world is filtered through the conceptual grids produced by language, and the routine and regular use of particular languages produces habitual thought patterns which are culturally specific. The culturally specific nature of thought, language and action raises questions about the possibility of understanding the meanings of other cultures. How can we represent the thought of others when that thought is expressed in a language that is not our own and which has its own mental categories?

① representing others

② mental categories

③ enthusiastic technical

④ both reward and punishment

⑤ sense of belonging

98. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the children's story about mice and a cat, the mice decide that life would be much safer if a bell were tied around the eat's neck. That way they could be warned if the cat were approaching. The problem is, who will risk his life to bell the cat? This is a problem for both mice and men. How can relatively small armies of occupying powers or tyrants control very large populations for long periods? Why is a planeload of people powerless before a single hijacker with a gun? In both cases, a simultaneous move by the masses standing a very good chance of success. But ________________ required for such action is difficult, and the oppressors, knowing the power of the masses, take special steps to keep it difficult. When the people must act individually and hope that the momentum will build up, the question arises, “Who is going to be the first?”

□ the cooperation and diligence

□ the communication and coordination

□ the honesty and justice

□ the peace and love

□ the courage and confidence

99. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the children's story about mice and a cat, the mice decide that life would be much safer if a bell were tied around the eat's neck. That way they could be warned if the cat were approaching. The problem is, who will risk his life to bell the cat? This is a problem for both mice and men. How can relatively small armies of occupying powers or tyrants control very large populations for long periods? Why is a planeload of people powerless before a single hijacker with a gun? In both cases, a simultaneous move by the masses standing a very good chance of success. But the communication and coordination required for such action is difficult, and the oppressors, knowing the power of the masses, take special steps to keep it difficult. When the people must act individually and hope that the momentum will build up, the question arises, “______________________”

□ How is the situation?

□ What is it like?

□ When do we catch the cat?

□ Where is the cat?

□ Who is going to be the first?

21~32강

100. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Students who "tweet" during class might not be ignoring the lecturers' untold wisdom - they might be assessing the quality of the teaching. The microblogging website Twitter has turned out to be a useful way for academic institutions to gather course data as a term progresses. Stefan Stieger and Christoph Burger at the University of Vienna in Austria wondered whether there was a better way to assess teaching quality than with end-of-term polls. So they recruited 26 students and polled their views weekly via tweets, marking the course on a scale of I to 9. The ____________ of the poll provided fresh insight into the quality of teaching, without the heavy administrative efforts normally needed to compare the data.

□ frequency             □ immediacy

□ participation           □ investigation

□ exertion

101. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many stores today offer a free card that allows instant price reductions. The customer must sign up for the card and (A)[reveal / conceal] some information, such as age and gender. The store then uses "data mining" to better target its sales campaigns. Data mining is a computer technology where computers sift through extensive data to (B)[subtract / extract] patterns, identify relationships, and allow for predictions. For instance, if patterns show that diapers are purchased before 3 p.m., and most wine is purchased after 3 p.m. by men aged 46 to 55, then the store can move diapers to a (C) [obscure / prominent], high-traffic location during the day. Then after 3 p.m. the store can move the diapers out and the wine into the same prominent location, along with items that men in the 46 to 55 age range also purchase.

(A)     (B)      (C)

① reveal - extract - obscure

② reveal - subtract - prominent

③ reveal - extract - prominent

④ conceal - subtract - obscure

⑤ conceal - extract - prominent

102. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In 1860, Philip Reis invented what he described as an "artificial ear." This crude instrument worked - but poorly. So Reis kept tinkering with it. He worked on his telephone for several years, and his models became more and more sophisticated. Eventually, Reis sent some improved models of his telephone to scientists around the world. They could transmit music fairly well, but speech was difficult to understand. Most scientists at the time regarded the Reis telephone as little more than a toy. Crushed, he abandoned his work and died in 1874. Two years later, Alexander Graham Bell filed the patent that earned him the glory and financial rewards of telephone invention. Sometimes, being first doesn't mean being famous.

① as a very useful device

② to be invented later

③ as one that can help people a lot

④ as little more than a toy

⑤ with a great curiosity

103. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

If you look at the evolutionary anatomy of eyes, you'll notice some major differences between humans and animals. For one, humans have their eyes set closer together than many other animals, which gives us wonderful depth perception. In exchange, we lose some of the great peripheral vision that helps to protect cows. In a way, that makes us a species with blinders on - because we have binocular vision. The other interesting evolutionary element about our eyes is that little reddish-pink fleshy substance on the inside of comer of your eye. It's called a car uncle. That's actually a remnant of the reptilian eye. Because reptiles have to see in fresh water which can be irritating when it interacts with the salt in their bodies, a clear lid covers their eyes. Since humans don't need that flap to live in air,                            .

① it still remains unclear

② we often take it seriously

③ we lost it through evolution.

④ it settled in another part of our body

⑤ we have tried to remove from our eyes

104. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mary T. is but one patient who typifies the typical sleeping pill (A)[abuser / agent]. She is hooked to caffeine to keep her charged through the day, and then finds herself staying up late at night to finish housework and plan for the next busy day. Once her kids have gone to bed, it's hard not to start munching on sugary foods that keep her awake, which (B)[prevents / presents] her body from slowing down for a good night's sleep. That's usually when she logs online to take care of e-mail and surf the Internet. By the time she knows it's time for bed, she has to take a sleeping pill, and the (C)[vicious / vigorous] cycle repeats itself the next day.

(A)       (B)        (C)

□ abuser   prevents   vicious

□ abuser   prevents   vigorous

□ abuser   presents   vicious

□ agent    presents   vigorous

□ agent    presents   vicious

105. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mary T. is but one patient who typifies the typical sleeping pill abuser. She is hooked to caffeine to keep her charged through the day, and then finds herself staying up late at night to finish housework and plan for the next busy day. Once her kids have gone to bed, it's hard not to start munching on sugary foods that keep her awake, which prevents her body from slowing down for a good night's sleep. That's usually when she logs online to take care of e-mail and surf the Internet. By the time she knows it's time for bed, she has to take a sleeping pill, and the vicious cycle repeats itself the next day.

