1. 주어가 빠진 경우 (Missing Subject)

주어가 될 수 있는 것: 명사, 대명사, To 부정사, 동명사, 명사절과 같은 명사 상당어구.

Your proposal

It

Accepting your proposal     makes me happy.

To accept your proposal

That you proposed me

* 주어찾기에 대한 실수는 흔히 전치사구 내에 있는 명사를 주어로 착각해서 일어난다. 전치사구는 기능적으로 볼 때 부사나 한정적 형용사 역할을 할 뿐이다.

ex1)       is created during photosynthesis in green plants.

(A) Glucose

(B) Glucose that

(C) While glucose

(D) Why glucose

ex2)        is to arrange them in groups or sequences according to a plan.

(A) Things classified

(B) In classifying things

(C) As classification of things

(D) To classify things

ex3)        have ever had a more auspicious debut at the Museum of Modern Art in       New York City than Jacob Lawrence did.

(A) Few artists

(B) The few artists

(C) The artists are few

(D) Few are the artists

ex4)         lived on the North Saskatchewan River long before the Hudson'ㄴ Bay        Company built a fur trading post there.

(A) Free people

(B) For free people

(C) It was free people

(D) Where free people

ex5) Because the papaya grows readily from seed,      spread from its home in            Central America and now grows throughout the tropics.

(A) to be

(B) it

(C) the

(D) its

2. 동사가 빠진 경우 (Missing Main Verb)

주절의 동사가 빠진 형태의 문제는 자주 출제되는 유형 중의 하나로 주어와의 수 일      치, 타동사인지의 구별, 수동인지 능동인지의 구별문제다.

* 문제를 풀 때 동사의 형태를 선택할 때 뒤에 전치사구가 오는지 명사 및 명사 상당어구가 오는지 본 다음에 전치사구가 오면 be + p.p 꼴을, 명사가 오면 능동형의 것을 선택하면 된다. (예외: call, give, consider)

ex1) Theatrical producer Cheryl Crawford       the establishment of a professional         repertory theater in the United States.

(A) who encouraged

(B) encouraged

(C) was encouraged

(D) who was encouraged

ex2) Authorities have found that the addition of antibiotics to livestock fodder                         humans immune to the drugs.

(A) be making

(B) can be made

(C) can make

(D) make

ex3) Milk proteins       for their high nutritional content.

(A) valued

(B) are valued

(C) are they valued

(D) to be valued

ex4) Cedars      a particular variety of aromatic wood that repels insects.

(A) having yielded

(B) yielding

(C) yields

(D) yield

ex5) Thurgood Marshall        practicing law in 1933.

(A) began

(B) was begun

(C) beginning

(D) he began

3. 주어와 동사가 빠진 경우

이런 유형의 문제는 빈칸이 앞쪽에 온 후 그 뒤에는 목적어나 보어와 같은

complement가 오거나 전치사구 혹은 부사 같은 수식어구가 온다.

* 1) 주어는 명사나 대명사 또는 명사 상당어구가 오고, 형용사나 전치사구로 수식된다.

2) 보어를 필요로 하는 동사: be, seem, look, become 등

3) 타동사: 목적어가 있어야 한다. find, take, know 등

4) 자동사: 보어나 목적어가 필요없으나 수식어구가 올 수 있다. speak, sleep, exist 등.

5) 수동태 동사: 대체로 보어나 목적어가 필요 없다. is found, is taught 등

ex1)       the female to guard and feed their young cubs.

(A) Although male lions

(B) Male lions help

(C) That male lions help

(D) With make lions help

ex2) Like all other living things,         .

(A) dying cells

(B) which cells die

(C) cells die

(D) the death of cells

ex3) The       from the fact that the Earth's axis is tilted within the plane of its         orbit.

(A) resulting seasons

(B) seasons result

(C) seasons that results

(D) result of the seasons

ex4)       , but the larvae are parasitic on other insects.

(A) The adult bee fly feeds on flower nectar

(B) The flower nectar the adult bee fly feeds on

(C) The adult bee fly the flower nectar feeds on

(D) The flower nectar feeds the adult bee fly on

ex5)        long pantaloons to draw attention to the woman suffrage movement.

(A) Amelia Bloomer to wear

(B) Amelia Bloomer wore

(C) Amelia Bloomer's wearing

(D) Amelia Bloomer who wore

4. There be 구문

주어와 동사의 유형을 찾는 구문으로 자주 출제된다. be 동사가 존재나 열거의 의미를     갖는 형식으로 자주 출제된다.

* 존재의 의미: There is a church in every village.

열거의 의미: There are three measures of central tendency, the mean, the median,                  and the mode.

** TOEIC 문제에서 there be 형태가 있으면 100% 정답이다.

ex1)         a great debate about the relative value of conversation versus legitimate       commercial interests.

(A) It is

(B) As it is

(C) They are

(D) There is

ex2) Throughout the state of Maine        summer music camps, where young people       and adults may study in beautiful rural settings.

(A) there are

(B) is where

(C) located

(D) to be found

ex3)          700,000 recognized species of insects.

(A) About

(B) For about

(C) About the

(D) There are about

ex4) Recent estimates show that       more than two million bird-watchers in the         United States.

(A) there are among

(B) are there the

(C) there are

(D) among the

ex5)        kinds of decorative art : handicrafts and fine arts.

(A) Although two

(B) There are two

(C) In two

(D) Two

5. 문장의 수식어구가 빠진 경우

문장 전체를 수식하는 형태로는 전치사구와 부사(구)가 있다.

* TOEIC에서 요구되는 전치사 용례.

1) for : 목적의 의미를 갖는 구이 쓰인다.

ex) The Distinguished Service Medal is the highest award for service to the              United States.

2) among : 어느 집합체에서 하나의 구성원을 지칭하기 위해서 사용된다.

ex) The rose is among the most beautiful of flowers.

3) about : study, know, learn 과 같은 동사와 함께 쓰여 화제 도입에 사용된다.

ex) I hope to know all about microbiology.

4) during/ in : 시간 표시구를 이끄는데 사용된다.

ex) In the 1970's, Korea highly developed the economy.

5) at : 나이, 키, 무게 및 속도 나타내는데 사용된다.

ex) In Japan, most people retire at the age of sixty-five.

6) as : 역할이나 위치를 나타내는데 사용된다.

ex) Many actresses begin their careers as models.

7) by : 수단이나 행위자를 나타내기 위해서 사용된다.

ex) The bill was paid by boss.

** 영어에서는 명사와 명사의 연결이 동격에 의해서 이루어지거나 4/5형식 동사에 의해서     된다. 그 밖의 경우에는 전치사구에 의해서 연결이 가능하다.

ex) 동격인 경우: Tom, the lawyer, is a honest man.

동격이 아닌 경우: The bread on the table is delicious.

결국 명사와 명사의 충돌이 생기면 전치사가 해결사다.

ex1)        the Government of Louisiana placed a $750 prie on the head of Jean           Lafitte, the river pirate.

(A) It was in 1813

(B) The year was 1813

(C) 1813 years

(D) In 1813

ex2)          the spice cinnamon is sold in sticks or in powdered form.

(A) It is usually

(B) Usually when

(C) Usually it is

(D) Usually

ex3)          rattan is made from strips of bamboo.

(A) Commonly it is

(B) Commonly

(C) Commonly when

(D) It is commonly

ex4)          the wright brothers successfully flew their airplane.

(A) The century was beginning

(B) It was the beginning of the century

(C) At the beginning of the century

(D) The beginning of the century

ex5)          ginger is packaged as a powder in the U.S.A.

(A) Normally

(B) it is normally

(C) Although normally

(D) Normally it is

6. 명사 수식어구가 빠진 경우

문장이 주어, 동사 및 보충어를 갖추고 있으면 문장 수식어구나 주어 수식하는 부분이     없는 경우다. 다시 말해서, 명사 수식어구가 빠진 것이다.

* 명사 수식어구 3가지 경우

1) 한정어: 관사(the, a, an), 지시형용사(this, that, these, those), 소유형용사(my, our,        your, his, her, its, their)

ex) This model is the most attractive one.

2) 형용사: 일반 형용사(young, old, sad), 형용사로 사용된 분사(boring, bored, broken),       형용사로 역할 하는 명사(plastic, cement, glass).

ex) The old broken glass pitcher belonged to my grand mother.

3) 수량형용사: 기수(one, two, three...), 서수(first, second, third...), 비 한정 수량 형용       사(some, many, few).

ex) The two men met on the corner.

ex1)         origin of the modern book is quite recent.

(A) That the

(B) The

(C) Since the

(D) There is the

ex2) Washington, D.C.          broad tree-shaded thoroughfares has many imposing        buildings.

(A) its

(B) with its

(C) to have its

(D) has

ex3) cattle are        animals.

(A) grass-eating

(B) eating grass

(C) grass they eat

(D) to eat grass

ex4) The grapefruit is a        fruit with a sour taste.

(A) skin is thick

(B) thick-skinned

(C) skin which is thick

(D) thick skin

ex5) Gazelles are         animals.

(A) eating plants

(B) to eat plants

(C) plants they eat

(D) plant-eating

7. 보어나 목적어에 관계된 경우

보어나 목적어가 없든지, 그 일부분이 없는 경우에 대한 문제 유형이다.

* 선택지에 문법적으로 맞는 것이 다수 있을 때는 가장 짧은 것이 답이 된다.

ex) Gold has been highly prized throughout the ages due chiefly to       .

(A) it is scarce

(B) so scarce is it

(C) scarcity of it

(D) its scarcity

ex1) George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were        of the American                Revolution.

(A) leaders were both prominent

(B) both leaders prominent

(C) both prominent leaders

(D) prominent leaders, that were

ex2) Lilian Welesh decided, during her early years of professional activity,        .

(A) that her real talents lay in the field of preventive medicine

(B) in the field of preventive medicine lay, her real talents

(C) lay her real talents in the field of preventive medicine

(D) preventive medicine the field was where her real talents lay

ex3) The earth is actually          .

(A) shape of an oval

(B) shaped oval

(C) oval-shaped

(D) to shape an oval

ex4) Western art in the Middle Ages was primarily         .

(A) what religious expression

(B) an expression of religion

(C) religion expressed there

(D) with religion expressed

ex5) The earth is not spherical, but it is slightly        .

(A) pear shape

(B) shaped like a pear

(C) pear-shaped

(D) to shape a pear

8. 주절이 빠진 경우

문장 첫 머리에 전치사구, 분사구문 및 종속절이 나온 상태에서 뒷부분에는 독립절을     찾는 형태다. 그 중에서도 사람 주어로 시작하는 형태가 답이 되는 경우가 가장 많다.

* 주절을 모두찾는 유형에 있어서 앞부분에 나올 수 있는 형태는 다음과 같은 것들이 있    다.

Arriving in France,  S   +   V .....// When he went to town, S   +  V.....

While swimming,  S    +   V....// Despite his problems,  S    +   V.....

Broken in sprit,  S    +   V.....// During his problems,  S    +   V.....

Although sick,  S   +   V.....

이런 문제의 유형은 앞 뒤 내용이 일치하여야 함으로 TOEIC에서는 대부분 사람 주어를 찾는 문제가 출제가 된다. 따라서 선택지 중에서 고유명사로 시작하면서 주어 동사를 제대로 갖춘 것이 답이 된다.

ex1) Discouraged by her father,                   .

(A) to become a nurse is what Florence Nightingale determined to be

(B) Florence Nightingale nevertheless determined to become a nurse

(C) determined Florence Nightingale to become a nurse

(D) to become a nurse determined Florence Nightingale

ex2) From 1915 until her death in 1925,          at numerous colleges and                 universities throughout the United States.

