▶ 도치구문 I : 부정어가 문두에 오는 경우
부정의 어구(not, no, never, little, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, only 등) 가 문두에 오면 주어-동사의 위치가 바뀐다. (부사 only도 [...밖에 없는]의 의미로 준부정어에 해당한다.)
부정의 어구 + 조동사 + S + V
Not until a student has mastered algebra can he or she begin to understand the principles of physics.
Not only do the tides advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the level of the sea itself is never at rest.
▶ 도치구문 II : 부사(구)가 문두에 오는 경우
장소., 운동의 방향을 나타내는 부사(구)가 강조 또는 문장의 균형을 위해서 문두에 오면, 주어-동사의 위치가 바뀐다.
On the map were many symbols that showed national boundaries and the sizes of cites.
Science and art belong to the whole world, and before them vanish the barriers of nationality.
▶ 도치구문 III : 보어 ․ 목적어가 문두에 오는 경우
주어인 명사가 긴 형용사적 수식어구의 수식을 받아 길어지고, 동사가 be 동사일 때, 보어가 문두로 온다. 이 때 주어-동사가 도치된다. 그런데 목적어를 강조하기 위해서 문두에 두더라도, 주어-동사가 도치되지는 않는다. 한편, 목적어가 긴 경우에 문장의 뒤로 보내는 경우도 있음에 유의한다.
Blessed are those who give without remembering and take without forgetting.
So intimate is the relation between a language and the people who speak it that the two can scarcely be thought of apart.
All the knowledge I possess everyone else can acquire, but my heart is all my own.
▶ 도치구문 IV : 문법적 도치
문법상의 이유로 도치가 일어나는 주요한 구문으로는 ‘so[neither, nor] + V + S,' 'There + V + S', If가 생략된 조건절(Were it not for...), as가 이끄는 양보절(as/though + S +V) 등이 있다.
The child is not taught to imitate; it does so naturally. So do many animals.
Interested as I am in the physical universe, it is in man, in his loves and hatreds, his noble achievements and absurd failures, that I am more interested.
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▶ 도치구문V: 부사, 부사구의 도치
-자동사 다음에 오는 부사가 문두로 도치될 때,
주어가 대명사 → 부사 + 주어 + 동사,
주어가 명사 → 부사 + 동사 + 주어.
* He fell down. = Down he fell. (부 + 대명사 + 주 + 동)
* The man fell down. = Down fell the man. (부 + 동 + 명 + 주)
-come(자동사)다음의 Next(부사)가 문두로 도치된 경우
Next comes the maturity stage.
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참 고
비교 도치구문 (Inversion with as/than)
요점
문어체에 쓰인 [비교의 as, than]-구문에서는 주어와 조동사의 도치가 가능하다 (optional rule).
a. Mary liked the same man as did Sue.
b. John hasn't bought as many books as has his brother.
c. Jill spoke more eloquently than did Jack.
d. Electricity costs less than would atomic energy.
그러나 이 구문은 격식을 갖춘 문어체에 주로 쓰이고, 도치시키지 않은 구문보다 좀 부자연스러우며 (3e,f), 비교절의 주어가 대명사일 경우에는 (3g,h) 아예 도치가 허용되지 않는다.
e. Kim seems cleverer in science than does Lee in math.
(cf.Kim seems clevered in science than Lee does in math.)
f. The Chinese were as ready to fight as were the Japanese to talk.
(cf. The chinese were as ready to fight as the Japanese were to talk.)
g. *John is as tall as am I.
(cf. John is as tall as I am.)
h. *Electricity costs less now than did it five years ago.
(cf. Electricity costs less now than it did five years ago.)
유사 As 도치구문 (Inversion with as)
요점
유사성을 나타내는 As 구문에서는 주어와 조동사가 도치될 수 있다.
a. John was a Catholic, as were most of his friends.
(= John was a Catholic, as most of his friends were)
b. John appeared for the job, as did one of his staff.
c. John believed, as did all his family, that the King was their supreme lord.
(= John believed, as all his family did, that ...)
이 구문에서도 As-절의 주어가 대명사일 경우 도치는 허용되지 않는다.
d. *They go to concerts, as do I.
(cf. They go to concerts, as I do.)
e. *She was fatally affected by the accident, as was I.
(cf. She was fatally affected by the accident, as I was.)