□ The Vicious Cycle of Sleeping Trouble

□ The Cause of Insomnia

□ The Side Effect of Sleeping Pills

□ The Method of Sound Sleep

□ The Cure of Sleep Deprivation

106. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

If you look at the evolutionary anatomy of eyes, you'll notice some major differences between humans and animals. For one, humans have their eyes set closer together than many other animals, which gives us wonderful depth perception. In exchange, we lose some of the great peripheral vision that helps to protect cows. In a way, that makes us a species with blinders on - because we have binocular vision. The other interesting evolutionary element about our eyes is that little reddish-pink fleshy substance on the inside of comer of your eye. It's called a car uncle. That's actually a remnant of the reptilian eye. Because reptiles have to see in fresh water which can be irritating when it interacts with the salt in their bodies, a clear lid covers their eyes. Since humans don't need that flap to live in air,                            .

① it still remains unclear

② we often take it seriously

③ we lost it through evolution.

④ it settled in another part of our body

⑤ we have tried to remove from our eyes

107. 다음 글의 문화인류학에 대한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Whereas general anthropology combines both nature and culture in its conceptual framework, social and cultural anthropologists are concerned with human beliefs and behavior that are not explicable in terms of biology. The basic assumption in sociocultural anthropology is that the range of variation in human belief and behavior cannot be explained by or reduced to biology. This does not mean that social and cultural anthropologists deny that biology has any influence on social life; to do so would be ridiculous. What it does mean is that they treat human biological make-up as a constant, and attempt to explain the range of social and cultural variation that is not reducible to biology. Actually, this merely confirms the importance of a fundamental principle of logic: a constant cannot explain variation, the constant in this case being biology.

① 일반 인류학보다 다루는 범위가 좁다

② 인류의 믿음과 행동이 단순히 생물학으로는          설명되지 않는다고 가정한다

③ 사회, 문화적 요인에서 변수가 유래한다고 본         다

④ 생물학이 인간의 사회적 활동에 영향을 미치         지 않는다고 본다

⑤ 논리를 설명하는데 있어서 생물학을 항수로          본다

108. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Definitions of culture typically espouse either a materialistic or an ideological perspective. The classic materialistic interpretation of culture focuses on behavior. In this view, culture is the sum of a social group's observable patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life. On the other hand, the ideological definition of culture excludes behavior and comprises the ideas, beliefs, and knowledge that characterize a particular group of people. This second-and currently popular-definition emphasizes that culture shapes a group's basic systems for seeing and interpreting the world around them.  Obviously, ethnographers need to know about both cultural behavior and cultural knowledge to describe a culture or subculture adequately. Although neither definition is sufficient, each offers them a starting point and a perspective from which to approach the group under study.

① both definitions are necessary for logical          thinking

② neither definition is sufficient

③ the two definitions can support each other

④ both definitions are totally different from             each other

⑤ either can fully describe the concept of              culture

109. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

On the other hand, the ideological definition of culture excludes behavior and comprises the ideas, beliefs, and knowledge that characterize a particular group of people.

Definitions of culture typically espouse either a materialistic or an ideological perspective. ( □ ) The classic materialistic interpretation of culture focuses on behavior. ( ② ) In this view, culture is the sum of a social group's observable patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life. ( □ )  This second-and currently popular-definition emphasizes that culture shapes a group's basic systems for seeing and interpreting the world around them. ( □ ) Obviously, ethnographers need to know about both cultural behavior and cultural knowledge to describe a culture or subculture adequately. ( □ ) Although neither definition is sufficient, each offers them a starting point and a perspective from which to approach the group under study.

110. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Participating in sports is quite different from watching sports. Yet in sport studies, these two activities are often lumped together statistically and anecdotally. Combining them only adds to the confusion of the value of each and interferes with the assessment of the overall influence of sports.

(A) But if we look at participation, football is popular only through high school and only with boys. Beyond the age of 18, tackle football is not a reasonable option due to the number of players required, lack of equipment, and risk of injury.

(B) Therefore, it is more accurate to say that football is the most popular spectator sport in the United States but rates far down the list in terms of participation.

(C) For example, many people would rate tackle football as the most popular sport in the United States. Based on spectator interest, this is a reasonable conclusion.

① (A) - (C) - (B)       ② (A) - (B) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)       ④ (B) - (A) - (C)

⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

111. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

But the truths of dance are not on the other side.

Periodically, one or another dance organization, to promote mutual understanding, will stage a choreographers-meet-the-critics symposium. ①At such gatherings someone always asks the critics whether, when they set out to review something, they bother to find out what the artist is trying to do, what his or her intention is. ② I take this to be a very naive question, and very demeaning to choreographers, as if their work were so obscure and incomplete that it needed to carry a statement of intent. ③ Worse, it implies that the truth of a dance lies somewhere other than in the dance, whereas the real event is the intellectual process that supposedly underlies it.  ④ They are in the very bones of the dance, which our bones know how to read, if we let them. ⑤

112. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Football, and undoubtedly other sports, contribute greatly to the construction of a _____________ for adolescents. Because football allows boys to compete with one another, free from parental supervision, it is a key experience for those who engage in it. Unlike the demands of teachers concerning scholastic efforts, football brings immediate rewards of recognition and status. This,   of course, is of immense importance to college and high school students who are otherwise generally controlled by adults. Adults have power and are in control over all social institutions as well as the home and the school which adolescents live. The sports field, however, is the territory of the adolescent himself. There he rules and parents, teachers, and others sit on the sidelines. It is on the football field that boys can earn the praise of families and friends.

□ sense of selight

□ sense of self

□ sense of justice

□ sense of citizenship

□ sense of time

113. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Thirty years ago I started working in a world-famous multinational company. By way of encouragement, my employers produced an outline of my future career. 'This will be your life,' they said, 'with titles of likely jobs.' The outline ended, I remember, with myself as chief executive of a particular company in a particular far-off country. I was, at the time, suitably encouraged. Nevertheless, I left them long before I had reached the heights they had planned for me, and by then I knew that not only did the job they had picked out no longer exist, neither did the company I would have directed nor even the country in which I was to have operated. Thirty years ago I thought that life would be one long continuous line, sloping upward with luck. Today I know better.