(A) poet and critic Amy Lowell lectured

(B) when poet and critic Amy Lowell lectured

(C) at the lectures of poet and critic Amy Lowell

(D) the lectures of poet and critic Amy Lowell

ex3) Although he had little formal education,                      .

(A) Norman Rockwell became America's foremost illustrator.

(B) it was America's foremost illustrator that Norman Rockwell became

(C) and America's foremost illustrator that Norman Rockwell became

(D) Norman Rockwell being America's foremost illustrator

ex4) Despite the fact that his parents exhibited nineteenth century faith in the basic        goodness of life                        .

(A) caustic stories on the absurdity of life were written by Stephen Crane

(B) Stephen Crane wrote caustic stories on the absurdity of life

(C) the caustic Stephen Crane wrote absurd stories about life

(D) stories of the absurdity of life were written by Stephen Crane

ex5) After a brief visit to New Orleans,                           .

(A) returning to New York and beginning to write his greatest poetry did                 Walt Whitman

(B) Walt Whitman returned to New York and began to write his greatest                  poetry

(C) Walt Whitman was writing his greatest poetry when he returned to New               York

(D) having returned to New York Walt Whitman wrote his greatest poetry

9. 등위접속사에 의한 연결

중문에 대한 문제로 등위 접속사 문제나 그것에 의한 병치구조를 묻는 문제가 출제된     다. 다음과 같이 암기하자. 등위접속사는 구구절절이 같은 품사만을 연결한다.

ex1) An eclipse is caused by the crossing of the path of the sun        the moon.

(A) where

(B) thus

(C) and

(D) because

ex2) Some metal are malleable,        others are so brittle that they break easily           when bent quickly.

(A) but

(B) like

(C) there

(D) which

ex3) The fibrous membrane surrounding organs in the human body are tough                         add strength to the parts of the body they cover.

(A) moreover

(B) since

(C) and

(D) furthermore

ex4) Her short stay in Kentucky in the mid-nineteen hundreds was very important to       author Mary Holmes,        provided the background to several of her novels.

(A) it was

(B) for it

(C) much of

(D) by then

ex5) chemistry is the science of substances         the science of energy.

(A) is physics

(B) or physics

(C) how physics

(D) and physics is

10 . 상관접속사에 의한 연결

상당히 자주 출제되어지는 부분이다. 난이도는 쉬운 편이므로 다음 사항들만 숙지되면     문제될 것은 없다.

1) Not only....but also....                     2) Not.... but....

3) Both.... and....                            4) Either.... or....

5) Neither.... nor....                          6) Not so much.... as....

7) Just as.... so....                           8) whether.... or (not)....

* 상관접속사 문제는 짝을 이루는 부분을 찾는 것이 중요하다. 반드시 병치구조를 이루    어야한다.

ex1) Eli Whitney was an inventor who not only invented the cotton gin                               developed assembly-line production for weapons.

(A) and

(B) nevertheless

(C) additionally

(D) but also

ex2) An ultrasonic wave has        a high frequency that it is inaudible.

(A) therefore

(B) above

(C) such

(D) thus

ex3) Annie Cannon was an astronomer who not only discovered five new stars      ,       compiled a catalog classifying star spectra.

(A) and

(B) additionally

(C) nevertheless

(D) but also

ex4) The Rocky Mountain goat of North America is not a true goat       a goat          antelope.

(A) and

(B) but

(C) any

(D) yet

ex5)           of a newspaper nor the number of pages in an edition had ever been        standardized.

(A) The page size is neither

(B) Neither is the page size

(C) The page size neither

(D) Neither the page size

11. 병치구조

* 이 부분은 특히 등위접속사에 의한 연결중 세 개 이상의 연결에 사용되는 A,B...and X    꼴에 주의해야한다.

☆ 다음 문제를 풀어 보자.

ex)           the surface of metal, but also weakens it.

(A) Not only does rust corrode

(B) Not only rust corrodes

(C) Rust, which not only corrodes

(D) Rust not only corrodes

ex1) Minnesota is well known for its tourist sites, small forms and        .

(A) produce dairy products

(B) to produce dairy products

(C) its production of dairy products

(D) dairy products

ex2) Leading educators insist that good writing involves much more than just the          ability to punctuate sentences and       verbs.

(A) conjugate

(B) conjugates

(C) conjugating

(D) conjugation

ex3) Organism regulate their movements          positions in response to                   environmental stimuli.

(A) have

(B) where

(C) as

(D) and

ex4) The use of small airplanes enables Maine's forestry department to survey the         forests,         their crops, and tourists to reach remote areas of the state.

(A) potato farmers dusting

(B) and potato farmers dust

(C) potato farmers to dust

(D) and dusting potato farmers

ex5) Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to       predict these events       to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.

(A) and thus

(B) so

(C) however

(D) because

12. 부사절 (Adverb clause)

* 문제의 출제 point는 3가지 경우이다.

1) 부사절이 생략된 경우

2) 종속접속사 뒤에 주어 동사의 완전한 문장이 생략된 경우

3) 종속접속사가 없는 경우

** a) 주절과 종속절의 구성 성분이 완전한 경우에는 부사절이다.

ex) If it rains tomorrow, I will postpone my departure.

b) 주절 앞에는 ..ing 나 ..ed로 시작되는 분사구문이 오기도 한다. 특히 종속절에는 종        속접속사가 반드시 필요하고, 종속절에서는 도치는 절대 없다.

c) 자주 출제되는 종속접속사로는 although, even though when, if, because, since 등        이 있다.

*** 문장에 콤마(,) 가 보이면 부사절이 오고, 콤마가 없으면 대개 명사절이 온다. (V - 1      로해결한다.)

ex)        live in the sea, dolphins are not fish but mammals.

(A) They

(B) Because they

(C) Even though

(D) That they

ex1)            , the archaeopteryx had feathers.

(A) Its head was that of a lizard

(B)Though its head was that of a lizard

(C) It had a lizard's head

(D) Since its head was that of a lizard

ex2) If the clerk had known that the guest didn't have any money,        him to          register.

(A) when he did not allow

(B) because he cannot allow

(C) he would not have allowed

(D) not he had allowed

ex3) Some people prefer gasohole to gasoline        it reduces dependency on              imported petroleum.

(A) consequently

(B) however

(C) because

(D) so

ex4)           , Nutrasweet is good for your weight.

(A) They

(B) Because they

(C) Even though they

(D) That they

ex5)           live in the sea, dolphins are not fish but mammals.

(A) They

(B) Because they

(C) Even though they

(D) That they

13. 형용사절 (Adjective clause)

일명 관계대명사절 이라고도 불려지고, 단문과 복문의 비율은 4:6 정도이며, 3 - 5문      제정도가 출제된다. 문제의 난이도는 부사절, 형용사절, 명사절 순으로 어려워진다.

* 주격 관계 대명사 + V

소유격 관계 대명사 + N

목적격 관계 대명사 + S + V

** 관.대는 앞의 선행사인 명사를 수식한다. 주절의 성분이 다 있고 종속절의 성분중 어느     하나가 빠진 경우가 형용사절이다.

ex) Smith is the man who tells a lie.

*** part A 선택지 중에서 which와 전치사 + which가 있을경우 전치사 + which가 답.

ex1) Elmer A. Sperry, who       , invented the gyroscope and automatic pilot.

(A) he lived from 1860 to 1930

(B) living from 1860 to 1930

(C) did he live from 1860 to 1930

(D) lived from 1860 to 1930

ex2) A mammal is an animal               .

(A) its blood is warm

(B) who its warm blooㅇ

(C) which blood is warm

(D) whose blood is warm

ex3) A number is an abstraction         no physical existence.

(A) has

(B) that has

(C) to have

(D) which is has

ex4) F. Scott Fitzgerald,        serious fiction writer, spent much of his career as ㅁ       hollywood screen writer.

(A) was a

(B) who, as a

(C) who was a

(D) who was as a

ex5) Mars, the fourth planet in our system, is tinted a bright red,         by the           presence of iron oxide in the soil.

(A) which is caused

(B) is caused

(C) it is caused

(D) that is caused

14. 명사절 (Noun clause)

난이도가 가장 높고 that, what 등의 의문사로 시작하는 세 가지 유형이 있다.

* that으로 시작하는 명사절 : 주어의 기능과 일반적으로 say, hope, believe 등의 말하고    (telling), 느끼고(feeling), 생각하는(thinking) 동사의 목적어로서의 기능을 한다.

ex) That it rained is not surprising. : that 절이 is의 주어로 쓰인 경우.

ex) The weather man said that it would rain. : that 절이 said의 목적어로 쓰인경우.

** 의문사나 what으로 시작하는 명사절 : S, C, 타동사의 목적어, 전치사의 목적어로 명     사절을 이끈다.

ex) I don't know what is in the box. : what절이 타동사 know의 목적어로 쓰임.

ex) What you said was very nice. : what절이 was의 주어로 쓰임.

ex) We are concerned about who will do the work. : 의문사 who절이 전치사 about        의 목적어로 쓰임.

ex) When he will arrive is not important. : 의문사 when절이 is의 주어로 쓰임.

*** 복합관계 대명사로 시작하는 명사절 : -ever가 붙은 말로 ..하거나 혹은 ...하든지로       해석되는 양보절을 이끌 때를 제외하고는 위의 역할과 동일(두 번째 항목).

ex) Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift. : must being 의 주어로 사        용.

ex) He always did whatever he wanted to do in any situation. :타동사 did의 목        적어.

**** 1) That 절 : 주절에는 하나의 성분이 빠졌으나 종속절에는 모든 성분이 있다.

ex) I know that he is a liar : 주절에 목적어가 부족.

2) what 절 : 주절과 종속절 모두 어느 하나의 성분이 빠진 경우.

ex) Everyone knows what you said. :주절(know)과 종속절(what)의 목적어 빠졌다.

ex1)        the dinosaurs became extinct is not known.

(A) Which

(B) Since

(C) How

(D) Although

ex2) The fact         American Express offices exist world-wide has made them a        common meeting place for Americans abroad.

(A) that

(B) of

(C) which

(D) is that

ex3) It is thought        feelings.

(A) what plants have are

(B) plants that have

(C) that plants have

(D) it is plants that

ex4) The behavior of aircraft is described by          .

(A) what physicists call aerodynamic theory

(B) physicist the call aerodynamic theory

(C) what do physicists call aerodynamic theory

(D) physicists call it aerodynamic theory

ex5)        some birds fly south in the winter is well known.

(A) Since

(B) Where

(C) Despite

(D) That

15. 분사구문 (Participle)

분사구문에서 생략된 주어가 주절의 주어와 일치하는지를 묻는 것으로 난이도는 중간     정도이며,  자주 출제된다.

* 분사구문은 부사절을 부사구로 바꿀 때 쓰인다.

☆ 분사구문 만드는 방법?

1) 접속사를 생략한다.

2) 주절의 주어와 종속절의 주어가 일치할 때만 생략한다.

주절 주어와 종속절의 주어가 다를 때는 명사주어를 쓴다 (독립분사구문)

ex) After seeing the movie, he lost his purse. : see the movie하는 것은 his purse가        아니라 사람인 he가 하는 것이다.

ex) While I was eating a pie, several pits were struck. : pie를 먹는 것은 사람이고         과일 씨가 eating 의 주어가 될 수 없으므로 부대상황을 나타내는 종속접속사            while과 주어 동사를 생략할 수 없다.

3) 시제에 주의 : a. 주절의 시제와 동일시제 : 동사원형 + ing (단순시제)

b. 주절의 시제보다 이전시제 : Having + P.P (완료시제)

ex) Because she did not know what to say, she could do nothing but remain silent.

** 부정어 + 분사구문 형태로도 쓰임에 주의

⇒ Not knowing what to say, she could do nothing but remain silent.

*** 분사구문의 일반적인 꼴 :     ....ed

....ing     ,  S  +  V

분사구문

1) 주절의 주어를 종속절에 넣어 해석관계가 능동이면 .....ing 꼴의 분사구문 쓴다.

2) 종속절의 주어를 주절에 넣어 해석관계가 피동이면 .....ed 꼴의 분사구문 쓴다.

ex)        in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.

(A) Found

(B) To find them

(C) Finding them

(D) They are found

ex)         from a day's work, Bill went to bed earlier than usual.

(A) Exhausting

(B) Having exhausted

(C) Exhausted

(D) Being exhausting

ex1) While traveling in Europe,        .

(A) Jane Addams was stirred by the social reform movement.

(B) it was the social reform movement that stirred Jane Addams.

(C) the social reform movement stirred Jane Addams.

(D) Jane Addams, stirred by the social reform movement.

ex2)      in 1937, the Golden Bridge spans the channel at the entrance to San             Francisco Bay.

(A) Completes

(B) Completed

(C) Completing

(D) To complete

ex3) While staying in florence, Italy, in 1894,        that she had a talent for              sculpture and began taking lessons.

(A) philanthropist Winifred Holt discovered

(B) that the philanthropist Winifred Holt discovered

(C) discovered by philanthropist Winifred Holt

(D) there philanthropist Winifred Holt discover

ex4) Known for her caricatures of United States society,          .

(A) Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children

(B) the writing and illustration of books for children by Peggy Brown

(C) children's books were written and illustrated by Peggy Brown

(D) Peggy Brown's writing and illustrating of children's books

ex5) Inaugurated a second time on March 4, 1901,       focused on domestic rather        than foreign policies.

(A) William McKinley's new term looked forward to and

(B) the new term looked forward to William McKinley and

(C) looking forward to a new term was William McKinley

(D) William McKinley looked forward to a new term

16. To 부정사와 분사의 구별

문두에 위치한 to부정사와 분사의 주어와의 관계를 묻는 것이다. 특히 to 부정사와 분     사는 복문을 단문으로 고치기 위해서 쓰는 준동사(Verbals)로 다음과 같은 성질을 갖     는다.

1) to 부정사 : a. 동사적 성질 : 시제와 태만 필요하다.

* 시제 : 단순형(to 원형): 주절의 시제와 같을 때.

완료형(to have P.P): 주절의 시제보다 한 시제 앞                                                           설 때.

* 태 : 능동태(to 원형)

수동태(to be P.P)

b. 명사적 성질 : 주어, 보어, 목적어 기능

ex) I like to swim very much.(전치사의 목적어 기능)

c. 형용사적 성질 : 명사를 뒤에서 수식하거나 보어로 쓴다.

ex) She seems to be ill.(seems의 보어 역할)

d. 부사적 성질 : 동사, 형용사, 부사 또는 문장전체를 수식한다.

ex) To tell the truth, he is not happy.(문장 전체 수식)

2) 분사 :     a. 동사적 성질 - ① 타동사 : 현재분사(...ing): -하게하는(능동,사역 의미)

과거분사(...ed): -되어진(수동의 의미)

② 자동사 : 현재분사: -하고있는 (진행형의 의미)

과거분사: -해버린 (상태, 완료)

ex) They are playing baseball. (진행형)

He has started for Seoul today. (완료형)

The window was broken by him. (수동형)

b. 형용사적 성질 : 명사를 수식하거나 보어로 쓰인다.

ex) A mountain covered with snow. (명사 수식)

c. 부사기능 : 분사구문으로 쓰일 때 - 접속사를 동반한 부사절에서 접속                                                      사를 생략하고 주절의 주어와 같                                                      을 때 주어를 생략하고 동사를 분                                                      사로 바꾼 구문.

ex) When we looked at the top of the mountain, we                                      could see much snow.

⇒ Looking at the top of the mountain, we could see                                    much snow.

ex1)       pottery, clay is modeled, painted, and finally baked at an extremely high          temperature.

(A) Masking

(B) Being mad

(C) It is made

(D) To make

ex2)         pure lead, the lead ore is mined, then smelted, and finally refined.

(A) Obtaining

(B) Being obtained

(C) To obtain

(D) It is obtained

ex3)        bricks, workers press clay into blocks and bake them to the requisite          hardness in a kiln.

(A) Being made

(B) The making of

(C) Made

(D) To make

ex4)        in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.

(A) Found

(B) Finding them

(C) To find them

(D) They are found

ex5)        in the southern and midwestern United States, ragtime music reached its       classic form in the 1890's.

(A) To have originated

(B) Originating

(C) To originate

(D) It originates

17. 동격 (Appositive)

* 동격이란 명사가 다른 명사 (명사상당어구) 또는 대명사 뒤에 쓰여 앞에 쓰인 어구       를 보충하는  형태를 지칭하는 말이다.

ex) a. My eldest brother, Timothy, left yesterday.

b. Alice died April 22, on her birthday.

c. The fact that he is dead is beyond dispute.

d. You men should be ashamed of yourself.

e. The teacher gave high grades to only two students, John and me.

** 용법

① 제한적 용법 (Restrictive Appositive) : 문맥상으로 그 명사(명사상당어구)가 지칭                                               하는 말을 알 수 있을 경우로 컴마가 없                                               다.

ex) This is my brother Jack.

② 비제한적 용법 (Nonrestrictive Appositive) : 문맥상으로 명사(명사상당어구)가지                                                     칭하는 말을 알 수 없는 경우로 컴                                                     마가 있다.

ex) The new boy, the one with red hair, is from Canada.

*** ⓐ 동격을 나타내는 것으로는 동격의 콤마와 관사(a, an) 등이 있다.

ⓑ 간혹 주어와 동사를 찾을 때 이 동격의 콤마를 무시해야 찾을 수 있는 문제가             출제되기도 한다.

ex)       , a famous Italian navigator, was until recently considered the first           European to sail to the New World.

(A) It is Columbus

(B) Columbus was

(C) Columbus

(D) It was Columbus

ex1)         photosynthesis is the ultimate source of food for almost all organisms on        earth.

(A) It is an extremely important process

(B) An extremely important process, it is

(C) That an extremely important process as

(D) An extremely important process,

ex2) Mankind is divided into three major races,          , Negroid, and Caucasian.

(A) they are Mongoloid

(B) are Mongoloid

(C) the Mongoloid

(D) Mongoloid, which are

ex3) The Little White House,       , was in Augusta, Georgia.

(A) the vacation home of President Eisenhower

(B) whether the vacation home of President Eisenhower

(C) which the vacation home of President Eisenhower

(D) was President Eisenhower's vacation home

ex4) Tampa, florida,       , is not well known as a shipping center.

(A) the sixth largest port in the U.S

(B) it is the sixth largest port in the U.S

(C) when it is the sixth largest port in the U.S

(D) the sixth largest port which in the U.S

ex5) Satellites,      , are indispensable for modern society.

(A) the weather station in space

(B) such as the weather stations in space

(C) there are weather stations in space

(D) are weather stations in space

18. It...that 구문

It .... that 간조구문을 묻는 유형으로 가주어 또는 가목적어 it의 용법과 함께 출제된      다. 시험에 출제되는 강조용법으로는 이 형태뿐이다. 강조되는 말은 명사, 대명사, 부      사, 부사구일 수 있다.

ex) I met John at the station yesterday

⇒ It was I that (who) met John

⇒ It was John that (whom) I met

⇒ It was at the station that I met John

⇒ It was yesterday that I met John

* 문장 중에 it 이 앞에 보이면 뒤에 to나 that 이 있는 것을 답으로 택하고, 가끔    that 대신에 사람이 강조될 때 It ... who(m)의 구문도 있음을 기억하자.

ex) It was between 1830 and 1835        the modern newspaper was born.

(A) when

(B) that

(C) which

(D) because

ex1)        Robin Hood lived in Sherwood Forest.

(A) The thinking

(B) To think that

(C) It is thought that

(D) They are thinking

ex2)         to believe that the cell is a simple structure.

(A) Mistaken

(B) A mistake it is

(C) It is a mistake

(D) A mistake which is

ex3)         the alphabet was developed from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

(A) The belief

(B) It is believing that

(C) It is believed that

(D) They are believing

ex4)        balloon-flying was introduced to America in Philadelphia.

(A) In 1793 that it was

(B) It was in 1793 that

(C) Because in 1793

(D) That in 1793

ex5)       , when all other avenues were exhausted, that the United states declared        its independence from England.

(A) It was in 1776

(B) In 1776 it was

(C) Because in 1776

(D) That in 1776

19. 원급 비교 (Equal comparison)

*형태

① a. 주어 + 동사 + as + 형/부 + as + 명/대명사

b. 주어 + 동사 + not so + 형/부 +as + 명/대명사

ex) My book is as interesting as yours.(your book)

② 주어 + 동사 + the same + 명사 + as + 명/대명사

ex) This sis not the same size as the rest of the apartment.

③ 전치사를 통한 원급 비교 : be similar to, be different from.

ex) The work that I did is similar to the work that you did.

④ 주어(명사) + 동사 + like 명사

ex) That car is almost like mine.

⑤ as high as 형태

ex) Price for bikes at that store can run as high as $250.

⑥ 주어 + will 동사원형 + as soon as + 주어 + 현재동사

ex) I will go home for vacation as soon as I finish my exams.

** 원급 비교시 주의사항

① 비교축을 중심으로 비교 대상/비교의 꼴이 일치되는지를 확인.

ex) The food in my country is very different than the United States.

위 문장은 두 가지의 오류가 있다.

⇒ a. 비교의 대상이 일치하지 않는다. 나라와 음식이 비교되고 있다. 따라서                    that(food) of the United States가 되어야 한다.

⇒  b. 비교의 꼴이 일치하지 않는다. different from이 되어야 한다.

② 긍정문에서는 내 + 형/부 + as 꼴을 사용하지 말 것. 부정문에서만 사용.

c.f as ....as 형 구문은 긍정문, 부정문 모두에 사용가능.

③ 동등 비교의 as를 생략하지 말 것.

ex) John drives just as carefully as ever, but Jane is still nervous about the               accident.

ex1) The history of invention        the history of mankind.

(A) is old, and also old is

(B) as old as

(C) which is as old

(D) is as old as

ex2) The moon is about one third as large          .

(A) is as the Earth

(B) as the Earth is

(C) is the Earth

(D) the Earth is

ex3) Although gorillas are extremely muscular, with enormous canine teeth, they are        not       the look.

(A) as fierce

(B) fiercer as

(C) as fierce as

(D) as the fiercest

ex4) Ball-point pen manufacturers work with measurements        used in spacecraft.

(A) those precisely

(B) they are precisely

(C) as precise as those

(D) as those are precisely

ex5) According to psychologists, a person's attention is attracted        by the             intensity of different signals as by their context, significance, and information          content.

(A) much not so

(B) not so much

(C) so not much

(D) so much not

20. 비교급 비교 (Comparative)

병치구조에 의해서 풀면 해결할 수 있다. 즉 비교되는 대상이 같은 형태를 취해야 하      므로 답지에서 비교되는 구조를 잘 살펴 찾는다.

1) 비교급 수식 : even, still, by far, much etc...

a) S + V + 형/부..er  + ..... than

b) S + V + more (less) + 형/부 .... than

ex) The room is more spacious than the other one.