① 오직 한길을 향해 나아가는 자에게 성공이 보장된다.

② 인생은 계획대로 순탄하게 전개되는 것 만은 아니다.

③ 인생계획은 좀 더 구체적으로 설계되어야 한다.

④ 다른 사람에게 자신의 인생계획을 맡기지 말라.

⑤ 끝까지 포기하지 말고 성공을 향해 나아가라.

114. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

These are the teens we have created: mindless consumers, dressed from head to toe in the outfit prescribed by ①specialized divisions of the music and fashion industries, isolated from their heritages and their elders, ②producing nothing of value for their families or their society, ③obsessed with non-issues fed to them by ghostly heroes. The young men next to me seemed content in their ignorance, but many of their peers want more, and they often don't know how to express their legitimate needs and desires. I no longer have any doubt about ④that disenchanted American teens need, no matter how ⑤inappropriately they may sometimes choose to express what they want. They need to be reconnected with the adult world - the world they will inevitably join before their skateboard ever reconnects with the ground.

115. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Besides, futurists are not so much interested in predicting as in creating desirable futures; the stress is not on what will be but what can or should be.

Futurists are not prophets. ① They do not "predict" what will happen. ②  They employ devices, ranging from extremely simple to highly sophisticated, to detect trends. ③ However, their output is not a "fine" projection but an array of possibilities - a multiple series of alternatives, not a fixed singularity. ④ Futurists leap ahead to the future not so that they may stay in an escapist never-never land, but so that they can lure that future into the present and negotiate with it while the options are to be chosen rather than imposed. ⑤ If there is indeed the prospect of future shock, then dealing with it now may transform future shock into something less intimidating.

116. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In natural environment known as ecosystem, marvelous natural events take  place from time to time. Related to one of these events is ecosystem resilience. This refers to the ability of an ecosystem to return to normal functioning after a disturbance, such as a fire or flood. Fire can appear to be a highly destructive disturbance to a forested landscape. Nevertheless, fire releases nutrients that nourish a new crop of plants, and in a short time, the burned area is repopulated with trees and is indistinguishable from the surrounding area. The processes of replenishment of nutrients, rapid regrowth of plant cover, and succession to a forest can all be thought of as resilience mechanisms. Therefore, resilience helps maintain the ____________ of ecosystem.

□ sustainability         □ susceptibility

□ change              □ quality

□ immunity

117. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In natural environment known as ecosystem, marvelous natural events take  place from time to time. Related to one of these events is ecosystem resilience. This refers to the ability of an ecosystem to return to normal functioning after a disturbance, such as a fire or flood. Fire can appear to be a highly destructive disturbance to a forested landscape. Nevertheless, fire releases nutrients that nourish a new crop of plants, and in a short time, the burned area is repopulated with trees and is indistinguishable from the surrounding area. The processes of replenishment of nutrients, rapid regrowth of plant cover, and succession to a forest can all be thought of as resilience mechanisms. Therefore, resilience helps maintain the sustainability of ecosystem.

□ Fire : something necessary for ecosystem           resilience

□ Nature disaster : the disturbance beyond human's    ability

□ Pollution : the biggest enemy for preserving        nature

□ Ecosystem that needs artificial intervention of       human being

□ The survival of the fittest in Ecosystem

118. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Frogs and other amphibians are good indicators of environmental change for two reasons. First, they live both in water and on land, and disturbances to either of these habitats can (A)[affect / effect] their health and abundance. Second, frogs live in almost constant contact with the environment. Because their skin is permeable to water and oxygen, contaminants can be transferred directly from the environment into their bodies; and because the skin lacks protective scales or hair, it is directly exposed to damage from such environmental factors as high levels of ultraviolet radiation. The eggs, too, are generally delicate and unprotected and therefore (B)[immune / vulnerable] to contaminants and environmental disturbance. Many biologists regard frogs as an ecosystem's canary in a mine: when amphibians begin to (C)[appear / disappear], it is a clear warning that all is not well in their environment.

(A)        (B)         (C)

□ affect     immune     appear

□ affect     immune     disappear

□ affect     vulnerable   disappear

□ effect     vulnerable   disappear

□ effect     vulnerable   appear

119. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Why were Matisse's paintings considered so shocking when they were debuted? In 1905 Matisse, along with several other artists, exhibited works at Paris' Salon d' Automne. The wildly colorful paintings on display there are said to have prompted an art critic to exclaim that they were Jauves, or "wild beasts." The name stuck: Matisse and his contemporaries who were using brilliant colors in an arbitrary fashion became known as the fauves. His famous work Madame Matisse showed his wife with blue hair and a green stripe running down the middle of her face, which was colored pink on one side of her nose and yellow on the other. Matisse was at the forefront of a movement that was building new artistic values. The Jauves were not using color in a scientific manner, and nor were they using it in the non-descriptive manner of Paul Gaugin and Vincent van Gogh.

□ matisse의 그림들은 데뷔당시 충격적으로 받아들여    졌다.

② matisse의 그림이 “야수” 라고 최초로 호칭된 것은    미술작품의 비평가들로 부터였다.

□ matisse는 임의의 방식으로 화려한 색깔을 이용하    였다.

□ matisse의 대표작인 madame matisse는 그의 아내    를 사실적으로 표현하였다.

□ 야수파는 비과학적방식을 고집하였으며, 고갱이나    고희의 비묘사적방식을 채택하지 않았다.

120. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Basic to an empathic exchange is __________. The distressed person needs to believe that the listener really wants to understand and will maintain privacy, withhold judgment, and  reserve advice for the ripe moment. There is a great deal of literature on empathic listening, but since interactions are two-way it is important to be aware of empathic responding. Comments should be  brief, concrete, direct, and jargon-free. Tone and inflection should promote sharing and be harmonious with body language. Saying, "Of course, I'm concerned," in an angry way, while thumbing through a stack of papers, presents too many interpretations and squelches sharing. Perhaps the best kind of response is  reflective -- a simple reiteration or rephrasing of the speaker's current emotions, perceptions, and plans. Respect for people includes  faith that, given time, they can find solutions for themselves.