2) 비교 대상이 일치해야 한다. :  be →be, have →have, 조동사 →do로 일치해야한다.

ex) John is greater than Carol is.

The area of Alaska is greater than that of Texas.(area를 지칭)

3) 둘 사이의 비교 (of the two) 에 비교급 사용.

ex) Of the two papers, the one on non-verbal communication is the better.

* 비교축을 중심으로 비교 대상/꼴 이 일치하는지를 묻는다.

ex) The room is more spacious as the other one. (one은 room을 받는다)/ as 는           than으로 바꾸어 주어야 한다.

** 둘 사이의(of the two) 비교시 비교급 사용: 원칙은 that + 최상급이지만 예외로 of       the two .... the 비교급 의 꼴이 인정된다.

*** 비교급 비교시 다음의 어순에 주의 : rather/somewhat/slightly... + 비교급 형용사 +      than 의 꼴로 이루어져야 한다.

ex) This house is rather larger than that one.

ex1) A mile is       a kilometer.

(A) than somewhat longer

(B) somewhat longer than

(C) longer than somewhat

(D) somewhat than longer

ex2) American automobiles need       than do imported cars.

(A) the less precise the care

(B) the care is less precise

(C) less precise care

(D) the less care is precise

ex3) Magnifying glasses make objects appear larger than        .

(A) are they actually

(B) are actually

(C) actually are

(D) they actually are

ex4) Ancient histories were less interested inn absolute chronology than      .

(A) modern histories are

(B) those of modern histories

(C) do modern histories

(D) those are modern histories

ex5) No problem is more serious         .

(A) than environmental pollution

(B) than environmental pollution does

(C) as environmental pollution

(D) as environmental pollution does

21. 최상급 비교 (Superlative)

1) 형태

a) S + V + the + 형...est  + in 단수 가산명사

b) S + V + most (least) + 형 + of 복수 가산명사

2) 용법

a) 셋 이상 (of the three, of all....) 의 비교시 최상급 사용한다.

ex) This one is the prettiest of the form shirts.

The most widely used natural fiber of all is cotton.

b) 최상급과 병렬법(parallelism)에 주의.

ex1) The gorilla        of the great apes.

(A) the largest member

(B) is the largest member

(C) the largest that is a member

(D) which is the largest member

ex2) The lion and the tiger are           of the cat family.

(A) the largest that is

(B) the largest

(C) which is the largest

(D) which the largest is

ex3) Billy Graham is one of the world's          gospel evangelists.

(A) very most

(B) the most

(C) foremost

(D) mostly

ex4) Salting is one of the          of keeping meat from spoiling.

(A) most are important means

(B) means are most important

(C) most important means

(D) most means are important

ex5) Twenty years ago the Beatles made         American tours by a music group       from England.

(A) the most famous one

(B) the one most famous

(C) one famous of the most

(D) one of the most famous

22. 이중 비교급 (Double Comparatives)

1) 형태

a) The 비교급 + S + V .... ,  the 비교급 + S + V  ....

명사                      명사

ex) The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.

b) 예외적인 형태 두 가지

① The 비교급 + N, the 비교급 it is to ROOT

ex) The greater an object's mass, the more difficult it is to speed it up or slow it         down.

② S + V (the) 비교급, the 비교급 S + V

ex) A body weighs less, the farther it gets from the surface of the earth.

ex1) it is a fact of economic life that the greater the benefits provided by the              government,        imposed on working citizens.

(A) there is a greater tax burden

(B) the greater tax burden

(C) which is a greater tax burden

(D) the greater the tax burden

ex2) The larger       water source, the greater the electrical power produced by a         dam.

(A) than the

(B) that the

(C) is the

(D) the

ex3) The higher the waves,              .

(A) where surfing is more dangerous

(B) and the more dangerous the surfing

(C) the more dangerous the surfing

(D) the surfing is more dangerous

ex4) The stronger        magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force.

(A) of

(B) the

(C) is the

(D) is of the

ex5) The lower the kindling temperature,         .

(A) the more easily a substance catches fire

(B) a substance catches fire more easily

(C) catching fire more easily, a substance

(D) catches fire and the substance more easily

23. 배수 비교 (Multiple Number Comparative)

1) 형태

S + V + 배수사 + as much / many + (명) as + (대)명사

* 배수사: half, twice, three times....

ex) There were twice as many fire trucks as were needed.

At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many lusters as Barney

2) 용법

배수사 as much/many as 꼴에서의 주의

① much 는 불가산 명사일 때, many는 가산 명사일 때 사용한다.

ex) The G hotel has two-thirds as many rooms as the C hotel.

The new model costs twice as much as last year's mode.

② as much/ many as에서 내 사용하지 말 것.

ex) The rent at college Apartment is only half so much as you pay here. (as가 되        어야 한다.)

③ as much/many as 대신 more than을 사용하지 말 것.

ex) I would gladly have paid three times more than he asked. ( as much as 가 되        어야 한다.)

ex1) Plastic that has been especially constructed may be up to          .

(A) some metals as hard as six times

(B) six times as hard as some metals

(C) as hard as some metal six times

(D) hard as some metals six times

ex2) People throughout the world are eating      meat per person as they did in 1945.

(A) more than twice

(B) what are twice as much

(C) twice as many are

(D) more than twice as much

ex3) Glass that has been tempered may be up to         .

(A) five times as hard as ordinary glass

(B) as hard as ordinary glass five times

(C) hard as ordinary glass times five

(D) ordinary glass a shard as five times

ex4) Staying in a hotel costs        renting a room in a dormitory.

(A) twice more than

(B) as much twice as

(C) twice as much as

(D) as much as twice

ex5) All steam engines work for the same reason : steam occupies more than 1,700         times          the water from which it comes.

(A) of the space of much of

(B) much of the space

(C) with as much space as

(D) as much space as

24. Wh ... 구문

What, When, Where, Why와 how로 시작하는 구문을 지칭한다.

* 작은 Wh 구문은 도치가 안 됨.

I don't know what the homework is. :문중에 쓰였으므로 작은 작은 w 로 시작, 도치    안됨.

* 큰 Wh 에 ? (question mark)는 도치가 됨.

What is the homework? : 문두 시작이므로 큰 W, ?가 있으니 도치됨.

* 주의 : 큰 Wh 로 시작되더라도 뒤에 ? 가없으면 도치 안됨.

ex) When I an leave, I will take the first train. (종속절 + S + V)

ex1) There are very few areas of the world          grow.

(A) where apricots can

(B) apricots can

(C) apricots that can

(D) where can apricots

ex2) Color, line, mass, space, and texture are to a painter          to an author.

(A) are what words

(B) what are words

(C) what words are

(D) words are what

ex3) Caves and hollow trees are not the only places          .

(A) where do bats live

(B) bats live where

(C) where bats live

(D) live where bats

ex4) The Oregon Trall went through the South Pass,         in 1842.

(A) where was gold discovered

(B) it was where gold was discovered

(C) discovered where gold was

(D) where gold was discovered

ex5) Rabbits make their homes in fields and prairies          hide their young under       bushed or among tall grasses.

(A) can where they

(B) where they can

(C) where can they

(D) where can

25. 도치 (Inversion of Subject and Verb)

* 도치되는 6가지 유형.

1) there, here로 시작되는 문장

There are the keys that I thought I lost.

Here is the book that you lent me.

2) 장소를 나타내는 부사(구) + 자동사 + 주어

In the box was a police officer.

3) 조건절에서 if 나 unless 가 생략되는 경우

Did he ask her, she would surely help him

4) not until, never, hardly, seldom, barely, not only, nowhere, at no time 등의 부정        어로 문장이 시작되는 경우.

Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.

5) only + 시간을 나타내는 말이 올 때

Only after her mother died, did she know loneliness.

6) so, little, few, such가 명사를 수식하지 않고 문장 맨 잎으로 올 때

So great was her love for her children that she sacrified everything for them.

7) be + 과거분사(p.p) 나 be + 현재분사(..ing) 꼴에서 동사를 강조하는 경우.

Held as hostages wee several reporters.

** 시험에 자주 출제되는 도치 유형

ex) a. Not until an infant hedgehog opens its eyes does it leave its nest to follow           its mother about.

b. Had she known that Richard could not come, Doris would never have               given the party.

* Only 가 도치되는 이유는 only=nothing, nor가 도치되는 이유 nor=and neither의 의미    인 부정어로 시작되기 때문이다.

ex1) Rarely         occur without a corresponding physical ailment.

(A) chronic mental fatigue

(B) is chronic mental fatigue

(C) does chronic mental fatigue

(D) chronic mental fatigue does

ex2) Not until the late 1870's           an outlet for her talents and sympathies in         charitable work.

(A) that Anna Hallowell found

(B) did Anna Hallowell find

(C) when did Anna Hallowell find

(D) when Anna Hallowell found

ex3)          an increasing international exchange of educational films.

(A) It is

(B) There is

(C) Through there is

(D) Although it is

ex4) On the southern shore of Lake Erie         , the greatest metropolitan area in        Ohio.

(A) lies Cleveland

(B) Cleveland lies there

(C) where Cleveland lies

(D) does Cleveland lie

ex5)           , exerted by tornadoes that they have been known to lift railroad           locomotives off their tracks.

(A) The great force is

(B) The force is great

(C) How great the force is

(D) So great is the force

26. 빈도부사 (Adverbs of Frequency)

종류 : sometimes, often, usually, always, hardly, seldom, rarely, barely etc.

위치 : 일반동사 앞, be동사와 조동사 뒤, 조동사와 본동사 사이.

ex) 1. Her father often invited me.

2. He is always faithful to his principles.

3. The coffee has frequently tasted bitter.

ex1)        west of the Rockey Mountains.

(A) Tornadoes almost occur never

(B) Tornadoes never almost occur

(C) Never tornadoes almost occur

(D) Tornadoes almost never occur

ex2) Hamburgers and apple pie have         of America.

(A) usually been symbols

(B) usually symbols been

(C) symbols been usually

(D) been usually symbols

ex3)         religious beliefs about the after life.

(A) Great men have had often

(B) Great men have often had

(C) Have great men often had

(D) Often have had great men

ex4) The life span of a turtle is long,       one hundred years.

(A) often more than

(B) more often than

(C) often than more

(D) more than often

ex5) The Yazoo Basin contains the finest agricultural lad in Mississippi but floods and       poor drainage have        this area.

(A) always problems in caused

(B) caused always problems in

(C) always caused problems in

(D) caused problems in always

27. 수식관계

주로 어순 (Word order) 에 관한 문제로 관사, 부사, 형용사의 올바른 어순을 묻는다.

* 형용사는 명사, 대명사를 수식하고, 부사는 동사, 형용사, 다른 부사를 수식한다.

ex) ① His recent accident caused a sudden change in his behavior.

② He speaks intelligently.(동사수식)

He was a highly motivated young man. (형용사 수식)

She could run very quickly. (부사수식)

** 감각동사 (feel, look, seem, appear, taste, smell, sound) + 형용사.

ex) Those flowers smell sweet. (sweetly X)

*** 명사 + 명사에서 앞명사는 형용사의 역할로서 복수형이나 소유격 형태를 취할 수 없      다.

ex) John turned in his term paper this morning. (term's  X)

**** 하이픈(-)으로 연결된 명사가 형용사기능으로 다른 명사 수식할 때 이들 명사는 복       수 형태를 취할 수 없다.

ex) I bought a three-hundred-dollar suit. (dollars  X)

***** 수식관계 (관사 + 형용사 + 명사// 부사 + 형용사 + 명사)를 살펴서 정답 택한다.

⇒ 타동사나 전치사의 목적어인 경우는 끝이 명사로 끝나야 한다.

⇒ be 동사류 (become, seem, 감각동사)의 보어인 경우는 끝이 형용사로 끝남.

ex1) What percentage of the population is aware that in        company the directors       hold only a small fraction of its shares?

(A) a public typical

(B) a typical public

(C) typical a public

(D) public typical a

ex2) Wool is         characteristic on which to classify breeds of sheep.

(A) most obviously

(B) obviously the most

(C) the most obvious

(D) the most obvious that is

ex3) The grape is the         , juicy fruit of a woody vine.

(A) smooth-skinned

(B) skinned is smooth

(C) skin, which is smooth

(D) smooth skin

ex4) In the course of her life, Mary Anne Sadier          , some fifty of them             original novels and collections of stories.

(A) produced nearly sixty books

(B) produced sixty books nearly

(C) nearly sixty books produced

(D) sixty books nearly produced

ex5) Ultramarine is a blue pigment of coloring        by artificial means.

(A) now prepared material

(B) prepared material now

(C) now material prepared

(D) material now prepared

28. no, not, none의 구문

* 용법

1) no : 형용사로 명사수식

동사 + no +명사

ex) There is no change for towels at the pool.

He has no passport.

2) not : 부사로 동사를 부정하고, 다음과 같이 사용.

① be + not + 동사 ing

ex) He is not making any money

② do(es) + not + 동사

ex) He does not like to study no the weekends.

③ have(has) + not + p.p

ex) They have not seen any deer.

④ 조동사(will/would, shall/should, can/could, may/might, must...) + not + 동사

ex) You should not eat too many sweets.

3) none : 앞에 언급한 명사 부정할 때 사용. not any 혹은 not one의 의미가짐.

ex) The children ate all the cookies, when I arrived, there were none.(no cookies)

* none + of + the + 명사 형태로도 쓰인다.

ex) When I arrived , none of the cookies were left.

None of the children know how to swim.

ex1) some fleas have one or two eyes, but others have        .

(A) none

(B) never

(C) not some

(D) no

ex2) Pantomime refers to a short drama in which       words are spoken.

(A) never

(B) not

(C) no

(D) none

ex3) In the United States advertising revenue pays all the direct costs of television         and radio broadcasting and        less than seventy percent of the cost of            newspaper publishing.

(A) no

(B) none

(C) nor

(D) neither

ex4) It is thought that        two fingerprints are identical.

(A) nor

(B) no

(C) none

(D) never

ex5) A black panther has        spots.

(A) not

(B) no

(C) and no

(D) none

1. Subject and Verb

주어가 반복되는 경우(Double Subject)와 동사가 없는 경우(Missing Verb) 등이 1-3개    정도 출제된다.

1) 주어가 불필요하게 반복된 경우 : 주어 찾는 요령.

① , 와 , 를 지나쳐라.

ex) Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.

② 전치사구 내에 있는 명사를 주어로 착각하지 말아라.

ex) The neighbors across the street have four dogs. (주어가 아님)

③ 관계 대명사에 주의해야 한다.

ex) The plants that they belong to the family of ferms are quite varied in                 their size and structure. (주격관계 대명사 불필요.)

2) 주어가 없는 경우(Omitted Subjects) : 이 경우 문제가 되는 구문은 주로 when과 so       - that 구문이다.

⇒ When + S + V 와 so - that + S + V

ex) Author Sarah Orne Jewett published her first story when was nineteen

A                           B                      C

years old.

D

3) 동사가 없는 경우 (Omitted Verb) : 동사자리에 형용사가 들어오는 형식으로 문제가                                         출제.

ex) Philosophers commonly reliable on argument to support their own

A                      B           C

theories and to refute the theories of others.

D

4) 동사의 꼴이 잘못된 경우 (Irregular Verb) : 동사의 과거, 과거분사형을 정확히 기억      해야 한다.

① 과거분사 (have + P.P.) 자리에 분사 대신 과거형 쓰는 경우나 동사원형을 쓰는          경우

ex) He has took the test → has taken 으로 바꿔야 한다.

② sing-sang-sung 과 같이 동사의 변화가 모음만 비뀌는 경우 주의.

③ 조동사 + 원형의 꼴이 아닌 경우

ex) The doctor may arrives soon. → may arrive 로 바꿔야 한다.

ex1) Irrigation and drainage they are two of the most common ways of reclaiming.

A              B       C                 D

ex2) Native to North America, the ground it is an annual vine whose fruit is used for          A                             B                                       C

decorative rather than eating purposes.

D

ex3) To determine the per capita income, economists division a nation's total income              A                                           B                C

by its population.

D

ex4) The first solar-powered radio station in the world beginned broadcasting on               A                                       B           C                  D

August 29, 1979.

ex5) Clara Barton foundationed the American National Red Cross in 1881 after serving                         A                                                B     C

in the international Red Cross in Europe.

D

2. 주어 동사 수 일치 (Number Agreement)

난이도가 쉬운 번호와 난이도가 높은 쪽에서 출제되기도 한다.

1) 수일치 일반 : 주어가 단수일 경우 동사도 단수

주어가 복수일 경우 동사도 복수

ex) The boy walks to school.

The boys walk to school.

2) 단수로 취급하는 경우

① every, each, (n)either of .... , no one .... , .... thing, .... body로 끝나는 단어가           주어로 쓰일 때

ex) Each arrives on time.

Neither of these books is very new.

Everybody is going to the theater.

② every A and B, each A and B가 주어로 쓰일 때

ex) Every dog and cat is vaccinated against rabies.

③ 시간(time), 부피(volume), 가격(price), 거리(distance), 중량(weight)을 나타내는           말이 주어로 쓰일 때

ex) Five hundred dollars is required as a down payment. (가격)

④ 형태는 복수이지만 의미가 단수인 경우

추상명사 : news, goods, ...

학문명 : politics statistics, mathematics, physics, economics, ...

병명 : herpes, mumps, measles, ...

ex) The news was very good.

S    V

3) 복수로 취급하는 경우

① both A and B, A and B, several, many, both, few 등이 주어일 때

ex) a. Both are in the closet.

b. Several have already written to me.

c. Only a few have passed the exam.

② 언제나 복수 형태를 취하는 명사

의복 : trousers, pants, sunglasses

도구 : pliers, tweezers, pincers, scissors

추상명사 : thanks, riches, means

* 주의 : 위의 명사들이 a pair of ...., a word of .... 의 형태로 쓰이면 단수동사를 취한            다.

ex) a. The pants are in the drawer.

b. A pair of pants is in the drawer.

4) 단수, 복수로 다 쓰이는 경우

① percent나 분수 등 부분을 나타내는 말(none, all, some, any, most, half 등)이 전          치사구와 쓰일 때 전치사의 목적어의 수에 일치.

단수명사 → 단수동사

즉, 부분을 나타내는 말 + 전치사 +

복수명사 → 복수동사

ex) a. All of the money is in bank.

b. All of the books have been thrown away.

② (n)either A (n)or B, not only A but also B는 B에 일치

ex) a. Either the teacher or the students have your books.

S1             S2      V

b. Neither the students nor the teacher is allowed to smoke.

S1              S2     V

③ a number of 는 복수, the number of 는 단수

ex) a. A number of reporters were at the conference yesterday.

b. The number of Mexican students in class is small.

④ class, team, police, committee, audience, family, faculty 등은 추상적 의미의 집          단을 나타낼 때는 단수로, 개별적 의미의 사람을 나타낼 때는 복수로 받는다. 또          한, 이 경우에는 단수와 복수 중 어느 것을 쓸 것인가를 알려주는 실마리가 문장          중에 나타나 있다.

ex) a. The family are fighting among themselves constantly.

b. The committee is ready to make its recommendations public.

⑤ Chinese, French, English 등 -ese, -ch, -sh 로 끝나는 국적을 나타내는 말이 언          어를 지칭 할 때는 단수동사를 취하고, 정관사 the와 함께 쓰여 국민(people of           the country)을 뜻할 때는 복수동사를 취한다.

ex) a. French is a Romance language.

b. The French are romantic.

** 주어와 동사 간에는 인칭, 수 및 시제에 따라 쓰여야 할 형태에 제약이 오는데 이에      따른 문제가 TOEFL에 자주 출제되고 있다.

☞ 해결점은 주어와 동사의 꼴을 비교하면 쉽게 해결 할 수 있다.

형태 : 주어 + (전치사구) + 동사 : 전치사구 무시.

ex) a. One of the most enjoyable parties was given by Helen.

⇒ One of the 꼴이 나오면 뒤 동사와 수일치를 봐야 한다.

b. In the early 1980's, Major league baseball, in spite of public to player's                                                                A

salaries, were more popular than ever before and attracted record crowds.

B                 C                     D

ex1) Fundamentally, astronomy consist of probing the furthest reaches of the universe.

A                     B         C                                 D

ex2) Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been found in the central and              A                   B                       C

eastern Canada.

D

ex3) The Allegheny Mountain range are rich in coal.

A                B           C      D

ex4) One of the first lessons in forest-fire survival are to try to reach burned ground.

A             B                     C   D

ex5) Neither the stockholders nor the president were convinced as to the propriety of         A                                       B               C

the proposed course of action.

D

3. 주어 대명사 수일치

격에 따른 대명사의 형태와 잎에 나온 명사와의 수일치가 주로 출제된다.

1) 명사와 대명사의 수일치

ex) a. Ha-eun is interested in mathematics and their applications. → (its로)

b. Financial problems beset many of the early museums in the United States                A                                  B

and its closure.

C     D

2) 부정대명사 (each, all, every .....)와 대명사의 수일치

ex) Every river has the power to clean itself but only, if they are not overloaded                                               A     B           C               D

with pollutants.

3) One은 one('s) 또는 He(His)로 받는다.

ex) If one had taken the time to verify all of the data, you would not have                           A                  B              C        D

published the article.

* 대명사에 대한 문제에서는 앞에 나온 명사와의 수일치와 격일치에 유의해야 한다.

ex) a. Between you and I, the economic situation looks bad

⇒전치사의 목적격으로 쓰였으므로 목적격 me로.

b. They did not like him calling so late at night.

⇒동명사의 의미상의 주어는 소유격이므로 his로.

ex1) The congregation was unanimous in its approval of the nomination of a woman                                  A                               B

as pastor for the first time in their history.

C  D

ex2) Financial problems beset many of the early museums in United States and                A                                     B

caused its closure

D

ex3) All matter resists any change in their condition of rest of motion.

A              B               C       D

ex4) From its beginnings in the 1890's, newspaper comic appealed both to young             A         B                                               C       D

readers and to adults.

ex5) Legends often contain an element of fact, but sometimes it is totally untrue.

A              B             C           D

4. 전치사구(숙어) :

1) 전치사 잘못 쓰는 경우 (Incorrect Preposition)

ex) a. I just don't approve at your checking on the exam.(of)

b. I know I can rely in you to be here on time.(on)

2) 전치사가 빠진 경우 (Omitted Preposition)

ex) The occurrence edema indicates the presence of serious illness.

⇒명사와 명사의 충돌을 피하기 위하여 전치사 of 필요.

* 빈출숙어

at the age of 30, at the entrance of, at a high speed, at the level of , at any cost,     in the 20th century, in conflict(갈등상태), in supply(공급상태에 있는), in the coat, on    the staff(소속), act on, based on, have an effect on influence, be an authority on(전    문적, 논리적인 분야 지칭), be enthusiastic about, near to, apply A to B, to the tune    (곡에 맞춰), be related to, attend to, by a narrow margin(아슬아슬하게). account for,    add to, agree to(with), apologize to, arrive at, listen to, look for, object to, reply to....

ex1) A drama is a story intended to be presented by actors onto a stage.