□ gift         □ respect       □ honesty

□ emotion     □ reason

121. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Concerns about popular culture are often masked attempts to condemn the tastes of less powerful social groups. Popular culture has always been viewed as less valuable than "high" culture, which is supposed to make you more refined, like going to the ballet, the opera, or the symphony. Throughout history people have been ready to believe the worst about the "low" culture of the common folk, such as bowling and wrestling. It's more socially acceptable to make fun of something working-class people might enjoy than to appear snobbish by criticizing people for their economic status. The same is true of criticizing rap music rather than African-American youth directly. In other words, popular culture is frequently used as a substitute for hostility and so we criticize a group's cultural preferences rather than openly express hostility towards the group.

① The Snobbish Culture of the Common Folk

② The Cultural Degradation of Black People

③ The Intention of Ridiculing Popular Culture

④ The Hidden Way of Criticizing Refined Culture

⑤ The Prejudice on the Working-class People

122. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

On a hot summer day, a walk along an un shaded concrete sidewalk can be an uncomfortable experience. How pleasant it is to pass under the shade of maple trees lining the sidewalk! If the day is hot, the drop in air temperature under the maples is clearly perceptible on your skin. Better yet, walk on grass. Even in full sun, the grass will feel cool on bare feet compared to the burning heat of the concrete. Plants are cool because they have the capacity to            large quantities of water through their leaves. When liquid water in the leaves absorbs large amounts of heat energy, the water transforms into a gaseous vapor. This heat is then carried away when the vapor leaves the leaves. Because of this, the grass is cooler than its surroundings, a fact plainly evident to your feet.

① evaporate      ② dehydrate     ③ circulate

④ withhold       ⑤ photosynthesize

123. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

However, there is one kind of deep-zone environment-a hydrothermal vent-that supports organisms of an unusual number, variety, and size.

The deep ocean is often compared to a desert. In most parts of the deep zone, food is very scarce. As a result, organisms there tend to be small and slow. ( ① ) At a hydrothermal vent, hot water rises out of cracks in the ocean floor and is heated by the underlying magma. ( ② ) The heated water carries gases and minerals from Earth's interior. ( ③ ) Bacteria feed on these chemical nutrients. Like the algae in the surface zone that use sunlight to produce food, these bacteria use chemical nutrients to produce food. ( ④ ) These bacteria form the base of the food web at a hydrothermal vent. Other organisms, such as giant clams, feed on the bacteria.  ( ⑤ ) Red-tipped tube worms are supplied with food by bacteria living within their tissues.

124. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Some organisms become trapped in tar, sticky oil that seeps from Earth's surface. Many fossils preserved in tar have been found at the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles.

(A) The frozen remains of woolly mammoths have been found in very cold regions of Siberia. Freezing has preserved even the mammoths' hair and skin.

(B) Thousands of years ago, animals carne to drink water that covered these pits. Somehow, they became stuck in the tar and then died. The tar soaked into their bones, preserving the bones from decay. Ancient organisms also have been preserved in amber. Amber is the hardened resin, or sap, of evergreen trees.

(C) First, an insect is trapped on sticky resin. After the insect dies, more resin covers it, sealing it from air and protecting its body from decay. Freezing can also preserve animals.

① (A) - (C) - (B)       ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)       ④ (C) - (A) - (B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

125. 다움 글에서 manager의 심경변화로 가장 알맞은 것은?

A manager got feedback from her team members about her performance. She was astonished when they complained that she didn't seem to have time to talk to them. Some said they were offended that when they walked into her office, she would often continue to look at her computer screen and type while they were talking. She knew they were right. It was a bad habit. And she also knew that the layout of her office was encouraging the habit. So she decided to rearrange her office.She moved the desk so it no longer separated her from her guests. Now, when she was facing the people who came to see her, the computer was completely out of sight.  Then she was able to connect much better with people who came to see her. Six months later, she received more feedback and was pleased that her communication scores had soared.

□ worried □ relieved

□ irritated □ tired

□ embarrassed □ pleased

□ satisfied □ perplexed

□ bored □ excited

126. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There was an ancient hunting technique in which the hunter clothed himself in the hide of a pig and mimicked its grunting. The mighty tiger thought a pig was coming his way, and let it get close, savoring the prospect of an easy meal. But it was the hunter who had the last laugh. This trick has worked wonders on those who, like tigers, were     __________________. The easier they think it is to prey on you, the more easily you can turn the tables. Appearing less intelligent than you are, even a bit of a fool, is the perfect disguise. Look like a harmless pig and no one will believe you harbor dangerous ambitions. Claudius before he became emperor of Rome, and the prince of France who later became Louis XIII, used this tactic of playing a role of being seemingly inferior.

① arrogant and overconfident

② envious and selfish

③ indifferent and monotonous

④ self-confident and ridiculous

⑤ cruel and merciless

127. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

There was an ancient hunting technique in which the hunter clothed himself in the hide of a pig and mimicked its grunting. The mighty tiger thought a pig was coming his way, and let it get close, savoring the prospect of an easy meal. But it was the hunter who had the last laugh. This trick has worked wonders on those who, like tigers, were     arrogant and overconfident. The easier they think it is to prey on you, the more easily you can turn the tables. Appearing less intelligent than you are, even a bit of a fool, is the perfect disguise. Look like a harmless pig and no one will believe you harbor dangerous ambitions. Claudius before he became emperor of Rome, and the prince of France who later became Louis XIII, used this tactic of playing a role of being seemingly inferior.

① A rolling stone gathers no moss.

② You can't have your cake and eat it too.

③ Gain time, gain life.

④ Yon can lead a horse to water but you can't        make him drink.

⑤ He laughs best who laughs last.

128. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In a biological context, it has long been clear that the number of animals and plant species per unit area decreases with latitude: the higher the latitude, the fewer the species. So it is, in an interesting way, with language. Warm, moist, low-latitude environments harbor numerous languages often spoken by small groups of people; on the island of New Guinea, for example, more than 900 languages remain in use, none with regional dominance. In Sub-Saharan Africa, more than 2,000. But higher latitude Europe is home to only about 200 languages ― and among these, a few are strongly dominant. This means that the great majority of the threatened languages are embedded deeply in remote, densely forested, tropical areas, where recording them is especially difficult. In 2008, about 400 of these languages were identified as immediately endangered.

① 동물과 식물의 수는 위도에 따라 감소한다.

② 언어 역시 위도에 영향을 받는다.

③ New Guinea섬에는 900개미만의 언어가 사용 중이다.

④ 위도가 높은 유럽에서는 200개 정도의 언어가 생겨났     다.

⑤ 2008년에 약 400개의 언어가 소멸될 위기에 처했다.

129. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the Turkish language we have a special tense that allows us to distinguish hearsay from what we've seen with our own eyes; when we are relating past events we could not have witnessed, we use this tense. It is a useful distinction to make as we remember our earliest life experiences reported by our parents, stories to which we listen with the same rapt attention we might pay to some brilliant tale of some other person. It's a sensation as sweet as seeing ourselves in our dreams, so I feel compelled to add “or so I've been told” before closing a sentence. However, we pay a heavy price for it: Once imprinted in our minds, other people's reports of what we've done end up mattering more than what we ourselves remember, even shaping our understanding of our lives.

① direct discourse of the Turkish language

② indirect discourse of the Turkish language

③ the Turkish language and life experiences

④ the understanding of our lives in Turkey

⑤ the difficult understanding of our lives in Turkey

33~40강

130. (A),(B),(C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Everyone has heard the story of Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of gravity. What few people know is that Edmund Halley is almost responsible for Newton's theories (A) known. Halley encouraged Newton to think through his original notions. He corrected Newton's mathematical errors and prepared geometrical figures to support his work. Not only (B) encourage Newton to write his great work, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, but Halley edited the work, and financed its printing, even though he could easily afford the printing costs. Halley encouraged Newton to act on his dream, and it added immeasurable significance to Newton's life. Halley received little credit, but he (C) satisfaction in knowing that he had inspired revolutionary ideas in the advancement of scientific thought.

become / becoming

did he / he did

must gain / must have gained

(A)          (B)             (C)

① becoming …… he did …… must have gained

② becoming …… he did …… must gain

③ becoming …… did he …… must have gained

④ become   …… did he …… must gain

⑤ become   …… did he …… must have gained

131. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the early stages of developing the direct current electric motor, Michael Faraday went to the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Gladstone, to ask for development money. After a (A)[demonstration / administration] of Faraday's crude electric motor, the Minister asked, “What good is that?” Faraday replied, “Someday you will be able to tax it!” He got the money. Notice that Faraday didn't explain how electric motors would ease the burden of laborers or make money for himself. Instead, he explained how the person he was talking to, the Prime Minister, would benefit. Similarly, when you're trying to convince someone to (B)[adapt / adopt] a solution you've created, emphasize how the person you're talking to will benefit by adopting your idea. You should know that the most (C)[successive / successful] way to motivate is based on discovering what the other person needs.

(A)            (B)          (C)

① demonstration …… adapt …… successful

② demonstration …… adapt …… successive

③ demonstration …… adopt …… successful

④ administration …… adopt …… successive

⑤ administration …… adopt …… successful

132. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

A clear example of how improvements in food supply may decisively increase military success comes from the history of Maori New Zealand. The Maori are the Polynesian people who were the first to settle New Zealand. Traditionally, they fought frequent fierce wars against each other, but only against closely neighboring tribes. Those wars were limited by the modest productivity of their agriculture, whose staple crop was sweet potatoes. It was not possible to grow enough sweet potatoes to feed an army in the field for a long time or on distant marches. When Europeans arrived in New Zealand, they brought potatoes, which considerably increased Maori crop yields. Maori could now grow enough food  to supply armies in the field for many weeks. Thus, the potato's productivity relieved ____________________________.

□ armament load

□ work-related tension

□ previous limitations on Maori warfare

□ the pressure to hire additional personnel

□ some limitations on the amount of assistance

133. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Why do we honor the label “handmade?” What is the source of quality that one finds, let us say, in an Eskimo skin boat with its matchless combination of lightness, strength, and seaworthiness? Was it merely the fact that these items were handmade? I don't think so. In unskilled or uncaring hands a handmade boat can fall apart as quickly as boats made by machines. I rather think that the reason we honor the label “handmade” is because it suggests a close social relationship between producers and consumers. That is, when the men who make boats are the uncles and fathers of those who sail them, they will be as seaworthy as the state of the art permits. In contrast, in our era of industrial mass production, quality is a constant problem because                       which made us responsible for each other have withered away and have been replaced by money.

□ the traditional skills

□ broken relationship

□ the strong prejudice

□ the intimate bonds

□ most services

134. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Companies often say that a customer is a king, but when a customer calls, a gentle voice conducted by an answering system usually says, “Your call is important to us. Please hold while we ignore it.” Then after the long waiting interval the machine says, “The person you are trying to reach is either on the other line or not in the office. Please try again later.” I urge any CEO whose company has a voice answering system to call his company and see whether he can get through to himself. That eye-opening exercise would make him experience the telephone hell customers normally experience. When a customer calls, that means he needs some help. When a customer has a problem, you shouldn't deal with it when it's convenient to you. You should deal with it when it's convenient for the customer. Don't _______________________.

□ keep the customer satisfied

□ keep knowledgeable on you

□ keep him waiting

□ keep pressing him with questions

□ keep the customer from calling

135. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Compared to cattle, goats, and sheep, the pig has an inefficient system for regulating its body temperature. Despite the expression "To sweat like a pig," it has recently been proved that pigs can't sweat at all. To make up for its inability to sweat, the pig must dampen its skin with external moisture. It prefers to do this by wallowing in fresh clean mud, but it will cover its skin with its own urine and excrement if nothing else is available. Below 29°C, pigs kept in pens deposit their excrement away from their sleeping and feeding areas, while above 29°C they begin to excrete indiscriminately throughout the pen. The higher the temperature, the "dirtier" they become. So in the hot and arid habitat the pig is maximally dependent upon _______________________.