A            B                    C         D

ex2) since peach trees bloom very early in the season, they are in danger for spring                            A                     B                         C

frosts.

D

ex3) Because oak trees are highly resistant of storm damage, they usually live a long          A                    B        C                             D

time

ex4) Northern Michigan's Mackinac Island is situated of the entrance of the Straits of                                            A         B              C

Mackinac in Lake Huron.

D

ex5) A marionette is controlled by means strings connected to wooden bar.

A            B            C    D

5. 전치사와 접속사의 구별

1) 원인을 나타내는 종속접속사와 전치사

종속접속사 because, since, as, in that + S + V

전치사 because of, on account of, due to + 동명사구/명사구

ex) a. John went to the hospital because his sickness.(because of)

b. John went to the hospital due to he was sick.(due to being)

2) 양보를 나타내는 종속접속사와 전치사

접속사 although, though, even though + S + V

전치사 despite, in spite of + 동명사구/명사구

ex) Despite he was sick, he went to work.(X)

Despite being sick, he went to work. (동명사구)

Despite his sickness, he wet to work. (명사구)

3) 목적을 나타내는 for : 원인을 나타낼 때는 절로 쓰이고, 동명사구 또는 명사구(목적)로     도 쓸 수 있다.

ex) It was time to go for he was badly needed. (완전한 문장; 절)

He bought a car for moving to Arizona. (동명사구)

Inflated rafts are used for pontoon bridges. (명사구)

4) 시간을 나타내는 접속사와 전치사

ex) When school begins, students buy books. (완전한 문장; 절)

With the beginning of school, students buy books. (명사절)

* 전치사 뒤에는 명사가 오고, 접속사 뒤에는 절이 온다.

ex1) The United States imports all carpet wools because of domestic wools are too                               A    B                    C                      D

fine and soft for carpets.

ex2) Roberto Clemente was recognized both because of his great humanitarianism and                                  A                          B                    C

because his outstanding skill on the baseball field.

D

ex3) Everglades National Park has a great variety of wildlife also is especially famous                                       A                      B         C

for its many species of birds.

D

ex4) Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite they return to their                 A                    B                      C            D

fresh water birth place to spawn and die.

ex5) While the nineteenth century, North American architects developed variations on         A                                              B                   C

the European architectural models.

D

6. 연결 장치에 관한 문제

1) So + 형/부 + that, So + 형 + a + 명 + that

2) Such + a + 형 + 단수명사 + that, Such + 형 + 복수명사 + that

ex) a. She is such a nice girl that everyone likes her.

b. She is so nice a girl that everyone likes her.

3) too + 형 + to부정사 : 불가능이나 바라지 않는 정도를 지칭.

ex) She is too sick to come to class today.

* Part B의 so ... that 구문에서 내 대신 too나 very로 문제가 출제됨. 앞에 so가 나오면    뒤에 that절을 찾아라.

ex) The basement in the old house was very damp and dark that it looked like a           dungeon.      A                     B            C               D

Kant was so regular in his habits as until the day he died people were able                           A                 B   C

to set their watches by his actions.

D

** 앞에 too가 보이면 뒤에 to를 찾아라.

ex) she is too sick to come to class today.

*** Such as 구문에서 as를 없애고 시험에 출제한다.

ex) General reference maps include basic information, such continents, countries,

A                        B            C

rivers, cities and other features.

D

ex1) Pressure gauges measure pressure in enclosed vessels of containers such boilers          A               B                       C                          D

or pipes.

ex2) Lucretia Mott's influence was too significant that she has been credited by some                                           A                        B

authorities as originator of feminism in the United States.

C            D

ex3) Although not abundant in nature, zinc is important for both the galvanization of           A                                         B

iron and the preparation of alloys as such brass and German silver.

C                                 D

ex4) The success of a corneal transplant depends on its placement in the recipient's                                                         A                          B

eye so that cannot be oversupplied by the patient's blood vessels.

C                 D

ex5) Good examples of lacquer ware are very durable that they show no wear for                                                A                      B         C   D

hundreds of years.

7. Like, the same as

* alike는 항상 ‘A and B are alike'의 꼴로만 쓰인다.

ex) a. The two windows in this room are alike.

b. Your book and mine are alike.

** Like, Unlike : 모두 전치사로 목적어를 취할 수 있다.

ex) John is like Tom. / John is unlike Tom.

⇒ 위의 두 예문에서 like 와 unlike는 모두 전치사로 목적어(Tom)를 취할 수 있             으며, like는 ‘similar to’의 의미이다.

*** 명사 the same as  명사 : 비교대상의 일치

ex) Is your book the same to mine ? → (as로 바꿔야 한다)

**** A is like B = A and B are alike.

전치사                형용사

※ 전치사는 목적어를 취할 수 있다. 그러나 비교되는 대상이 동사앞에 위치할 때 (alike     처럼)는 목적어를 취할 수 없다.

ex) a. Lignin, alike cellulose, permits water and gases to pass through it.

A               B                C                  D

***** S(명사) + V + the same as + 명사

the same as에서 as 대신 새, that, like를 쓰지 말 것.

ex) My briefcase is exactly the same that yours. (X) → as로 바꿔야 함.

= My briefcase is exactly like yours.(O)

ex1) Some antibiotics used in the treatment of human disease are like only in that            A                B                                          C

they are obtained from fungi and bacteria.

D

ex2) The geographical distribution of animals, alike that of plants is dependent on both                                                A     B         C               D

climatic and historical factors.

ex3) The same other beans, limas are seeds that grow in pods.

A                        B         C    D

ex4) Modern people, alike their ancestors, are curious about the nature of the universe.

A             B                               C        D

ex5) Radio waves, same light waves, travel at a constant speed of 186,282 miles.

A                B           C       D

8. 상관접속사(Correlative Conjunctions)

Part A에서는 알맞은 상관접속사 이른바 Missing Correlative 형식으로 출제되나 Part     B에서는 잘못 쓰인 Correlative Error를 찾는 형식으로 출제된다.

* both A and B, either A or B, Neither A nor B, Not only A but also B등의 상관접속    사가 시험에 출제된다.

1) both A and B

ex) Either the structure and the chemical composition of lamellae are complex.

A          B                C                                  D

2) either A or B

ex) The element ruthenium is hard and brittle, and does not dissolve in either                                         A                     B               C

water nor acid.

D

3) not only A but also B

ex) Not only was the Mariner spacecraft the first to fly beyond Mars, however it                                        A                                     B

also survived in space well post its expected lifetime of twenty-one month.

C                 D

※ The reason ..... is that  S + V : 대신 because로 바꿔 문제 출제한다.

ex1) Nature not only gave the middle Atlantic region fine harbors, however endowed           A                                                 B          C

it with a first-class system of inland waterways.

D

ex2) Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin, ball clay, feldspar, and                A     B              C              D

silica.

ex3) The Empire States Building, once America's tallest is now surpassed by either                                      A               B                C         D

the Sears Tower in Chicago and the World Trade Center in New York City.

ex4) Chickens are raised for both meat or eggs, which makes them the most                                                      A          B             C         D

important domesticated birds in the world.

ex5) The mysterious "song" of comeback whales has always fascinated not only                      A                                    B

musicians, and the general public, and marine mammalogists as well.

C                                             D

9. 부정사, 동명사 구별 (Infinitive/ Gerund)

to부정사만 취하는 동사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취하거나, 둘 다 취할 때 뜻이 달라지     는 동사들의 구분이 시험에 출제된다. 이를 억지로 외우지 말고 반복에 의해서 숙달      시키는게 중요하다. 여기서는 편의상 to부정사와 동명사를 각각 취하는 동사들의         list를 옮겨보자.

1) to부정사 : expect, effort, attempt, promise, plan, desire, decide, advice, cause,                       encourage, force, invite, urge, warn, remind....

주로 미래 지향적 (hope)이나 호감 나타내는 동사 (like)가 이에 속한다.

2) 동명사 : admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, practice....

주로 과거 지향적이나 혐오, 싫음 (dislike)을 나타내는 동사가 이에 속한다.

※주의 : be accustomed to, object to, get through, be worth

3) allow (permit) + 목적어 + to부정사

allow (permit) + ...ing꼴로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.

ex) They don't allow us to smoke here.

= They don't allow smoking here.

4) 둘 다 취할 때 뜻이 달라지는 동사

① 회상동사( try, recall, forget, remember)가 to부정사를 취할때는 미래의 의미, 동         명사를 취할 때는 과거의 의미.

ex) a. Please remember to bring the book tomorrow. (미래)

b. I remember hearing Mary play the 'emperor' concerto. (과거)

② stop이 to부정사를 취할 때는 목적 (...하기위하여)을 동명사를 취할 때는 완료성          (quit, finish)의 의미.

ex) Many people have stopped to smoke after they learned that smoking is a

A          B                  C                D

prime cause of lung cancer.

③ 필요동사(need, require, want)가 to부정사를 취할 때는 능동의 의미, 동명사를 취         할 때는 수동의 의미로 to be P.P 꼴로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.

ex) My chair wants mending. (= needs to be mended)

ex1) The purpose of inductive logic is to inferring general laws from particular                   A                B                 C                                 D

occurrences.

ex2) Duke Ellington was one of the first to compose and arranging jazz music for a

A                                     B                C  D

large orchestra.

ex3) No bank keeps enough cash paying all its deposition in full at one time.

A                B           C                      D

ex4) Contrasts in sizes and dollars allow an artist to conveyance the impression of                                         A                    B              C

distance in a painting.

D

ex5) Mannerist artists tended considering artistic invention and imagination more                                          A          B

important than the faithful reproduction of nature.

C        D

10. 현재분사, 과거분사의 구분

준동사에 관한 문제들로 꼴을 묻는 문제로 출제된다. 이들은 형용사와 같은 역할을

하므로 Verbal adjective라고 부르며 1-2문제가 출제된다.

ex1) The woman cleans the car.

ex2) The cleaning woman worked on the car.

ex3) The woman put the cleaned car back in the garage.

ex1)에서 clean은 주어 woman과 목적어 car를 연결하는 동사의 역할인 반면에, ex2,3)에서는 clean은 각기 woman과 car를 수식하는 형용사로 쓰였다. 여기서 ing꼴과 -ed꼴의 차이점은 능동과 수동의 차이점과 비슷하다.

만일 이문장이 The cleaning car와 The cleaned woman으로 되어 있다면 이는 틀린 것이다. 왜냐하면 -ing꼴은 능동의 의미로 차가 스스로 세차를 한다는 말이 되는것이고, -ed꼴은 수동의 의미가 되어 논리상 어색하다.

* 현재분사와 과거분사의 구별 방법 : 관계대명사로 고쳐 써서 수동형이 되는 것은 과거분사가 되고, 그렇지 않은 것은 현재분사가 된다.

ex) a wounded soldier = a soldier who was wounded

the shocking news = the news which was shocking

** 타동사 : a. 현재분사 : -하게하는(능동, 사역 의미)

b. 과거분사 : -되어진(수동의미)

자동사 : a. 현재분사 : -하고 있는(진행)

b. 과거분사 : -해 버린(완료상태)

ex1) Wind and rain continually hit against the surface of the Earth, broken rocks into             A                                    B                   C

smaller and smaller particles.

D

ex2) Per capita income is a nation's entire income dividing by the number of people                                          A               B                       C

in the nation.

D

ex3) Baroque has been the term using by art historians for almost century to                           A                  B               C

designate the dominant style of the period 1600-1750.

D

ex4) The pancreas is an organ involving in the digestion of food and in the regulation                                    A                B                          C

of the sugar level in the bloodstream.

D

ex5) A manifest is an itemizing list of the goods or passengers a vessel is carrying.

A      B             C                                   D

11. 사람 지칭명사(Person-non)

TOEIC에서는 사람 지칭명사를 써야 할 곳에 사물 지칭명사를 쓰거나 사물지칭명사      쓸 자리에 사람 지칭명사를 써서 혼란을 유발시킨다.

* 사람 지칭명사는 끝이 -er, -or, -ist로 끝난다. 이를 사물지칭명사와 구분하는 방법은     동격(Appositive)이나 병렬법(Parallelism)에 유의하면 쉽게 그 오류를 발견해 낼 수 있    다.

1) 동격에 의한 사람 지칭명사와 사물 지칭명사의 구별 법.

ex) Ralph Nader is an authorization in the field of consumer affairs.

⇒ 위의 예에서 authorization은 사물을 지칭하는 명사이고, Ralph는 사람이다. 따             라서 Ralph와 동격으로 쓰이려면 사람 지칭명사인 ‘authority'가 쓰여야 한다.

2) 병렬법에 의한 구별 법.

ex) Emily Howland, educator, reform, and philanthropist was born on a farm near          Sherwood, New York.

⇒ reform이 and로 연결된 병렬관계로 보아 개혁자의 의미인 reformer로 바꿔야             되고 reformer가 되어야 Emily와 동격이 된다.

ex1) fifty-eight years after novel Richard Wright left his home in Mississippi, the                             A    B                                C

state proclaimed November 21-28 as Richard Wright Week.

D

ex2) At the end of the Revolutionary war, rioters took place in Philadelphia when the       A                                      B                              C

army was not paid.

D

ex3) Public recognition of Ben Shahn as a major American artistic began with a                       A                                              B

retrospective show of his work in 1948

C           D

ex4) A leadership of the National Prohibition Party, Frances Willard was an excellent            A                B                                                C

speaker and a successful lobbyist.

D

ex5) Gwendolyn Brooks, a United States poetry and a pulitzer winner, was born in                             A                  B                     C         D

Topeka, Kansas, on June 7, 1917.

12. 명사와 동명사의 구별

품사(Word Form)에 관한 문제로 ‘관사, 형용사, 명사’ 어순 문제와 사람지칭명사와       사물 지칭명사의 구별문제 등이 함께 4-5개 정도 출제된다.

1) 명사의 자리에 동사형이나 동명사를 쓰지 말 것.

ex) In the relatively short history of industrial developing in the United States,                     A                                    B              C

New York city has played a vital role.

D

⇒전치사 of의 목적격으로 명사형이 쓰여야 하므로 development로 고쳐야 한다.

2) -ing, -able로 끝나는 형용사를 명사의 자리에 쓰지 말 것.

ex) The neutron bomb provides the capable of a limited nuclear war in which                                                A            B                     C

building would be preserved, but people would be destroyed.

D

⇒ 타동사 provide의 목적격으로 명사형이 필요하므로 capability로 고쳐야 한다.

* 동명사 다음에는 목적어가 필요하므로 아래와 같은 예에서는 명사형을 써야 한다.

ex) He earned a great deal of money from his inventing.

⇒ inventing을 invention으로 바꾼다. 소유격은 형용사 역할을 하기에 뒤에는 명            사자리다.

** ‘동명사 +전치사’의 꼴은 ‘명사 + 전치사’의 꼴로 바꾼다.

ex) preventing of the disease (X) ⇒ prevention of the disease (O)

*** -ing꼴은 파생명사가 없는 경우에만 사용할 수 있다.

ex) the resisting of arrest (X) ⇒ the resistance of arrest (O)

**** The + -ing + of 꼴 : 관사가 붙지 않은 -ing형은 직접 목적어가 바로 뒤에 올 수       있지만 관사가 붙어 있는 -ing형은 목적어를 취할 수 없으므로 목적격관계를 나타내       는 of를 써야 한다.

ex) a. Lighting the fire used to be a daily chore in Victorian times.

b. The lighting of fires is forbidden. (주어가 fires가 아님을 유의)

ex1) The defeating of William Jernings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election was the               A                                               B              C

end of the populist movement.

D

ex2) A number of economists agree that a governing can fight a period of recession                                                  A                   B

by means of greater federal spending.

C              D

ex3) In 1915 Lillian Jane Martin became the first woman to be appointed heading of a                                                     A     B               C

Stanford University department.

D

ex4) The primary agents of community orientation in contemporary society are the                  A                                              B

family, the peer group, the classroom, and the working.

C                               D

ex5) Sue White's interest in the law and public affairs led her to an active role in the                      A                     B                         C

woman's suffrage movement and resulted in various public appointings.

D

13. -ly 부사와 형용사의 구별

형용사와 부사 자리에 서로 엇갈리게 쓰는 경우가 간간이 출제된다. 특히 '명사 + ly'      는 형용사가 되고 '형용사 + ly'는 부사가 된다는 점을 유의 해야한다.

1) 형용사는 명사를 수식하고, 부사는 형용사, 동사, 다른 부사를 수식한다.

ex) She is a beautifully dressed woman.

(adv)    (ad)     (n)

2) 동사 수식은 부사이고, 이는 양태, 방법부사로 How에 대한 답을 주는 부사이다.

ex) The child talked quickly to her mother.

quickly는 동사 talked를 수식한다.

3) -ly가 있고 없고에 따라 의미가 달라지는 부사

deep-deeply, low-lowly, high-highly, near-nearly, late-lately등이 있다.

ex) a. He come back home late. : 늦게

b. The kim's emigrated to America lately. : 최근에

4) 형용사 부사가 동형인 경우 : fast, hard, late

ex) Bill is a fast worker. : 형용사로 명사 수식.

Bill works fast. : 부사로 동사 수식.

5) good, well의 구별 : good은 형용사, well은 형용사, 부사로 쓰임.

ex) a. Jane is a good swimmer. : 형용사

b. Jack is not well. : 형용사로 건강이 안 좋은 것을 말함.

c. Jane can swim very well. : well이 동사 수식.

ex1) Aluminum, considered a common metal, is used industrial in significant quantities.

A    B                           C                     D

ex2) Reindeer meat was probably one of the principally foods of paleolithic man.

A                  B       C                 D

ex3) They yield from marginal land is justly enough to pay all the costs of cultivating                                         A             B            C

it.

D

ex4) Although the life-style of the Aleuts has changed considerable, their dogs are             A                                                   B              C

still very, popular, especially for racing.

D

14. Can be P.P.

Can be P.P. 나 be + -ing 구문은 의외로 많이 출제되는데 자체의 형태를 익혀두는      것이 중요하다.

1) Can be P.P. 꼴은 수동태형태로 뒤에 명사가 올 수 없고 단지 전치사구나 부사(구)만      올 수 있다.

⇒ can be 동사원형의 형태나 be -ing에 밑줄이 있으면 무조건 정답이다.

2) be -ing 꼴은 주어, 동사 찾기의 변형이다.

ex) Among the most important jazz innovators in the twentieth century are being             A                B              C                                 D

Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington and Dizzy Gillespie.

⇒ 도치구문으로 주어는 Louis .... and Dizzy Gillespie로 동사는 are가 되어야한다.

ex1) Many religious in the world cannot be definitions by simple statements.

A                               B          C        D

ex2) Watercolors can bought in the form of moist paints packaged in tubes.

A       B              C            D

ex3) One of the essential features of the modem skyscraper is being the elevator.

A                           B            C           D

ex4) Delaware is known as the "First State" because on December 7, 1787, it was                        A     B                                                      C

being the first state to approve the United States Constitution

D

ex5) Accounting procedures can be development for any type of organization, not                            A                   B                            C

simply for profit-making concerns.

D

15. 시제일치

1) since 와 for의 구별.

* since는 Wednesday July, 1960등과 같이 특정 시점(Specific time)이 올 때, for는          a month, two years 등과 같이 기간(duration)이 올 때 완료형과 같이 쓴다.

* last night, ago, yesterday 등 과거를 나타내는 부사(구)가 있을 때 과거형을 써          야 한다.

2) 시제일치와 연도.

* 주절과 종속절은 시제를 일치시켜야 한다.

ex) He has studied English since five years.→ (for 로 )

⇒ ① He has studied English for five years. 또는

② He has studied English since five years ago.

ex) He meets her last week and they fell in love at first sight.→ (met 로)

ex) The club members tell Frank that they admired his dancing and singing for                               A              B           C

their organization.

D

→ told 로 바꿔야 한다.

** since는 특정시점, for는 기간에 사용 : for 대신에 ago를 쓰거나 완료형 다음에            before를 쓰지 않도록 주의.

즉 완료형에 시간이 오면  for + 기간

since + 기간 + ago = for five years를 쓴다.

since + 특정 시점 = since 1993

ex) She has been living here since April.

*** 시제일치와 연도.

TOEIC 시험에서의 시제문제는 문장 내 반드시 실마리가 있다.

① 과거시제는 과거 표시 시간 부사구가 함께 사용된다.

② 문장 중에 1980과 같은 숫자가 보이면 과거시제를 사용한다.

③ die 나 death처럼 ‘죽음’을 나타내는 말이 보이면 반드시 과거시제를 써야 한다.

ex) Just before he died, my friend who write detective novels published his first               A                          B    C                       D

book.

→ 정답 : (C) wrote 로 바꿔야 한다.

**** 주절의 시제와 종속절의 시제 일치시켜야 한다.

주절의 시제가 현재이면 종속절도 현재

주절이 과거이면 종속절도 과거 계통(과거, 과거완료)으로 일치시켜야 한다.

reported

asked

forgot

said            + that + 주어 + 과거동사

thought

told

knew

remembered

ex) They asked him if he will help us. → 주절 과거이므로 종속절도 would help.

ex1) In many parts of the United States, houses are considerably more energy                          A                              B

efficient than they are a decade ago.

C            D

ex2) The founding of the Boston Library in 1633 demonstrate the early North                                                                    A             B

American colonists' interest in books and libraries.

C                    D

ex3) All experienced hunters know that wild animals became particularly restless                                            A                   B         C

before the onset of a storm.

D

ex4) In 1785 the state of Georgia charactered a state university, but it will not open                                                             A        B   C       D

until 1801.

ex5) In the late 1800's, Books T. Washington organized an industrial school in                      A                                      B             C

Alabama that eventually becomes Tuskegee Institute.

D

16. 형용사, 명사의 어순, enough의 위치

원칙 : ① 형용사는 명사를 수식.

ex) The old dress silk had a torn hem.

* 예외 : 수식하는 명사 뒤에 위치하는 형용사

a. some-, every-, any-, no- 가 포함된 부정대명사

ex) Something new, everybody same, anyone intelligent 등

→ Anyone intelligent could do it.

b. old, long, wide, high, deep, tall 등에 수사가 붙었을 때.

ex) a river 400miles long, a player seven feet tall, a wall ten meters high 등

② enough의 위치 : enough는 가능성, 충분한 정도를 지칭할 때 쓴다.

- 형용사/부사 enough to 부정사(긍정)

- enough 명사 to 부정사

- not 형/ 부 enough to 부정사

의 꼴을 갖추어야 한다.

ex) Billy isn't old enough to enlist in the army.