□ the position of supporting artifacts

□ the cooling effect of its own excrement.

□ what is being fed to it

□ an opiate-mediated mechanism

□ its protein content, size, sex and genetics

136. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

However, when a man drives at automobile speeds, he cuts himself off from the outside world.

Man's entire organism was designed to move through the environment at less than five miles per hour. ( □ ) At walking speeds even the nearsighted can see trees, leaves and grass, ants and beetles, to say nothing of birds and other wildlife. ( □ ) Space and the land can be more meaningful. ( □ ) The driver experiences the loss of sense of movement through space. ( □ ) Sitting motionlessly on soft springs, soft cushions, and soft tires creates an unreal experience of the earth like floating on a cloud above the road. ( □ ) For the driver on the freeway, the visual details at close distance are blurred by the speed of the automobile and his relationship to the environment is actually  severed.

137. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Unlike the wisdom carved in stone or preserved in DNA, digital data is kept on _____________________. A report by the National Institute for Standards and Technology notes that CDs and DVDs might last anywhere from twenty to two hundred years, assuming they are stored properly. Color snapshots become unstable in three or four decades. Digital storage tapes perhaps will keep a decade. More alarmingly, such media often do not crumble slowly across centuries, showing visible signs of decay. They easily crash, quickly and unexpectedly, because small faults in their internal or external structure - magnetic degradation on a floppy disk, a scratch on a shiny CD - can make a copy unreadable. To survive, digital media need watchful tending.

□ the perptual system

□ multiple servers backed up in real-time

□ removable media

□ long-term memory devices

□ ncredibly precise and fragile media

138. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

While we know that financial burdens can weigh us down, a lot of us would like to ignore the issues until a crisis happens. As you know with your body, the smartest approach is to think about your health all the time - not a few minutes before the ambulance arrives. So, instead of burying your head, apply some ________________ to your financial attitudes. Overspending is like overeating - in both cases there's a serious price to pay with no easy answer if it gets out of control. A retirement account is like exercise(do a little bit along the way, and the long-term benefits are exponentially greater than the investment). The simple fact is, if you treat your money with the same respect and care with which you ought to treat your body, there is a decreased chance you are going to need financial CPR.

□ standards of business conduct

□ standard of excellence in related sectors

□ standards of satisfactory academic progress

□ standards of health

□ standards of economic laws

139. 밑줄 친 It(it)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

Over 100 million years ago, Sarcosuchus lived in and hunted along the rivers in Africa. □It was 40 feet long, weighed about 10 tons, and resembled modern-day crocodiles. Due to its size, □it earned the nickname SuperCroc. Its skull alone was as big as a human adult. Its huge jaw contained 132 thick teeth which allowed it to eat very large prey. □It also had a bony bulb at the tip of its nose. This bulb may have given it an enhanced sense of smell. □It may also have been a resonating chamber for sounds used to communicate with other Sarcosuchus. Its eye sockets rotated upwards and were somewhat telescopic. This suggests that □it probably spent most of its time with the majority of its body submerged, watching the shore for prey.

140. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mutations are constantly occurring in plants and animals. Mutants are individuals with characteristics that are different from their parents' or siblings'. Usually, the mutated organisms die out because they are not as well-suited to their environment as their siblings are. However, sometimes the mutated offspring is better suited to its surroundings. Originally, these horses did not have stripes. (A)______________, as predators adapted and became better at hunting them, those animals that had camouflaged coats were harder to see in the tall grasses of the African savanna. When this happens, the mutant has a competitive advantage over its siblings and so has a better chance of survival. Such a situation can be seen clearly in the evolution of the zebra.  When mutants were born with the classic stripes we associate with zebras, they had a competitive advantage over their non-striped siblings who could be seen more easily by lions and hyenas. (B)_______________, the striped horses had a higher survival rate.

(A)               (B)

① For example  …… In short

② However     …… Moreover

③ In fact       …… In addition

④ For example …… In fact

⑤ However     …… As a result

141. 밑줄 친 He(he)가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

As Stanley and Zero climbed higher toward the Big Thumb, the patches of weeds grew thicker. Stanley suddenly realized something. "Weeds and bugs," ①he said. "There's got to be water around somewhere. We must be getting close." A frail smile spread across Zero's face. Then ②he fell. Stanley bent over him. "Come on, Zero," ③he urged. "We're getting close." Zero didn't get up. Stanley took hold of Zero's forearms and pulled him upright. Then ④he stooped down and let Zero fall over his right shoulder. He stood up, lifting Zero's worn-out body off the ground. It was difficult for him to walk through the tangled patches of weeds and vines. He concentrated on one step at a time, carefully raising and setting down each foot. Higher and higher he climbed. ⑤He was sure that he could find refuge on the Big Thumb.

142. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In one study, students were assigned to one of three groups. The first group -- the "grateful" group -- was asked to think back over the past week and write down five things in their lives for which they were thankful. The second group--the "trouble" group --was asked to list up to five bothers that occurred in the past week. The third group-the "objective" group-was asked to write down five events that had an impact on them. All groups completed their lists weekly for nine weeks. Students also made records of mood, physical symptoms, amount of time spent exercising, and overall mental health. At the end of the nine weeks, students in the gratitude group rated their lives more favorably and reported fewer physical illnesses than students in the other groups, and they reported spending more time exercising than the other students. They also had more positive emotions overall.

① 과거에 대한 성찰은 행복에 일정 정도 영향을 끼    친다.

② 과거에 대한 긍정적인 태도는 행복과 강하게 연관    되어 있다.

③ 과거에 대한 객관적인 분석은 사람들의 행복에 영    향을 끼친다.

④ 신체적 질병은 과거에 대한 긍정적인 태도로 치유    될 수 있다.

⑤ 운동에 소비된 시간은 행복한 감정과 정비례한다.

143. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Walt Whitman was a young poet struggling to get anyone interested in his writing. In 1855 he published Leaves of Grass, a small volume of poetry. Because ①none of the big publishing houses would accept it, he paid neighborhood printers to produce 795 copies of it. It received ②little notice or acclaim from critics. And it didn't sell. He couldn't get rid of them," said one of Whitman's friends. He finally decided to sell the book for $2. Then it went down to $1, and then 50 cents." However, Whitman did receive a note of ③discouragement from someone. "Dear Sir, I am not ④blind to the worth of the wonderful gift of Leaves of Grass. I greet you at the beginning of a great career," he wrote in the note. Who was this encourager? None other than Ralph Waldo Emerson, the most respected ⑤literary figure of the day in America.

144. Walt Whitman에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Walt Whitman was a young poet struggling to get anyone interested in his writing. In 1855 he published Leaves of Grass, a small volume of poetry. Because none of the big publishing houses would accept it, he paid neighborhood printers to produce 795 copies of it. It received little notice or acclaim from critics. And it didn't sell. He couldn't get rid of them," said one of Whitman's friends. He finally decided to sell the book for $2. Then it went down to $1, and then 50 cents." However, Whitman did receive a note of encouragement from someone. "Dear Sir, I am not blind to the worth of the wonderful gift of Leaves of Grass. I greet you at the beginning of a great career," he wrote in the note. Who was this encourager? None other than Ralph Waldo Emerson, the most respected literary figure of the day in America.

① 1855년 시집을 출판했다.

② 인쇄업자에게 돈을 지불해 시집 795부를 출판했다.

③ 관심과 환호를 거의 받지 못해 헐값에 폐기처분시     켰다.

④ 누군가로부터 격려의 쪽지를 받았다.

⑤ 힘을 준 사람은 존경받은 문학계 인사였다.

145. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Some people give up the moment an obstacle is placed in front of them. Some people doggedly continue to pursue a goal even after years of frustration and failure. What is the main difference between these people? It's not ability. It is actually their ___________________. Those who feel they are not responsible for choosing their goals and pursuing them tend to believe that results are arbitrary. To them, it doesn't matter how hard you try, being successful is like winning the lottery. With this attitude, it hardly makes sense to work hard or be dedicated to a goal. Those who persevere, conversely, recognize that they are ultimately responsible, not just for pursuing their goals, but for setting them. When you are in control, what you do matters, and giving up will not seem very attractive.

□ sense of sight

□ sense of control

□ sense of touch

□ sense of responsibilty

□ sense of position

146. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The story of the yuks illustrates the need for caution when unleashing positive and powerful forces within our environment. Sugar cane beetles were destroying the crops in Australia until scientists introduced a unique toad, nicknamed the "Yuk." Balance in the ecosystem was expected to be achieved when the yuks destroyed the beetles and allowed the vegetation to thrive. Instead, the yuks thrived. They had no natural enemies and in time became more of a threat to the environment than the original beetles were. The phenomenon has since come to be called the "yuk effect" and refers to ________________________________.

① the lesson from the past

② the downside of positive change.

③ the destruction of Balance

④ the elimination of the native species

⑤ the natural selection and evolution

147. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

It seems that we perceive the world in great detail, but our visual systems screen out ________________. This inattentional blindness is well demonstrated by Simons' experiment, known as 'Gorillas In Our Midst.' In the experiment, a videotape of some students playing basketball is played to subjects. Subjects are split into three cells: those instructed to watch one team or another; those instructed to count the number of passes; and those given no instruction. What Simons found is that only the latter group spot to any degree that halfway through the game, a student in a gorilla suit walks right on to the court, beats its chest and then walks off again. How could we miss something so obvious, you might ask. Because we aren't looking for it, that's how. We're looking for something else.

□ what is unimportant for us

□ what is unseen

□ what is not experienced

□ what is relevant

□ what is perceived

148. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

How difficult it is to propose something for someone else to judge without affecting his judgement by the way we do it! If you say: 'I think it is excellent,' 'I think it is obscure,' or something like that, you either persuade his imagination to agree with you or irritate it, in the opposite sense. It is better to say nothing, and then he can judge according to what it really is and according to the way in which other circumstances over which we have no control have affected the issue. But at least we shall have added nothing, unless our silence also produces an effect, according to the interpretation he may feel like giving to it, or according to what he may guess from our gestures and expression, or tone of voice. It is so difficult to remove judgement from its natural basis.

① 우리의 편견이 판단을 자유롭게 하지 못한다.

② 외부로부터의 칭찬은 판단에 도움을 준다.

③ 감정의 기복 없이 냉정하게 판단할 수 없다.

④ 판단은 본질적으로 외적 요인에 영향을 받는다.

⑤ 침묵만이 타인의 판단에 영향을 주지 않는다.

149. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The great difference between an ordinary casino which you can go into or stay away from, and the global casino of high finance, namely, the international monetary and financial system, is that in the latter we are all involuntarily engaged in the day's play. A currency change can halve the value of a farmer's crop before he harvests it, or drive an exporter out of business. A rise in interest rates can inflate the costs of holding stocks for the shop-keeper. A takeover dictated by financial considerations can rob the factory worker of his job. From schoolleavers to pensioners, what goes on in the casino in the office blocks of the big financial centers is apt to have sudden, unpredictable and unavoidable consequences for individual lives. The financial casino has everyone playing the game of Snakes and Ladders.

① The Difference of Various Caisno

② The Value of International Monetary Fund

③ The Influencing Power of Financial Market

④ The Factors of Fluctuation in Currency Value

⑤ The Unfair Trade of International Market

150. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

We are often made to feel that there is another youth and age than that which is measured from the year of our natural birth. Some thoughts always find us young and keep us so. Such a thought is the love of universal and eternal beauty. Every man ceases that contemplation with the feeling that it rather belongs to ages than to mortal life. However, the least activity of the intellectual powers redeems us in a degree from the conditions of time. In sickness, in fatigue, give us a strain of poetry or a profound sentence, and we are refreshed; or bring a volume of Plato, or Shakespeare, or remind us of their names, and instantly we come into a feeling of longevity. See how deep, divine thought reduces centuries and millenniums, and makes itself present through all ages.

① The Escape from Daily Boredom

② The Value of Profound Thought

③ The love of Eternal Beauty

④ Plato or Shakespeare as Model of Longevity.

⑤ The Intellectual Activity through Creation.

151. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When countries get their foot on the ladder of development, they are generally able to continue the upward climb. All good things tend to move together with each rising rung: higher capital stock, greater specialization, more advanced technology, and lower fertility. If a country is trapped below the ladder, with the first rung too high off the ground, the climb does not even get started. The main objective of economic development for the poorest countries is to help these countries to gain a foothold on the ladder. The rich countries do not have to invest enough in the poorest countries to make them rich; they need to invest enough so that these countries can get their foot on the ladder. After that, the tremendous dynamism of self-sustaining economic growth can take hold.

① 높은 이익을 위한 주식 투자 전략

② 경제적 자립을 방해하는 요인들

③ 빈국을 위한 올바를 경제지원 방향

④ 세계의 점점 심화되는 빈부 격차

⑤ 빈국에서의 경제 교육의 중요성

152. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In former times construction workers were often highly esteemed craftsmen, and many were artists in their own right. They can be compared to musicians who play or sing a composition written by someone else.

(A) Construction workers carried out the architectural plan, but the quality of the house or church they built depended, among other things, on their capacity to give form to the aesthetic plan as beautifully as possible.

(B) Similarly, this is increasingly the case of musicians, too, who are in the business of recording background music, rather mechanically, for hour after hour while their work is being taken over by computers.

(C) For most construction workers nowadays this is no longer the case. Their craft, and their own contribution to carrying out the architectural plan - the aesthetic composition of the building - are no longer desired or valued.

① (A)―(B)―(C)         ② (A)―(C)―(B)

③ (B)―(C)―(A)         ④ (C)―(A)―(B)

⑤ (C)―(B)―(A)

153. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

If I ask you if it's raining, how do you find out the answer? You look outside. And if I ask how many students are in a particular classroom at noon on Monday? You go and count the people. In each case, you get the facts. They're answered by doing some empirical investigation. However, philosophical questions do not get "solved," as empirical questions do. A philosophical question like "Is abortion wrong?" has more than one plausible answer. Depending on the positions taken on such debatable issues as "life," "personhood," and "rights," we can find even completely opposing arguments that are reasonable and believable. Similarly, we can make a plausible case for saying that we're free to choose anything we want whenever we want to. It is simply a characteristic of philosophical issues that we fall short of absolute certainty. And this means that philosophical thinking deals more in _______________ than absolute truth and falsehood.

□ probability and plausibility

□ characteristic issues of a society

□ more reasonable solution

□ matter of creative activity

□ profound discussion and argument

154. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

If I ask you if it's raining, how do you find out the answer? You look outside. And if I ask how many students are in a particular classroom at noon on Monday? You go and count the people. In each case, you get the facts. They're answered by doing some empirical investigation. However, philosophical questions do not get "solved," as empirical questions do. A philosophical question like "Is abortion wrong?" has more than one plausible answer. Depending on the positions taken on such debatable issues as "life," "personhood," and "rights," we can find even completely opposing arguments that are reasonable and believable. Similarly, we can make a plausible case for saying that we're free to choose anything we want whenever we want to. It is simply a characteristic of philosophical issues that we fall short of absolute certainty. And this means that philosophical thinking deals more in probability and plausibility than absolute truth and falsehood.

(A)               (B)

① In fact       …… Similarly

② However     …… Similarly

③ In fact       …… In addition

④ However     …… Therefore

⑤ However     …… As a result

155. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Even those of us who claim not to be materialistic can't help but form attachments to certain clothes. Like fragments from old songs, clothes can evoke both cherished and painful memories. A worn-thin, gauzy dress may hang in the back of a closet even though it hasn't been worn in years because the faint scent of pine that lingers on it is all that remains of someone's sixteenth summer. An impractical white muff might be pulled out of a donation bag at the last minute because of the promise of elegance it once held for its owner. And a ripped T-shirt might be rescued from the dust rag bin long after the name of the brand once emblazoned across it has faded into oblivion. Clothes __________________ for writers the same way that fossils chart time for archaeologists.

□ can be very dangerous

□ are one of the most necessary things

□ makes it possible to forget the past

□ document personal history

□ have some great advice

156. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Although vision is a naturally endowed sense, our ways of looking at things and seeing the world are thoroughly cultured. The biology of vision cannot explain the way that we actually interpret the appearance of the world. Seeing is always cultured seeing. Anthropologists report instances of uncomprehending responses when certain non-Western peoples, unfamiliar with modern photographic technology, are shown photographs of ordinary objects. These peoples lack the appropriate cultural literacy to grasp what the photographs represent. As cultural beings we are able to 'see' two people walking down the street as 'a mother going shopping with her child' or to 'see' the persons embracing at a railway station as 'lovers saying their farewells'. Objects, types of person and relationship are regularly rendered intelligible to us by looking. This quite ordinary and easily exercised skill is ___________________________________ .

□ achieved by accurate comprehending of objects

□ not innate but is acquired through social learning

□ your ability to choose and perform the right          technique

□ only explained by the biology of vision

□ learned with the development of modern photographic technology

157. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Weather and climate catastrophes of all sorts are claimed to be the inevitable result of global warming, and global warming is uniquely associated with man's activities. The reality of the threat of global warming is frequently attested to by reference to a scientific consensus.

(A) Such statements, however, seem peculiarly inconclusive and irrelevant to the catastrophes cited. They fail to note that there are many sources of climate change and that profound climate change has occurred many times both before and after man appeared on the Earth.

(B) So the widely accepted cause-and-effect relationship can hardly be established without more convincing data. I am disturbed by the absence of quantitative considerations. The consensus, indeed, preceded the research.

(C) For example, Tony Blair stated that "the overwhelming view of experts is that climate change, to a greater or lesser extent, is man-made and, without action, will get worse."

① (A)―(B)―(C)         ② (A)―(C)―(B)

③ (B)―(A)―(C)         ④ (C)―(A)―(B)

⑤ (C)―(B)―(A)

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