* 형/부 enough 명 to 의 꼴의 어순에 주의하고, enough와 to 부정사 사이에 as를 써서     출제하는 경우도 있다.

ex) Your brother is as old enough to know better.

→ Your brother is old enough to know better.

ex1) Characteristic of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns                                                      A                           B

that create optical illusions.

C             D

ex2) The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage that can be given                                     A         B                              C

to any individual in the United States.

D

ex3) Thomas Jefferson was very ambition and severed his country in several different                                  A               B               C     D

capacities.

ex4) The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe to cause numerous deaths.

A                                   B                    C        D

ex5) Perspiration, the body's built-in cooling mechanism, occurs as a natural reaction                                         A        B                     C

to numerous mess, intense heat, or vigorously exercise.

D

17. 관계대명사의 격 일치, 사람, 사물 관계대명사

시험에서 2-3개정도 출제된다.

* 관계대명사

1) 역할 : 접속사 + 대명사

2) 종류

① 선행사가 사람일 때 : 사람 명사 + who + 동사

whose + 명사

whom + 주어 + 동사

② 선행사가 사물 또는 동물일 때 : which 나 that 사용

③ 선행사가 사물 + 동물일 때 : that만 사용.

ex) The examinee who cheated on that exam had to leave the room.

** 의문대명사나 관계대명사 다음에 오는 삽입절속에 think, suppose, believe, say 등이      올 때 관계대명사의 격은 반드시 주격이다. (삽입절이 있어 동사가 세 개인 관대사의     격은 항상 주격이다.

ex) Paul is the man whom they say has committed the crime.

⇒whom을 who로 바꿔야 한다. they say는 삽입절이고 이를 빼고 has                     committed의 주어가 될 관계사가 필요하다.

ex1) A metropolitan region is defined as a central city and the territory where

A                    B                           C

surrounds it.

D

ex2) Comparative anatomy, who compares the body structures of different animals, is                                   A

closely related to evolutionary studies.

B          C         D

ex3) Emily Price Post is best known for her book on etiquette, which he wrote in

A                                 B   C    D

1992.

ex4) Because of the rising cost of fuel, scientists are building automobile engines who                           A        B                   C

will conserve gasoline but still run smoothly

D

ex5) Today the number of workers which go on strike for higher wages as almost                     A               B                                       C    D

twice that of twenty years ago.

18. 대명사의 격일치

1) 주격대명사 : I, you, he, she, it, we, they 등이 있으며 주격자리 또는 be 동사 뒤                    에 쓰인다.

ex) a. Jane and him planned to go to the movies.→ him 대신 he로 바꿔야 한다.

b. It was they who knocked on the door last night.

c. Tom is much taller than me by two inches.→ 비교구문의 일치에 의해서              Tom과 비교되므로 me를 I로 고친다.

2) 목적격 대명사 : me, you, him, her, it, us, them 등이 있고, 타동사/전치사의 목적         어, to 부정사의 의미상의 주어로 목적격 대명사가 쓰인다.

ex) a. He specifically told them, Bob and he, to get ready.(타동사 목적어. he를               him으로 고쳐야 한다.)

b. She sold the car to Mary and he. (전치사 to 의 목적어. hem를 him으로)

c. We asked him to bring a salad to the part. (to bring의 의미상 주어)

3) 소유격 대명사 : my, your, his, her, its, our, their, one's 등이 있고 동명사의 의                         미상의 주어로 쓰인다.

ex) They did not like him calling so late at night.(동명사의 의미상 주어는 소유격           him을 his로 고쳐야한다.)

4) 재귀대명사

a. 재귀적 용법 : 주어의 동작이 주어 자신에게 되돌아오는 경우에 쓰인다.

ex) She absented herself from class.

b. 강조적 용법 : 주어나 목적어의 동격으로 쓰여 의미를 강하게 해 준다.

ex) He did it himself.

* 대명사에서는 ‘격’과 ‘수’이다. 다시 말하면, each, any, everyone 등의 부정대명사와 who, which, what 같은 의문대명사를 제외한 모든 대명사는 선행사가 있는데 선행사와 대명사의 격과 수는 일치되어야 하는 것이다.

ex) There are many stories about how smart a fox can be when they are being

A                 B             C

chased by hounds.

D

** its와 it's를 혼동하지 말자.

ex) When we had a dog, I can remember it's chasing birds.

*** him과 them의 올바른 재귀대명사의 꼴은 himself와 themselves임을 명심하자.

ex) They do not want to go by theirselves.

ex1) Some trees have distinctive features that identify they at first glance.

A         B                      C            D

ex2) After Norman Rockwell sold his first cover picture to "The Saturday Evening           A

Post," he began specializing in pictures of small-town that made he one of the                         B                                     C        D

most popular American illustrators.

ex3) Every individual cell, whether its exists as an independent microorganism or is                                       A                 B

part of a complex creature, has its own life cycle.

C                             D

ex4) So many people feel frustrated by the continuous pressures created by them jobs

that they seek to isolate themselves from the world.

ex5) Many government agencies have been installing toll free telephone lines to                                                      A                      B

encourage beneficiaries to avail them of their services.

C                                D

19. 비교 (Comparison)

원급, 비교급, 최상급의 비교에 관한 문제로 1-3개 출제된다. 비교급은 두 개의 것을 비교할 때 쓰고, 최상급은 세 개이상의 것들 중 정도가 가장 높음을 나타낼 때 쓴다.

* 원급비교(Equal Comparison)

주어 + 동사 + as + 형/부 + as + 대명사

ex) He ate so much as his brother.

→부정문에서 not as .... as 나 not so .... as가 되지만 긍정문에서는 as ... as 가 된다.

** 비교급 비교(Comparative)

a) 주어 + 동사  more + 형/부 + than + 대명사

형/부 + ....er

b) 라틴 비교급: to를 사용한다. (senior, junior, superior, inferior)

※ 비교대상이 앞뒤로 일치한지 살필 것.

ex) The climate of Seoul is milder than Alaska. (that of Alaska)

*** most와 the most의 구별

대부분을 나타내는 most는 the를 쓰지 않는다.

ex) He is one of the most capable workers in the office.(최상급)

ex) The most Americans were killed in World war II than in any other war since             A                           B                      C                D

the birth of the nation.

**** 비교급 than any other + 단수 명사

anyone else

a) Alaska is larger than any other state.

b) John is taller than anyone else in his class.

***** 비교급: 두 개의 것을 우열을 가릴 때.

최상급: 세 개 또는 그 이상에 대한 비교로 정도의 가장 높고 낮음을 비교시 사용.

ex) 1.Of the two cars that the smiths have, the plymouth is, without any question,                                            A                             B

the cheapest to run. (cheaper)

C        D

2.Of the two toys, the child chose the less expensive.

ex) 1.The widely used natural fiber of all is cotton.(the most widely used)

A       B           C         D

2.Galaxies and clusters of galaxies are the largest units among the structures           of the Universe.

※ 최상급이 올 때 복수명사가 오면 그 앞에 among, of 가 쓰이고, 단수명사가 오면 그      앞에 in 이 쓰인다.

****** 비교급 than any other + 단수명사 = 비교급 than the other 복수/단수 명사.

ex1) Many people can no longer afford to buy gold jewelry because the price has                         A      B                                    C

gotten so higher.

D

ex2) The Moon, being much more nearer to Earth than the Sun, is the principle cause                    A             B                                          C

of the tides.

D

ex3) The best work is not always done by those who work the faster.

A                       B  C                        D

ex4) Chalk, which is a softly mineral than limestone, consists of minute marine shells.

A            B                  C          D

ex5) Synthetic dyes are usually less  cheaper than natural dyes and offer better                A                            B                 C

dyeing guilty and a wide range of colors.

D

20. 병렬 구문 (Parallel Structure)

and, or, but 등으로 연결되는 성분들은 대등하게 연결되어야 한다 이런 구조를 병렬구조라 하고 주로 품사에 대한 연결을 묻는게 보통 3-4개 정도 나온다.

ex1) Games and recreation provide a release from tension and make people both more                                               A                B           C

willing and fittingly to resume their daily routines.

D

ex2) Elephants are considered to be among the most intelligent of mammals and can                          A                                B

be trained too work and performing.

C                      D

ex3) The grain of rye is longer and slender than that of wheat.

A         B     C   D

ex4) Betty Ford's forthrightness, dignified, and simplicity earned her the respect and                                       A                           B              C

admiration of most Americans.

D

ex5) The early settlers on the prairie built sod homes quickly, simply, and were cheap.

A                B        C                                      D

21. 중복 (Repetition)

very와 extremely, first와 initial 등 의미상 같은 단어가 반복되는 문제로 Part B에서 매번 1-2개 출제된다.

ex1) Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little commercial value in the                                A                        B

raw state and cannot be used until they are vulcanized.

C                D

ex2) Normally, insulin is produced by the body when the level of glucose rises and            A                  B                              C                     D

goes up in the bloodstream.

ex3) Although assemblage has been a part of art for centuries, its appearance in the                                 A        B                             C

West as a serious art form is quite fairly recent.

D

ex4) Booth Takington's writings were very extremely popular, but his conservative                                       A         B                 C

values soon dated his works.

D

ex5) The creation of the mobile extremely greatly extended the limits of the art of              A                             B                      C                D

sculpture.

22. 부정관사 (Indefinite Article) A, An

부정관사의 형태 및 쓰임에 관하여 묻는다.

* 관사 a 와 an을 쓸 때의 구별 : 모음에 대해서 an을 붙인다.

ex) a University, a day, a unique, an honest etc.

** example, cell, day, clue 등은 관사 a, an을 꼭 붙인다.

ex1) Longevity refers to the span of life of a organism.

A     B       C     D

ex2) George washington, the son of an wealthy planter, became an important                                                  A                       B     C

American military leader.

D

ex3) Facial expressions and hand gestures play a essential part in the communiation          A                                   B       C

between two people.

D

ex4) Mice have a keen sense of smell and quickly detect a approaching danger.

A             B                           C         D

1)           is created during photosynthesis in green plants.

(A) Glucose

(B) Glucose that

(C) While glucose

(D) Why glucose

2) The artist Scipio Moorhead                primarily in the poetry of phillis            Wheatley

(A) is remembered

(B) being remembered

(C) that it is remembered

(D) remembered

3)       the female to guard and feed their young cubs.

(A) Although male lions

(B) Male lions help

(C) That male lions help

(D) With make lions help

4)         a great debate about the relative value of conversation versus legitimate       commercial interests.

(A) It is

(B) As it is

(C) They are

(D) There is

5)           of a newspaper nor the number of pages in an edition had ever been        standardized.

(A) The page size is neither

(B) Neither is the page size

(C) The page size neither

(D) Neither the page size

6)         some birds fly south in the winter is well known.

(A) Since

(B) Where

(C) Despite

(D) That

7) Not until the late 1870's           an outlet for her talents and sympathies in         charitable work.

(A) that Anna Hallowell found

(B) did Anna Hallowell find

(C) when did Anna Hallowell find

(D) when Anna Hallowell found

8) The basement in the old house was very damp and dark that it looked like a

A                     B            C               D

dungeon.

9) In the relatively short history of industrial developing in the United States, New                  A                                   B              C

York city has played a vital role.

D

10) Watercolors can bought in the form of moist paints packaged in tubes.

A       B             C            D

11) Bankrupcy legislation is desired to provide an orderly and equitably liquidation of

the estate of an insolvent debtor.

12) The sperm whale is an unique organism in that it is the largest mammal on           A                    B                                 C                   D

earth.

13) A soluble substance, alkali reacts with acids to do salts.

A              B         C     D